vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Women's March on Versailles
At about one o'clock in the afternoon of 6 October 1789 , the vast throng escorted the royal family and a complement of one hundred deputies back to the capital , this time with the armed National Guards leading the way . By now the mass of people had grown to over sixty thousand , and the return trip took about nine hours . The procession could seem merry at times , as guardsmen hoisted up loaves of bread stuck on the tips of their bayonets , and some of the market women rode gleefully astride the captured cannon . Yet , even as the crowd sang pleasantries about their `` Good Papa '' , their violent mentality could not be misread ; celebratory gunshots flew over the royal carriage and some marchers even carried pikes bearing the heads of the slaughtered Versailles guards . A sense of victory over the ancien régime was imbued in the parade , and it was understood by all that the king was now fully at the service of the people . The
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look . One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , `` If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired . '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider .
The Rite of Spring
At that time , a Parisian ballet audience typically consisted of two diverse groups : the wealthy and fashionable set , who would be expecting to see a traditional performance with beautiful music , and a `` Bohemian '' group who , the poet - philosopher Jean Cocteau asserted , would `` acclaim , right or wrong , anything that is new because of their hatred of the boxes '' . Monteux believed that the trouble began when the two factions began attacking each other , but their mutual anger was soon diverted towards the orchestra : `` Everything available was tossed in our direction , but we continued to play on '' . Around forty of the worst offenders were ejected -- possibly with the intervention of the police , although this is uncorroborated . Through all the disturbances the performance continued without interruption . Things grew noticeably quieter during Part II , and by some accounts Maria Piltz 's rendering of the final `` Sacrificial Dance '' was watched in reasonable silence . At the end there were several curtain calls for the dancers , for Monteux and the orchestra , and for Stravinsky and Nijinsky before the evening 's programme continued .
French Revolution
The Reign of Terror ultimately weakened the revolutionary government , while temporarily ending internal opposition . The Jacobins expanded the size of the army , and Carnot replaced many aristocratic officers with soldiers who had demonstrated their patriotism , if not their ability . The Republican army repulsed the Austrians , Prussians , British , and Spanish . At the end of 1793 , the army began to prevail and revolts were defeated with ease . The Ventôse Decrees ( February -- March 1794 ) proposed the confiscation of the goods of exiles and opponents of the Revolution , and their redistribution to the needy . However , this policy was never fully implemented .
Minstrel show
The rise of the minstrel show coincided with the growth of the abolitionist movement . Many Northerners were concerned for the oppressed blacks of the South , but most had no idea how these slaves lived day - to - day . Blackface performance had been inconsistent on this subject ; some slaves were happy , others victims of a cruel and inhuman institution . However , in the 1850s minstrelsy became decidedly mean - spirited and pro-slavery as race replaced class as its main focus . Most minstrels projected a greatly romanticized and exaggerated image of black life with cheerful , simple slaves always ready to sing and dance and to please their masters . ( Less frequently , the masters cruelly split up black lovers or sexually assaulted black women . ) The lyrics and dialogue were generally racist , satiric , and largely white in origin . Songs about slaves yearning to return to their masters were plentiful . The message was clear : do not worry about the slaves ; they are happy with their lot in life . Figures like the Northern dandy and the homesick ex-slave reinforced the idea that blacks did not belong , nor did they want to belong , in Northern society .
Chartism
With O'Connor elected an MP and Europe swept by revolution , it was hardly surprising that Chartism re-emerged as a powerful force in 1848 . On 10 April 1848 , a new Chartist Convention organised a mass meeting on Kennington Common , which would form a procession to present a third petition to Parliament . The estimate of the number of attendees varies depending on the sources ( O'Connor said 300,000 ; the government , 15,000 ; The Observer newspaper suggested 50,000 ) . Historians say 150,000 . The authorities were well aware that the Chartists had no intention of staging an uprising , but were still intent on a large - scale display of force to counter the challenge . 100,000 special constables were recruited to bolster the police force . In any case , the meeting was peaceful . The military had threatened to intervene if working people made any attempt to cross the Thames , and the petition was delivered to Parliament by a small group of Chartist leaders . The Chartists declared that their petition was signed by 6 million people , but House of Commons clerks announced that it was a lesser figure of 1.9 million . In truth , the clerks could not have done their work in the time allocated to them ; but their figure was widely reported , along with some of the pseudonyms appended to the petition such as `` Punch '' and `` Sibthorp '' ( an ultra-Tory MP ) , and the credibility of Chartism was undermined .
