varunr14/newsummary huggingface dataset:
Forecasting the variability of dwellings and residential land is important for estimating the future potential of environmental technologies . This paper presents an innovative method of converting average residential density into a set of one hectare 3D tiles to represent the dwelling stock . These generic tiles include residential land as well as the dwelling characteristics . The method was based on a detailed analysis of the English House Condition Survey data and density was calculated as the inverse of the plot area per dwelling . This found that when disaggregated by age band urban morphology and area type the frequency distribution of plot density per dwelling type can be represented by the gamma distribution . The shape parameter revealed interesting characteristics about the dwelling stock and how this has changed over time . It showed a consistent trend that older dwellings have greater variability in plot density than newer dwellings and also that apartments and detached dwellings have greater variability in plot density than terraced and semi detached dwellings . Once calibrated the shape parameter of the gamma distribution was used to convert the average density per housing type into a frequency distribution of plot density . These were then approximated by systematically selecting a set of generic tiles . These tiles are particularly useful as a medium for multidisciplinary research on decentralized environmental technologies or climate adaptation which requires this understanding of the variability of dwellings occupancies and urban space . It thereby links the socioeconomic modeling of city regions with the physical modeling of dwellings and associated infrastructure across the spatial scales . The tiles method has been validated by comparing results against English regional housing survey data and dwelling footprint area data . The next step would be to explore the possibility of generating generic residential area types and adapt the method to other countries that have similar housing survey data . 


Summary: A statistical method of forecasting housing stock variability from average density A unique method for studying the variability of dwellings by type and age bands The 3D tile typologies include both dwelling characteristics and the plot sizes. The tiles are useful for estimating the potential for sustainable technologies. The outputs have been validated at against housing survey and footprint data.
Background and objective Ankle motion and proprioception in multiple axis movements are crucial for daily activities . However few studies have developed and used a multiple axis system for measuring ankle motion and proprioception . This study was designed to validate a novel ankle haptic interface system that measures the ankle range of motion and joint position sense in multiple plane movements investigating the proprioception deficits during joint position sense tasks for patients with ankle instability . Methods Eleven healthy adults and thirteen patients with ankle instability were recruited in this study . All subjects were asked to perform tests to evaluate the validity of the ankle ROM measurements and underwent tests for validating the joint position sense measurements conducted during multiple axis movements of the ankle joint . Pearson correlation was used for validating the angular position measurements obtained using the developed system the independent t test was used to investigate the differences in joint position sense task performance for people with or without ankle instability . Results The ROM measurements of the device were linearly correlated with the criterion standards . The ankle instability and healthy groups were significantly different in direction absolute and variable errors of plantar flexion dorsiflexion inversion and eversion . Conclusions The results demonstrate that the novel ankle joint motion and position sense measurement system is valid and can be used for measuring the ankle ROM and joint position sense in multiple planes and indicate proprioception deficits for people with ankle instability . 


Summary: A novel measurement system can be used to measure ankle ROM and perception in multiple planes under weight bearing condition. The programmable graphic user interface and data management for this developed system with excellent validity was established. The proprioception measures JPS DE JPS AE and JPS VE for differentiating the ankle perception deficits were demonstrated.
Mobile devices namely phones and tablets have long gone smart . Their growing use is both a cause and an effect of their technological advancement . Among the others their increasing ability to store and exchange sensitive information has caused interest in exploiting their vulnerabilities and the opposite need to protect users and their data through secure protocols for access and identification on mobile platforms . Face and iris recognition are especially attractive since they are sufficiently reliable and just require the webcam normally equipping the involved devices . On the contrary the alternative use of fingerprints requires a dedicated sensor . Moreover some kinds of biometrics lend themselves to uses that go beyond security . Ambient intelligence services bound to the recognition of a user as well as social applications such as automatic photo tagging on social networks can especially exploit face recognition . This paper describes FIRME as a biometric application based on a multimodal recognition of face and iris which is designed to be embedded in mobile devices . Both design and implementation of FIRME rely on a modular architecture whose workflow includes separate and replaceable packages . The starting one handles image acquisition . From this point different branches perform detection segmentation feature extraction and matching for face and iris separately . As for face an antispoofing step is also performed after segmentation . Finally results from the two branches are fused . In order to address also security critical applications FIRME can perform continuous reidentification and best sample selection . To further address the possible limited resources of mobile devices all algorithms are optimized to be low demanding and computation light . 


