vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
If a tree falls in a forest
Some years later , a similar question is posed . It is unknown whether the source of this question is Berkeley or not ( Indian Hindu saint of 8th century Sri Adisankara raised similar question `` If no one is seeing sky whether it will be blue ? '' ) . In June 1883 in the magazine The Chautauquan , the question was put , `` If a tree were to fall on an island where there were no human beings would there be any sound ? '' They then went on to answer the query with , `` No . Sound is the sensation excited in the ear when the air or other medium is set in motion . '' This seems to imply that the question is posed not from a philosophical viewpoint , but from a purely scientific one . The magazine Scientific American corroborated the technical aspect of this question , while leaving out the philosophic side , a year later when they asked the question slightly reworded , `` If a tree were to fall on an uninhabited island , would there be any sound ? '' And gave a more technical answer , `` Sound is vibration , transmitted to our senses through the mechanism of the ear , and recognized as sound only at our nerve centers . The falling of the tree or any other disturbance will produce vibration of the air . If there be no ears to hear , there will be no sound . ''
Eastern Orthodox Church
When Orthodox Christians refer to Fallen Nature they are not saying that human nature has become evil in itself . Human nature is still formed in the image of God ; we are still God 's creation , and God has never created anything evil . But our fallen nature remains open to evil intents and actions . It is sometimes said that we are `` inclined to sin '' ; that is , we find some sinful things attractive . It is the nature of temptation to make sinful things seem the more attractive , and it is the fallen nature of humans that seeks or succumbs to the attraction . Orthodox Christians reject the Augustinian position that the descendants of Adam and Eve are actually guilty of the original sin of their ancestors . But just as any species begets its own kind , so fallen humans beget fallen humans , and from the beginning of our existence we lie open to sinning by our own choice .
If a tree falls in a forest
If men ceased to exist sound would continue to travel and heavy bodies to fall to the earth in exactly the same way , though ex hypothesi there would be no - one to know it
Mount Rainier
About two mountaineering deaths each year occur because of rock and ice fall , avalanche , falls , and hypothermia associated with severe weather ( 58 reported since and including the 1981 accident through 2010 per American Alpine Club Accidents in North American Mountaineering and the NPS ) .
Causes of the Great Depression
Debt liquidation and distress selling Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off A fall in the level of asset prices A still greater fall in the net worths of business , precipitating bankruptcies A fall in profits A reduction in output , in trade and in employment . Pessimism and loss of confidence Hoarding of money A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation adjusted interest rates .
Dyatlov Pass incident
Another hypothesis popularized by Donnie Eichar 's 2013 book Dead Mountain is that wind going around Holatchahl Mountain created a Kármán vortex street , which can produce infrasound capable of inducing panic attacks in humans . According to Eichar 's theory , the infrasound generated by the wind as it passed over the top of the Holatchahl mountain was responsible for causing physical discomfort and mental distress in the hikers . Eichar claims that , because of their panic , the hikers were driven to leave the tent by whatever means necessary , and fled down the slope . By the time they were further down the hill , they would have been out of the infrasound 's path and would have regained their composure , but in the darkness would be unable to return to their shelter . The traumatic injuries suffered by three of the victims were the result of their stumbling over the ledge of a ravine in the darkness and landing on the rocks at the bottom .
