vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Atlanta
Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 2,572 -- 1860 9,554 271.5 % 1870 21,789 128.1 % 1880 37,409 71.7 % 1890 65,533 75.2 % 1900 89,872 37.1 % 1910 154,839 72.3 % 1920 200,616 29.6 % 1930 270,366 34.8 % 1940 302,288 11.8 % 1950 331,314 9.6 % 1960 487,455 47.1 % 1970 495,039 1.6 % 1980 425,022 − 14.1 % 1990 394,017 − 7.3 % 2000 416,474 5.7 % 420,003 0.8 % Est. 2016 472,522 12.5 % U.S. Decennial Census
Ho Chi Minh City
Historical population Pop . Year population 1995 4,640,400 4,747,900 4,852,300 1998 4,957,300 1999 5,073,100 2000 5,274,900 5,454,000 2002 5,619,400 2003 5,809,100 6,007,600 2005 6,230,900 2006 6,483,100 2007 6,725,300 2008 6,946,100 2009 7,196,100 7,378,000 2011 7,521,100 2012 7,750,900 2013 7,818,200 2014 7,955,000 2015 8,244,400 2016 8,426,100 Sources : Tuệ
Saudi Arabia
The population of Saudi Arabia as of July 2013 is estimated to be 26.9 million , including between 5.5 million and 10 million non-nationalized immigrants , though the Saudi population has long proved difficult to accurately estimate due to Saudi leaders ' historical tendency to artificially inflate census results . Saudi population has grown rapidly since 1950 when it was estimated to be 3 million , and for many years had one of the highest birthrates in the world at around 3 % a year .
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom has experienced successive waves of migration . The Great Famine in Ireland , then part of the United Kingdom , resulted in perhaps a million people migrating to Great Britain . Throughout the 19th century a small population of German immigrants built up , numbering 28,644 in England and Wales in 1861 . London held around half of this population , and other small communities existed in Manchester , Bradford and elsewhere . The German immigrant community was the largest group until 1891 , when it became second only to Russian Jews . England has had small Jewish communities for many centuries , subject to occasional expulsions , but British Jews numbered fewer than 10,000 at the start of the 19th century . After 1881 Russian Jews suffered bitter persecutions , and , out of some 2,000,000 who left Russia by 1914 , around 120,000 settled permanently in Britain , overtaking the Germans to be the largest ethnic minority from outside the British Isles . The population increasing to 370,000 in 1938 . Unable to return to Poland at the end of World War II , over 120,000 Polish veterans remained in the UK permanently . After World War II , there was significant immigration from the colonies and newly independent former colonies , partly as a legacy of empire and partly driven by labour shortages . Many of these migrants came from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent . In 1841 , 0.25 % of the population of England and Wales was born in a foreign country . In 1901 , 1.5 % of the population was foreign born . By 1931 , this figure had risen to 2.6 % , and by 1951 it was 4.4 % .
History of Mexico
Under Díaz , the population grew steadily from 11 million in 1877 to 15 million in 1910 . Because of very high infant mortality ( 22 % of new babies died ) the life expectancy at birth was only 25.0 years in 1900 . Few immigrants arrived . Diaz gave enormous power and prestige to the Superior Health Council , which developed a consistent and assertive strategy using up - to - date international scientific standards . It took control of disease certification ; required prompt reporting of disease ; and launched campaigns against tropical disease such as yellow fever .
French Polynesia
1907 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1941 1946 1951 1956 30,600 31,900 31,600 35,900 40,400 44,000 51,200 58,200 63,300 76,323 1962 1971 1977 2002 2007 2012 2016 84,551 119,168 137,382 166,753 188,814 219,521 245,516 259,596 268,270 280,208 Official figures from past censuses .
Easter Island
The 1982 population was 1,936 . The increase in population in the last census was partly caused by the arrival of people of European or mixed European and Native American descent from the Chilean mainland . However , most married a Rapanui spouse . Around 70 % of the population were natives . Estimates of the pre-European population range from 7 -- 17,000 . Easter Island 's all - time low of 111 inhabitants was reported in 1877 . Out of these 111 Rapanui , only 36 had descendants , but all of today 's Rapanui claim descent from those 36 .
History of Mexico
With so many draftees , the U.S. needed farm workers . The Bracero Program gave the opportunity for 290,000 Mexicans to work temporarily on American farms , especially in Texas .
Name of France
Indeed , in 1315 , king Louis X issued an edict abolishing slavery and proclaiming that `` France signifies freedom '' , that any slave setting foot on ( metropolitan ) French ground should be freed .