Chartism
Three and half millions have quietly , orderly , soberly , peaceably but firmly asked of their rulers to do justice ; and their rulers have turned a deaf ear to that protest . Three and a half millions of people have asked permission to detail their wrongs , and enforce their claims for RIGHT , and the ' House ' has resolved they should not be heard ! Three and a half millions of the slave - class have holden out the olive branch of peace to the enfranchised and privileged classes and sought for a firm and compact union , on the principle of EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW ; and the enfranchised and privileged have refused to enter into a treaty ! The same class is to be a slave class still . The mark and brand of inferiority is not to be removed . The assumption of inferiority is still to be maintained . The people are not to be free .
Ciompi Revolt
Jump up ^ Samuel K. Cohn , Jr. , Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe : Italy , France , and Flanders ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 ) , p. 201 Jump up ^ Samuel K. Cohn , Jr. , The Laboring Classes in Renaissance Florence ( New York : Academic Press , 1980 ) , p. 67 Jump up ^ L.F. Marks , `` Fourteenth - Century Democracy in Florence . '' Past and Present 25 ( July 1963 ) : p. 80 Jump up ^ Samuel K. Cohn , Jr. , Creating the Florentine State ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Cohn , Popular Protest , p. 202 Jump up ^ Mollat , Michel , and Philippe Wolff . The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages . ( London : Allen & Unwin , 1973 ) . p. 143 Jump up ^ Farr , James Richard . Artisans in Europe , 1300 - 1914 . ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Mollat , Michel , and Philippe Wolff . The Popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages . ( London : Allen & Unwin , 1973 ) . p. 147 Jump up ^ Phillips , Mark . Barefoot Boy Makes Good : A Study of Machiavelli 's Histography . Medieval Academy of America . 59 , No. 3 ( 1984 ) : p. 601 ^ Jump up to : Phillips , p. 599 Jump up ^ Yves Winter , `` Plebeian Politics : Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising , '' Political Theory 40 , no . 6 ( 2012 ) : p. 737 Jump up ^ L.F. Marks , `` Fourteenth - Century Democracy in Florence , '' Past and Present 25 ( July 1963 ) : p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 78 Jump up ^ John M. Najemy , A History of Florence ( Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing , 2008 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Marks , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 80 Jump up ^ Marks , p.
Dyatlov Pass incident
There were no animal tracks and the group would not have abandoned the relative security of the tent .
English contract law
The royal courts , fixed to meet in London by the Magna Carta 1215 , accepted claims for `` trespass on the case '' ( more like a tort today ) . A jury would be called , and no wager of law was needed , but some breach of the King 's peace had to be alleged . Gradually , the courts allowed claims where there had been no real trouble , no tort with `` force of arms '' ( vi et armis ) , but it was still necessary to put this in the pleading . For instance , in 1317 one Simon de Rattlesdene alleged he was sold a tun of wine that was contaminated with salt water and , quite fictitiously , this was said to be done `` with force and arms , namely with swords and bows and arrows '' . The Court of Chancery and the King 's Bench slowly started to allow claims without the fictitious allegation of force and arms from around 1350 . An action for simple breach of a covenant ( a solemn promise ) had required production of formal proof of the agreement with a seal . However , in The Humber Ferryman 's case a claim was allowed , without any documentary evidence , against a ferryman who dropped a horse overboard that he was contracted to carry across the River Humber . Despite this liberalisation , in the 1200s a threshold of 40 shillings for a dispute 's value had been created . Though its importance tapered away with inflation over the years , it foreclosed court access to most people . Moreover , freedom to contract was firmly suppressed among the peasantry . After the Black Death , the Statute of Labourers 1351 prevented any increase in workers ' wages fuelling , among other things , the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 . Merchants
National Convention
The Montagnards attempted to reassure the middle classes by rejecting any idea of terror , by protecting property rights , and by restricting the popular movement to very narrowly circumscribed limits . It was a delicate balance to achieve , a balance that was destroyed in July by the worsening of the crisis . The Convention rapidly approved the new constitution , hoping to clear itself of the charge of dictatorship and calm the anxieties of the departments .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
However , Near also noted an exception , allowing prior restraint in cases such as `` publication of sailing dates of transports or the number or location of troops '' . This exception was a key point in another landmark case four decades later : New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 ) , in which the administration of President Richard Nixon sought to ban the publication of the Pentagon Papers , classified government documents about the Vietnam War secretly copied by analyst Daniel Ellsberg . The Court found , 6 -- 3 , that the Nixon administration had not met the heavy burden of proof required for prior restraint . Justice Brennan , drawing on Near in a concurrent opinion , wrote that `` only governmental allegation and proof that publication must inevitably , directly , and immediately cause the occurrence of an evil kindred to imperiling the safety of a transport already at sea can support even the issuance of an interim restraining order . '' Justices Black and Douglas went still further , writing that prior restraints were never justified .