Legends of the Fall
Legends of the Fall Theatrical release poster Directed by Edward Zwick Produced by Marshall Herskovitz William D. Wittliff Edward Zwick Screenplay by Susan Shilliday William D. Wittliff Based on Legends of the Fall by Jim Harrison Starring Brad Pitt Anthony Hopkins Aidan Quinn Julia Ormond Henry Thomas Music by James Horner Cinematography John Toll Edited by Steven Rosenblum Production company Bedford Falls Productions Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date December 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 23 ) ( US ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $160.6 million
Aggregate demand
In these diagrams , typically the Y d ( \ displaystyle Y ^ ( d ) ) rises as the average price level ( P ( \ displaystyle P ) ) falls , as with the A D ( \ displaystyle AD ) line in the diagram . The main theoretical reason for this is that if the nominal money supply ( M ) is constant , a falling P ( \ displaystyle P ) implies that the real money supply ( M s P ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( M ^ ( s ) ) ( P ) ) ) ) rises , encouraging lower interest rates and higher spending . This is often called the `` Keynes effect . ''
Tyrannosaurus
Farlow and colleagues ( 1995 ) have argued that a Tyrannosaurus weighing 5.4 metric tons ( 6.0 short tons ) to 7.3 metric tons ( 8.0 short tons ) would have been critically or even fatally injured if it had fallen while moving quickly , since its torso would have slammed into the ground at a deceleration of 6 g ( six times the acceleration due to gravity , or about 60 meters / s2 ) and its tiny arms could not have reduced the impact . Giraffes have been known to gallop at 50 kilometers per hour ( 31 mph ) , despite the risk that they might break a leg or worse , which can be fatal even in a safe environment such as a zoo . Thus it is possible that Tyrannosaurus also moved fast when necessary and had to accept such risks .
Aggregate demand
This perspective originates in , and is intimately tied to , the debt - deflation theory of Irving Fisher , and the notion of a credit bubble ( credit being the flip side of debt ) , and has been elaborated in the Post-Keynesian school . If the overall level of debt is rising each year , then aggregate demand exceeds Income by that amount . However , if the level of debt stops rising and instead starts falling ( if `` the bubble bursts '' ) , then aggregate demand falls short of income , by the amount of net savings ( largely in the form of debt repayment or debt writing off , such as in bankruptcy ) . This causes a sudden and sustained drop in aggregate demand , and this shock is argued to be the proximate cause of a class of economic crises , properly financial crises . Indeed , a fall in the level of debt is not necessary -- even a slowing in the rate of debt growth causes a drop in aggregate demand ( relative to the higher borrowing year ) . These crises then end when credit starts growing again , either because most or all debts have been repaid or written off , or for other reasons as below .
Mass wasting
Soil and regolith remain on a hillslope only while the gravitational forces are unable to overcome the frictional forces keeping the material in place ( see slope stability ) . Some factors that reduce the frictional resistance relative to the downslope forces , and thus can trigger slope movement , can include :
Adam and Eve
Another Gnostic tradition held that Adam and Eve were created to help defeat Satan . The serpent , instead of being identified with Satan , is seen as a hero by the Ophites . Still other Gnostics believed that Satan 's fall , however , came after the creation of humanity . As in Islamic tradition , this story says that Satan refused to bow to Adam due to pride . Satan said that Adam was inferior to him as he was made of fire , whereas Adam was made of clay . This refusal led to the fall of Satan recorded in works such as the Book of Enoch .
Carrier Dome
The Dome has also been the site of a tragic accident . In June 1999 , worker Bryan Bowman was killed when he fell through the Dome roof to the bleachers 60 feet below . He had been working with a crew from Birdair Incorporated , to replace the roof . The next month an electrician fell down a 50 - foot shaft while installing cables for a new speaker system . He survived with injuries to his leg , arm , back and ribs .
Soil erosion
Slumping happens on steep hillsides , occurring along distinct fracture zones , often within materials like clay that , once released , may move quite rapidly downhill . They will often show a spoon - shaped isostatic depression , in which the material has begun to slide downhill . In some cases , the slump is caused by water beneath the slope weakening it . In many cases it is simply the result of poor engineering along highways where it is a regular occurrence .
Mass wasting
When the gravitational force acting on a slope exceeds its resisting force , slope failure ( mass wasting ) occurs . The slope material 's strength and cohesion and the amount of internal friction between material help maintain the slope 's stability and are known collectively as the slope 's shear strength . The steepest angle that a cohesionless slope can maintain without losing its stability is known as its angle of repose . When a slope made of loose material possesses this angle , its shear strength perfectly counterbalances the force of gravity acting upon it .
