vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Separation of church and state in the United States
When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents . Protestant
History of the Church of England
The Church of England became the established church by an Act of Parliament in the Act of Supremacy , beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation . During the reign of Queen Mary I and King Philip , the church was fully restored under Rome in 1555 . However , the pope 's authority was again explicitly rejected after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I when the Act of Supremacy 1558 was passed . Catholic and Reformed factions vied for determining the doctrines and worship of the church . This ended with the 1558 Elizabethan Settlement , which developed the understanding that the church was to be `` both Catholic and Reformed '' .
Church of Ireland
The reformed Church of Ireland was founded in 1536 when the Irish Parliament accepted Henry VIII as its head , rather than the Pope . In 1155 , Adrian IV claimed Ireland as a papal fief and granted Henry II the Lordship of Ireland ; in 1541 , Henry assumed the title King of Ireland , effectively denying Papal supremacy in Ireland . The Irish Reformation was initially restricted to Dublin , driven by its bishop , George Browne , although when Edward VI succeeded in 1547 , the pace of reform in both England and Ireland intensified . Catholicism was restored by Mary I ; four bishops had to resign as they were married but the Marian period in Ireland was largely characterised by inertia .
Freedom of religion in the United States
In 1928 , Al Smith became the first Roman Catholic to gain a major party 's nomination for president , and his religion became an issue during the campaign . Many Protestants feared that Smith would take orders from church leaders in Rome in making decisions affecting the country .
History of the Church of England
Despite separation from Rome , the Church of England under Henry VIII remained essentially Catholic rather than Protestant in nature . Pope Leo X had earlier awarded to Henry himself the title of fidei defensor ( defender of the faith ) , partly on account of Henry 's attack on Lutheranism . Some Protestant - influenced changes under Henry included a limited iconoclasm , the abolition of pilgrimages , and pilgrimage shrines , chantries , and the extinction of many saints ' days . However , only minor changes in liturgy occurred during Henry 's reign , and he carried through the Six Articles of 1539 which reaffirmed the Catholic nature of the church . All this took place , however , at a time of major religious upheaval in Western Europe associated with the Reformation ; once the schism had occurred , some reform probably became inevitable . Only under Henry 's son Edward VI ( reigned 1547 -- 1553 ) did the first major changes in parish activity take place , including translation and thorough revision of the liturgy along more Protestant lines . The resulting Book of Common Prayer , issued in 1549 and revised in 1552 , came into use by the authority of the Parliament of England .
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
On 11 August 1789 tithes were abolished . On 2 November 1789 , Catholic Church property that was held for purposes of church revenue was nationalized , and was used as the backing for the assignats . On 13 February 1790 , monastic vows were forbidden and all ecclesiastical orders and congregations were dissolved , excepting those devoted to teaching children and nursing the sick . On 19 April 1790 , administration of all remaining church property was transferred to the State .
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
In the West , the law of celibacy became mandatory by Pope Gregory VII at the Roman Synod of 1074 . This law mandated that , in order to become a candidate for ordination , a man could not be married . The law remains in effect in the Latin Church , although not for those who are priests of the Eastern Catholic Churches , who remain under their own discipline . The issue of mandatory celibacy in the Latin Church continues to be debated .
History of Catholic education in the United States
The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities was founded in 1899 and continues to facilitate the exchange of information and methods . Vigorous debate in recent decades has focused on how to balance Catholic and academic roles , with conservatives arguing that bishops should exert more control to guarantee orthodoxy .
History of Maryland
Since the abolition of anti-Catholic laws in the early 1830s , the Catholic population rebounded considerably . The Maryland Catholic population began its resurgence with large waves of Irish Catholic immigration spurred by the Great Potato Famine in Ireland ( 1845 -- 49 ) and then continued through the first half of the 20th century . Italian immigration and Polish immigrations also supplemented the Catholic population in Maryland . Baltimore was the third largest point of entry for European immigrants on the Eastern seaboard for much of this period . Although greatly increased , the Catholic population has never become a majority in the state .
