vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Horses in warfare
In Ancient Greece , Phillip of Macedon is credited with developing tactics allowing massed cavalry charges . The most famous Greek heavy cavalry units were the companion cavalry of Alexander the Great . The Chinese of the 4th century BC during the Warring States period ( 403 -- 221 BC ) began to use cavalry against rival states . To fight nomadic raiders from the north and west , the Chinese of the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) developed effective mounted units . Cavalry was not used extensively by the Romans during the Roman Republic period , but by the time of the Roman Empire , they made use of heavy cavalry . However , the backbone of the Roman army was the infantry .
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Some modern scholars interpret Revelation from a preterist point of view , arguing that its prophecy and imagery apply only to the events of the first century of Christian history . In this school of thought , Conquest , the white horse 's rider , is sometimes identified as a symbol of Parthian forces : Conquest carries a bow , and the Parthian Empire was at that time known for its mounted warriors and their skill with bow and arrow . Parthians were also particularly associated with white horses . Some scholars specifically point to Vologases I , a Parthian shah who clashed with the Roman Empire and won one significant battle in 62 AD .
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
This fourth , pale horse , was the personification of Death with Hades following him jaws open receiving the victims slain by Death . Its commission was to kill upon the Roman Earth with all of the four judgements of God -- with sword , famine , pestilence and wild beasts . The deadly pale and livid appearance displays a hue symptomatic of approaching empire dissolution . According to Edward Bishop Elliott , an era in Roman history commencing within about 15 years after the death of Severus Alexander ( in 235 AD ) strongly marks every point of this terrible emblem .
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were instead created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors , which were used for a scene with Pratt , while the final , wider shots of the scene used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump , and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs , and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes .
Mustang
Mustangs are often referred to as wild horses , but since all free - roaming horses now in the Americas descended from horses that were once domesticated , a more proper term is feral horses . Unlike Przewalski 's horse , the only extant wild horse , the mustang descended from domesticated horses .
Horses in warfare
The saddle with a solid framework , or `` tree '' , provided a bearing surface to protect the horse from the weight of the rider , but was not widespread until the 2nd century AD . However , it made a critical difference , as horses could carry more weight when distributed across a solid saddle tree . A solid tree , the predecessor of today 's Western saddle , also allowed a more built - up seat to give the rider greater security in the saddle . The Romans are credited with the invention of the solid - treed saddle .
Mustang
In the upper Mississippi basin and Great Lakes regions , the French were another source of horses . Although horse trading with native people was prohibited , there were individuals willing to indulge in illegal dealing , and as early as 1675 , the Illinois people had horses . Animals identified as `` Canadian , '' `` French '' , or `` Norman '' were located in the Great Lakes region , with a 1782 census at Fort Detroit listing over 1000 animals . By 1770 , Spanish horses were found in that area , and there was a clear zone from Ontario and Saskatchewan to St. Louis where Canadian - type horses , particularly the smaller varieties , crossbred with mustangs of Spanish ancestry . French - Canadian horses were also allowed to roam freely , and moved west , particularly influencing horse herds in the northern plains and inland northwest . Comanche
Horses in warfare
During the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars the cavalry 's main offensive role was as shock troops . In defence cavalry were used to attack and harass the enemy 's infantry flanks as they advanced . Cavalry were frequently used prior to an infantry assault , to force an infantry line to break and reform into formations vulnerable to infantry or artillery . Infantry frequently followed behind in order to secure any ground won or the cavalry could be used to break up enemy lines following a successful infantry action .
Mustang
Some breeders of domestic horses consider the mustang herds of the west to be inbred and of inferior quality . However , supporters of the mustang argue that the animals are merely small due to their harsh living conditions and that natural selection has eliminated many traits that lead to weakness or inferiority . In contrast , a few researchers have advanced an argument that mustangs should be legally classified as `` wild '' rather than `` feral '' . They argue that , due to the presence of Equus ferus on the North American continent until the end of the Pleistocene era , horses were once a native species and should still be considered as such , defined as `` wild '' rather than viewed as an introduced species that draws resources and attention away from true native species .
