vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United Kingdom
Although the United Kingdom , as a sovereign state , is a country , England , Scotland , Wales and , to a lesser degree , Northern Ireland , are also regarded as countries , though they are not sovereign states . Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self - government . The British Prime Minister 's website has used the phrase `` countries within a country '' to describe the United Kingdom . Some statistical summaries , such as those for the twelve NUTS 1 regions of the United Kingdom , also refer to Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland as `` regions '' . Northern Ireland is also referred to as a `` province '' . With regard to Northern Ireland , the descriptive name used `` can be controversial , with the choice often revealing one 's political preferences '' .
Channel Tunnel
The removal of a bottleneck by means like the tunnel does not necessarily induce economic gains in all adjacent regions . The image of a region being connected to the European high - speed transport and active political response are more important for regional economic development . Some small - medium enterprises located in the immediate vicinity of the terminal have used the opportunity to re-brand the profile of their business with positive effect , such as The New Inn at Etchinghill which was able to commercially exploit its unique selling point as being ' the closest pub to the Channel Tunnel ' . Tunnel - induced regional development is small compared to general economic growth . The South East of England is likely to benefit developmentally and socially from faster and cheaper transport to continental Europe , but the benefits are unlikely to be equally distributed throughout the region . The overall environmental impact is almost certainly negative .
List of The Last Ship characters
The regional leader of the Deep South . The only female member of the regional leaders , she is both the smartest and the most ruthless . She and her people operate out of a large ranch in Texarkana , Texas . She controls several large power plants that provide electricity to other areas of the country , but relies on manpower transported from other regional areas to man them . Her region also has access to many large reserves of crude oil . After being used to unlock the United States new centralized weapons control system , she is killed by a United States Secret Service agent on the orders of Allison Shaw . Portrayed by Lucy Butler . Albert
Computer keyboard
In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French - speaking province of Québec , keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French - language keyboard ; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout , the French - language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as `` é '' or `` à '' with a single keystroke . Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict : the image on the key does not correspond to the character . In such cases , each new language may require an additional label on the keys , because the standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages ( see the example in the figure above ) .
Official bilingualism in Canada
`` Still , as we have pointed out earlier , there is such a thing as a French culture and a British culture . Of course , the differences between them are not as great as they would be if either were compared to one of the many Asian or African cultures . In Canada , the Anglophones and the Francophones wear the same sort of clothing , live in the same sort of houses , and use the same tools . They are very similar in their social behaviour , belong to religions which are not exclusive , and share the same general knowledge . To a greater or lesser extent , they share a North American way of living . ''
Great Lakes region
The Great Lakes region , as distinct from the Great Lakes Basin , defines a unit of sub-national political entities defined by the U.S. states and the Canadian Province of Ontario encompassing the Great Lakes watershed , and the states and Province bordering one or more of the Great Lakes .
Brittany
Breton - speaking people may pronounce the word Breizh in two different ways , according to their region of origin . Breton can be divided into two main dialects : the KLT ( Kerne - Leon - Tregor ) and the dialect of Vannes . KLT speakers pronounce it ( brɛjs ) and would write it Breiz , while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it ( brɛχ ) and would write it Breih . The official spelling is a compromise between both variants , with a z and an h together . In 1941 , efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so - called Breton zh , a standard which has never been widely accepted . On its side , Gallo language has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist . For instance , the name of the region in that language can be written Bertaèyn in ELG script , or Bertègn in MOGA , and a couple of other scripts also exist .
American Sign Language
Most popularly there are variants of the signs for English words such as `` birthday '' , `` pizza '' , `` Halloween '' , `` early '' , and `` soon '' . These are just a sample of the most commonly recognized signs with variant based on regional change . The sign for `` school '' is commonly varied between black and white signers . The variation between sign produced by black and white signers is sometimes referred to as Black American Sign Language .
International System of Units
The symbols for the SI units are intended to be identical , regardless of the language used , but unit names are ordinary nouns and use the character set and follow the grammatical rules of the language concerned . Names of units follow the grammatical rules associated with common nouns : in English and in French they start with a lowercase letter ( e.g. , newton , hertz , pascal ) , even when the symbol for the unit begins with a capital letter . This also applies to `` degrees Celsius '' , since `` degree '' is the unit . The official British and American spellings for certain SI units differ -- British English , as well as Australian , Canadian and New Zealand English , uses the spelling deca - , metre , and litre whereas American English uses the spelling deka - , meter , and liter , respectively .
Oral storytelling
Regional storytelling festivals bring tellers of a certain state or region together for entertaining , telling and education in the art .
Cheka
Women and children were also victims of Cheka terror . Women would sometimes be tortured and raped before being shot . Children between the ages of 8 and 13 were imprisoned and occasionally executed .