Jim Crow laws
White Southerners encountered problems in learning free labor management after the end of slavery , and they resented black Americans , who represented the Confederacy 's Civil War defeat : `` With white supremacy being challenged throughout the South , many whites sought to protect their former status by threatening African Americans who exercised their new rights . '' White Democrats used their power to segregate public spaces and facilities in law and reestablish social dominance over blacks in the South .
Indentured servitude
Most labor contracts made were in increments of five years , with the opportunity to extend another five years . Many contracts also provided free passage home after the dictated labor was completed . However , there were generally no policies regulating employers once the labor hours were completed , which led to frequent ill - treatment .
Convict lease
The criminologist Thorsten Sellin , in his book Slavery and the Penal System ( 1976 ) , wrote that the sole aim of convict leasing `` was financial profit to the lessees who exploited the labor of the prisoners to the fullest , and to the government which sold the convicts to the lessees . '' The practice became widespread and was used to supply labor to farming , rail road , mining , and logging operations throughout the South .
Underworld (film series)
The vampires used the lycans as slaves to be the guardians of their lairs during the daylight hours and labor during the night . However , Viktor 's daughter , Sonja , and Lucian fell in love and she became pregnant . Lucian , the lycan leader , led a revolt after Viktor killed Sonja to prevent the blending of the species . Later on , Kraven would strike an arrangement with Lucian , in which Lucian would fake his death to permit Kraven to advance , with the goal being the death of the vampire elders and the end of the war . However , that fell through due to mistrust and duplicity by both men .
Indentured servitude
The American and British governments passed several laws that helped foster the decline of indentures . The UK Parliament 's Passenger Vessels Act 1803 regulated travel conditions aboard ships to make transportation more expensive , so as to hinder landlords ' tenants seeking a better life . An American law passed in 1833 abolished imprisonment of debtors , which made prosecuting runaway servants more difficult , increasing the risk of indenture contract purchases . The 13th Amendment , passed in the wake of the American Civil War , made indentured servitude illegal in the United States . Contracts
Missouri Compromise
Provided , that the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited , except for the punishment of crimes , whereof the party shall have been fully convicted ; and that all children born within the said State will be executed after the admission thereof into the Union , shall be free at the age of twenty - five years .
The Bahamas
The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour . The slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity ; half of the Taino died from smallpox alone . The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished .
South Africa
South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human - fossil sites in the world . Archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in Gauteng Province . The area , a UNESCO World Heritage site , has been termed `` the Cradle of Humankind '' . The sites include Sterkfontein , one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world . Other sites include Swartkrans , Gondolin Cave Kromdraai , Coopers Cave and Malapa . Raymond Dart identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa , the Taung Child ( found near Taung ) in 1924 . Further hominin remains have come from the sites of Makapansgat in Limpopo , Cornelia and Florisbad in the Free State , Border Cave in KwaZulu - Natal , Klasies River Mouth in Eastern Cape and Pinnacle Point , Elandsfontein and Die Kelders Cave in Western Cape .
Well-defined
If however A 0 ∩ A 1 ≠ ∅ ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 0 ) \ cap A_ ( 1 ) \ neq \ emptyset ) then f ( \ displaystyle f ) is not well - defined because f ( a ) ( \ displaystyle f ( a ) ) is `` ambiguous '' for a ∈ A 0 ∩ A 1 ( \ displaystyle a \ in A_ ( 0 ) \ cap A_ ( 1 ) ) . This is e. g . the case when A 0 : = ( 2 ) ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 0 ) : = \ ( 2 \ ) ) and A 1 : = ( 2 ) ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 1 ) : = \ ( 2 \ ) ) . Indeed , A 0 ∩ A 1 = ( 2 ) ∋ 2 ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 0 ) \ cap A_ ( 1 ) = \ ( 2 \ ) \ ni 2 ) and f ( 2 ) would have to be 0 as well as 1 , which is impossible . Therefore , the latter f is not well - defined and thus not a function .
Well-defined
On the other hand : if A 0 ∩ A 1 ≠ ∅ ( \ displaystyle A_ ( 0 ) \ cap A_ ( 1 ) \ neq \ emptyset ) then for an a ∈ A 0 ∩ A 1 ( \ displaystyle a \ in A_ ( 0 ) \ cap A_ ( 1 ) ) there is both , ( a , 0 ) ∈ f ( \ displaystyle ( a , 0 ) \ in f ) and ( a , 1 ) ∈ f ( \ displaystyle ( a , 1 ) \ in f ) , and the binary relation f ( \ displaystyle f ) is not functional as defined in Binary relation # Special types of binary relations and thus not well - defined ( as a function ) . Colloquially , the `` function '' f ( \ displaystyle f ) is called ambiguous at point a ( \ displaystyle a ) ( although there is per definitionem never an `` ambiguous function '' ) , and the original `` definition '' is pointless .