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Of the Four Horsemen , the black horse and its rider are the only ones whose appearance is accompanied by a vocal pronunciation . John hears a voice , unidentified but coming from among the four living creatures , that speaks of the prices of wheat and barley , also saying `` and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine '' . This suggests that the black horse 's famine is to drive up the price of grain but leave oil and wine supplies unaffected ( though out of reach of the ordinary worker ) . One explanation for this is that grain crops would have been more naturally susceptible to famine years or locust plagues than olive trees and grapevines , which root more deeply .
Horses in warfare
The British Army 's 2nd Dragoons in 1813 had 340 ponies of 14.2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) and 55 ponies of 14 hands ( 56 inches , 142 cm ) ; the Lovat Scouts , formed in 1899 , were mounted on Highland ponies ; the British Army recruited 200 Dales ponies in World War II for use as pack and artillery animals ; and the British Territorial Army experimented with the use of Dartmoor ponies as pack animals in 1935 , finding them to be better than mules for the job .
Horses in warfare
Indigenous populations of South America soon learned to use horses . In Chile , the Mapuche began using cavalry in the Arauco War in 1586 . They drove the Spanish out of Araucanía at the beginning of the 17th century . Later , the Mapuche conducted mounted raids known as Malónes , first on Spanish , then on Chilean and Argentine settlements until well into the 19th century . In North America , Native Americans also quickly learned to use horses . In particular , the people of the Great Plains , such as the Comanche and the Cheyenne , became renowned horseback fighters . By the 19th century , they presented a formidable force against the United States Army . Confederate
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
The rider of the second horse is often taken to represent War ( he is often pictured holding a sword upwards as though ready for battle ) or mass slaughter . His horse 's color is red ( πυρρός , from πῦρ , fire ) ; and in some translations , the color is specifically a `` fiery '' red . The color red , as well as the rider 's possession of a great sword , suggests blood that is to be spilled . The sword held upward by the second Horseman may represent war or a declaration of war , as seen in heraldry . In military symbolism , swords held upward , especially crossed swords held upward , signify war and entering into battle . ( See for example the historical and modern images , as well as the coat of arms , of Jeanne of Arc . )
Pony Express
The various types of horse ridden by riders of the Pony Express included Morgans and thoroughbreds which were often used on the eastern end of the trail . Mustangs were often used on the western ( more rugged ) end of the mail route .
Horse latitudes
Horse latitudes or subtropical highs are subtropical latitudes between 30 and 38 degrees both north and south where Earth 's atmosphere is dominated by the subtropical high , an area of high pressure , which suppresses precipitation and cloud formation , and has variable winds mixed with calm winds .
Horses in warfare
Descriptions of the tactical role of chariots in Ancient Greece and Rome are rare . The Iliad , possibly referring to Mycenaen practices used c. 1250 BC , describes the use of chariots for transporting warriors to and from battle , rather than for actual fighting . Later , Julius Caesar , invading Britain in 55 and 54 BC , noted British charioteers throwing javelins , then leaving their chariots to fight on foot .
Trojan Horse
Metaphorically a `` Trojan Horse '' has come to mean any trick or stratagem that causes a target to invite a foe into a securely protected bastion or place . A malicious computer program which tricks users into willingly running it is also called a `` Trojan horse '' or simply a `` Trojan '' .
Horses in warfare
Mounted Muslim warriors conquered North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula during the 7th and 8th centuries AD following the Hegira , or Hijra , of Muhammad in 622 AD . By 630 AD , their influence expanded across the Middle East and into western North Africa . By 711 AD , the light cavalry of Muslim warriors had reached Spain , and controlled most of the Iberian peninsula by 720 . Their mounts were of various oriental types , including the North African Barb . A few Arabian horses may have come with the Ummayads who settled in the Guadalquivir valley . Another strain of horse that came with Islamic invaders was the Turkoman horse . Muslim invaders travelled north from nowadays Spain into France , where they were defeated by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD .
Our Lady of the Angels School fire
Firemen began rescuing children from the second - floor windows , but nightmare conditions in some of the classrooms had already become unbearable . Children were stumbling , crawling , and fighting their way to the windows , trying to breathe and escape . Many jumped , fell , or were pushed out the windows before firemen on ladders could reach them . Children jumped with their hair and clothes on fire . Some died later as a result of the fall , and several more were seriously injured . Many of the smaller children were trapped behind frantic students at the windows .
