vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kim Jong-un
Later , it was reported that Kim Jong - un attended the Liebefeld Steinhölzli school in Köniz near Bern under the name `` Pak - un '' or `` Un-pak '' from 1998 until 2000 as the son of an employee of the North Korean embassy in Bern . Authorities of Köniz confirmed that a student from North Korea , registered as the son of a member of the embassy , attended the school from August 1998 until the autumn of 2000 , but were unable to give details about his identity . Pak - un first attended a special class for foreign - language children and later attended the regular classes of the 6th , 7th , 8th , and part of the final 9th year , leaving the school abruptly in the autumn of 2000 . He was described as a well - integrated and ambitious student who liked to play basketball . However , his grades and attendance rating are reported to have been poor . The ambassador of North Korea in Switzerland , Ri Chol , had a close relationship with him and acted as a mentor . One of Pak - un 's classmates told reporters that he had told him that he was the son of the leader of North Korea . According to some reports , Jong - un was described by classmates as a shy child who was awkward with girls and indifferent to political issues , but who distinguished himself in sports and had a fascination with the American National Basketball Association and Michael Jordan . One friend claimed that he had been shown pictures of Pak - un with Kobe Bryant and Toni Kukoč .
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In the 2012 cartoon , Casey ( voiced by Josh Peck ) is the teenage son of a former NHL player at April 's school who April was assigned to tutor for a school assignment , and eventually became something more than friends , much to Donatello 's jealousy . This unfortunately almost put April and Casey in jeopardy when the Turtles saved both humans from Mutagen Man and a squad of Foot - Bots led by Karai and Chrome Dome , so after April met with the Turtles again to owe them her gratitude for their mistake that caused her father 's mutation , Casey took up the role of getting rid of all the criminals and troublesome mutants inhabiting the city as an amateur vigilante . He encountered Raphael during a fight with the Purple Dragons and later followed him to the Turtle Lair , where he is introduced by April to the other three Turtles and Splinter . However , he unknowingly led a pair of Foot - Bots to the lair as well , so he and Raphael had no other choice but to set aside their differences and stop them before the lair 's location is exposed to the Foot Clan .
NOx
When NO and volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) react in the presence of sunlight , they form photochemical smog , a significant form of air pollution , especially in the summer . Children , people with lung diseases such as asthma , and people who work or exercise outside are particularly susceptible to adverse effects of smog such as damage to lung tissue and reduction in lung function .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
The photograph also received another brief parody in July 2015 in the Syfy television movie Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! , when Fin , April , the President of the United States and a few others hold up the American Flag at the White House in a similar way to the real photograph to impale an incoming shark , with Fin reciting `` God bless America . ''
NOx
During the day NO is quickly photolyzed back to NO , but at night it can react with a second NO to form dinitrogen pentoxide
Carbon dioxide
Photoautotrophs ( i.e. plants and cyanobacteria ) use the energy contained in sunlight to photosynthesize simple sugars from CO absorbed from the air and water :
Internet privacy
Google Street View , released in the U.S. in 2007 , is currently the subject of an ongoing debate about possible infringement on individual privacy . In an article entitled `` Privacy , Reconsidered : New Representations , Data Practices , and the Geoweb '' , Sarah Elwood and Agnieszka Leszczynski ( 2011 ) argue that Google Street View `` facilitate ( s ) identification and disclosure with more immediacy and less abstraction . '' The medium through which Street View disseminates information , the photograph , is very immediate in the sense that it can potentially provide direct information and evidence about a person 's whereabouts , activities , and private property . Moreover , the technology 's disclosure of information about a person is less abstract in the sense that , if photographed , a person is represented on Street View in a virtual replication of his or her own real - life appearance . In other words , the technology removes abstractions of a person 's appearance or that of his or her personal belongings -- there is an immediate disclosure of the person and object , as they visually exist in real life . Although Street View began to blur license plates and people 's faces in 2008 , the technology is faulty and does not entirely ensure against accidental disclosure of identity and private property . Elwood and Leszczynski note that `` many of the concerns leveled at Street View stem from situations where its photograph - like images were treated as definitive evidence of an individual 's involvement in particular activities . '' In one instance , Ruedi Noser , a Swiss politician , barely avoided public scandal when he was photographed in 2009 on Google Street View walking with a woman who was not his wife -- the woman was actually his secretary . Similar situations occur when Street View provides high - resolution photographs -- and photographs hypothetically offer compelling objective evidence . But as the case of the Swiss politician illustrates , even supposedly compelling photographic evidence is sometimes subject to gross misinterpretation . This example further suggests that Google Street View may provide opportunities for privacy infringement and harassment through public dissemination of the photographs . Google Street View does , however , blur or remove photographs of individuals and private property from image frames if the individuals request further blurring and / or removal of the images .