Gambler's fallacy
The reversal can also be a fallacy in which a gambler may instead decide , after a consistent tendency towards tails , that tails are more likely out of some mystical preconception that fate has thus far allowed for consistent results of tails . Believing the odds to favor tails , the gambler sees no reason to change to heads . Again , the fallacy is the belief that the `` universe '' somehow carries a memory of past results which tend to favor or disfavor future outcomes . However , it is not necessarily a fallacy as a consistent observed tendency towards one outcome may rationally be taken as evidence that the coin is not fair .
Columbus, Georgia
Columbus is one of Georgia 's three Fall Line Cities , along with Augusta and Macon . The Fall Line is where the hilly lands of the Piedmont plateau meet the flat terrain of the coastal plain . As such , Columbus has a varied landscape of rolling hills on the north side and flat plains on the south . The fall line causes rivers in the area to decline rapidly towards sea level . Textile mills were established here in the 19th and early 20th centuries to take advantage of the water power from the falls . Columbus was developed along the Chattahoochee River .
If a tree falls in a forest
`` If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it , does it make a sound ? '' is a philosophical thought experiment that raises questions regarding observation and perception .
Victoria Falls
Over at least 100,000 years , the falls have been receding upstream through the Batoka Gorges , eroding the sandstone - filled cracks to form the gorges . The river 's course in the current vicinity of the falls is north to south , so it opens up the large east - west cracks across its full width , then it cuts back through a short north - south crack to the next east - west one . The river has fallen in different eras into different chasms which now form a series of sharply zig - zagging gorges downstream from the falls .
If a tree falls in a forest
Canadian songwriter , social activist and environmentalist Bruce Cockburn poses the question in the chorus of his 1989 song `` If a Tree Falls '' and frames it with his lyrics as a pressing question regarding the cause and effect of deforestation .
Phosphofructokinase 1
PFK1 is also inhibited by low pH levels which augment the inhibitory effect of ATP . The pH falls when muscle is functioning anaerobically and producing excessive quantities of lactic acid ( although lactic acid is not itself the cause of the decrease in pH ) . This inhibitory effect serves to protect the muscle from damage that would result from the accumulation of too much acid .
Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head
The song has been covered numerous times . From January 24 to March 13 , 1970 , it was a number - one hit ( for seven weeks ) in Australia on the Go - Set National Top 40 for local pop singer , Johnny Farnham . In 1970 , it was also covered by Dionne Warwick on her album I 'll Never Fall in Love Again , by Engelbert Humperdinck on his album We Made It Happen , Johnny Mathis on his album Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head , Perry Como on his album It 's Impossible , The Four Tops on their album Changing Times , Andy Williams on his album , Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head , and The Free Design on their album Stars / Time / Bubbles / Love . Portuguese - born television and radio presenter Pedro Biker released a Danish version re-entitled `` Regndråber Drypper I Mit Hår '' in 1970 . A Swedish version was also made in 1970 , `` Regnet det bara öser ner '' sung by Siw Malmkvist . Genesis referenced the song title in their lyrics of In the Cage '' in 1974 .
Mount Rainier
In one of the worst disasters on the mountain in over thirty years , six climbers -- two guides , and four clients -- last heard from on May 28 , 2014 , were presumed dead on May 31 , 2014 , when low - flying search helicopters pinged the signals from the avalanche beacons worn by the climbers . Officials concluded that there was no possible chance of survival after the climbers fell 3,300 feet ( 1,000 m ) while attempting or returning from the summit via the Liberty Ridge climbing route . Searchers found tents and clothes along with rock and ice strewn across a debris field on the Carbon Glacier at 9,500 ft ( 2,900 m ) , possible evidence for a slide or avalanche in the vicinity where the team went missing , though the exact cause of the accident is unknown . The bodies of three of the guest climbers were spotted on August 7 , 2014 , during a training flight and subsequently recovered on August 19 , 2014 . The bodies of the fourth guest climber and two guides have not been located .