Dyatlov Pass incident
About this , Eichar states that it is `` highly implausible . By all indications , the group was largely harmonious and sexual tension was confined to platonic flirtation and crushes . There were no drugs present and the only alcohol was a small flask of medicinal alcohol , found intact at the scene . The group had even sworn off cigarettes for the expedition . '' Furthermore , a fight could not have left the massive injuries that one body had suffered .
National Convention
Thus the struggle within the Convention continued without results . The decision was to come from outside . Journées
Medieval music
The Geisslerlieder were the songs of wandering bands of flagellants , who sought to appease the wrath of an angry God by penitential music accompanied by mortification of their bodies . There were two separate periods of activity of Geisslerlied : one around the middle of the thirteenth century , from which , unfortunately , no music survives ( although numerous lyrics do ) ; and another from 1349 , for which both words and music survive intact due to the attention of a single priest who wrote about the movement and recorded its music . This second period corresponds to the spread of the Black Death in Europe , and documents one of the most terrible events in European history . Both periods of Geisslerlied activity were mainly in Germany .
Dyatlov Pass incident
The location of the incident did not have any obvious signs of an avalanche having taken place . An avalanche would have left certain patterns and debris distributed over a wide area . The bodies found within ten days of the event were covered with a very shallow layer of snow and , had there been an avalanche of sufficient strength to sweep away the second party , these bodies would have been swept away as well ; this would have caused more serious and different injuries in the process and would have damaged the tree line . Over 100 expeditions to the region were held since the incident , and none of them ever reported conditions that might create an avalanche . A study of the area using up - to - date terrain - related physics revealed that the location was entirely unlikely for such an avalanche to have occurred . The `` dangerous conditions '' found in another nearby area ( which had significantly steeper slopes and cornices ) were observed in April and May when the snowfalls of winter were melting . During February , when the incident occurred , there were no such conditions . An analysis of the terrain , the slope and the incline indicates that even if there could have been a very specific avalanche that circumvents the other criticisms , its trajectory would have bypassed the tent . It had collapsed laterally but not horizontally . Dyatlov was an experienced skier and the much older Alexander Zolotaryov was studying for his Masters Certificate in ski instruction and mountain hiking . Neither of these two men would have been likely to camp anywhere in the path of a potential avalanche .
Southern strategy
Kotlowski argues that Nixon 's overall civil rights record was on the whole responsible and that Nixon tended to seek the middle ground . He campaigned as a moderate in 1968 , pitching his appeal to the widest range of voters . Furthermore , he continued this strategy as President . As a matter of principle , says Kotlowski , he supported integration of schools . However , Nixon chose not to antagonize Southerners who opposed it and left enforcement to the judiciary , which had originated the issue in the first place . In particular , Kotlowski believes historians have been somewhat misled by Nixon 's rhetorical Southern strategy that had limited influence on actual policies . Valentino and Sears state that other scholars downplay the role of racial prejudice even in contemporary racial politics . They write that `` ( a ) quarter century ago , what counted was who a policy would benefit , blacks or whites '' ( Sniderman and Piazza ; 1993 ; 4 -- 5 ) while `` the contemporary debate over racial policy is driven primarily by conflict over what the government should try to do , and only secondarily over what it should try to do for blacks '' ( emphasis in original ) , so `` prejudice is very far from a dominating factor in the contemporary politics of race '' . ( Sniderman and Carmines ; 1997 ; 4 , 73 )
Active and passive citizens
Passive citizens could be aware of political arena by reading newspapers and even by attending political meetings . Political groups and clubs arose as the Revolution progressed . These groups began to hold organized demonstrations and circulated petitions . Newspapers of the time had a lot of political influence .