The Path (TV series)
Sarah finds a Pachamama idol Silas had left for her , of which she 'd earlier dreamed . She begins to call Silas and leave messages for him . The FBI 's case is handed over to Homeland Security , which Gaines views as putting politics before justice . Eddie and Hawk grow closer as they begin The Walk ; at his childhood haunt of Coney Island , Eddie has a second vision of his brother on the beach . Nicole delivers a stillborn baby whom Sarah revives through resuscitation and prayer . The experience was moving enough that Sarah almost transgresses with Cal , but when she stops he throws suspicion on Eddie , leading her to find Eddie 's burner phone with Alison 's phone number on it . 9 9 `` A Room of One 's Own '' Michael Weaver Julia Brownwell May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) Cal asks still - comatose Meyer to communicate any displeasure before Cal commits to the next phase of the Movement . He promises to try to channel Meyer 's ideas for the writing of the final rungs . Sarah meets Alison and trades Jason 's journal for the truth about Eddie , that they were not transgressing but that Eddie was questioning his faith . Mary 's promiscuity and drug use are exposed ; Cal prompts Sean and Mary to recommit through marriage . Eddie and Hawk return and Sarah confronts her husband over 3 months of lying , feeling that he 's rejecting everything in her soul . She continues to leave messages for Silas . Gaines is given two weeks ' leave to clear his head ; a co-worker shows him a pathology report showing Jason Kemp 's hands were badly burned . Cal asks John Ridge , whose son Freddie is succeeding in art school , for help to expand Meyerism globally . Later , he makes a false announcement that Steve is returning . Hawk leaves to get a job to support Ashley despite Sarah 's threats to cut him off . Both parents seek help , leaving Eddie estranged from his extended family while Cal bribes Ashley to break - up with Hawk by offering a house for her family . Eddie finds out , accusing and then hitting Cal in front of the membership . Alison reads the journal , realizes Jason was n't murdered , and contemplates suicide before surrendering herself at the community .
Mental calculation
Observe that there is a pattern in the rightmost digit : adding and subtracting with 1 or 3 . Starting from zero :
Mental calculation
As a preliminary step simply round the smaller number down and the larger up to the nearest multiple of ten . In this case :
Talk:Mode (statistics)
If you are unable to use these tools , you may set needhelp = < your help request > on this template to request help from an experienced user . Please include details about your problem , to help other editors .
Mental calculation
You can use the same procedure with multiple operations just repeat steps 1 and 2 for each operation .
Mental calculation
For example , For calculating 8192 - 732 we can simply add 268 to both sides resulting in 8460 - 1000 , which is easier to calculate , resulting in 7460 . One needs to be prudent in selecting which number to be rounded off . For calculating 8192 - 732 we can round off 8192 to 9000 by adding 808 . Then we calculate 9000 - 732 resulting in 8268 . Then we can subtract 808 from 8268 to get 7460 as our answer . But as we can observe , we made the calculations difficult and lengthy . We may also perform the calculation in the traditional way but in a smart manner . For calculating 8192 - 732 we can eliminate the 2 in units place i.e. replace them with 0 . Then we can subtract 3 from 9 yielding in 6 . Finally we can subtract 7 from 81 yielding in 74 . Then we just need to rearrange the pieces to get 7460 as the answer It might be easier to start from the left ( the big numbers ) first .
Mental calculation
From this information , one can find the log of any number 1 - 9 .
Mental calculation
If ' a ' is close to the target , ' b ' will be a small enough number to render the + b 2 ( \ displaystyle ( ) + b ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) element of the equation negligible . Thus , we can drop + b 2 ( \ displaystyle ( ) + b ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) out and rearrange the equation to
Mental calculation
If you have a two - digit number , take it and add the two numbers together and put that sum in the middle , and you can get the answer .
Retina
- 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 + 1 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8 - 1 / 8
Vinegar
Vinegar also can help remove wallpaper . If the paper is coated with a mixture of vinegar and boiling water , it breaks down the glue for easy removal . Potential
Birth control in the United States
In the early 1950s , philanthropist Katharine McCormick had provided funding for biologist Gregory Pincus to develop the birth control pill , which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in 1960 . The pill became very popular and had a major impact on society and culture . It contributed to a sharp increase in college attendance and graduation rates for women . New forms of intrauterine devices were introduced in the 1960s , increasing popularity of long acting reversible contraceptives .
Natural selection
Ernst Mayr recognised the key importance of reproductive isolation for speciation in his Systematics and the Origin of Species ( 1942 ) . W.D. Hamilton conceived of kin selection in 1964 . This synthesis cemented natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary theory , where it remains today . A second synthesis was brought about at the end of the 20th century by advances in molecular genetics , creating the field of evolutionary developmental biology ( `` evo - devo '' ) , which seeks to explain the evolution of form in terms of the genetic regulatory programs which control the development of the embryo at molecular level . Natural selection is here understood to act on embryonic development to change the morphology of the adult body .
