vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Journey to the Center of the Earth
The travellers continue to explore the coastline , and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead . However , it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave - in and two of the three , Hans and the Professor , despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall . The adventurers plan to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast . Upon executing the plan , however , they discover that behind the rockfall was a seemingly bottomless pit , not a passage to the center of the Earth . The travellers are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground . After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water , the raft ends up inside a large volcanic chimney filling with water and magma . Terrified , the three are rushed upwards , through stifling heat , and are ejected onto the surface from a side - vent of a stratovolcano . When they regain consciousness , they discover that they have been ejected from Stromboli , a volcanic island located in southern Italy . They return to Hamburg to great acclaim -- Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history , Axel marries his sweetheart Gräuben , and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland . The Professor has some regret that their journey was cut short .
United States home front during World War II
Early in the war , it became apparent that German U-boats were using the backlighting of coastal cities in the Eastern Seaboard and the South to destroy ships exiting harbors . It became the first duties of civilians recruited for local civilian defense to ensure that lights were either off or thick curtains drawn over all windows at night .
Siege of Yorktown
On the morning of October 16 , more allied guns were in line and the fire intensified . In desperation , Cornwallis attempted to evacuate his troops across the York River to Gloucester Point . At Gloucester Point the troops might be able to break through the allied lines and escape into Virginia and then march to New York . One wave of boats made it across but a squall hit when they returned to take more soldiers across , making the evacuation impossible .
First Battle of the Marne
The Allied Powers and the Germans attempted to take more ground after the `` open '' northern flank had disappeared . The Franco - British attacks towards Lille in October at the battles of La Bassée , Messines and Armentières ( October -- November ) were followed up by attempts to advance between the BEF and the Belgian army by a new French Eighth Army . The moves of the 7th and then the 6th Army from Alsace and Lorraine had been intended to secure German lines of communication through Belgium , where the Belgian army had sortied several times , during the period between the Great Retreat and the Battle of the Marne ; in August , British marines had landed at Dunkirk . In October , a new 4th Army was assembled from the III Reserve Corps , the siege artillery used against Antwerp , and four of the new reserve corps training in Germany . A German offensive began by 21 October but the 4th and 6th Armies were only able to take small amounts of ground , at great cost to both sides at the Battle of the Yser ( 16 -- 31 October ) and further south in the First Battle of Ypres ( 19 October -- 22 November ) . Falkenhayn then attempted to achieve a limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mont Kemmel .
Midwestern United States
By the time of the American Civil War , European immigrants bypassed the East Coast of the United States to settle directly in the interior : German immigrants to Ohio , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Michigan , Illinois , and Missouri ; Irish immigrants to port cities on the Great Lakes , especially Chicago ; Danes , Czechs , Swedes , and Norwegians to Iowa , Nebraska , Wisconsin , Minnesota , and the Dakotas ; and Finns to Upper Michigan and northern / central Minnesota . Poles , Hungarians , and Jews settled in Midwestern cities .
Western Front (World War I)
Despite the German plans to maintain the stalemate with the French and British , Albrecht , Duke of Württemberg , commander of the 4th Army planned an offensive at Ypres , site of the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914 . The Second Battle of Ypres , April 1915 , was intended to divert attention from offensives in the Eastern Front and disrupt Franco - British planning . After a two - day bombardment , the Germans released a cloud of 168 long tons ( 171 t ) of chlorine gas onto the battlefield . Though primarily a powerful irritant , it can asphyxiate in high concentrations or prolonged exposure . Being heavier than air , the gas crept across no man 's land and drifted into the French trenches . The green - yellow cloud started killing some defenders and those in the rear fled in panic , creating an undefended 3.7 - mile ( 6 km ) gap in the Allied line . The Germans were unprepared for the level of their success and lacked sufficient reserves to exploit the opening . Canadian troops on the right drew back their left flank and retarded the German advance . The gas attack was repeated two days later and caused a 3.1 mi ( 5 km ) withdrawal of the Franco - British line but the opportunity had been lost .