Summary: Face and iris authentication on mobile Fusion strategy driven by response reliability Spoofing detection for mobile face recognition Best sample selection for higher accuracy Optimization for Android
Background Dynamic measurements of human muscle fascicle length from sequences of B mode ultrasound images have become increasingly prevalent in biomedical research . Manual digitisation of these images is time consuming and algorithms for automating the process have been developed . Here we present a freely available software implementation of a previously validated algorithm for semi automated tracking of muscle fascicle length in dynamic ultrasound image recordings UltraTrack . Methods UltraTrack implements an affine extension to an optic flow algorithm to track movement of the muscle fascicle end points throughout dynamically recorded sequences of images . The underlying algorithm has been previously described and its reliability tested but here we present the software implementation with features for tracking multiple fascicles in multiple muscles simultaneously correcting temporal drift in measurements manually adjusting tracking results saving and re loading of tracking results and loading a range of file formats . Results Two example runs of the software are presented detailing the tracking of fascicles from several lower limb muscles during a squatting and walking activity . Conclusion We have presented a software implementation of a validated fascicle tracking algorithm and made the source code and standalone versions freely available for download . 


Summary: We have developed a freely available software package for semi automated tracking of muscle fascicles in B mode ultrasound image sequences. Includes features to track multiple fascicles in multiple regions of the image and to correct for measurement drift with time. The software is available for Windows and MacOS as a standalone program or source code.
In this paper an efficient method for text independent writer identification using a codebook method is proposed . The method uses the occurrence histogram of the shapes in a codebook to create a feature vector for each specific manuscript . For cursive handwritings a wide variety of different shapes exist in the connected components obtained from the handwriting . Small fragments of connected components are used to avoid complex patterns . Two efficient methods for extracting codes from contours are introduced . One method uses the actual pixel coordinates of contour fragments while the other one uses a linear piece wise approximation using segment angles and lengths . To evaluate the methods writer identification is conducted on two English and three Farsi handwriting databases . Both methods show promising performances with the performance of second method being better than the first one . 


Summary: Two new codebook based methods for writer identification are proposed. The introduced code extraction methods are very efficient. Optimal parameter values for English and Farsi handwritings are determined. The method is compared with the existing methods comprehensively. The proposed method outperforms existing methods for Farsi and English languages.
In this paper a statistical approach to static texture description is developed which combines a local pattern coding strategy with a robust global descriptor to achieve highly discriminative power invariance to photometric transformation and strong robustness against geometric changes . Built upon the local binary patterns that are encoded at multiple scales a statistical descriptor called pattern fractal spectrum characterizes the self similar behavior of the local pattern distributions by calculating fractal dimension on each type of pattern . Compared with other fractal based approaches the proposed descriptor is compact highly distinctive and computationally efficient . We applied the descriptor to texture classification . Our method has demonstrated excellent performance in comparison with state of the art approaches on four challenging benchmark datasets . 


Summary: A powerful texture descriptor is developed for texture classification. The descriptor is built via fractal analysis on the local binary patterns. The descriptor enjoys both high discriminative power and robustness. The descriptor is compact and computationally efficient. The descriptor demonstrated excellent performance on four datasets.
The Non local means denoising filter has been established as gold standard for image denoising problem in general and particularly in medical imaging due to its efficiency . However its computation time limited its applications in real world application especially in medical imaging . In this paper a distributed version on parallel hybrid architecture is proposed to solve the computation time problem and a new method to compute the filters coefficients is also proposed where we focused on the implementation and the enhancement of filters parameters via taking the neighborhood of the current voxel more accurately into account . In terms of implementation our key contribution consists in reducing the number of shared memory accesses . The different tests of the proposed method were performed on the brain web database for different levels of noise . Performances and the sensitivity were quantified in terms of speedup peak signal to noise ratio execution time the number of floating point operations . The obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method . Moreover the implementation is compared to that of other techniques recently published in the literature . 