BuzzFeed
BuzzFeed has been the subject of multiple copyright infringement lawsuits , for both using content it had no rights to and encouraging its proliferation without attributing its sources : one for an individual photographer 's photograph , and another for nine celebrity photographs from a single photography company .
Ground tissue
The shape of parenchyma cells varies with their function . In the spongy mesophyll of a leaf , parenchyma cells range from near - spherical and loosely arranged with large intercellular spaces , to branched or stellate , mutually interconnected with their neighbours at the ends of their arms to form a three - dimensional network , like in the red kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris and other mesophytes . These cells , along with the epidermal guard cells of the stoma , form a system of air spaces and chambers that regulate the exchange of gases . In some works the cells of the leaf epidermis are regarded as specialised parenchymal cells , but the modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as plant dermal tissue , and parenchyma as ground tissue .
Nuclear fusion
Some reaction candidates can be eliminated at once . The D - Li reaction has no advantage compared to p - because it is roughly as difficult to burn but produces substantially more neutrons through - side reactions . There is also a p - Li reaction , but the cross section is far too low , except possibly when T > 1 MeV , but at such high temperatures an endothermic , direct neutron - producing reaction also becomes very significant . Finally there is also a p - Be reaction , which is not only difficult to burn , but Be can be easily induced to split into two alpha particles and a neutron .
Thermal comfort
There has been controversy over why damp cold air feels colder than dry cold air . Some believe it is because when the humidity is high , our skin and clothing become moist and are better conductors of heat , so there is more cooling by conduction .
Ground tissue
Fibers usually originate from meristematic tissues . Cambium and procambium are their main centers of production . They are usually associated with the xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles . The fibers of the xylem are always lignified , while those of the phloem are cellulosic . Reliable evidence for the fibre cells ' evolutionary origin from tracheids exists . During evolution the strength of the tracheid cell walls was enhanced , the ability to conduct water was lost and the size of the pits was reduced . Fibers that do not belong to the xylem are bast ( outside the ring of cambium ) and such fibers that are arranged in characteristic patterns at different sites of the shoot .
Mass versus weight
The mass of `` weightless '' ( neutrally buoyant ) balloons can be better appreciated with much larger hot air balloons . Although no effort is required to counter their weight when they are hovering over the ground ( when they can often be within one hundred newtons of zero weight ) , the inertia associated with their appreciable mass of several hundred kilograms or more can knock fully grown men off their feet when the balloon 's basket is moving horizontally over the ground .
History of chemistry
Repeating the experiments of Priestley , he demonstrated that air is composed of two parts , one of which combines with metals to form calxes . In Considérations Générales sur la Nature des Acides ( 1778 ) , he demonstrated that the `` air '' responsible for combustion was also the source of acidity . The next year , he named this portion oxygen ( Greek for acid - former ) , and the other azote ( Greek for no life ) . Lavoisier thus has a claim to the discovery of oxygen along with Priestley and Scheele . He also discovered that the `` inflammable air '' discovered by Cavendish - which he termed hydrogen ( Greek for water - former ) - combined with oxygen to produce a dew , as Priestley had reported , which appeared to be water . In Reflexions sur le Phlogistique ( 1783 ) , Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory of combustion to be inconsistent . Mikhail Lomonosov independently established a tradition of chemistry in Russia in the 18th century . Lomonosov also rejected the phlogiston theory , and anticipated the kinetic theory of gases . Lomonosov regarded heat as a form of motion , and stated the idea of conservation of matter .
Global Positioning System
OCS will continue to be the ground control system of record until the new segment , Next Generation GPS Operation Control System ( OCX ) , is fully developed and functional . The new capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing GPS 's mission capabilities , enabling Air Force Space Command to greatly enhance GPS operational services to U.S. combat forces , civil partners and myriad domestic and international users . The GPS OCX program also will reduce cost , schedule and technical risk . It is designed to provide 50 % sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture and Performance - Based Logistics . In addition , GPS OCX is expected to cost millions less than the cost to upgrade OCS while providing four times the capability .
Great Expectations
Dickens , whose health was not the best , felt `` The planning from week to week was unimaginably difficult '' but persevered . He thought he had found `` a good name '' , decided to use the first person `` throughout '' , and thought the beginning was `` excessively droll '' : `` I have put a child and a good - natured foolish man , in relations that seem to me very funny . '' Four weekly episodes were `` ground off the wheel '' in October 1860 , and apart from one reference to the `` bondage '' of his heavy task , the months passed without the anguished cries that usually accompanied the writing of his novels . He did not even use the Number Plans or Mems ; he only had a few notes on the characters ' ages , the tide ranges for chapter 54 , and the draft of an ending . In late December , Dickens wrote to Mary Boyle that `` Great Expectations ( is ) a very great success and universally liked . '' Charles
pH
If pure water is exposed to air it becomes mildly acidic . This is because water absorbs carbon dioxide from the air , which is then slowly converted into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions ( essentially creating carbonic acid ) .
