vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
List of Indian folk dances
Indian folk and tribal dances are simple dances , and are performed to express joy and happiness among themselves . Folk and tribal dances are performed for every possible occasion , to celebrate the arrival of seasons , birth of a child , a wedding and festivals . The dances are extremely simple with minimum of steps or movement . The dances burst with verve and vitality . Men and women perform some dances exclusively , while in some performances men and women dance together . On most occasions , the dancers sing themselves , while being accompanied by artists on the instruments . Each form of dance has a specific costume . Most costumes are flamboyant with extensive jewels . While there are numerous ancient folk and tribal dances , many are constantly being improved . The skill and the imagination of the dances influence the performance .
Birthday cake
In classical Roman culture , ' cakes ' were occasionally served at special birthdays and at weddings . These were flat circles made from flour and nuts , leavened with yeast , and sweetened with honey .
Warsaw
Several commemorative events take place every year . Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer 's Night for a festival called Wianki ( Polish for Wreaths ) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw . The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married , and to whom . By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event , and it continues today . The city council organize concerts and other events . Each Midsummer 's Eve , apart from the official floating of wreaths , jumping over fires , and looking for the fern flower , there are musical performances , dignitaries ' speeches , fairs and fireworks by the river bank .
Ramcharitmanas
Shiva has no real family and so his attendants begin to adorn Him for His wedding to Parvati . His hair is formed into a crown with serpents forming a crest . Serpents form His earrings , bracelets and adorn his neck and He is smeared in ashes and has lion 's skin wrapped around His loins . He heads the wedding procession and Vishnu and Brahma , as well as a host of spirits , gandharavs and danavs follow behind .
Christmas traditions
Since the early 1990s , the Serbian Orthodox Church has , together with local communities , organized public celebrations on Christmas Eve . The course of these celebrations can be typically divided into three parts : the preparation , the ritual , and the festivity . The preparation consists of going and cutting down the tree to be used as the badnjak , taking it to the church yard , and preparing drink and food for the assembled parishioners . The ritual includes Vespers , placing the badnjak on the open fire built in the church yard , blessing or consecrating the badnjak , and an appropriate program with songs and recitals . In some parishes they build the fire on which to burn the badnjak not in the church yard but at some other suitable location in their town or village . The festivity consists of getting together around the fire and socializing . Each particular celebration , however , has its own specificities which reflect traditions of the local community , and other local factors .
Visa policy of Azerbaijan
The government of Azerbaijan strictly bans any visit of foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without prior consent of the Government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included into the `` list of persona non grata '' .
Sanctuary city
Several different terms and phrases are used to describe immigrants who enter the U.S. illegally . The term alien is `` considered insensitive by many '' and a LexisNexis search showed that its use in reports on immigration has declined substantially , making up just 5 % of terms used in 2013 . Usage of the word `` illegal '' and phases using the word ( e.g. , illegal alien , illegal immigrant , illegal worker and illegal migrant ) has declined , accounting for 82 % of language used in 1996 , 75 % in 2002 , 60 % in 2007 , and 57 % in 2013 . Several other phrases are competing for wide acceptance : undocumented immigrant ( usage in news reports increased from 6 % in 1996 to 14 % in 2013 ) ; unauthorized immigrant ( 3 % usage in 2013 and rarely seen before that time ) , and undocumented person or undocumented people ( 1 % in 2007 , increasing to 3 % in 2013 ) . A recent term is `` Illegalized immigrant '' .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The Naturalization Act of 1795 increased the residency requirement to five years residence and added a requirement to give a three years notice of intention to apply for citizenship , and the Naturalization Act of 1798 further increased the residency requirement to 14 years and required five years notice of intent to apply for citizenship .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II . The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens :
Horses in warfare
A fundamental principle of equine conformation is `` form to function '' . Therefore , the type of horse used for various forms of warfare depended on the work performed , the weight a horse needed to carry or pull , and distance travelled . Weight affects speed and endurance , creating a trade - off : armour added protection , but added weight reduces maximum speed . Therefore , various cultures had different military needs . In some situations , one primary type of horse was favoured over all others . In other places , multiple types were needed ; warriors would travel to battle riding a lighter horse of greater speed and endurance , and then switch to a heavier horse , with greater weight - carrying capacity , when wearing heavy armour in actual combat .