Hormonal contraception
The first progestogen - only contraceptive was introduced in 1969 : Depo - Provera , a high - dose progestin injection . Over the next decade and a half , other types of progestogen - only contraceptive were developed : a low - dose progestogen only pill ( 1973 ) ; Progestasert , the first hormonal intrauterine device ( 1976 ) ; and Norplant , the first contraceptive implant ( 1983 ) .
Birth control in the United States
In 1982 , European drug manufacturers developed mifepristone , which was initially utilized as a contraceptive , but is now generally prescribed with a prostoglandin to induce abortion in pregnancies up to the fourth month of gestation . To avoid consumer boycotts organized by anti-abortion organizations , the manufacturer donated the U.S. manufacturing rights to Danco Laboratories , a company formed by pro-choice advocates , with the sole purpose of distributing mifepristone in the U.S , and thus immune to the effects of boycotts .
Evolutionary developmental biology
A recapitulation theory of evolutionary development was proposed by Étienne Serres in 1824 -- 26 , echoing the 1808 ideas of Johann Friedrich Meckel . They argued that the embryos of ' higher ' animals went through or recapitulated a series of stages , each of which resembled an animal lower down the great chain of being . For example , the brain of a human embryo looked first like that of a fish , then in turn like that of a reptile , bird , and mammal before becoming clearly human . The embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer opposed this , arguing in 1828 that there was no linear sequence as in the great chain of being , based on a single body plan , but a process of epigenesis in which structures differentiate . Von Baer instead recognised four distinct animal body plans : radiate , like starfish ; molluscan , like clams ; articulate , like lobsters ; and vertebrate , like fish . Zoologists then largely abandoned recapitulation , though Ernst Haeckel revived it in 1866 .
Evolutionary developmental biology
In 1977 , a revolution in thinking about evolution and developmental biology began , with the arrival of recombinant DNA technology in genetics , and the papers Ontogeny and Phylogeny by Stephen J. Gould and Evolution by Tinkering by François Jacob . Gould laid to rest Haeckel 's interpretation of evolutionary embryology , while Jacob set out an alternative theory . This led to a second synthesis , at last including embryology as well as molecular genetics , phylogeny , and evolutionary biology to form evo - devo . In 1978 , Edward B. Lewis discovered homeotic genes that regulate embryonic development in Drosophila fruit flies , which like all insects are arthropods , one of the major phyla of invertebrate animals . Bill McGinnis quickly discovered homeotic gene sequences , homeoboxes , in animals in other phyla , in vertebrates such as frogs , birds , and mammals ; they were later also found in fungi such as yeasts , and in plants . There were evidently strong similarities in the genes that controlled development across all the eukaryotes . In 1980 , Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard and Eric Wieschaus described gap genes which help to create the segmentation pattern in fruit fly embryos ; they and Lewis won a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995 .
Natural selection
In 1881 , the embryologist Wilhelm Roux published Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus ( The Struggle of Parts in the Organism ) in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo , occurring at all levels , from molecules to organs . In recent years , a modern version of this theory has been proposed by Jean - Jacques Kupiec . According to this cellular Darwinism , random variation at the molecular level generates diversity in cell types whereas cell interactions impose a characteristic order on the developing embryo .
History of evolutionary thought
The word evolution ( from the Latin evolutio , meaning `` to unroll like a scroll '' ) was initially used to refer to embryological development ; its first use in relation to development of species came in 1762 , when Charles Bonnet used it for his concept of `` pre-formation , '' in which females carried a miniature form of all future generations . The term gradually gained a more general meaning of growth or progressive development .
Captive killer whales
The first killer whale conceived through artificial insemination was Nakai who was born to Kasatka at the SeaWorld park in San Diego in September 2001 . A female killer whale named Kohana , the second killer whale conceived in this manner , was born at the same park eight months later . Artificial insemination lets park owners maintain a healthier genetic mix in the small groups of killer whales at each park while avoiding the stress of moving killer whales for breeding purposes .
Centrifugal force
The conception of centrifugal force has evolved since the time of Huygens , Newton , Leibniz , and Hooke who expressed early conceptions of it . Its modern conception as a fictitious force arising in a rotating reference frame evolved in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries .
History of the telescope
The next major development came in 1946 when Ryle and Vonberg ( Ryle and Vonberg 1946 ) located a number of new cosmic radio sources by constructing a radio analogue of the Michelson interferometer . The signals from two radio antennas were added electronically to produce interference . Ryle and Vonberg 's telescope used the rotation of the Earth to scan the sky in one dimension . With the development of larger arrays and of computers which could rapidly perform the necessary Fourier transforms , the first aperture synthesis imaging instruments were soon developed which could obtain high resolution images without the need of a giant parabolic reflector to perform the Fourier transform . This technique is now used in most radio astronomy observations . Radio astronomers soon developed the mathematical methods to perform aperture synthesis Fourier imaging using much larger arrays of telescopes -- often spread across more than one continent . In the 1980s , the aperture synthesis technique was extended to visible light as well as infrared astronomy , providing the first very high resolution optical and infrared images of nearby stars .