List of The 100 episodes
No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68
Spark plug
Over the years variations on the basic spark plug design have attempted to provide either better ignition , longer life , or both . Such variations include the use of two , three , or four equally spaced ground electrodes surrounding the central electrode . Other variations include using a recessed central electrode surrounded by the spark plug thread , which effectively becomes the ground electrode ( see `` surface - discharge spark plug '' , below ) . Also there is the use of a V - shaped notch in the tip of the ground electrode . Multiple ground electrodes generally provide longer life , as when the spark gap widens due to electric discharge wear , the spark moves to another closer ground electrode . The disadvantage of multiple ground electrodes is that a shielding effect can occur in the engine combustion chamber inhibiting the flame face as the fuel air mixture burns . This can result in a less efficient burn and increased fuel consumption . They also are difficult or nearly impossible to adjust to another uniform gap size .
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Chapter Eight -- The Queen 's Croquet - Ground : Alice comes upon three living playing cards painting the white roses on a rose tree red because The Queen of Hearts hates white roses . A procession of more cards , kings and queens and even the White Rabbit enters the garden . Alice then meets the King and Queen . The Queen , a figure difficult to please , introduces her trademark phrase `` Off with her head ! '' , which she utters at the slightest dissatisfaction with a subject . Alice is invited ( or some might say ordered ) to play a game of croquet with the Queen and the rest of her subjects , but the game quickly descends into chaos . Live flamingos are used as mallets and hedgehogs as balls , and Alice once again meets the Cheshire Cat . The Queen of Hearts then orders the Cat to be beheaded , only to have her executioner complain that this is impossible since the head is all that can be seen of him . Because the cat belongs to the Duchess , the Queen is prompted to release the Duchess from prison to resolve the matter .
Circumnavigation
People have both bicycled and run around the world , but the oceans have had to be covered by air or sea travel , making the distance shorter than the Guinness guidelines . To go from North America to Asia on foot is theoretically possible but very difficult . It involves crossing the Bering Strait on the ice , and around 3,000 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) of roadless swamped or freezing cold areas in Alaska and eastern Russia . No one has so far travelled all of this route by foot . David Kunst was the first verified person to walk around the world between 20 June 1970 and 10 October 1974 . See
Three-phase electric power
Where a delta - fed system must be grounded for detection of stray current to ground or protection from surge voltages , a grounding transformer ( usually a zigzag transformer ) may be connected to allow ground fault currents to return from any phase to ground . Another variation is a `` corner grounded '' delta system , which is a closed delta that is grounded at one of the junctions of transformers .
pH
However , it is difficult to estimate K * S in seawater , limiting the utility of the otherwise more straightforward free scale .
America's Cup
The first post-war challenge was in 1958 , again from the British . Briggs Cunningham , the inventor of the cunningham sail control device , as skipper with Sears as navigator led Columbia to victory against Sceptre , which was designed by David Boyd at Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd ( Yachtbuilders ) , for a Royal Yacht Squadron Syndicate , chaired by Hugh Goodson . 1962
America's Cup
Technology was now playing an increasing role in yacht design . The 1983 winner , Australia II , had sported the revolutionary winged keel , and the New Zealand boat that Conner had beaten in the Louis Vuitton Cup final in Fremantle was the first 12 - metre class to have a hull of fiberglass , rather than aluminum or wood .
America's Cup
The next challenge came from the Royal Canadian Yacht Club and was the first to be disputed between two yachts only . The schooner Madeleine ( 148.2 tons , 1868 ) , a previous defender from the 1870 fleet race , easily defeated the challenger Countess of Dufferin ( 221 tons , 1876 design by Alexander Cuthbert ) . Cuthbert filed the second Canadian challenge , bankrolling , designing and sailing the first sloop challenge for the America 's Cup in 1881 . The small 65 ft ( 19.81 m ) Canadian challenger Atalanta ( 84 tons , 1881 ) , representing the Bay of Quinte Yacht Club , suffered from lack of funds , unfinished build and a difficult delivery through the Erie Canal from Lake Ontario to New York . In contrast , the NYYC cautiously prepared its first selection trials . The iron sloop Mischief ( 79 tons , 1879 design by Archibald Cary Smith ) was chosen from four sloop candidates , and successfully defended the cup .