History of the Catholic Church
Throughout the lifetime of the Third Republic there were battles over the status of the Catholic Church . The French clergy and bishops were closely associated with the Monarchists and many of its hierarchy were from noble families . Republicans were based in the anticlerical middle class who saw the Church 's alliance with the monarchists as a political threat to republicanism , and a threat to the modern spirit of progress . The Republicans detested the church for its political and class affiliations ; for them , the church represented outmoded traditions , superstition and monarchism . The Republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support . Numerous laws were passed to weaken the Catholic Church . In 1879 , priests were excluded from the administrative committees of hospitals and of boards of charity ; in 1880 , new measures were directed against the religious congregations ; from 1880 to 1890 came the substitution of lay women for nuns in many hospitals . Napoleon 's 1801 Concordat continued in operation but in 1881 , the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked .
History of Catholic education in the United States
When the University first opened for classes in the fall of 1888 , the curriculum consisted of lectures in mental and moral philosophy , English literature , the Sacred Scriptures , and the various branches of theology . At the end of the second term , lectures on canon law were added and the first students were graduated in 1889 . In 1904 , an undergraduate program was added and it quickly established a reputation for excellence .
History of Catholic education in the United States
A leading republican , Senator James G. Blaine of Maine had proposed such an amendment to the Constitution in 1874 . The amendment was turned down by Congress in 1875 and never became federal law . However , it would be used as a model for so - called `` Blaine Amendments '' incorporated into 34 state constitutions over the next three decades . These amendments prohibited the use of public funds to fund parochial schools and are still in effect today .
History of the Catholic Church
Pope Paul V and Gregory XV ruled in 1617 and 1622 to be inadmissible to state , that the virgin was conceived non-immaculate . Supporting the belief that she was born without original sin , through the intended protection of God 's grace ( aka Immaculate Conception ) . Alexander VII declared in 1661 , that the soul of Mary was free from original sin . Pope Clement XI ordered the feast of the Immaculata for the whole Church in 1708 . The feast of the Rosary was introduced in 1716 , the feast of the Seven Sorrows in 1727 . The Angelus prayer was strongly supported by Pope Benedict XIII in 1724 and by Pope Benedict XIV in 1742 . Popular Marian piety was even more colourful and varied than ever before : Numerous Marian pilgrimages , Marian Salve devotions , new Marian litanies , Marian theatre plays , Marian hymns , Marian processions . Marian fraternities , today mostly defunct , had millions of members . After
History of New Mexico
In 1851 the Vatican appointed Jean - Baptiste Lamy ( 1814 -- 1888 ) , a French cleric , as bishop of the diocese of Sante Fe . There were only nine priests at first ; Lamy brought in many more . In 1875 it was upgraded to the status of archdiocese , with supervision over Catholic affairs in New Mexico and Arizona . Lamy had St. Francis Cathedral built in a French style ; the work was conducted between 1869 and 1886 .
History of Catholic education in the United States
As the nation was mostly Protestant in the 19th century , there was anti-Catholic sentiment related to heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s , and a feeling that Catholic children should be educated in public schools to become American . In the 1880s most states passed a constitutional amendment , called Blaine Amendments , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools , which affected also Lutherans and other denominations that operated schools . By 1890 the Irish , who controlled the Church in the U.S. , had built an extensive network of parishes and parish schools ( `` parochial schools '' ) across the urban Northeast and Midwest . The Irish and other Catholic ethnic groups looked to parochial schools not only to protect their religion , but to enhance their culture and language .
Christianity in Africa
Local Catholicism came under pressure when the Muslim regimes of the Almohads and Almoravids came into power , and the record shows demands made that the local Christians of Tunis convert to Islam . There are reports of Christian inhabitants and a bishop in the city of Kairouan around 1150 AD - a significant event , since this city was founded by Arab Muslims around 680 AD as their administrative center after their conquest . A letter in Catholic Church archives from the 14th century shows that there were still four bishoprics left in North Africa , admittedly a sharp decline from the over four hundred bishoprics in existence at the time of the Arab conquest . Berber Christians continued to live in Tunis and Nefzaoua in the south of Tunisia up until the early 15th century , and in the first quarter of the 15th century we even read that the native Christians of Tunis , though much assimilated , extended their church , perhaps because the last Christians from all over the Maghreb had gathered there .
History of Catholic education in the United States
In 1875 , Republican President Ulysses S. Grant called for a Constitutional amendment that would mandate free public schools and prohibit the use of public funds for `` sectarian '' schools . He said he feared a future with `` patriotism and intelligence on one side and superstition , ambition and greed on the other '' which he identified with the Catholic Church . Grant called for public schools that would be `` unmixed with atheistic , pagan or sectarian teaching . ''
Freedom of religion in the United States
Anti-Catholicism was widespread in the 1920s ; anti-Catholics , including the Ku Klux Klan , believed that Catholicism was incompatible with democracy and that parochial schools encouraged separatism and kept Catholics from becoming loyal Americans . The Catholics responded to such prejudices by repeatedly asserting their rights as American citizens and by arguing that they , not the nativists ( anti-Catholics ) , were true patriots since they believed in the right to freedom of religion .