Summary: The symmetric weight scheme allows reducing the computation time by a factor 2. Our implementation of NL Means reduces computation time by a factor of 510. Self adaptive method is proposed to allow the filter to be more efficient.
In this paper we introduce a novel framework for low level image processing and analysis . First we process images with very simple difference based filter functions . Second we fit the 2 parameter Weibull distribution to the filtered output . This maps each image to the 2D Weibull manifold . Third we exploit the information geometry of this manifold and solve low level image processing tasks as minimisation problems on point sets . For a proof of concept example we examine the image autofocusing task . We propose appropriate cost functions together with a simple implicitly constrained manifold optimisation algorithm and show that our framework compares very favourably against common autofocus methods from literature . In particular our approach exhibits the best overall performance in terms of combined speed and accuracy . 


Summary: We model filtered image responses with the Weibull distribution. We represent images as points on the 2D Weibull manifold. We solve image processing problems as optmisation on the manifold. Application to automatic image focusing
Methods designed for tracking in dense crowds typically employ prior knowledge to make this difficult problem tractable. In this paper we show that it is possible to handle this problem without any priors by utilizing the visual and contextual information already available in such scenes. We propose a novel tracking method tailored to dense crowds which provides an alternative and complementary approach to methods that require modeling of crowd flow and simultaneously is less likely to fail in the case of dynamic crowd flows and anomalies by minimally relying on previous frames. Our method begins with the automatic identification of prominent individuals from the crowd that are easy to track. Then we use Neighborhood Motion Concurrence to model the behavior of individuals in a dense crowd this predicts the position of an individual based on the motion of its neighbors. When the individual moves with the crowd flow we use Neighborhood Motion Concurrence to predict motion while leveraging five frame instantaneous flow in case of dynamically changing flow and anomalies. All these aspects are then embedded in a framework which imposes hierarchy on the order in which positions of individuals are updated. Experiments on a number of sequences show that the proposed solution can track individuals in dense crowds without requiring any pre processing making it a suitable online tracking algorithm for dense crowds. 


Summary: We propose an online method for tracking dense crowds capable of handling anomalies An alternative to existing methods which require modeling of crowd flows Introduce the notion of prominent individuals for tracking dense crowds Employ a new model Neighborhood Motion Concurrence to predict individual s position Comparison with existing methods using ground truth for eight sequences
There are many machine vision models of the visual saliency mechanism which controls the process of selecting and allocating attention to the most prominent locations in the scene and helps humans interact with the visual environment efficiently Itti and C. Koch 2001 Gao et al. 2000 . It is important to know which models perform the best in mimicking the saliency mechanism of the human visual system. There are several metrics to compare saliency models however results from different metrics vary widely in evaluating models. In this paper a procedure is proposed for evaluating metrics for comparing saliency maps using a database of human fixations on approximately 1000 images. This procedure is then employed to identify the best metric. This best metric is then used to evaluate ten published bottom up saliency models. An optimized level of the blurriness and center bias is found for each visual saliency model. Performance of the models is also analyzed on a dataset of 54 synthetic images. 


Summary: Introduced a set of experiments to judge the biological plausibility of visual saliency models. Introduced a novel method to evaluate saliency map comparison metrics using a database of human fixation maps. Employed the introduced method to identify the best saliency map comparison metric. Examined nine well known models of visual saliency using the best metric to identify the best visual saliency models.
Tracking vehicles using a network of cameras with non overlapping views is a challenging problem of great importance in traffic surveillance. One of the main challenges is accurate vehicle matching across the cameras. Even if the cameras have similar views on vehicles vehicle matching remains a difficult task due to changes of their appearance between observations and inaccurate detections and occlusions which often occur in real scenarios. To be executed on smart cameras the matching has also to be efficient in terms of needed data and computations. To address these challenges we present a low complexity method for vehicle matching robust against appearance changes and inaccuracies in vehicle detection. We efficiently represent vehicle appearances using signature vectors composed of Radon transform like projections of the vehicle images and compare them in a coarse to fine fashion using a simple combination of 1 D correlations. To deal with appearance changes we include multiple observations in each vehicle appearance model. These observations are automatically collected along the vehicle trajectory. The proposed signature vectors can be calculated in low complexity smart cameras by a simple scan line algorithm of the camera software itself and transmitted to the other smart cameras or to the central server. Extensive experiments based on real traffic surveillance videos recorded in a tunnel validate our approach. 


