vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
America's Cup
Lipton persisted in a third challenge in 1903 . With the aim to fend off Lipton 's challenges indefinitely , the NYYC garnered a huge budget for a single cup contender , whose design would be commissioned to Herreshoff again . Improving on the Independence and his previous designs , the new defender Reliance remains the largest race sloop ever built . She featured a ballasted rudder , dual - speed winches below decks , and a cork - decked aluminium topside that hid running rigging . The design focus on balance was exemplary , but the extreme yacht also required the skills of an excellent skipper , which defaulted choice options to Charlie Barr . Facing the equally bold challenger Shamrock III , Barr led the Reliance to victory in just three races .
Spanish–American War
The US annexed the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . The notion of the United States as an imperial power , with colonies , was hotly debated domestically with President McKinley and the Pro-Imperialists winning their way over vocal opposition led by Democrat William Jennings Bryan , who had supported the war . The American public largely supported the possession of colonies , but there were many outspoken critics such as Mark Twain , who wrote The War Prayer in protest .
We Didn't Start the Fire
Richard Nixon back again : Former Vice President Nixon is elected President in 1968 . 1969
United States presidential election, 1800
Hamilton appears to have hoped in 1796 that his influence within an Adams administration would be as great or greater than in Washington 's . By 1800 , Hamilton had come to realize that Adams was too independent and thought the Federalist vice presidential candidate , Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina , more suited to serving Hamilton 's interests . In his third sabotage attempt toward Adams , Hamilton quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the presidency . Given Pinckney 's lack of political experience , he would have been expected to be open to Hamilton 's influence . However , Hamilton 's plan backfired and hurt the Federalist party , particularly after one of his letters , a scathing criticism of Adams that was fifty - four pages long , fell into the hands of a Democratic - Republican and soon after became public . It embarrassed Adams and damaged Hamilton 's efforts on behalf of Pinckney , not to mention speeding Hamilton 's own political decline . Selection
Trump Tower
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Spain and the American Revolutionary War
The expedition sailed from Jamaica on February 3 , 1780 , escorted by twenty - one year - old Captain Horatio Nelson in the Hinchinbrook . Nelson was the highest - ranking officer present , but his authority was limited to naval operations . The overall commander was Captain ( local rank of major ) John Polson of the 60th Regiment , who recognized young Nelson 's abilities and worked closely with him . Polson had about three to four hundred regulars of the 60th and the 79th Regiments , about 300 men of the Loyal Irish Corps raised by Dalling , as well as several hundred local recruits , including blacks and Miskito Indians .
Flag of the United States
The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . Benjamin Franklin once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the Company 's flag by the United States as their national flag . He said to George Washington , `` While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design , it need not be entirely new in its elements . There is already in use a flag , I refer to the flag of the East India Company . '' This was a way of symbolising American loyalty to the Crown as well as the United States ' aspirations to be self - governing , as was the East India Company . Some colonists also felt that the Company could be a powerful ally in the American War of Independence , as they shared similar aims and grievances against the British government tax policies . Colonists therefore flew the Company 's flag , to endorse the Company .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Believing it was time to abandon the conservative ISU , Curran began recruiting members for a new rival union . The level of organizing was so intense that hundreds of ships delayed sailing as seamen listened to organizers and signed union cards . The ISU 's official publication , The Seamen 's Journal , suggested Curran 's `` sudden disenchantment '' with the ISU was odd , since he 'd only been a `` member of the union for one year during his seafaring career . ''
Conscription in the United States
Ben Salmon was a nationally known political activist who encouraged men not to register and personally refused to comply with the draft procedures . He rejected the Army Review Board proposal that he do noncombatant farm work . Sentenced to 25 years in prison , he again refused a proposed desk job . He was pardoned and released in November 1920 with a `` dishonorable discharge '' .
