vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Magick (Thelema)
So we find that from November , 1901 , he did no practices of any kind until the Spring Equinox of 1904 , with the exception of a casual week in the summer of 1903 , and an exhibition game of magick in the King 's Chamber of the Great Pyramid in November , 1903 , when by his invocations he filled that chamber with a brightness as of full moonlight . ( This was no subjective illusion . The light was sufficient for him to read the ritual by . ) Only to conclude , `` There , you see it ? What 's the good of it ? '' --
Missouri Compromise
A political outsider , the 41 - year old Tallmadge conceived his amendment based on a personal aversion to slavery . He had played a leading role in accelerating emancipation of the remaining slaves in New York in 1817 . Moreover , he had campaigned against Illinois ' Black Codes : though ostensibly free - soil , the new Illinois state constitution permitted indentured servitude and a limited form of slavery . As a New York Republican , Tallmadge maintained an uneasy association with Governor DeWitt Clinton , a former Republican who depended on support from ex-Federalists . Clinton 's faction was hostile to Tallmadge for his spirited defense of General Andrew Jackson over his contentious invasion of Florida .
Factory Acts
He also commented on the gradual ( accidentally almost Fabian ) way this transformation had been achieved
Cornwallis in India
Cornwallis 's attitude toward the lower classes did , however , include a benevolent and somewhat paternalistic desire to improve their condition . He introduced legislation to protect native weavers who were sometimes forced into working at starvation wages by unscrupulous company employees , outlawed child slavery , and established in 1791 a Sanskrit college for Hindus that is now the Government Sanskrit College in Benares . He also established a mint in Calcutta that , in addition to benefiting the poor by providing a reliable standard currency , was a forerunner to India 's modern currency .
Movable type
When he wished to print , he took an iron frame and set it on the iron plate . In this he placed the types , set close together . When the frame was full , the whole made one solid block of type . He then placed it near the fire to warm it . When the paste ( at the back ) was slightly melted , he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface , so that the block of type became as even as a whetstone .
Education reform
No one did more than he to establish in the minds of the American people the conception that education should be universal , non-sectarian , free , and that its aims should be social efficiency , civic virtue , and character , rather than mere learning or the advancement of sectarian ends . National
Mercantilism
To encourage industry , foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported . Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade , reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals . Colbert 's policies were quite successful , and France 's industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period , as France became the dominant European power . He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power , and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field .
Golden Gate Bridge
Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations .
Peloponnesian War
Alcibiades , while condemned as a traitor , still carried weight in Athens . He prevented the Athenian fleet from attacking Athens ; instead , he helped restore democracy by more subtle pressure . He also persuaded the Athenian fleet to attack the Spartans at the battle of Cyzicus in 410 . In the battle , the Athenians obliterated the Spartan fleet , and succeeded in re-establishing the financial basis of the Athenian Empire .
Napoleon
Napoleon was responsible for spreading the values of the French Revolution to other countries , especially in legal reform and the abolition of serfdom .
Letter from Birmingham Jail
The letter responded to several criticisms made by the `` A Call for Unity '' clergymen , who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts , not the streets . As a minister , King responded to these criticisms on religious grounds . As an activist challenging an entrenched social system , he argued on legal , political , and historical grounds . As an African American , he spoke of the country 's oppression of black people , including himself . As an orator , he used many persuasive techniques to reach the hearts and minds of his audience . Altogether , King 's letter was a powerful defense of the motivations , tactics , and goals of the Birmingham campaign and the Civil Rights Movement more generally .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Young incorporated the LDS Church as a legal entity , and initially governed both the church and the state as a theocratic leader . He also publicized the practice of plural marriage , a form of polygamy .
Themistocles
In the years after Marathon , and in the run - up to the second Persian invasion of 480 - 479 BC , Themistocles became the most prominent politician in Athens . He continued to advocate a strong Athenian Navy , and in 483 BC he persuaded the Athenians to build a fleet of 200 triremes ; these proved crucial in the forthcoming conflict with Persia . During the second invasion , he effectively exercised command of the Greek allied navy at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis in 480 BC . Due to subterfuge on the part of Themistocles , the Allies lured the Persian fleet into the Straits of Salamis , and the decisive Greek victory there was the turning point in the invasion , which ended the following year with the defeat of the Persians at the land Battle of Plataea .
Cross of Gold speech
As Bryan spoke his final sentence , recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus , he placed his hands to his temples , fingers extended ; with the final words , he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause , as the audience watched in dead silence . He then lowered them , descended from the podium , and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held .