Phone connector (audio)
If a recorder provides plug - in power , and the microphone does not need it , everything will usually work ok , although the sound quality may be lower than expected . In the converse case ( recorder provides no power ; microphone needs power ) , no sound will be recorded . Neither misconfiguration will damage consumer hardware , but providing power when none is needed could destroy a broadcast - type microphone .
Child labour
While full - time work hinders schooling , empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part - time work and school . Sometimes even part - time work may hinder school attendance or performance . On the other hand , many poor children work for resources to attend school . Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work . Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home . In the modern world , school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children , often replacing participation in productive work . If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork , school may impede the learning of skills , such as agriculture , which will become necessary for future livelihood .
PID controller
Some processes have a degree of nonlinearity and so parameters that work well at full - load conditions do n't work when the process is starting up from no - load ; this can be corrected by gain scheduling ( using different parameters in different operating regions ) .
Thermal expansion
This equation works well as long as the linear - expansion coefficient does not change much over the change in temperature Δ T ( \ displaystyle \ Delta T ) , and the fractional change in length is small Δ L / L ≪ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta L / L \ ll 1 ) . If either of these conditions does not hold , the equation must be integrated . Effects
Ida B. Wells
Together with Frederick Douglass and other black leaders , she organized a black boycott of the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago , for its failure to collaborate with the black community on exhibits to represent African - American life . Wells , Douglass , Irvine Garland Penn , and Well 's future husband , Barnett , wrote sections of a pamphlet to be distributed there : `` Reasons Why the Colored American Is Not in the World 's Columbian Exposition . '' It detailed the progress of blacks since their arrival in America and also exposed the basis of Southern lynchings . Wells later reported to Albion W. Tourgée that copies of the pamphlet had been distributed to more than 20,000 people at the fair . After the World 's Fair in Chicago , Wells decided to stay in the city instead of returning to New York . That year she started work with the Chicago Conservator , the oldest African - American newspaper in the city .
The Invisible Man
Russian writer Yakov I. Perelman pointed out in Physics Can Be Fun ( 1913 ) that from a scientific point of view , a man made invisible by Griffin 's method should have been blind , since a human eye works by absorbing incoming light , not letting it through completely . Wells seems to show some awareness of this problem in Chapter 20 , where the eyes of an otherwise invisible cat retain visible retinas . Nonetheless , this would be insufficient , since the retina would be flooded with light ( from all directions ) that ordinarily is blocked by the opaque sclera of the eyeball . Also , any image would be badly blurred if the eye had an invisible cornea and lens .
Pure tone audiometry
These findings have important implications for the design of hearing aids . As hearing aids at present can compensate for Factor A , but this is not the case for Factor D . This could be why hearing aids are not satisfactory for a lot of people .
Quantum mechanics
The finite potential well problem is mathematically more complicated than the infinite particle - in - a-box problem as the wave function is not pinned to zero at the walls of the well . Instead , the wave function must satisfy more complicated mathematical boundary conditions as it is nonzero in regions outside the well .
It Is Well with My Soul
Refrain : It is well , ( it is well ) , With my soul , ( with my soul ) It is well , it is well , with my soul .
Lexicographical order
If Y is also well - ordered and X is finite , then the resulting order is a well - order . As shown above , if X is infinite this is not the case .
Criticism of democracy
One such argument is that the benefits of a specialized society may be compromised by democracy . As ordinary citizens are encouraged to take part in the political life of the country , they have the power to directly influence the outcome of government policies through the democratic procedures of voting , campaigning and the use of press . The result is that government policies may be more influenced by non-specialist opinions and thereby the effectiveness compromised , especially if a policy is very technically sophisticated and / or the general public inadequately informed . For example , there is no guarantee that those who campaign about the government 's economic policies are themselves professional economists or academically competent in this particular discipline , regardless of whether they were well - educated . Essentially this means that a democratic government may not be providing the most good for the largest number of people . However , some have argued that this should not even be the goal of democracies because the minority could be seriously mistreated under that purported goal .
It Is Well with My Soul
`` It Is Well With My Soul '' is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss . First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Ira Sankey and Bliss ( 1876 ) , it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model , appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships .
Thermal expansion
This equation works well as long as the area expansion coefficient does not change much over the change in temperature Δ T ( \ displaystyle \ Delta T ) , and the fractional change in area is small Δ A / A ≪ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta A / A \ ll 1 ) . If either of these conditions does not hold , the equation must be integrated .