France in the American Revolutionary War
Silas Deane , appointed by the Americans , and , helped by French animosity towards Britain , obtained unofficial aid , starting in early 1776 . However , the goal was the total involvement of France in the war . A new delegation composed of Franklin , Deane , and Arthur Lee , was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations . Franklin , age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries , served as the chief diplomat with the title of `` minister '' ( the term `` ambassador '' was not used ) . He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress , and met with many leading diplomats , aristocrats , intellectuals , scientists and financiers . Franklin 's image and writings caught the French imagination -- there were many images of him sold on the market -- and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France . When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser , Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against Prussia in line with the Franco - Austrian Alliance . France refused , causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour . Under these conditions , asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible . Attempts to rally Spain also failed : Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains , and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies .
General of the Army (United States)
George Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of Armies on March 15 , 1978 by Secretary of the Army Clifford Alexander . In relation to America 's Bicentennial celebration , Congress passed legislation on January 19 , 1976 urging Washington 's promotion and President Gerald Ford approved it in October , 1976 , but historians found that Congressional and Presidential actions were not enough and that the Army had to issue orders to make the promotion official . According to Public Law 94 - 479 , General of the Armies of the United States is established as having `` rank and precedence over all other grades of the Army , past or present '' , clearly making it superior in grade to General of the Army . Washington will always be the most senior general of the United States . During his lifetime , Washington was appointed a general in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War , and a three - star lieutenant general in the Regular Army during the Quasi-War with France .
Confederate States of America
Military leaders of the Confederacy ( with their state or country of birth and highest rank ) included :
Flag of the United States
The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the use , display , and disposal of the flag . For example , the flag should never be dipped to any person or thing , unless it is the ensign responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation . This tradition may come from the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , where countries were asked to dip their flag to King Edward VII : the American flag bearer did not . Team captain Martin Sheridan is famously quoted as saying `` this flag dips to no earthly king '' , though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear . A
List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson
In 2007 , Jackson visited the United States Army base south of Tokyo and was commemorated with a letter of appreciation from the Colonel .
Aye aye, sir
2 ) HR : ' Have you field - stripped your rifle today ? '
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
Additionally , Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end in a non-speaking role as Elizabeth Swann , Will 's wife and Henry 's mother . Adam Brown , Danny Kirrane , and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack 's crew , and in the prison scene , Paul McCartney briefly appears as Jack 's paternal uncle , Uncle Jack . Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence . A silhouette of Davy Jones , one of the series ' former villains , is seen in the post-credits scene , but his portrayer Bill Nighy stated that he was not informed about the character 's appearance . Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey .
The Tuskegee Airmen
A congressional hearing of the House Armed Services Committee is convened to determine whether the Tuskegee Airmen `` experiment '' should continue . Charged with being incompetent , a medical study is used to claim that `` Negroes are incapable of handling complex machinery . '' The hearing decides in the Tuskegee Airmen 's favor , due to testimony by their commanding officer , Lt. Col. Benjamin O. Davis ( Andre Braugher ) , and the 99th Pursuit Squadron joins two new squadrons out of Tuskegee to form the all - black 332nd Fighter Group , under the now Col. Benjamin O. Davis .
World War I
Voicing these sentiments did not hinder Smith - Dorrien 's career , or prevent him from doing his duty in World War I to the best of his abilities . Possible
Great Scott
Mark Twain also uses the phrase to reference Sir Walter Scott and his writing . Twain 's disdain for Scott is evident in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1889 ) , in which the main character repeatedly utters `` great Scott '' as an oath , and in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884 ) , where he names a sinking boat the Walter Scott .