Horses in warfare
In most cultures , a war horse used as a riding animal was trained to be controlled with limited use of reins , responding primarily to the rider 's legs and weight . The horse became accustomed to any necessary tack and protective armour placed upon it , and learned to balance under a rider who would also be laden with weapons and armour . Developing the balance and agility of the horse was crucial . The origins of the discipline of dressage came from the need to train horses to be both obedient and manoeuvrable . The Haute ecole or `` High School '' movements of classical dressage taught today at the Spanish Riding School have their roots in manoeuvres designed for the battlefield . However , the airs above the ground were unlikely to have been used in actual combat , as most would have exposed the unprotected underbelly of the horse to the weapons of foot soldiers .
Horses in warfare
Whether horses were trained to pull chariots , to be ridden as light or heavy cavalry , or to carry the armoured knight , much training was required to overcome the horse 's natural instinct to flee from noise , the smell of blood , and the confusion of combat . They also learned to accept any sudden or unusual movements of humans while using a weapon or avoiding one . Horses used in close combat may have been taught , or at least permitted , to kick , strike , and even bite , thus becoming weapons themselves for the warriors they carried .
Horses in warfare
Many different types and sizes of horse were used in war , depending on the form of warfare . The type used varied with whether the horse was being ridden or driven , and whether they were being used for reconnaissance , cavalry charges , raiding , communication , or supply . Throughout history , mules and donkeys as well as horses played a crucial role in providing support to armies in the field .
Horses in warfare
Relatively light horses were used by many cultures , including the Ancient Egyptians , the Mongols , the Arabs , and the Native Americans . Throughout the Ancient Near East , small , light animals were used to pull chariots designed to carry no more than two passengers , a driver and a warrior . In the European Middle Ages , a lightweight war horse became known as the rouncey .
Horses in warfare
Today , many of the historical military uses of the horse have evolved into peacetime applications , including exhibitions , historical reenactments , work of peace officers , and competitive events . Formal combat units of mounted cavalry are mostly a thing of the past , with horseback units within the modern military used for reconnaissance , ceremonial , or crowd control purposes . With the rise of mechanised technology , horses in formal national militias were displaced by tanks and armored fighting vehicles , sometimes still referred to as `` cavalry '' .
Horses in warfare
In rural areas , law enforcement that operates outside of incorporated cities may also have mounted units . These include specially deputised , paid or volunteer mounted search and rescue units sent into roadless areas on horseback to locate missing people . Law enforcement in protected areas may use horses in places where mechanised transport is difficult or prohibited . Horses can be an essential part of an overall team effort as they can move faster on the ground than a human on foot , can transport heavy equipment , and provide a more rested rescue worker when a subject is found .
Horses in warfare
Many countries throughout the world maintain traditionally trained and historically uniformed cavalry units for ceremonial , exhibition , or educational purposes . One example is the Horse Cavalry Detachment of the U.S. Army 's 1st Cavalry Division . This unit of active duty soldiers approximates the weapons , tools , equipment and techniques used by the United States Cavalry in the 1880s . It is seen at change of command ceremonies and other public appearances . A similar detachment is the Governor General 's Horse Guards , Canada 's Household Cavalry regiment , the last remaining mounted cavalry unit in the Canadian Forces . Nepal 's King 's Household Cavalry is a ceremonial unit with over 100 horses and is the remainder of the Nepalese cavalry that existed since the 19th century . An important ceremonial use is in military funerals , which often have a caparisoned horse as part of the procession , `` to symbolize that the warrior will never ride again '' .
Horses in warfare
On both fronts , the horse was also used as a pack animal . Because railway lines could not withstand artillery bombardments , horses carried ammunition and supplies between the railheads and the rear trenches , though the horses generally were not used in the actual trench zone . This role of horses was critical , and thus horse fodder was the single largest commodity shipped to the front by some countries . Following the war , many cavalry regiments were converted to mechanised , armoured divisions , with light tanks developed to perform many of the cavalry 's original roles .
Horses in warfare
Stallions were often used as destriers due to their natural aggression . However , there may have been some use of mares by European warriors , and mares , who were quieter and less likely to call out and betray their position to the enemy , were the preferred war horse of the Moors , who invaded various parts of Southern Europe from 700 AD through the 15th century . Geldings were used in war by the Teutonic Knights , and known as `` monk horses '' ( German Mönchpferde or Mönchhengste ) . One advantage was if captured by the enemy , they could not be used to improve local bloodstock , thus maintaining the Knights ' superiority in horseflesh . Uses
Horses in warfare
As regimental structures developed many units selected horses of uniform type and some , such as the Royal Scots Greys , even specified colour . Trumpeters often rode distinctive horses so they stood out . Regional armies developed type preferences , such as British hunters , Hanoverians in central Europe , and steppe ponies of the Cossacks , but once in the field , the lack of supplies typical of wartime meant that horses of all types were used . Since horses were such a vital component of most armies in early modern Europe , many instituted state stud farms to breed horses for the military . However , in wartime , supply rarely matched the demand , resulting in some cavalry troops fighting on foot .