Henry Clay
Known as `` The Great Compromiser '' , Clay brokered important agreements during the Nullification Crisis and on the slavery issue . As part of the `` Great Triumvirate '' or `` Immortal Trio , '' along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun , he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820 , the Compromise Tariff of 1833 , and the Compromise of 1850 to ease sectional tensions . He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group , and was given the names `` Harry of the West '' and `` The Western Star . ''
Napoleon
Napoleon emancipated Jews , as well as Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries , from laws which restricted them to ghettos , and he expanded their rights to property , worship , and careers . Despite the anti-semitic reaction to Napoleon 's policies from foreign governments and within France , he believed emancipation would benefit France by attracting Jews to the country given the restrictions they faced elsewhere .
Kent State shootings
After 20 minutes of speaking , the students left the Commons , as ambulance personnel tended to the wounded , and the Guard left the area . Professor Frank 's son , also present that day , said , `` He absolutely saved my life and hundreds of others '' .
The Gospel of Wealth
These critical reviews led Carnegie to publish a series of essays defending himself . He defended individualism , private property , and the accumulation of personal wealth on the grounds that they benefited the human race in the long run . In an effort to convince his critics that he was n't saying everyone should get free handouts from the upper class , he edited his original doctrine , so that it read `` Help those who will help themselves , to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so . '' Since many interpreted his writing to mean that all those in poverty should be assisted by the wealthy , it was necessary for Carnegie to clarify that charity has its limitations .
History of chemistry
Lavoisier made many fundamental contributions to the science of chemistry . Following Lavoisier 's work , chemistry acquired a strict quantitative nature , allowing reliable predictions to be made . The revolution in chemistry which he brought about was a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments into the framework of a single theory . He established the consistent use of chemical balance , used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory , and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature . Lavoisier was beheaded during the French Revolution .
Napoleon
Napoleon directly overthrew remnants of feudalism in much of western Continental Europe . He liberalised property laws , ended seigneurial dues , abolished the guild of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship , legalised divorce , closed the Jewish ghettos and made Jews equal to everyone else . The Inquisition ended as did the Holy Roman Empire . The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and equality under the law was proclaimed for all men .
Prague
He began construction of the Gothic Saint Vitus Cathedral , within the largest of the Prague Castle courtyards , on the site of the Romanesque rotunda there . Prague was elevated to an archbishopric in 1344 , the year the cathedral was begun .
Boston Tea Party
Whether or not Samuel Adams helped plan the Boston Tea Party is disputed , but he immediately worked to publicize and defend it . He argued that the Tea Party was not the act of a lawless mob , but was instead a principled protest and the only remaining option the people had to defend their constitutional rights .
Akbar
To defend his stance that speech arose from hearing , he carried out a language deprivation experiment , and had children raised in isolation , not allowed to be spoken to , and pointed out that as they grew older , they remained mute .
The Gospel of Wealth
At the age of 35 , Carnegie decided to limit his personal wealth and donate the surplus to benevolent causes . He was determined to be remembered for his bad and lazy deeds rather than his wealth . He became a `` racist '' philanthropist . Prior to publishing his ideas about wealth , he began donating to his favorite causes , starting by donating a public bath to his hometown of Dunfermline .
Mali Empire
Aside from military conquest , Ouali is also credited with agricultural reforms throughout the empire putting many soldiers to work as farmers in the newly acquired Gambian provinces . Just prior to his death in 1270 , Ouali went on the hajj to Mecca during the reign of Mamluk Sultan Baibars , according to Ibn Khaldun . This helped in strengthening ties with North Africa and Muslim merchants . The
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo . Meanwhile , Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates . He also established ceremonies , which he stated the Lord had revealed to him , to allow righteous people to become gods ( joint heirs with Christ , see theosis ) in the afterlife , and a secular institution to govern the Millennial kingdom . He also introduced the church to a full accounting of his First Vision , in which two heavenly `` personages '' ( God the Father and his Son , Jesus Christ ) appeared to him at age 14 . This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in human history since the resurrection of Jesus . Church members believe Joseph Smith is the first modern - day prophet .
Paul Revere
Following the war , Revere returned to his silversmith trade . He used the profits from his expanding business to finance his work in iron casting , bronze bell and cannon casting , and the forging of copper bolts and spikes . In 1800 he became the first American to successfully roll copper into sheets for use as sheathing on naval vessels .