Our Lady of the Angels School fire
For 329 children and five teaching nuns , the only remaining means of escape was to jump from their second floor windows to the concrete or crushed rock 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) below , or to wait for the fire department to rescue them . Recognizing the trap they were in , some of the nuns encouraged the children to sit at their desks or gather in a semicircle and pray . But smoke , heat , and flames quickly forced them to the windows .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Some , perhaps overwhelmed by it all , made no attempt to escape and stayed in their cabins or congregated in prayer in the third - class dining room . Leading Fireman Charles Hendrickson saw crowds of third - class passengers below decks with their trunks and possessions , as if waiting for someone to direct them . Psychologist Wynn Craig Wade attributes this to `` stoic passivity '' produced by generations of being told what to do by social superiors . August Wennerström , one of the male steerage passengers to survive , commented later that many of his companions had made no effort to save themselves . He wrote :
Paul Revere
Revere , Dawes , and Prescott were detained by a British Army patrol in Lincoln at a roadblock on the way to Concord . Prescott jumped his horse over a wall and escaped into the woods ; he eventually reached Concord . Dawes also escaped , though he fell off his horse not long after and did not complete the ride . This
Conclusion of the American Civil War
Back at camp , Pritchard 's adjutant was almost fooled into letting Davis escape by a ruse . Davis 's wife had persuaded the adjutant to let her `` old mother '' go to fetch some water . The adjutant allowed this , and walked away from their tent . Mrs. Davis and a person dressed as an old woman then left the tent to go for the water . One of the other ranking officers noticed the `` old woman '' was wearing men 's riding boots with spurs . Immediately , they were stopped and the woman 's overcoat and black head shawl were removed , to reveal Davis himself . The plan of escape thus failed . The Confederate president was subsequently held prisoner for two years in Fort Monroe , Virginia .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The besieged endured three weeks of the Siege of Cawnpore with little water or food , suffering continuous casualties to men , women and children . On 25 June Nana Sahib made an offer of safe passage to Allahabad . With barely three days ' food rations remaining , the British agreed provided they could keep their small arms and that the evacuation should take place in daylight on the morning of the 27th ( the Nana Sahib wanted the evacuation to take place on the night of the 26th ) . Early in the morning of 27 June , the European party left their entrenchment and made their way to the river where boats provided by the Nana Sahib were waiting to take them to Allahabad . Several sepoys who had stayed loyal to the Company were removed by the mutineers and killed , either because of their loyalty or because `` they had become Christian . '' A few injured British officers trailing the column were also apparently hacked to death by angry sepoys . After the European party had largely arrived at the dock , which was surrounded by sepoys positioned on both banks of the Ganges , with clear lines of fire , firing broke out and the boats were abandoned by their crew , and caught or were set on fire using pieces of red hot charcoal . The British party tried to push the boats off but all except three remained stuck . One boat with over a dozen wounded men initially escaped , but later grounded , was caught by mutineers and pushed back down the river towards the carnage at Cawnpore . Towards the end rebel cavalry rode into the water to finish off any survivors . After the firing ceased the survivors were rounded up and the men shot . By the time the massacre was over , most of the male members of the party were dead while the surviving women and children were removed and held hostage to be later killed in The Bibighar massacre . Only four men eventually escaped alive from Cawnpore on one of the boats : two private soldiers , a lieutenant , and Captain Mowbray Thomson , who wrote a first - hand account of his experiences entitled The Story of Cawnpore ( London , 1859 ) .
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
A bookkeeper on the eighth floor was able to warn employees on the tenth floor via telephone , but there was no audible alarm and no way to contact staff on the ninth floor . According to survivor Yetta Lubitz , the first warning of the fire on the ninth floor arrived at the same time as the fire itself . Although the floor had a number of exits , including two freight elevators , a fire escape , and stairways down to Greene Street and Washington Place , flames prevented workers from descending the Greene Street stairway , and the door to the Washington Place stairway was locked to prevent theft by the workers ; the locked doors allowed managers to check the women 's purses . The foreman who held the stairway door key had already escaped by another route . Dozens of employees escaped the fire by going up the Greene Street stairway to the roof . Other survivors were able to jam themselves into the elevators while they continued to operate .