Horses in warfare
Light , oriental horses such as the ancestors of the modern Arabian , Barb , and Akhal - Teke were used for warfare that required speed , endurance and agility . Such horses ranged from about 12 hands ( 48 inches , 122 cm ) to just under 15 hands ( 60 inches , 152 cm ) , weighing approximately 800 to 1,000 pounds ( 360 to 450 kg ) . To move quickly , riders had to use lightweight tack and carry relatively light weapons such as bows , light spears , javelins , or , later , rifles . This was the original horse used for early chariot warfare , raiding , and light cavalry .
Horses in warfare
Horses were well suited to the warfare tactics of the nomadic cultures from the steppes of Central Asia . Several East Asian cultures made extensive use of cavalry and chariots . Muslim warriors relied upon light cavalry in their campaigns throughout North Africa , Asia , and Europe beginning in the 7th and 8th centuries AD . Europeans used several types of war horses in the Middle Ages , and the best - known heavy cavalry warrior of the period was the armoured knight . With the decline of the knight and rise of gunpowder in warfare , light cavalry again rose to prominence , used in both European warfare and in the conquest of the Americas . Battle cavalry developed to take on a multitude of roles in the late 18th century and early 19th century and was often crucial for victory in the Napoleonic wars . In the Americas , the use of horses and development of mounted warfare tactics were learned by several tribes of indigenous people and in turn , highly mobile horse regiments were critical in the American Civil War .
Horses in warfare
Horses have also at times received medals for extraordinary deeds . After the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War , a surviving horse named Drummer Boy , ridden by an officer of the 8th Hussars , was given an unofficial campaign medal by his rider that was identical to those awarded to British troops who served in the Crimea , engraved with the horse 's name and an inscription of his service . A more formal award was the PDSA Dickin Medal , an animals ' equivalent of the Victoria Cross , awarded by the People 's Dispensary for Sick Animals charity in the United Kingdom to three horses that served in World War II .
Horses in warfare
Large , heavy horses , weighing from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds ( 680 to 910 kg ) , the ancestors of today 's draught horses , were used , particularly in Europe , from the Middle Ages onward . They pulled heavy loads like supply wagons and were disposed to remain calm in battle . Some historians believe they may have carried the heaviest - armoured knights of the European Late Middle Ages , though others dispute this claim , indicating that the destrier , or knight 's battle horse , was a medium - weight animal . It is also disputed whether the destrier class included draught animals or not . Breeds at the smaller end of the heavyweight category may have included the ancestors of the Percheron , agile for their size and physically able to manoeuvre in battle .
Horses in warfare
While many statues and memorials have been erected to human heroes of war , often shown with horses , a few have also been created specifically to honor horses or animals in general . One example is the Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa . Both horses and mules are honored in the Animals in War Memorial in London 's Hyde Park .
Horses in warfare
The literature of ancient India describes numerous horse nomads . Some of the earliest references to the use of horses in South Asian warfare are Puranic texts , which refer to an attempted invasion of India by the joint cavalry forces of the Sakas , Kambojas , Yavanas , Pahlavas , and Paradas , called the `` five hordes '' ( pañca. ganah ) or `` Kśatriya '' hordes ( Kśatriya ganah ) . About 1600 BC , they captured the throne of Ayodhya by dethroning the Vedic king , Bahu . Later texts , such as the Mahābhārata , c. 950 BC , appear to recognise efforts taken to breed war horses and develop trained mounted warriors , stating that the horses of the Sindhu and Kamboja regions were of the finest quality , and the Kambojas , Gandharas , and Yavanas were expert in fighting from horses .
Horses in warfare
The average horse can carry up to approximately 30 % of its body weight . While all horses can pull more than they can carry , the weight horses can pull varies widely , depending on the build of the horse , the type of vehicle , road conditions , and other factors . Horses harnessed to a wheeled vehicle on a paved road can pull as much as eight times their weight , but far less if pulling wheelless loads over unpaved terrain . Thus , horses that were driven varied in size and had to make a trade - off between speed and weight , just as did riding animals . Light horses could pull a small war chariot at speed . Heavy supply wagons , artillery , and support vehicles were pulled by heavier horses or a larger number of horses . The method by which a horse was hitched to a vehicle also mattered : horses could pull greater weight with a horse collar than they could with a breast collar , and even less with an ox yoke .