Zimbabwe
The MDC - T led by Morgan Tsvangirai is now the majority in the Lower chamber of Parliament . The MDC split into two factions . One faction ( MDC - M ) , now led by Arthur Mutambara contested the elections to the Senate , while the other , led by Tsvangirai , opposed to contesting the elections , stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe 's claim that past elections were free and fair . The opposition parties have resumed participation in national and local elections as recently as 2006 . The two MDC camps had their congresses in 2006 with Tsvangirai being elected to lead MDC - T , which has become more popular than the other group .
French Revolution
Factions within the Assembly began to clarify . The aristocrat Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès and the abbé Jean - Sifrein Maury led what would become known as the right wing , the opposition to revolution ( this party sat on the right - hand side of the Assembly ) . The `` Royalist democrats '' or monarchiens , allied with Necker , inclined towards organising France along lines similar to the British constitutional model ; they included Jean Joseph Mounier , the Comte de Lally - Tollendal , the comte de Clermont - Tonnerre , and Pierre Victor Malouet , comte de Virieu .
Corazon Aquino
Initially reluctant , Aquino was eventually prevailed upon to heed the people 's clamor , after one million signatures urging her to run for president were presented to her . Despite this , United Opposition ( UNIDO ) leader Laurel , did not immediately give way to his close friend 's widow . Salvador Laurel only gave way to Cory after a political deal which was later reneged by Cory after the election . According to Salvador Laurel 's diary , Cory offered Laurel that he would be her Prime Minister , that she would step down in two years , that Laurel would name 30 percent of the Cabinet , that she would appoint the remaining 70 percent after close consultations with Laurel . Salvador Laurel eventually ran as Cory Aquino 's running mate for vice-president under the United Opposition ( UNIDO ) party . With that , the Aquino - Laurel tandem was formally launched to challenge Marcos and finally put an end to his two - decade rule .
Labour Party (UK)
In 1988 , Kinnock was challenged by Tony Benn for the party leadership . Based on the percentages , 183 members of parliament supported Kinnock , while Benn was backed by 37 . With a clear majority , Kinnock remained leader of the Labour Party .
Lebanon
Between 2006 and 2008 , a series of protests led by groups opposed to the pro-Western Prime Minister Fouad Siniora demanded the creation of a national unity government , over which the mostly Shia opposition groups would have veto power . When Émile Lahoud 's presidential term ended in October 2007 , the opposition refused to vote for a successor unless a power - sharing deal was reached , leaving Lebanon without a president .
Maldives
On February 3 , 2018 , Parliament dissolved and the military occupied the capital . On February 5 , the supreme court of Maldives released three imprisoned opposition leaders , including former President Mohammed Nasheed . The court also provided relief to 12 ministers who had been removed from President Abdullah Yameen 's ruling party . Yameen refused to comply with the court order and imposed a state of emergency to last for 15 days . Protesters demonstrated on the streets against President Abdullah Yemen after the announcement of the emergency .
Criticism of democracy
Fake parties , phantom political rivals and `` scarecrow '' opponents may be used to undermine the opposition .
Corazon Aquino
Following her husband 's assassination in 1983 , Aquino became active and visible in various demonstrations and protests held against the Marcos regime . She began to assume the mantle of leadership left by her husband Ninoy and started to become the symbolic figurehead of the anti-Marcos political opposition . In the last week of November 1985 , Marcos surprised the nation by announcing on American television that he would hold a snap presidential election in February 1986 , in order to dispel and remove doubts against his regime 's legitimacy and authority .