Freedmen's Bureau
During the war , slaves had escaped to Union lines and forts in the Tidewater , where contraband camps were established . Many stayed in that area after the war , seeking protection near the federal forts . The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter , explaining :
Joan of Arc
Joan was imprisoned by the Burgundians at Beaurevoir Castle . She made several escape attempts , on one occasion jumping from her 70 - foot ( 21 m ) tower , landing on the soft earth of a dry moat , after which she was moved to the Burgundian town of Arras . The English negotiated with their Burgundian allies to transfer her to their custody , with Bishop Pierre Cauchon of Beauvais , an English partisan , assuming a prominent role in these negotiations and her later trial . The final agreement called for the English to pay the sum of 10,000 livres tournois to obtain her from Jean de Luxembourg , a member of the Council of Duke Philip of Burgundy .
Bullpen
Haywood traveled to the town of Mullan , where he met a man who had escaped from the bullpen . The makeshift prison was an old grain warehouse that reeked of excrement and crawled with vermin . Overcrowding was so severe that some two hundred prisoners had been removed from the warehouse and quartered in railroad boxcars .
War of 1812
The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation
Pendulum
The existing clock movement , the verge escapement , made pendulums swing in very wide arcs of about 100 ° . Huygens showed this was a source of inaccuracy , causing the period to vary with amplitude changes caused by small unavoidable variations in the clock 's drive force . To make its period isochronous , Huygens mounted cycloidal - shaped metal ' chops ' next to the pivots in his clocks , that constrained the suspension cord and forced the pendulum to follow a cycloid arc . This solution did n't prove as practical as simply limiting the pendulum 's swing to small angles of a few degrees . The realization that only small swings were isochronous motivated the development of the anchor escapement around 1670 , which reduced the pendulum swing in clocks to 4 ° -- 6 ° .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition , but were hunted & persecuted on every side , so as their former afflictions were but as flea - bitings in comparison of these which now came upon them . For some were taken & clapt up in prison , others had their houses besett & watcht night and day , & hardly escaped their hands ; and the most were faine to flie & leave their howses & habitations , and the means of their livelehood .
Themistocles
Themistocles first went to live in exile in Argos . However , perceiving that they now had a prime opportunity to bring Themistocles down for good , the Spartans again levelled accusations of Themistocles 's complicity in Pausanias 's treason . They demanded that he be tried by the ' Congress of Greeks ' , rather than in Athens , although it seems that in the end he was actually summoned to Athens to stand trial . Perhaps realising he had little hope of surviving this trial , Themistocles fled , first to Kerkyra , and thence to Admetus , king of Molossia . Themistocles 's flight probably only served to convince his accusers of his guilt , and he was declared a traitor in Athens , his property to be confiscated . It should be noted that both Diodorus and Plutarch considered that the charges were false , and made solely for the purposes of destroying Themistocles . The Spartans sent ambassadors to Admetus , threatening that the whole of Greece would go to war with the Molossians unless they surrendered Themistocles . Admetus , however , allowed Themistocles to escape , giving him a large sum of gold to aid him on his way . Themistocles then fled from Greece , apparently never to return , thus effectively bringing his political career to an end .
Trail of Tears
As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in , Florida began preparing for war . The St. Augustine Militia asked the War Department for the loan of 500 muskets . Five hundred volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. Richard K. Call . Indian war parties raided farms and settlements , and families fled to forts , large towns , or out of the territory altogether . A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train , killing eight of its guards and wounding six others . Most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later . Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed , with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles .
Pendulum
If these variations in the escapement 's force cause changes in the pendulum 's width of swing ( amplitude ) , this will cause corresponding slight changes in the period , since ( as discussed at top ) a pendulum with a finite swing is not quite isochronous . Therefore , the goal of traditional escapement design is to apply the force with the proper profile , and at the correct point in the pendulum 's cycle , so force variations have no effect on the pendulum 's amplitude . This is called an isochronous escapement .