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
From its beginnings , the idea of clerical celibacy has been contested in canon courts , in theology , and in religious practices . Celibacy for Roman Catholic priests was not mandated under canon law for the universal church until the Second Lateran Council in 1139 .
Church of Ireland
During the 1641 - 1653 Irish Confederate Wars , nearly two - thirds of Ireland was controlled by the largely Catholic Confederacy . In 1644 , Giovanni Battista Rinuccini became Papal Nuncio to Ireland ; however , the Confederacy also included significant numbers of Royalist members of the Church of Ireland while Irish Catholicism had developed greater tolerance for Protestants and hostility to elaborate ritual . Rinuccini 's refusal to compromise with the Church of Ireland and the re-introduction of ceremonies such as foot washing divided the Confederacy and contributed to its rapid collapse in the 1649 - 1652 Cromwell 's re-conquest of Ireland .
History of the Church of England
At the time of the English Reformation the four ( now six ) Welsh dioceses were all part of the Province of Canterbury and remained so until 1920 when the Church in Wales was created as a province of the Anglican Communion . The intense interest in the Christian faith which characterised the Welsh in the 18th and 19th centuries was not present in the sixteenth and most Welsh people went along with the church 's reformation more because the English government was strong enough to impose its wishes in Wales rather than out of any real conviction . Consecrated
History of the Catholic Church
The Vatican supported the Christian Socialists in Austria , a country with a majority Catholic population but a powerful secular element . Pope Pius XI favored the regime of Engelbert Dollfuss ( 1932 -- 34 ) , who wanted to remold society based on papal encyclicals . Dollfuss suppressed the anti-clerical elements and the socialists , but was assassinated by the Austrian Nazis in 1934 . His successor Kurt von Schuschnigg ( 1934 -- 38 ) was also pro-Catholic and received Vatican support . Germany annexed Austria in 1938 and imposed its own policies .
Lithuania
As per the 2011 census , 77.2 % of Lithuanians belonged to the Roman Catholic Church . The Church has been the majority denomination since the Christianisation of Lithuania at the end of the 14th century . The Reformation initiated by Abraomas Kulvietis did not impact Lithuania to a great extent as seen in Estonia or Latvia as generally only local Germans in the Klaipėda / Memel area turned Protestant , while Lithuanians and Poles remained Catholic , and Russians , Belarusians and Ukrainians -- Eastern Orthodox . Some priests actively led the resistance against the Communist regime ( symbolised by the Hill of Crosses ) .
Confirmation in the Catholic Church
After the Fourth Lateran Council , Communion , which continued to be given only after Confirmation , was to be administered only on reaching the age of reason . Some time after the 13th century , the age of Confirmation and Communion began to be delayed further , from seven , to twelve and to fifteen . The 1917 Code of Canon Law , while recommending that Confirmation be delayed until about seven years of age , allowed it be given at an earlier age . Only on 30 June 1932 was official permission given to change the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation : the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments then allowed , where necessary , that Confirmation be administered after first Holy Communion . This novelty , originally seen as exceptional , became more and more the accepted practice . Thus , in the mid-20th century , Confirmation began to be seen as an occasion for professing personal commitment to the faith on the part of someone approaching adulthood .
History of Texas
An additional obvious legacy is that of Roman Catholicism . At the end of Spain 's reign over Texas , virtually all inhabitants practiced the Catholic religion , and it is still practiced in Texas by a large number of people . The Spanish missions built in San Antonio to convert Indians to Catholicism have been restored and are a National Historic Landmark .
History of Maryland
In 1689 , following the accession of a Protestant monarchy in England , rebels against the Catholic regime in Maryland overthrew the government and took power . Lord Baltimore was stripped of his right to govern the province , though not of his territorial rights , and Maryland became a royal province , administered by the crown via appointed governors until 1715 -- when Benedict Calvert , 4th Baron Baltimore , having converted to Anglicanism , was restored to proprietorship .