Summary: We propose a novel method for vehicle appearance modeling and matching. A key novelty is automatic collection of good observations for matching. Our method is robust in real world scenarios. Our method outperforms more complex object matching methods. Our method is data and computationally efficient deployable on smart cameras.
Background and objective Carpal fusions are useful for treating specific carpal disorders maximizing postoperative wrist motion hand strength reducing pain and instability of the joint . The surgeon selects the appropriate treatment by considering the degree of stability the chronicity of the injury functional demands of the patient and former patient s outcomes as well . However there are not many studies regarding the load distribution provided by the treatment . So the purpose of this study is to analyze the load distribution through the wrist joint with an arthrodesis treatment and compare the results with a normal wrist . Method To this end the rigid body spring model method was used on a three dimensional model of the wrist joint . The cartilage and ligaments were simulated as springs acting under compression and tension respectively while the bones were considered as rigid bodies . To simulate the arthrodesis the fused bones were considered as a single rigid body . Results The changes on the load distribution for each arthrodesis agree with the treatment objective reducing load transmission through a specific articular surface . For example for SLAC SNAC II most of the treatments reduced the load transmitted through the radioscaphoid fossae almost by 8 . However the capitolunate arthrodesis was the treatment that managed to keep the load transmitted through the radiolunate joint closer to normal conditions . Also in treatments where the scaphoid was excised the joint surface between the lunate surface compensates by doubling the transmitted force to the radius . Conclusions The common arthrodesis for treating SLAC SNAC II III reduces in fact the load on the radioscaphoid joint . Alternative treatments that reduce load distribution on the radiocarpal joint should be three corner and capitolunate arthrodesis for treating SLAC SNAC II and for SLAC SNAC III four corners with scaphoid excision . On Kienbock s disease . Scaphocapitate arthrodesis is more effective on reducing the load transmission through the radiolunate and ulnolunate joints . All arthrodesis treatment should consider changes on the load transmission and also bones fusion rates and pain reduction on patient s outcomes . 


Summary: We analyze the load distribution through the wrist joint with several arthrodesis treatments. We used the rigid body spring model method on a 3D model of the wrist joint. We found the load distributions on each carpal articular surface of radius for each treatment. Obtained results allowed comparing the different treatments and their efficacy under static conditions.
Urbanisation environmental risks and resource scarcity are but three of many challenges that cities must address if they are to become more sustainable . However the policies and spatial development strategies implemented to achieve individual sustainability objectives frequently interact and conflict presenting decision makers a multi objective spatial optimisation problem . This work presents a developed spatial optimisation framework which optimises the location of future residential development against several sustainability objectives . The framework is applied to a case study over Middlesbrough in the North East of the United Kingdom . In this context the framework optimises five sustainability objectives from our case study site minimising risk from heat waves minimising the risk from flood events minimising travel costs to minimise transport emissions minimising the expansion of urban sprawl and preventing development on green spaces . A series of optimised spatial configurations of future development strategies are presented . The results compare strategies that are optimal against individual pairs and multiple sustainability objectives such that each of these optimal strategies out performs all other development strategies in at least one sustainability objective . Moreover the resulting spatial strategies significantly outperform the current local authority strategy for all objectives with for example a relative improvement of up to 68 in the performance of distance to CBD . Based on these results it suggests that spatial optimisation can provide a powerful decision support tool to help planners to identify spatial development strategies that satisfy multiple sustainability objectives . 


Summary: Present the use of computational spatial optimisation framework to enable planners to identify optimal spatial plans in the presence of competing sustainability objectives Application over case study provides a set of best trade off spatial plans Many optimised spatial plans outperform local authorities development plan Rich set of diagnostic information provides an evidence basis to assist planners to achieve more sustainable patterns of development
The peristaltic flow of a copper oxide water fluid investigates the effects of heat generation and magnetic field in permeable tube is studied . The mathematical formulation is presented the resulting equations are solved exactly . The obtained expressions for pressure gradient pressure rise temperature velocity profile are described through graphs for various pertinent parameters . It is found that pressure gradient is reduce with enhancement of particle concentration and velocity profile is upturn beside it is observed that temperature increases as more volume fraction of copper oxide . The streamlines are drawn for some physical quantities to discuss the trapping phenomenon . 


Summary: The peristaltic flow of a copper oxide water fluid investigate the effects of heat generation and magnetic field. The mathematical formulation is presented the resulting equations are solved exactly. The obtained expressions for pressure gradient pressure rise temperature velocity profile are described through graphs for various pertinent parameters. The streamlines are drawn for some physical quantities to discuss the trapping phenomenon.