If a tree falls in a forest
This existence of an unobserved real is integral to Bhaskar 's ontology , which contends ( in opposition to the various strains of positivism which have dominated both natural and social science in the twentieth century ) that ' real structures exist independently of and are often out of phase with the actual patterns of events ' . In social science , this has made his approach popular amongst contemporary Marxists -- notably Alex Callinicos -- who postulate the existence of real social forces and structures which might not always be observable .
Cahokia
Another possible cause is invasion by outside peoples , though the only evidence of warfare found so far are the defensive wooden stockade and watchtowers that enclosed Cahokia 's main ceremonial precinct . Due to the lack of other evidence for warfare , the palisade may have been more for ritual or formal separation than for military purposes . Diseases transmitted among the large , dense urban population are another possible cause of decline . Many theories since the late 20th century propose conquest - induced political collapse as the primary reason for Cahokia 's abandonment .
Causes of the Great Depression
The debate has three sides : one group says the crash caused the depression by drastically lowering expectations about the future and by removing large sums of investment capital ; a second group says the economy was slipping since summer 1929 and the crash ratified it ; the third group says that in either scenario the crash could not have caused more than a recession . There was a brief recovery in the market into April 1930 , but prices then started falling steadily again from there , not reaching a final bottom until July 1932 . This was the largest long - term U.S. market decline by any measure . To move from a recession in 1930 to a deep depression in 1931 -- 32 , entirely different factors had to be in play .
Tax incidence
Because the producer is perfectly inelastic , they will produce the same quantity no matter the price . Because the consumer is elastic , the consumer is very sensitive to price . A small increase in price leads to a large drop in the quantity demanded . The imposition of the tax causes the market price to increase from P without tax to P with tax and the quantity demanded to fall from Q without tax to Q with tax . Because the consumer is elastic , the quantity change is significant . Because the producer is inelastic , the price does n't change much . The producer is unable to pass the tax onto the consumer and the tax incidence falls on the producer . In this example , the tax is collected from the producer and the producer bears the tax burden . This is known as back shifting . Tax incidence or burden does not in any way depend on where the revenue has been collected . It rather depends on the price elasticity of demand as well as the price elasticity of the supply . Tax burden as seen refers to the people who pay the taxes whether producer or consumer and considers the societal effects that result . It is said to fall entirely on the group that bears the burden or who has to pay the tax .
A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall
`` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' Song by Bob Dylan from the album The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan Released May 27 , 1963 Recorded December 6 , 1962 Genre Folk Length 6 : 55 Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) John Hammond The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan track listing 13 tracks ( show ) Side one `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' `` Girl from the North Country '' `` Masters of War '' `` Down the Highway '' `` Bob Dylan 's Blues '' `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' Side two `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' `` Bob Dylan 's Dream '' `` Oxford Town '' `` Talkin ' World War III Blues '' `` Corrina , Corrina '' `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` I Shall Be Free ''
Oil drop experiment
At terminal velocity the oil drop is not accelerating . Therefore , the total force acting on it must be zero and the two forces F and w must cancel one another out ( that is , F = w ) . This implies
Yosemite National Park
Yosemite is famous for its high concentration of waterfalls in a small area . Numerous sheer drops , glacial steps and hanging valleys in the park provide many places for waterfalls to exist , especially during April , May , and June ( the snowmelt season ) . Located in Yosemite Valley , the Yosemite Falls is the highest in North America at 2,425 feet ( 739 m ) . Also in Yosemite Valley is the much lower volume Ribbon Falls , which has the highest single vertical drop , 1,612 feet ( 491 m ) . Perhaps the most prominent of the Yosemite Valley waterfalls is Bridalveil Fall , which is the waterfall seen from the Tunnel View viewpoint at the east end of the Wawona Tunnel . Wapama Falls in Hetch Hetchy Valley is another notable waterfall . Hundreds of ephemeral waterfalls also exist in the park . Vernal