Israel
An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim countries to Israel during the first three years increased the number of Jews from 700,000 to 1,400,000 . By 1958 , the population of Israel rose to two million . Between 1948 and 1970 , approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel . Some new immigrants arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ma'abarot ; by 1952 , over 200,000 people were living in these tent cities . Jews of European background were often treated more favorably than Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries -- housing units reserved for the latter were often re-designated for the former , with the result that Jews newly arrived from Arab lands generally ended up staying in transit camps for longer . Tensions that developed between the two groups over such discrimination persist to the present day . During this period , food , clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the austerity period . The need to solve the crisis led Ben - Gurion to sign a reparations agreement with West Germany that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust . Play
Israel (name)
In Nazi Germany , male Jews who did not have `` typically Jewish '' given names were forced to add `` Israel '' as of January 1939 . This decree was revoked by the Allies in 1945 .
Israel
The total number of Israeli settlers beyond the Green Line is over 600,000 ( ≈ 10 % of the Jewish Israeli population ) . In 2016 , 399,300 Israelis lived in West Bank settlements , including those that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six - Day War , in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion bloc . In addition to the West Bank settlements , there were more than 200,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem , and 20,000 in the Golan Heights . Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the Gaza Strip , known as Gush Katif , until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 disengagement plan .
Camp David Accords
Although most Israelis supported the Accords , the Israeli settler movement opposed them because Sadat would not agree to a treaty in which Israel had any presence in the Sinai Peninsula at all , Israel had to withdraw from the entire Sinai Peninsula . Israeli settlers tried to prevent the government from dismantling their settlements .
Israel
Education is highly valued in the Israeli culture and was viewed as a fundamental block of ancient Israelites . Jewish communities in the Levant were the first to introduce compulsory education for which the organized community , not less than the parents was responsible . Many international business leaders such as Microsoft founder Bill Gates have praised Israel for its high quality of education in helping spur Israel 's economic development and technological boom . In 2015 , the country ranked third among OECD members ( after Canada and Japan ) for the percentage of 25 -- 64 year - olds that have attained tertiary education with 49 % compared with the OECD average of 35 % . In 2012 , the country ranked third in the world in the number of academic degrees per capita ( 20 percent of the population ) .
The Twelve Spies
The Israelites ' belief of the false report amounted to the acceptance of lashon hara ( lit . '' `` evil tongue '' / `` slander '' in Hebrew ) against the Land of Israel .
Old City (Jerusalem)
According to the Hebrew Bible , before King David 's conquest of Jerusalem in the 11th century BCE the city was home to the Jebusites . The Bible describes the city as heavily fortified with a strong city wall , a fact confirmed by archaeology . The Bible names the city ruled by King David as the City of David , in Hebrew Ir David , which was identified southeast of the Old City walls , outside the Dung Gate . In the Bible , David 's son , King Solomon , extended the city walls to include the Temple and Temple Mount .
Israel
The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be `` null and void '' and continues to view the territories as occupied . The International Court of Justice , principal judicial organ of the United Nations , asserted , in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier , that the lands captured by Israel in the Six - Day War , including East Jerusalem , are occupied territory . The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians , as Israel views it as its sovereign territory , as well as part of its capital . Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 , which emphasises `` the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war '' , and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states , a principle known as `` Land for peace '' .
Israel (name)
Israel was a common name among Chaldeans till recent times . A famous Chaldean author is Bishop Israel Audo , famous for authoring a book about the Chaldean Genocide .
Israel (name)
Israel Pronunciation / ˈɪzreɪəl / or / ˈɪzriːəl / Hebrew : ( jisʁaˈʔel ) Gender Male Origin Word / name Hebrew Meaning ' God Contended ' , ' Wrestles with God ' , ' Triumphant with God ' Other names Related names Izzy , Isaac , Rae
Israel
Israel is located in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent region . The country is at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea , bounded by Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan and the West Bank to the east , and Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the southwest . It lies between latitudes 29 ° and 34 ° N , and longitudes 34 ° and 36 ° E .
Sea of Galilee
In 1964 , Syria attempted construction of a Headwater Diversion Plan that would have blocked the flow of water into the Sea of Galilee , sharply reducing the water flow into the lake . This project and Israel 's attempt to block these efforts in 1965 were factors which played into regional tensions culminating in the 1967 Six - Day War . During the war , Israel captured the Golan Heights , which contain some of the sources of water for the Sea of Galilee .