Military history of the United States during World War II
On 16 December 1944 , the Germans launched a massive attack westward in the Ardennes forest , along a battlefront extending southwards from Monschau to Echternach , hoping to punch a hole in the Allied lines and capture the Belgian city of Antwerp . The Allies responded slowly , allowing the German attack to create a large `` bulge '' in the Allied lines . In the initial stages of the offensive , American POW 's from the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion were executed at the Malmedy massacre by Nazi SS and Fallschirmjäger .
Western Front (World War I)
From 31 July to 10 November the Third Battle of Ypres included the First Battle of Passchendaele and culminated in the Second Battle of Passchendaele . The battle had the original aim of capturing the ridges east of Ypres then advancing to Roulers and Thourout to close the main rail line supplying the German garrisons on the Western front north of Ypres . If successful the northern armies were then to capture the German submarine bases on the Belgian coast . It was later restricted to advancing the British Army onto the ridges around Ypres , as the unusually wet weather slowed British progress . The Canadian Corps relieved the II ANZAC Corps and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November , despite rain , mud and many casualties . The offensive was costly in manpower for both sides for relatively little gain of ground against determined German resistance but the ground captured was of great tactical importance . In the drier periods , the British advance was inexorable and during the unusually wet August and in the Autumn rains that began in early October , the Germans achieved only costly defensive successes , which led the German commanders in early October to begin preparations for a general retreat . Both sides lost a combined total of over a half million men during this offensive . The battle has become a byword among some British revisionist historians for bloody and futile slaughter , whilst the Germans called Passchendaele `` the greatest martyrdom of the war '' .
First Battle of the Marne
The Fifth Army and the BEF had withdrawn south of the Oise , Serre , Aisne , and Ourq , pursued by the German 2nd Army on a line from Guise to Laon , Vailly , and Dormans and by the 1st Army from Montdidier , towards Compiègne and then south - east towards Montmirail .
First Battle of the Marne
The Battle of the Marne ( French : Première bataille de la Marne , also known as the Miracle of the Marne , Le Miracle de la Marne ) was a World War I battle fought from 6 -- 10 September 1914 . It resulted in an Allied victory against the German armies in the west . The battle was the culmination of the German advance into France and pursuit of the Allied armies which followed the Battle of the Frontiers in August and had reached the eastern outskirts of Paris . A counter-attack by six French armies and the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) along the Marne River forced the Imperial German Army to retreat north - west , leading to the First Battle of the Aisne and the Race to the Sea . The battle was a victory for the Allied Powers but led to four years of trench warfare stalemate on the Western Front .
Western Front (World War I)
The Germans turned their focus to Le Mort Homme on the west bank of the Meuse which blocked the route to French artillery emplacements , from which the French fired across the river . After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign , the hill was taken by the Germans in late May . After a change in French command at Verdun from the defensive - minded Philippe Pétain to the offensive - minded Robert Nivelle , the French attempted to re-capture Fort Douaumont on 22 May but were easily repulsed . The Germans captured Fort Vaux on 7 June and with the aid of diphosgene gas , came within 1 kilometre ( 1,100 yd ) of the last ridge before Verdun before being contained on 23 June .
Western Front (World War I)
On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery - fire ( aiming artillery without firing the guns to obtain target data ) at the Battle of Cambrai . The Allies attacked with 324 tanks ( with one - third held in reserve ) and twelve divisions , advancing behind a hurricane bombardment , against two German divisions . The machines carried fascines on their fronts to bridge trenches and the 13 ft ( 4 m ) German tank traps . Special `` grapnel tanks '' towed hooks to pull away the German barbed wire . The attack was a great success for the British , who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four months , at a cost of only 4,000 British casualties . The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November , which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north . Despite the reversal , the attack was seen as a success by the Allies , proving that tanks could overcome trench defences . The Germans realised that the use of tanks by the Allies posed a new threat to any defensive strategy they might mount . The battle had also seen the first mass use of German stosstruppen on the Western front in the attack , who used infantry infiltration tactics to penetrate British defences , bypassing resistance and quickly advancing into the British rear .
