vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Democracy
More recently , democracy is criticised for not offering enough political stability . As governments are frequently elected on and off there tends to be frequent changes in the policies of democratic countries both domestically and internationally . Even if a political party maintains power , vociferous , headline grabbing protests and harsh criticism from the popular media are often enough to force sudden , unexpected political change . Frequent policy changes with regard to business and immigration are likely to deter investment and so hinder economic growth . For this reason , many people have put forward the idea that democracy is undesirable for a developing country in which economic growth and the reduction of poverty are top priorities .
Latin America
With the end of the commodity boom in the 2010s , economic stagnation or recession resulted in some countries . As a result , the left - wing governments of the Pink Tide lost support . The worst - hit was Venezuela , which is facing severe social and economic upheaval .
French Revolution
German reaction to the Revolution swung from favourable to antagonistic . At first it brought liberal and democratic ideas , the end of gilds , serfdom and the Jewish ghetto . It brought economic freedoms and agrarian and legal reform . Above all the antagonism helped stimulate and shape German nationalism . Switzerland
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Since its inception , the impact of the stimulus has been a subject of disagreement . Studies on its effects have produced a range of conclusions , from strongly positive to strongly negative and all reactions in between . In 2012 , the IGM Forum poll conducted by the University of Chicago Booth School of Business found 80 % of leading economists agree unemployment was lower at the end of 2010 than it would have been without the stimulus . Regarding whether the benefits of the stimulus outweighed its costs : 46 % `` agreed '' or `` strongly agreed '' that the benefits outweighed the costs , 27 % were uncertain , and 12 % disagreed or strongly disagreed . IGM Forum asked the same question to leading economists in 2014 . This new poll found 82 % of leading economists strongly agreed or agreed that unemployment was lower in 2010 than it would have been without the stimulus . Revisiting the question about the benefits outweighing the costs , 56 % strongly agreed or agreed that it did , 23 % were uncertain , and 5 % disagreed .
New Deal
Recovery was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health . By most economic indicators , this was achieved by 1937 -- except for unemployment , which remained stubbornly high until World War II began . Recovery was designed to help the economy bounce back from depression . Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities , 1929 -- 1937 . They estimated that every additional $153,000 in relief spending ( in 1935 dollars , or $1.95 million in year 2000 dollars ) was associated with a reduction of one infant death , one suicide and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease . NRA
Causes of the French Revolution
Britain , too , was heavily indebted as a result of these conflicts ; but Britain had far more advanced fiscal institutions in place to deal with it . France was a wealthier country than Britain , and its national debt was no greater than the British one . In each country , servicing the debt accounted for about one - half the government 's annual expenditure ; where they differed was in the effective rates of interest . In France , the debt was financed at almost twice the interest rate as the debt across the Channel . This demanded a much higher level of taxation and less flexibility in raising money to deal with unforeseen emergencies . ( See also Eden Agreement . )
Video poker
`` Jacks or Better , '' sometimes simply called `` Draw Poker , '' is the most common variation of video poker . Payoffs begin at a pair of jacks . Full pay Jacks or Better is also known as 9 / 6 Jacks or Better since the payoff for a full house is 9 times the bet , and the payoff for a flush is 6 times the bet . Sometimes , 10 / 6 and 9 / 7 versions of Jacks or Better can be found as promotions .
Gilded Age
The major metropolitan centers underwent rapid population growth and as a result had many lucrative contracts and jobs to award . To take advantage of the new economic opportunity , both parties built so - called `` political machines '' to manage elections , to reward supporters and to pay off potential opponents . Financed by the `` spoils system '' , the winning party distributed most local , state and national government jobs , and many government contracts , to its loyal supporters .
Marshall Plan
It was not large enough to have significantly accelerated recovery by financing investment , aiding the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure , or easing commodity bottlenecks . We argue , however , that the Marshall Plan did play a major role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe 's rapid growth . The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid pushed European political economy in a direction that left its post World War II `` mixed economies '' with more `` market '' and less `` controls '' in the mix .