Aung San Suu Kyi
Protests led by Buddhist monks began on 19 August 2007 following steep fuel price increases , and continued each day , despite the threat of a crackdown by the military .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
The anti-war sentiment by Asian Americans was fueled by the racial inequality that they faced in the United States . As historian Daryl Maeda notes , `` the antiwar movement articulated Asian Americans ' racial commonality with Vietnamese people in two distinctly gendered ways : identification based on the experiences of male soldiers and identification by women . '' Asian American soldiers in the U.S. military were many times classified as being like the enemy . They were referred to as gooks and had a racialized identity in comparison to their non-Asian counterparts . There was also the hypersexualization of Vietnamese women which in turn affected how Asian American women in the military were treated . `` In a Gidra article , ( a prominent influential newspaper of the Asian American movement ) , Evelyn Yoshimura noted that the U.S. military systematically portrayed Vietnamese women as prostitutes as a way of dehumanizing them . '' Asian American groups realized in order to extinguish racism , they also had to address sexism as well . This in turn led to women 's leadership in the Asian American antiwar movement . Patsy Chan , a `` Third World '' activist , said at an antiwar rally in San Francisco , `` We , as Third World women ( express ) our militant solidarity with our brothers and sisters from Indochina . We , as Third World people know of the struggle the Indochinese are waging against imperialism , because we share that common enemy in the United States . '' Some other notable figures were Grace Lee Boggs and Yuri Kochiyama . Both Boggs and Kochiyama were inspired by the civil rights movement of the 1960s and `` a growing number of Asian Americans began to push forward a new era in radical Asian American politics . ''
Labour Party (UK)
In 2015 , Momentum was created by Jon Lansman as a grass - roots left - wing organisation following Jeremy Corbyn 's election as party leader . Rather than organising among the PLP , Momentum is a rank and file grouping with an estimated 24,000 members .
Muhammad Yunus
These investigations fueled suspicion that many attacks might be politically motivated , due to difficult relations between Sheikh Hasina and Yunus since early 2007 , when Yunus created his own political party , an effort he dropped in May 2007 .
Apartheid
As the 1980s progressed , more and more anti-apartheid organisations were formed and affiliated with the UDF . Led by the Reverend Allan Boesak and Albertina Sisulu , the UDF called for the government to abandon its reforms and instead abolish the apartheid system and eliminate the homelands completely .
History of Kenya
Once regarded as the world 's `` most optimistic , '' Kibaki 's regime quickly lost much of its power because it became too closely linked with the discredited Moi forces . The continuity between Kibaki and Moi set the stage for the self - destruction of Kibaki 's National Rainbow Coalition , which was dominated by Kikuyus . The western Luo and Kalenjin groups , demanding greater autonomy , backed Raila Amolo Odinga ( 1945 -- ) and his Orange Democratic Movement ( ODM ) .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
John Lennon , former member of the Beatles , did most of his activism in his solo career with wife Yoko Ono . Given his immense fame due to the success of the Beatles , he was a very prominent movement figure with the constant media and press attention . Still being proactive on their honeymoon , the newlyweds controversially held a sit - in , where they sat in bed for a week answering press questions . They held numerous sit - ins , one where they first introduced their song `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Lennon and Ono 's song overshadowed many previous held anthems , as it became known as the ultimate anthem of peace in the 1970s , with their words `` all we are saying ... is give peace a chance '' being sung globally . `` ( McCormick , Anita Louise . The Vietnam Antiwar Movement in American History . Berkeley Heights , New Jersey : Enslow , 2000 . Print . ) ''
Viet Cong
Activists opposing American involvement in Vietnam said that the Việt Cộng was a nationalist insurgency indigenous to the South . They claimed that the Việt Cộng was composed of several parties -- the People 's Revolutionary Party , the Democratic Party and the Radical Socialist Party -- and that NLF Chairman Nguyễn Hữu Thọ was not a communist .
Kent State shootings
I stopped being a hippie and I started to develop the idea of devolution . I got real , real pissed off .
New Spain
Population estimates from the first decade of the 19th century varied between 6,122,354 as calculated by Francisco Navarro y Noriega in 1810 , to 6.5 million as figured by Alexander von Humboldt in 1808 . Navarro y Noriega figured that half of his estimate constituted indigenous peoples . More recent data suggests that the actual population of New Spain in 1810 was closer to 5 or 5.5 million individuals .
United States
Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2017 325,719,178 5.5 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 .
Prague
Year 1378 1500 1610 1798 1880 1930 1961 1980 1995 2005 2015 Population 40,000 30,000 60,000 79,000 350,000 950,000 1,130,000 1,190,000 1,210,000 1,180,000 1,267,449
New Amsterdam
By 1655 , the population of New Netherland had grown to 2,000 people , with 1,500 living in New Amsterdam . Prior to 1664 , the population had exploded in nine years to almost 9,000 people in New Netherland , 2,500 of whom lived in New Amsterdam , 1,000 lived near Fort Orange , and the remainder in other towns and villages .
Thirteen Colonies
Population of the American colonies Year Population 1625 1,980 1641 50,000 1688 200,000 1702 270,000 1715 435,000 1749 1,000,000 1754 1,500,000 1765 2,200,000 1775 2,400,000
Algonquian peoples
Scholars estimate that , by the year 1600 , the indigenous population of New England had reached 70,000 -- 100,000 .