Military history of the United States during World War II
However , at Omaha the Germans had prepared the beaches with land mines , Czech hedgehogs and Belgian Gates in anticipation of the invasion . Intelligence prior to the landings had placed the less experienced German 714th Division in charge of the defense of the beach . However , the highly trained and experienced 352nd moved in days before the invasion . As a result , the soldiers from the 1st and 29th Infantry Divisions became pinned down by superior enemy fire immediately after leaving their landing craft . In some instances , entire landing craft full of men were mowed down by the well - positioned German defenses . As the casualties mounted , the soldiers formed impromptu units and advanced inland .
World War I
British and French trenches were penetrated using novel infiltration tactics , also named Hutier tactics , after General Oskar von Hutier , by specially trained units called stormtroopers . Previously , attacks had been characterised by long artillery bombardments and massed assaults . However , in the Spring Offensive of 1918 , Ludendorff used artillery only briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points . They attacked command and logistics areas and bypassed points of serious resistance . More heavily armed infantry then destroyed these isolated positions . This German success relied greatly on the element of surprise .
Hyperinflation
Observing the Austrian response to developing hyperinflation , which included the hoarding of food and the speculation in foreign currencies , Owen S. Phillpotts , the Commercial Secretary at the British Legation in Vienna wrote : `` The Austrians are like men on a ship who can not manage it , and are continually signalling for help . While waiting , however , most of them begin to cut rafts , each for himself , out of the sides and decks . The ship has not yet sunk despite the leaks so caused , and those who have acquired stores of wood in this way may use them to cook their food , while the more seamanlike look on cold and hungry . The population lack courage and energy as well as patriotism . ''
Western Front (World War I)
The Allies lacked unity of command and suffered from morale and manpower problems , the British and French armies were severely depleted and not in a position to attack in the first half of the year , while the majority of the newly arrived American troops were still training , with just six complete divisions in the line . Ludendorff decided on an offensive strategy beginning with a big attack against the British on the Somme , to separate them from the French and drive them back to the channel ports . The attack would combine the new storm troop tactics with a over 700 aircraft , tanks and a carefully planned artillery barrage that would include gas attacks .
Second Battle of the Marne
The Allied preparation was very important in countering the German offensive . It was believed that the Allies had the complete picture of the German offensive in terms of intentions and capabilities . The Allies knew the key points of the German plan down to the minute . There is a legend , possibly true , that engineer Cpt . Hunter Grant , along with the help of engagement coordinator and engineer Cpt . Page , devised a deceptive ruse . A briefcase with false plans for an American countererattack was handcuffed to a man who had died of pneumonia and placed in a vehicle which appeared to have run off the road at a German - controlled bridge . The Germans , on finding and being taken in by these plans , then adjusted their attack to thwart the false Allied plan . Consequently , the French and American forces led by Foch were able to unleash a different attack on exposed parts of the enemy lines , leaving the Germans with no choice but to retreat . This engagement marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that was never effectively reversed . In September 1918 nine American divisions ( about 243,000 men ) joined four French divisions to push the Germans from the St. Mihiel salient .
War of the Austrian Succession
The British -- by inclination as well as for pragmatic reasons -- had tended to avoid large - scale commitments of troops on the Continent . They sought to offset the disadvantage this created in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies , particularly France . In the War of the Austrian Succession , the British were allied with Austria ; by the time of the Seven Years ' War , they were allied with its enemy , Prussia . In marked contrast to France , Britain strove to actively prosecute the war in the colonies once it became involved in the war , taking full advantage of its naval power . The British pursued a dual strategy of naval blockade and bombardment of enemy ports , and also utilized their ability to move troops by sea to the utmost . They would harass enemy shipping and attack enemy outposts , frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort . This plan worked better in North America than in Europe , but set the stage for the Seven Years ' War .
Siege
Once siege guns were developed , the techniques for assaulting a town or fortress became well known and ritualized . The attacking army would surround a town . Then the town would be asked to surrender . If they did not comply , the besieging army would surround the town with temporary fortifications to stop sallies from the stronghold or relief getting in . The attackers would then build a length of trenches parallel to the defences ( these are known as the `` First parallel '' ) and just out of range of the defending artillery . They would then dig a trench ( known as a Forward ) towards the town in a zigzag pattern so that it could not be enfiladed by defending fire . Once within artillery range , another parallel ( the Second Parallel ) trench would be dug with gun emplacements . This technique is commonly called entrenchment .