Color television
Transmission of color images using mechanical scanners had been conceived as early as the 1880s . A practical demonstration of mechanically - scanned color television was given by John Logie Baird in 1928 , but the limitations of a mechanical system were apparent even then . Development of electronic scanning and display made an all - electronic system possible . Early monochrome transmission standards were developed prior to the Second World War , but civilian electronics developments were frozen during much of the war . In August 1944 , Baird gave the world 's first demonstration of a practical fully electronic color television display . In the United States , commercially competing color standards were developed , finally resulting in the NTSC standard for color that retained compatibility with the prior monochrome system . Although the NTSC color standard was proclaimed in 1953 and limited programming became available , it was not until the early 1970s that color television in North America outsold black and white or monochrome units . Color broadcasting in Europe was not standardized on the PAL format until the 1960s .
Nuclear force
The discovery of the neutron in 1932 revealed that atomic nuclei were made of protons and neutrons , held together by an attractive force . By 1935 the nuclear force was conceived to be transmitted by particles called mesons . This theoretical development included a description of the Yukawa potential , an early example of a nuclear potential . Mesons , predicted by theory , were discovered experimentally in 1947 . By the 1970s , the quark model had been developed , by which the mesons and nucleons were viewed as composed of quarks and gluons . By this new model , the nuclear force , resulting from the exchange of mesons between neighboring nucleons , is a residual effect of the strong force .
Betsy Ross flag
There is a possibility that the circular star configuration of the Betsy Ross Flag was inspired by the circular star configuration as a halo in a painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo called `` The Immaculate Conception '' , dated around 1767 to 1769 . It is a painting in the Prado collection in Spain . Francis Hopkinson had spent time with a friend named Benjamin West , an American painter who had studied painting in Italy during the time when Giovanni Battista was a sensation both at home and abroad .
Base pair
In 2002 , Ichiro Hirao 's group in Japan developed an unnatural base pair between 2 - amino - 8 - ( 2 - thienyl ) purine ( s ) and pyridine - 2 - one ( y ) that functions in transcription and translation , for the site - specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins . In 2006 , they created 7 - ( 2 - thienyl ) imidazo ( 4 , 5 - b ) pyridine ( Ds ) and pyrrole - 2 - carbaldehyde ( Pa ) as a third base pair for replication and transcription . Afterward , Ds and 4 - ( 3 - ( 6 - aminohexanamido ) - 1 - propynyl ) - 2 - nitropyrrole ( Px ) was discovered as a high fidelity pair in PCR amplification . In 2013 , they applied the Ds - Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection ( SELEX ) and demonstrated the genetic alphabet expansion significantly augment DNA aptamer affinities to target proteins .
Construction of the World Trade Center
In 1942 , Austin J. Tobin became the Executive Director of the Port Authority , beginning a 30 - year career during which he oversaw the planning and development of the World Trade Center . The concept of establishing a `` world trade center '' was conceived during the post -- World War II period , when the United States thrived economically and international trade was increasing . At the time , economic growth was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan , in part stimulated by Rockefeller Center , which had been developed in the 1930s .
Original sin
Protestant Reformer John Calvin ( 1509 -- 1564 ) developed a systematic theology of Augustinian Protestantism by interpretation of Augustine of Hippo 's notion of original sin . Calvin believed that humans inherit Adamic guilt and are in a state of sin from the moment of conception . This inherently sinful nature ( the basis for the Calvinistic doctrine of `` total depravity '' ) results in a complete alienation from God and the total inability of humans to achieve reconciliation with God based on their own abilities . Not only do individuals inherit a sinful nature due to Adam 's fall , but since he was the federal head and representative of the human race , all whom he represented inherit the guilt of his sin by imputation . Redemption by Jesus Christ is the only remedy .
Doppler fetal monitor
The device was invented in 1958 by Dr. Edward H. Hon , Originally intended for use by health care professionals , this device is becoming popular for personal use .
Elf (Middle-earth)
Elves are born about one year from their conception . The day of their conception is celebrated , not the actual birthday itself . Their minds develop more quickly than their bodies ; by their first year , they can speak , walk and even dance , and their quicker onset of mental maturity makes young Elves seem , to Men , older than they really are . Physical puberty comes in around their fiftieth to one hundredth year ( by age fifty they reach their adult height ) , and by their first hundred years of life outside the womb all Elves are fully grown . Elven bodies eventually stop aging physically , while human bodies do not .