France in the American Revolutionary War
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History of the Buffalo Bills
Harry Wismer , who was to own the Titans of New York franchise , reached out to insurance salesman and automobile heir Ralph C. Wilson , Jr. to see if he was interested in joining the upstart league . ( Both Wismer and Wilson were minority owners of NFL franchises at the time : Wilson part - owned the Detroit Lions , while Wismer was a small partner in the Washington Redskins but had little power due to majority owner George Preston Marshall 's near - iron fist over the team and the league ) . Wilson agreed to field a team in the new league , with the words `` Count me in . I 'll take a franchise anywhere you suggest . '' Hunt gave him the choice of six cities : Miami , Buffalo , Cincinnati , St. Louis , Atlanta , or Louisville , Kentucky . Wilson 's first choice was Miami , but city officials there were wary of an upstart league after the failure of the Miami Seahawks over a decade prior and rejected the idea . ( Once the AFL established itself , the city reversed its stance and allowed the Miami Dolphins to reside in the city . ) In WWII , Ralph Wilson served aboard a Minesweeper , the YMS - 29 , serving in the Mediterranean . Wilson was an Executive officer to the ship 's Captain , Buffalo native George E. Schaaf . Wilson remembered the Buffalo team in the old NFL and remembered his old ship 's Captain was from Buffalo . Ralph Wilson reached out to the General Construction Contractor , George E. Schaaf who still resided there . Schaaf assured Wilson that pro-football interest was significant in Buffalo and assembled a coalition of key Buffalo figures who were able to interest Wilson in bringing the AFL franchise to Buffalo . Attorney Paul Crotty ( father of Paul A. Crotty and a powerful Buffalo political figure ) negotiated a sweetheart deal with Civic Stadium in Buffalo , offering Wilson full control of the venue and a deep discount on rent . Their efforts to lobby Wilson to come to Buffalo were successful , and Wilson sent Hunt a telegram with the now - famous words , `` Count me in with Buffalo . ''
Iowa-class battleship
In 1980 , Ronald Reagan was elected President , with a plan to rebuild the US military as a counter to the increasing military power of the Soviet Union as one of his benchmark commitments . At the time , the Soviet Navy was in the process of commissioning a class of missile cruiser the like of which had not been seen for decades -- the Kirov - class was the largest type of surface warship ( other than aircraft carriers or amphibious assault vessels ) built since World War II , and the US had not envisioned building anything like it . As a consequence , as part of Reagan 's 600 - ship Navy policy and to act as a counter to the Kirov - class , the US Navy began the process of reactivating the four Iowa - class units and modernizing them for service in the 1980s . Iowa
Rory McIlroy
* As of the 2017 season . ^ McIlroy was not a member of the PGA Tour in 2007 , 2009 or 2011 so he was not included on the money list or the scoring average list .
Secession in the United States
Writing in 1824 , exactly midway between the fall of the Articles of Confederation and the rise of a second self - described American Confederacy , ( Chief Justice John ) Marshall summarized the issue nicely : `` Reference has been made to the political situation of these states , anterior to ( the Constitution 's ) formation . It has been said that they were sovereign , were completely independent , and were connected with each other only by a league . This is true . But , when these allied sovereigns converted their league into a government , when they converted their congress of ambassadors , deputed to deliberate on their common concerns , and to recommend measures of general utility , into a legislature , empowered to enact laws on the most interesting subjects , the whole character in which the states appear underwent a change . ''
United States presidential inauguration
23rd 000000001877 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1877 ( Monday ) hayes ! Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes East Portico , U.S. Capitol waitea ! Morrison Waite , Chief Justice of the United States 2486 words Full text 24 ! 24th 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1881 ( Friday ) garfield ! Inauguration of James A. Garfield East Portico , U.S. Capitol waiteb ! Morrison Waite , Chief Justice 2979 words Full text 83 ! -- 000000001881 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1881 ( Tuesday ) arthur ! Inauguration of Chester A. Arthur ( Extraordinary inauguration ) Chester A. Arthur Home , New York , New York brady ! John R. Brady , Justice of the New York Supreme Court -- 25 ! 25th 000000001885 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1885 ( Wednesday ) clevelanda ! First inauguration of Grover Cleveland East Portico , U.S. Capitol waitec ! Morrison Waite , Chief Justice 1686 words Full text 26 ! 26th 000000001889 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1889 ( Monday ) harrisonb ! Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison East Portico , U.S. Capitol fullera ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice of the United States 4392 words Full text 27 ! 27th 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1893 ( Saturday ) clevelandb ! Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland East Portico , U.S. Capitol fullerb ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice 2015 words Full text 28 ! 28th 000000001897 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1897 ( Thursday ) mckinleya ! First inauguration of William McKinley Front of original Senate Wing U.S. Capitol fullerc ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice 3968 words Full text 29 ! 29th 000000001901 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1901 ( Monday ) mckinleyb ! Second inauguration of William McKinley East Portico , U.S. Capitol fullerd ! Melville Fuller , Chief Justice 2218 words Full text 84 !