Paul Revere
Although Revere was not one of the `` Loyal Nine '' -- organizers of the earliest protests against the Stamp Act -- he was well connected with its members , who were laborers and artisans . Revere did not participate in some of the more raucous protests , such as the attack on the home of Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson . In 1765 , a group of militants who would become known as the `` Sons of Liberty '' formed , of which Revere was a member . From 1765 on , in support of the dissident cause , he produced engravings and other artifacts with political themes . Among these engravings are a depiction of the arrival of British troops in 1768 ( which he termed `` an insolent parade '' ) and a famous depiction of the March 1770 Boston Massacre ( see illustration ) . Although the latter was engraved by Revere and he included the inscription , `` Engraved , Printed , & Sold by Paul Revere Boston '' , it was modeled on a drawing by Henry Pelham , and Revere 's engraving of the drawing was colored by a third man and printed by a fourth . Revere also produced a bowl commemorating the Massachusetts assembly 's refusal to retract the Massachusetts Circular Letter . ( This letter , adopted in response to the 1767 Townshend Acts , called for united colonial action against the acts . King George III had issued a demand for its retraction . ) The
French Revolution
On 2 June 1793 , the Convention 's session in Tuileries Palace degenerated into chaos and pandemonium . Crowds of people swarmed in and around the palace . Incessant screaming from the public galeries suggested that all of Paris was against the Girondins . Petitions circulated , indicting and condemning 22 Girondins . Barère , member of the Comité de salut public , suggested : to end this division which is harming the Republic , the Girondin leaders should lay down their offices voluntarily . Late that night after much more tumultuous debate , dozens of Girondins had resigned and left the Convention . Abounding
Peninsular War
Hatred of the French and devotion to God , King and Fatherland were not the only reason to join the Partisans . The French imposed restrictions on movement and on many traditional aspects of street life , so opportunities to find alternative sources of income were limited -- industry was at a standstill and many señores were unable to pay their existing retainers and domestic servants , and could not take on new staff . Hunger and despair reigned on all sides . Because the military record was so dismal , many Spanish politicians and publicists took exaggerated comfort from the activities of the guerrillas and elevated them to the status of national heroes , while the issue was exploited by factions determined to argue that the struggle against Napoleon was a people 's war .
Secession in the United States
The right of revolution expressed in the Declaration was immediately followed with the observation that long - practised injustice is tolerated until sustained assaults on the rights of the entire people have accumulated enough force to oppress them ; then they may defend themselves . This reasoning was not original to the Declaration , but can be found in many prior political writings : Locke 's Two Treatises of Government ( 1690 ) ; the Fairfax Resolves of 1774 ; Jefferson 's own Summary View of the Rights of British America ; the first Constitution of Virginia , which was enacted five days prior to the Declaration . and Thomas Paine 's Common Sense ( 1776 ) :
French Revolution
The constitutional party in the legislature desired toleration of the nonjuring clergy , the repeal of the laws against the relatives of the émigrés , and some merciful discrimination towards the émigrés themselves . The directors baffled all such endeavours . On the other hand , the socialist conspiracy of Babeuf was easily quelled . Little was done to improve the finances , and the assignats continued to fall in value until each note was worth less than the paper it was printed on ; debtors easily paid off their debts . A series of financial reforms started by the Directory finally took effect after it fell from power . Evaluation
Dada
The movement primarily involved visual arts , literature , poetry , art manifestos , art theory , theatre , and graphic design , and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works .
Trail of Tears
While the latter ruling was defied by Jackson , the actions of the Jackson administration were not isolated because state and federal officials had violated treaties without consequence , often attributed to military exigency , as the members of individual Indian nations were not automatically United States citizens and were rarely given standing in any U.S. court .
Day of Mourning (Australia)
In 1998 , a reenactment of the original Day of Mourning was held to commemorate the sixtieth anniversary of the protest . About four hundred protesters marched in silence along the original route of the march . Descendants of the original protesters read their speeches , and the ten main grievances in the Congress ' manifesto were re-affirmed . The reenactment was accompanied by a campaign to protect the Australian Hall , the location of the 1938 Congress . The Government of New South Wales had placed a conservation order on it , but exceptions to the order allowed everything but the façade to be demolished . The building is now permanently protected .
Justice of the peace
Being an unpaid office , undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justice 's standing within the community , the justice was typically a member of the gentry . The justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases , and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws . Towns and boroughs with enough burdensome judicial business that could not find volunteers for the unpaid role of justice of the peace had to petition the Crown for authority to hire a paid stipendiary magistrate .
Secession in the United States
The separation referred to is not secession but partition . Some of the movements to partition states have incorrectly identified themselves as `` secessionist '' movements .