Frank Worsley
Waiting for October was not acceptable to Shackleton who , desperately concerned for the men on Elephant Island , continued to search for a ship . The British Foreign Office prevailed on the governments of Uruguay , Chile and Argentina for a suitable vessel . The Uruguayans came forward with a small survey ship , and this was sailed to within sight of Elephant Island before it too had to turn back . An effort with an Argentinean vessel which set sail on 12 July also failed after three weeks of atrocious weather . Chile offered the use of the Yelcho , and on this steel - hulled steamer , Shackleton , Worsley and Crean set out with a crew on 25 August . Fortunately , in contrast to their previous attempt , the weather was mild and on 30 August , they reached Elephant Island where , to their great joy , they found all 22 men left behind alive . Within an hour all were retrieved and , not wanting to risk being trapped by ice , the Yelcho quickly departed for Punta Arenas , where it was greeted with great fanfare . Worsley later wrote : `` ... I was always sorry for the twenty - two men who lived in that horrible place for four months of misery while we were away on the boat journey , and the four attempts at rescue ending with their joyful relief . ''
Peninsular War
Although the Prince Regent had attempted to placate Napoleon , he never cut his links with the British . As Junot 's army loomed closer , John dithered between offering complete submission and fleeing to Brazil . Finally , Adm. Smith produced a 13 October edition of the Paris Moniteur , which declared that the House of Braganza had been deposed . At this , John made up his mind to escape . He loaded his family , courtiers , state papers and treasure aboard the fleet . He was joined in flight by many nobles , merchants and others . With 15 warships and more than 20 transports , the fleet of refugees weighed anchor on 29 November and set sail for the colony of Brazil . The flight had been so chaotic that 14 carts loaded with treasure were left behind on the docks .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The objective of the attacking American forces was consolidation of the U.S. beachheads ( Utah Beach and Omaha Beach ) and establishment of a continuous defensive line against expected German counterattacks . The defending German force attempted to hold the city long enough to allow reinforcements on route from the south to arrive , prevent or delay the merging of the lodgments , and keep the U.S. First Army from launching an attack towards Lessay - Périers that would cut off the Cotentin Peninsula .
World War II
During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa .
First Battle of the Marne
Gronau ordered the II Corps to move back to the north bank of the Marne , which began a redeployment of all four 1st Army corps to the north bank which continued until 8 September . The swift move to the north bank prevented the Sixth Army from crossing the Ourcq . In this move against the French threat from the west , von Kluck ignored the Franco - British forces advancing from the south against his left flank and opened a 50 - kilometre ( 30 mi ) gap in the German lines between the 1st Army and the 2nd Army on its left ( east ) . Allied air reconnaissance observed German forces moving north to face the Sixth Army and discovered the gap .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
A long and winding route had to be taken to reach topside ; the steerage - class accommodation , located on C through G decks , was at the extreme ends of the decks , and so was the farthest away from the lifeboats . By contrast , the first - class accommodation was located on the upper decks and so was nearest . Proximity to the lifeboats thus became a key factor in determining who got into them . To add to the difficulty , many of the steerage passengers did not understand or speak English . It was perhaps no coincidence that English - speaking Irish immigrants were disproportionately represented among the steerage passengers who survived . Many of those who did survive owed their lives to third - class steward John Edward Hart , who organised three trips into the ship 's interior to escort groups of third - class passengers up to the boat deck . Others made their way through open barriers or climbed emergency ladders .
World War II
Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security .
Themistocles
Themistocles now developed a second strategy . The route to southern Greece ( Boeotia , Attica and the Peloponnesus ) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of Thermopylae . This could easily be blocked by the Greek hoplites , despite the overwhelming numbers of Persians ; furthermore , to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea , the Athenian and allied navies could block the straits of Artemisium . However , after the Tempe debacle , it was uncertain whether the Spartans would be willing to march out from the Peloponnesus again . To persuade the Spartans to defend Attica , Themistocles had to show them that the Athenians were willing to do everything necessary for the success of the alliance . In short , the entire Athenian fleet must be dispatched to Artemisium .