Well-defined
A solution to a partial differential equation is said to be well - defined if it is determined by the boundary conditions in a continuous way as the boundary conditions are changed .
Factor analysis
Usefulness depends on the researchers ' ability to collect a sufficient set of product attributes . If important attributes are excluded or neglected , the value of the procedure is reduced . If sets of observed variables are highly similar to each other and distinct from other items , factor analysis will assign a single factor to them . This may obscure factors that represent more interesting relationships . Naming factors may require knowledge of theory because seemingly dissimilar attributes can correlate strongly for unknown reasons .
It Is Well with My Soul
`` know '' ( at the end of the third line ) was changed to `` say '' . `` A song in the night , oh my soul '' ( last line ) was changed to `` Even so , it is well with my soul '' .
PID controller
While PID controllers are applicable to many control problems , and often perform satisfactorily without any improvements or only coarse tuning , they can perform poorly in some applications , and do not in general provide optimal control . The fundamental difficulty with PID control is that it is a feedback control system , with constant parameters , and no direct knowledge of the process , and thus overall performance is reactive and a compromise . While PID control is the best controller in an observer without a model of the process , better performance can be obtained by overtly modeling the actor of the process without resorting to an observer .
It Is Well with My Soul
`` It Is Well With My Soul '' Single by Hillsong Church Released 2011 Recorded 2011 Genre Contemporary worship Label Hillsong Music Australia Hillsong Music Australia Singles singles chronology `` It Is Well With My Soul '' ( 2011 ) `` Man of Sorrows '' ( 2013 ) `` It Is Well With My Soul '' ( 2011 ) `` Man of Sorrows '' ( 2013 )
Extinction
If adaptation increasing population fitness is slower than environmental degradation plus the accumulation of slightly deleterious mutations , then a population will go extinct . Smaller populations have fewer beneficial mutations entering the population each generation , slowing adaptation . It is also easier for slightly deleterious mutations to fix in small populations ; the resulting positive feedback loop between small population size and low fitness can cause mutational meltdown .
It Is Well with My Soul
It Is Well With My Soul by Horatio Spafford Horatio Spafford Genre Hymn Written 1873 Based on 3 John 2 Meter 11.8. 11.9 with refrain Melody `` Ville du Havre '' by Philip Bliss
Mains electricity
The stability of the voltage and frequency supplied to customers varies among countries and regions . `` Power quality '' is a term describing the degree of deviation from the nominal supply voltage and frequency . Short - term surges and drop - outs affect sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and flat panel displays . Longer - term power outages , brown - outs and black outs and low reliability of supply generally increase costs to customers , who may have to invest in uninterruptible power supply or stand - by generator sets to provide power when the utility supply is unavailable or unusable . Erratic power supply may be a severe economic handicap to businesses and public services which rely on electrical machinery , illumination , climate control and computers . Even the best quality power system may have breakdowns or require servicing . As such , companies , governments and other organizations sometimes have backup generators at sensitive facilities , to ensure that power will be available even in the event of a power outage or black out .
PID controller
PID controllers , when used alone , can give poor performance when the PID loop gains must be reduced so that the control system does not overshoot , oscillate or hunt about the control setpoint value . They also have difficulties in the presence of non-linearities , may trade - off regulation versus response time , do not react to changing process behavior ( say , the process changes after it has warmed up ) , and have lag in responding to large disturbances .
Wath Comprehensive School
Floors are bowing and lifting in the IT rooms . In the sixth form common room , which is insufficient for the number of students , roof slates are missing , causing ceilings to collapse during wet weather . The roof also leaks in the girls ' changing rooms , where pupils often have to move clothing to keep it from getting wet . Changing accommodation overall is insufficient . Many paths and steps are in a dangerous state of repair . No pupils should be expected to endure such conditions . --
Particle in a box
Specifically , the quantum well 's behavior can be represented by the particle in a finite well model . Two boundary conditions must be selected . The first is that the wave function must be continuous . Often , the second boundary condition is chosen to be the derivative of the wave function must be continuous across the boundary , but in the case of the quantum well the masses are different on either side of the boundary . Instead , the second boundary condition is chosen to conserve particle flux as ( 1 / m ) d φ / d z ( \ displaystyle ( 1 / m ) d \ phi / dz ) , which is consistent with experiment . The solution to the finite well particle in a box must be solved numerically , resulting in wave functions that are sine functions inside the quantum well and exponentially decaying functions in the barriers . This quantization of the energy levels of the electrons allows a quantum well laser to emit light more efficiently than conventional semiconductor lasers .