America's Cup
In 1992 , USA - 23 of the America3 team , skippered by billionaire Bill Koch and sailing legend Harry `` Buddy '' Melges , defeated the Italian challenger Il Moro ITA - 25 , owned by billionaire Raul Gardini 's Il Moro di Venezia , 4 -- 1 .
Key West, Florida
During his stay he wrote or worked on Death in the Afternoon , For Whom the Bell Tolls , The Snows of Kilimanjaro , and The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber . He used Depression - era Key West as one of the locations in To Have and Have Not -- his only novel with scenes that occur in the United States .
United States in World War I
Both the regular army and the Preparedness leaders had a low opinion of the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , provincial , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of the US political economy . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted black men on an equal footing with white men .
United States presidential inauguration
Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice of the United States 3843 words Full text 14 ! 14th 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1841 ( Thursday ) harrisonw ! Inauguration of William Henry Harrison East Portico , U.S. Capitol tanneyb ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 8640 words Full text 80 ! -- 000000001841 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1841 ( Tuesday ) tyler ! Inauguration of John Tyler ( Extraordinary inauguration ) Brown 's Indian Queen Hotel , Washington , D.C. crancha ! William Cranch Chief Judge , U.S. Circuit Court of the District of Columbia -- 15 ! 15th 000000001845 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1845 ( Tuesday ) polk ! Inauguration of James K. Polk East Portico , U.S. Capitol tanneyc ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 4809 words Full text 16 ! 16th 000000001849 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1849 ( Monday ) taylor ! Inauguration of Zachary Taylor East Portico , U.S. Capitol tanneyd ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 1090 words Full text 81 ! -- 000000001850 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1850 ( Wednesday ) fillmore ! Inauguration of Millard Fillmore ( Extraordinary inauguration ) House Chamber , U.S. Capitol cranchb ! William Cranch Circuit Court Judge -- 17 ! 17th 000000001853 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1853 ( Friday ) pierce ! Inauguration of Franklin Pierce East Portico , U.S. Capitol tanneye ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 3336 words Full text 18 ! 18th 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1857 ( Wednesday ) buchanan ! Inauguration of James Buchanan East Portico , U.S. Capitol tanneyf ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 2831 words Full text 19 ! 19th 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1861 ( Monday ) lincolna !
John C. Calhoun
Calhoun also opposed President Adams ' plan to send a delegation to observe a meeting of South and Central American leaders in Panama , believing that the United States should stay out of foreign affairs . Calhoun became disillusioned with Adams ' high tariff policies and increased centralization of government through a network of `` internal improvements '' , which he now saw as a threat to the rights of the states . Calhoun wrote to Jackson on June 4 , 1826 , informing him that he would support Jackson 's second campaign for the presidency in 1828 . The two were never particularly close friends . Calhoun never fully trusted Jackson , a frontiersman and popular war hero , but hoped that his election would bring some reprieve from Adams 's anti-states ' rights policies . Jackson selected Calhoun as his running mate , and together they defeated Adams and his running mate Richard Rush . Calhoun thus became the second of two vice presidents to serve under two different presidents . The only other man who accomplished this feat was George Clinton , who served as Vice President from 1805 to 1812 under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison .
Charles Dickens
During his American visit , Dickens spent a month in New York City , giving lectures , raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America . He persuaded a group of twenty - five writers , headed by Washington Irving , to sign a petition for him to take to Congress , but the press were generally hostile to this , saying that he should be grateful for his popularity and that it was mercenary to complain about his work being pirated .
America's Cup
Forced to race , and lacking time for preparation , Conner and SDYC looked for a way to prevail . They recognized that a catamaran was not expressly prohibited under the rules . Multihulls , due to a lower wetted surface area and vastly lower mass , are inherently faster than equal - length monohulls . Conner , however , left nothing to chance and commissioned a cutting edge design with a wing sail , named -- as his 12 - metre yachts had been -- Stars and Stripes .