Horses in warfare
Medium - weight horses developed as early as the Iron Age with the needs of various civilizations to pull heavier loads , such as chariots capable of holding more than two people , and , as light cavalry evolved into heavy cavalry , to carry heavily armoured riders . The Scythians were among the earliest cultures to produce taller , heavier horses . Larger horses were also needed to pull supply wagons and , later on , artillery pieces . In Europe , horses were also used to a limited extent to maneuver cannons on the battlefield as part of dedicated horse artillery units . Medium - weight horses had the greatest range in size , from about 14.2 hands ( 58 inches , 147 cm ) but stocky , to as much as 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) , weighing approximately 1,000 to 1,200 pounds ( 450 to 540 kg ) . They generally were quite agile in combat , though they did not have the raw speed or endurance of a lighter horse . By the Middle Ages , larger horses in this class were sometimes called destriers . They may have resembled modern Baroque or heavy warmblood breeds . Later , horses similar to the modern warmblood often carried European cavalry .
Horses in warfare
Horses were used for warfare in the central Sudan since the 9th century , where they were considered `` the most precious commodity following the slave . '' The first conclusive evidence of horses playing a major role in the warfare of West Africa dates to the 11th century when the region was controlled by the Almoravids , a Muslim Berber dynasty . During the 13th and 14th centuries , cavalry became an important factor in the area . This coincided with the introduction of larger breeds of horse and the widespread adoption of saddles and stirrups . Increased mobility played a part in the formation of new power centers , such as the Oyo Empire in what today is Nigeria . The authority of many African Islamic states such as the Bornu Empire also rested in large part on their ability to subject neighboring peoples with cavalry . Despite harsh climate conditions , endemic diseases such as trypanosomiasis the African horse sickness and unsuitable terrain that limited the effectiveness of horses in many parts of Africa , horses were continuously imported and were , in some areas , a vital instrument of war . The introduction of horses also intensified existing conflicts , such as those between the Herero and Nama people in Namibia during the 19th century .
Horses in warfare
In the 19th century distinctions between heavy and light cavalry became less significant ; by the end of the Peninsular War , heavy cavalry were performing the scouting and outpost duties previously undertaken by light cavalry , and by the end of the 19th century the roles had effectively merged . Most armies at the time preferred cavalry horses to stand 15.2 hands ( 62 inches , 157 cm ) and weigh 990 to 1,100 pounds ( 450 to 500 kg ) , although cuirassiers frequently had heavier horses . Lighter horses were used for scouting and raiding . Cavalry horses were generally obtained at 5 years of age and were in service from 10 or 12 years , barring loss . However losses of 30 -- 40 % were common during a campaign due to conditions of the march as well as enemy action . Mares and geldings were preferred over less - easily managed stallions .
Horses in warfare
Horse cavalry began to be phased out after World War I in favour of tank warfare , though a few horse cavalry units were still used into World War II , especially as scouts . By the end of World War II , horses were seldom seen in battle , but were still used extensively for the transport of troops and supplies . Today , formal battle ready horse cavalry units have almost disappeared , though the United States Army Special Forces used horses in battle during the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan . Horses are still seen in use by organized armed fighters in Third World countries . Many nations still maintain small units of mounted riders for patrol and reconnaissance , and military horse units are also used for ceremonial and educational purposes . Horses are also used for historical reenactment of battles , law enforcement , and in equestrian competitions derived from the riding and training skills once used by the military .
Anaphora (rhetoric)
For want of a nail the shoe was lost . For want of a shoe the horse was lost . For want of a horse the rider was lost . For want of a rider the message was lost . For want of a message the battle was lost . For want of a battle the kingdom was lost . And all for the want of a horseshoe nail . -- 14th century proverb
Horses in warfare
The use of horses in organised warfare was also documented early in recorded history . One of the first depictions of equids is the `` war panel '' of the Standard of Ur , in Sumer , dated c. 2500 BC , showing horses ( or possibly onagers or mules ) pulling a four - wheeled wagon .
Horses in warfare
The invention of the wheel was a major technological innovation that gave rise to chariot warfare . At first , equines , both horses and onagers , were hitched to wheeled carts by means of a yoke around their necks in a manner similar to that of oxen . However , such a design is incompatible with equine anatomy , limiting both the strength and mobility of the animal . By the time of the Hyksos invasions of Egypt , c. 1600 BC , horses were pulling chariots with an improved harness design that made use of a breastcollar and breeching , which allowed a horse to move faster and pull more weight .