America's Cup
The match was sailed in gigantic , specialized 90 ft ( 27 m ) multihull yachts in a best - of - three race series in Valencia , Spain from 8 to 14 February 2010 . The rigid wing sail of the challenging trimaran USA - 17 provided a decisive advantage , and it won the 2010 America 's Cup 2 -- 0 .
America's Cup
The next America 's Cup challenge was initially limited to 70 ft ( 21.34 m ) waterline in 1889 , but the mutual - agreement clauses of a new 1887 Deed of Gift caused the Royal Yacht Squadron to withdraw the Earl of Dunraven 's promising Watson designed challenger Valkyrie while she was crossing the Atlantic . Dunraven challenged again in 1893 , pleading for a return to the longer 85 ft ( 26 m ) limit . In a cup - crazed Britain , its four largest cutters ever were being built , including Watson 's Valkyrie II for Dunraven 's challenge . Meanwhile , the NYYC 's wealthiest members ordered two cup candidates from Herreshoff , and two more from Boston yacht designers . Charles Oliver Iselin , who was running the syndicate behind one of the Herreshoff designs called Vigilant , gave the naval architect leave to design the yacht entirely as he willed . Herreshoff helmed Vigilant himself and beat all his rivals in selection trials , and defended the cup successfully from Valkyrie II .
America's Cup
In 1851 Commodore John Cox Stevens , a charter member of the fledgling New York Yacht Club ( NYYC ) , formed a six - person syndicate to build a yacht with intention of taking her to England and making some money competing in yachting regattas and match races . The syndicate contracted with pilot boat designer George Steers for a 101 ft ( 30.78 m ) schooner , which was christened America and launched on 3 May 1851 .
America's Cup
Despite the immense success of the Reliance , she was used only one season , her design and maintenance keeping her from being used for any other purpose than for a cup defense . The extremity of both 1903 cup contenders encouraged Nathanael Herreshoff to make boats more wholesome and durable by devising a new rule . Proposing in the same year the Universal Rule , he added the elements of overall length and displacement into the rating , to the benefit of heavy , voluminous hulls and also divided boats into classes , without handicapping sail area . This went against the American Yacht Clubs ' and the British Yacht Racing Association 's general desire to promote speed at all costs for cup boats , but the NYYC adopted Herreshoff 's proposal . Lipton long pleaded for a smaller size of yachts in the new rule , and the NYYC conceded to seventy - five footers in 1914 . Lipton turned to Charles Ernest Nicholson for his fourth challenge , and got a superb design under the inauspicious shape of Shamrock IV , with a flat transom . She was the most powerful yacht that year , and the NYYC turned out three cup candidates to defend the cup : of George Owen 's Defiance and William Gardner 's Vanitie , it was Herreshoff who designed the wisest of all contenders . His last design for the cup , the Resolute , was small , which earned significant time allowance over other yachts . Barr had died , but his crew manned the Resolute , which faced stiff competition from Vanitie , but went on to win the selection trials , before the Cup was suspended as World War I broke out .
America's Cup
Shamrock IV was never raced again , but the universal rule drew significant appeal , especially in the small M - Class . Believing that the new rule offered a serious opportunity for the British to take the Cup , Lipton challenged for the fifth and last time at age 79 , in 1929 . The J - Class was chosen for the contest , to which were added Lloyds ' A1 scantling rules in order to ensure that the yachts would be seaworthy and evenly matched , given the Deed of Gift requirement for yachts to sail to the match on their `` own bottom . '' The waterline length was set between 76 ft ( 23.16 m ) and 88 ft ( 26.82 m ) , and there would be no time allowance . Novel rigging technology now permitted the Bermuda rig to replace the gaff rig . Nicholson was chosen to design challenger Shamrock V , and despite the Wall Street Crash , four NYYC syndicates responded to the threat and built a cup contender each . The venue was moved to Newport , Rhode Island , where , the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company 's new naval architect Starling Burgess used his success in the M - Class and his experience as a wartime plane designer to build the Vanderbilt syndicate 's defender Enterprise , the smallest J - Class . Meanwhile , Herreshoff 's son , Lewis Francis Herreshoff , designed a radical boat : The Whirlwind , despite being the most advanced boat with her double - ended `` canoe '' build and electronic instruments , maneuvered too clumsily . The old 75 - footers Resolute and Vanitie were rebuilt and converted to the J - Class to serve as trial horses . The Enterprise 's skipper Harold Vanderbilt won the selection trials with great difficulty . When Shamrock V was revealed , she was an outdated wooden boat with a wooden mast and performed poorly to windward . Enterprise was then fitted with the World 's first duralumin mast , very lightweight at 4,000 lb ( 1,800 kg ) , and beat her opponent soundly .