Utilitarianism
Moore admits that it is impossible to prove the case either way , but he believed that it was intuitively obvious that even if the amount of pleasure stayed the same a world that contained such things as beauty and love would be a better world . He adds that , if a person was to take the contrary view , then `` I think it is self - evident that he would be wrong . ''
United Kingdom
Index Rank Countries reviewed Human Development Index 2015 14 187 Inequality adjusted Human Development Index 2015 13 150 OECD Better Life Index 2016 16 38 Legatum Prosperity Index 2015 10 142 Index of Public Integrity 2016 6 105 Democracy Index 2016 16 167 Freedom House ranking of political rights 2016 8 195 Freedom House ranking of civil liberties 2016 195 Save the Children State of the World 's Mothers report 2015 24 179 Total health expenditure per capita 2015 17 188 Fragile States Index ( Reverse ranking ) 2016 17 178 Gallup gross median household income 2013 19 131 Median equivalent adult income 2009 -- 2014 19 35 International Property Rights Index 2015 13 129 Euro health consumer index 2015 14 ( England ) 16 ( Scotland ) 35 Press Freedom Index 2016 38 180 Global Gender Gap Report 2015 20 144 World Happiness Report 2016 23 157 Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 10 175 Networked Readiness Index 2014 9 144 Household final consumption expenditure per capita 2014 12 163 Ease of doing business index 2017 7 185 Global Peace Index 2016 47 163 Globalization Index 2015 207 Logistics Performance Index 2014 160 Index of Economic Freedom 2016 10 167 Merchant Navy 10 39
New Deal
Conservative domination of Congress during the war meant that all welfare projects and reforms had to have their approval , which was given when business supported the project . For example , the Coal Mines Inspection and Investigation Act of 1941 significantly reduced fatality rates in the coal - mining industry , saving workers ' lives and company money . In terms of welfare , the New Dealers wanted benefits for everyone according to need . However , conservatives proposed benefits based on national service -- especially tied to military service or working in war industries -- and their approach won out .
Republic (Plato)
Because of this , tyranny is the regime with the least freedom and happiness , and the tyrant is most unhappy of all , since the regime and soul correspond . His desires are never fulfilled , and he always must live in fear of his victims . Because the tyrant can only think in terms of servant and master , he has no equals whom he can befriend , and with no friends the tyrant is robbed of freedom . This is the first proof that it is better to be just than unjust . The second proof is derived from the tripartite theory of soul . The wisdom - loving soul is best equipped to judge what is best through reason , and the wise individual judges wisdom to be best , then honor , then desire . This is the just proportion for the city or soul and stands opposite to tyranny , which is entirely satiated on base desires . The third proof follows from this . He describes how the soul can be misled into experiencing false pleasure : for example , a lack of pain can seem pleasurable by comparison to a worse state . True pleasure is had by being fulfilled by things that fit one 's nature . Wisdom is the most fulfilling and is the best guide , so the only way for the three drives of the soul to function properly and experience the truest pleasure is by allowing wisdom to lead . To conclude the third proof , the wisdom element is best at providing pleasure , while tyranny is worst because it is furthest removed from wisdom .
Cherokee
The US government also acquired easement rights to the western part of the territory , which became the Oklahoma Territory , for the construction of railroads . Development and settlers followed the railroads . By the late 19th century , the government believed that Native Americans would be better off if each family owned its own land . The Dawes Act of 1887 provided for the breakup of commonly held tribal land into individual household allotments . Native Americans were registered on the Dawes Rolls and allotted land from the common reserve . The US government counted the remainder of tribal land as `` surplus '' and sold it to non-Cherokee individuals .
Emancipation Proclamation
Historians James M. McPherson and Allan Nevins state that though the results looked very troubling , they could be seen favorably by Lincoln ; his opponents did well only in their historic strongholds and `` at the national level their gains in the House were the smallest of any minority party 's in an off - year election in nearly a generation . Michigan , California , and Iowa all went Republican ... Moreover , the Republicans picked up five seats in the Senate . '' McPherson states `` If the election was in any sense a referendum on emancipation and on Lincoln 's conduct of the war , a majority of Northern voters endorsed these policies . '' Confederate
Great Depression
The reverberations of the Great Depression hit Greece in 1932 . The Bank of Greece tried to adopt deflationary policies to stave off the crises that were going on in other countries , but these largely failed . For a brief period the drachma was pegged to the U.S. dollar , but this was unsustainable given the country 's large trade deficit and the only long - term effects of this were Greece 's foreign exchange reserves being almost totally wiped out in 1932 . Remittances from abroad declined sharply and the value of the drachma began to plummet from 77 drachmas to the dollar in March 1931 to 111 drachmas to the dollar in April , 1931 . This was especially harmful to Greece as the country relied on imports from the UK , France and the Middle East for many necessities . Greece went off the gold standard in April , 1932 and declared a moratorium on all interest payments . The country also adopted protectionist policies such as import quotas , which a number of European countries did during the time period .
Political campaign
Political science research generally finds negative advertisement ( which has increased over time ) to be ineffective both at reducing the support and turnout for the opponent . According to political scientists Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar , negative ads do succeed at driving down overall turnout though . They also find that `` negative ads work better for Republicans than for Democrats , and better for men than for women ; unfortunately , negative ads also work better in general than positive ones . '' Challengers who spend more time campaigning get a higher vote share against incumbents in state house elections . According to political scientist Lynn Vavreck , `` the evidence suggests that campaign ads have small effects that decay rapidly -- very rapidly -- but just enough of the impact accumulates to make running more advertising than your opponent seem a necessity . ''
Foreign policy of the United States
American relations with Eastern Europe are influenced by the legacy of the Cold War . Since the collapse of the Soviet Union , former Communist - bloc states in Europe have gradually transitioned to democracy and capitalism . Many have also joined the European Union and NATO , strengthening economic ties with the broader Western world and gaining the military protection of the United States via the North Atlantic Treaty .