Great Depression
Debt liquidation and distress selling Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off A fall in the level of asset prices A still greater fall in the net worth of businesses , precipitating bankruptcies A fall in profits A reduction in output , in trade and in employment Pessimism and loss of confidence Hoarding of money A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation adjusted interest rates
A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall
`` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' is a song written by Bob Dylan in the summer of 1962 . It was first recorded in Columbia Records ' Studio A on December 6 , 1962 , for his second album The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan . The lyrical structure is based on the question and answer form of traditional ballads such as Lord Randall . Dylan has stated that all of the lyrics were taken from the initial lines of songs that `` he thought he would never have time to write . ''
Gambler's fallacy
The most famous example of the gambler 's fallacy occurred in a game of roulette at the Monte Carlo Casino on August 18 , 1913 , when the ball fell in black 26 times in a row . This was an extremely uncommon occurrence , although no more or less unexpected than any of the other 67,108,863 sequences of 26 red or black . Gamblers lost millions of francs betting against black , reasoning incorrectly that the streak was causing an `` imbalance '' in the randomness of the wheel , and that it had to be followed by a long streak of red .
Mass wasting
earthquakes increased overburden from structures increased soil moisture reduction of roots holding the soil to bedrock undercutting of the slope by excavation or erosion weathering by frost heave or chemical dissolution bioturbation
Eastern Orthodox Church
The number of fast days varies from year to year , but in general the Eastern Orthodox Christian can expect to spend a little over half the year fasting at some level of strictness . There are spiritual , symbolic , and even practical reasons for fasting . In the Fall from Paradise mankind became possessed by a carnal nature ; that is to say , became inclined towards the passions . Through fasting , Orthodox Christians attempt to return to the relationship of love and obedience to God enjoyed by Adam and Eve in Paradise in their own lives , by refraining from carnal practices , by bridling the tongue ( James 3 : 5 -- 6 ) , confession of sins , prayer and almsgiving .
Kuiper belt
After the discovery of Pluto in 1930 , many speculated that it might not be alone . The region now called the Kuiper belt was hypothesized in various forms for decades . It was only in 1992 that the first direct evidence for its existence was found . The number and variety of prior speculations on the nature of the Kuiper belt have led to continued uncertainty as to who deserves credit for first proposing it .
National Convention
The discovery of the iron chest in the Tuileries 20 November 1792 made the trial inevitable . Documents found in this secret chest proved without any doubt the treachery of Louis XVI .
Republic (Plato)
Several Oxyrhynchus Papyri fragments were found to contain parts of the Republic , and from other works such as Phaedo , or the dialogue Gorgias , written around 200 - 300 CE . Fragments of a different version of Plato 's Republic were discovered in 1945 , part of the Nag Hammadi library , written ca . 350 CE . These findings highlight the influence of Plato during those times in Egypt .
Extinction
The coelacanth , a fish related to lungfish and tetrapods , was considered to have been extinct since the end of the Cretaceous Period until 1938 when a specimen was found , off the Chalumna River ( now Tyolomnqa ) on the east coast of South Africa . Museum curator Marjorie Courtenay - Latimer discovered the fish among the catch of a local angler , Captain Hendrick Goosen , on December 23 , 1938 . A local chemistry professor , JLB Smith , confirmed the fish 's importance with a famous cable : `` MOST IMPORTANT PRESERVE SKELETON AND GILLS = FISH DESCRIBED '' .
Dead Sea
In the late 1940s and early 1950s , hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran , about one mile ( 1.6 kilometres ) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ) . They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls .
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2012 July 7
Thanks all . The earliest mention seems to be 1929 at this stage ( Churchill , per Melburnian ) . But there 's no suggestion it was written for that occasion , so presumably it was already well known by then . I 'll keep looking . -- ♬ Jack of Oz ♬ 12 : 28 , 8 July 2012 ( UTC )