History of United States foreign policy
With the breakup of the Soviet Union into separate nations , and with the re-emergence of the nation of Russia , the world of pro-U.S. and pro-Soviet alliances broke down . Different challenges presented themselves , such as climate change as well as the threat of nuclear terrorism . Regional powerbrokers and dictators such as Saddam Hussein in Iraq challenged the peace with a surprise attack on the small nation of Kuwait in 1991 . President George H.W. Bush organized a coalition of allied and Middle Eastern powers which successfully pushed back the invading forces , but stopped short of invading Iraq and capturing Hussein ; as a result , the dictator was free to rule unchecked for another twelve years . After the Gulf War , many scholars , such as Zbigniew Brzezinski , claimed the lack of a new strategic vision for U.S. foreign policy resulted in many missed opportunities for its foreign policy . During the 1990s , the United States mostly scaled back its foreign policy budget as well as its cold war defense budget which amounted to 6.5 % of GDP while focusing on domestic economic prosperity under President Clinton , who succeeded in achieving a budget surplus for 1999 and 2000 . The United States also served as a peacekeeper in the warring ethnic disputes in the former Yugoslavia by cooperating as a U.N. peacekeeper .
Great Depression
The Soviet Union was the world 's sole communist state with very little international trade . Its economy was not tied to the rest of the world and was only slightly affected by the Great Depression . Its forced transformation from a rural to an industrial society succeeded in building up heavy industry , at the cost of millions of lives in rural Russia and Ukraine .
We will bury you
In another public speech Khrushchev declared : `` ( ... ) We must take a shovel and dig a deep grave , and bury colonialism as deep as we can '' . In a 1961 speech at the Institute of Marxism -- Leninism in Moscow , Khrushchev said , that `` peaceful coexistence '' for the Soviet Union means `` intense , economic , political and ideological struggle between the proletariat and the aggressive forces of imperialism in the world arena '' . Later , on August 24 , 1963 , Khrushchev remarked in his speech in Yugoslavia , `` I once said , ' We will bury you , ' and I got into trouble with it . Of course we will not bury you with a shovel . Your own working class will bury you , '' a reference to the Marxist saying , `` The proletariat is the undertaker of capitalism '' , based on the concluding statement in Chapter 1 of the Communist Manifesto : `` What the bourgeoisie therefore produces , above all , are its own grave - diggers . Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable '' . In his memoirs , Khrushchev stated that `` enemy propaganda picked up the slogan and blew it all out of proportion '' .
Government of the Soviet Union
The term was also used by the government itself , the press and colloquially to mean the executive branch alone , as the branch of the government was responsible for day - to - day governance of the nation -- when a Premier headed or formed a government .
Foreign policy of the United States
Regarding support for certain anti-Communist dictatorships during the Cold War , a response is that they were seen as a necessary evil , with the alternatives even worse Communist or fundamentalist dictatorships . David Schmitz says this policy did not serve U.S. interests . Friendly tyrants resisted necessary reforms and destroyed the political center ( though not in South Korea ) , while the ' realist ' policy of coddling dictators brought a backlash among foreign populations with long memories .
State Anthem of the Soviet Union
The music was originally composed by Alexander Alexandrov in circa 1938 for the Hymn of the Bolshevik Party . The opening bars of this song were sampled from one of Alexandrov 's previous pieces , Life Has Become Better . This song was based off a quote said by former Soviet Union General Secretary Joseph Stalin at the First All - Union Meeting of the Stakhanovites on November 17 , 1935 . The manner of this song alludes to Stalin 's cult of personality .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
During the period of war communism , however , the policy of Prodrazvyorstka meant that the peasantry was obligated to surrender the surpluses of almost any kind of agricultural produce for a fixed price . When the Russian Civil War ended , the economy changed with the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) and specifically , the policy of prodnalog or `` food tax . '' This new policy was designed to re-build morale among embittered farmers and lead to increased production .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
It is their ( Bolshevik ) understanding that the very existence of Bolshevism in Russia , the maintenance of their own rule , depends , and must continue to depend , upon the occurrence of revolutions in all other great civilized nations , including the United States , which will overthrow and destroy their governments and set up Bolshevist rule in their stead . They have made it quite plain that they intend to use every means , including , of course , diplomatic agencies , to promote such revolutionary movements in other countries .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
The means of production ( land , equipment , livestock ) were to be totally `` socialized '' , i.e. removed from the control of individual peasant households . Not even any private household garden plots were allowed for .
Military history of the United States
Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics . One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy , which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare . Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia , and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support , at the expense of their allies in Hanoi . Critics see the conflict as a `` quagmire '' -- an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests . Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since . The draft became extremely unpopular , and President Nixon ended it in 1973 , forcing the military ( the Army especially ) to rely entirely upon volunteers . That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values ; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values . In