vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Individualism
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy calls it `` right libertarianism '' but states : `` Libertarianism is often thought of as ' right - wing ' doctrine . This , however , is mistaken for at least two reasons . First , on social -- rather than economic -- issues , libertarianism tends to be ' left - wing ' . It opposes laws that restrict consensual and private sexual relationships between adults ( e.g. , gay sex , non-marital sex , and deviant sex ) , laws that restrict drug use , laws that impose religious views or practices on individuals , and compulsory military service . Second , in addition to the better - known version of libertarianism -- right - libertarianism -- there is also a version known as ' left - libertarianism ' . Both endorse full self - ownership , but they differ with respect to the powers agents have to appropriate unappropriated natural resources ( land , air , water , etc . ) . ''
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
Post-BAPCPA , § 707 ( b ) provides two definitions of `` abuse '' . `` Abuse '' may be found when there is an unrebutted `` presumption of abuse '' arising under a BAPCPA - created `` means test '' , ( see 11 U.S.C. § 707 ( b ) ( 2 ) ) , or through a finding of bad faith , determined by a totality of the circumstances ( see 11 U.S.C. § 707 ( b ) ( 3 ) ) . Means
Law firm
Sole proprietorship , in which the attorney is the law firm and is responsible for all profit , loss and liability ; General partnership , in which all the attorneys who are members of the firm share ownership , profits and liabilities ; Professional corporations , which issue stock to the attorneys in a fashion similar to that of a business corporation ; Limited liability company , in which the attorney - owners are called `` members '' but are not directly liable to third party creditors of the law firm ( prohibited as against public policy in many jurisdictions but allowed in others in the form of a `` Professional Limited Liability Company '' or `` PLLC '' ) ; Professional association , which operates similarly to a professional corporation or a limited liability company ; Limited liability partnership ( LLP ) , in which the attorney - owners are partners with one another , but no partner is liable to any creditor of the law firm nor is any partner liable for any negligence on the part of any other partner . The LLP is taxed as a partnership while enjoying the liability protection of a corporation .
United States Bill of Rights
The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms . The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights . First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( but there only applying to Protestants ) , this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era , including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . Long a controversial issue in American political , legal , and social discourse , the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions .
History of Maryland
To coordinate wartime activities , like the expansion of federal facilities , the General Assembly set up a Council of Defense . The 126 seats on the council were filled by appointment . The Council , which had a virtually unlimited budget , was charged with defending the state , supervising the draft , maintaining wage and price controls , providing housing for war - related industries , and promoting support for the war . Citizens were encouraged to grow their own victory gardens and to obey ration laws . They were also forced to work , once the legislature adopted a compulsory labor law with the support of the Council of Defense .
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
This clause basically refers to a tax on property , such as a tax based on the value of land , as well as a capitation .
It Takes a Village
The book emphasizes the shared responsibility that society has for successfully raising children , by looking at a number of angles as indicated in the chapter titles noted above . Clinton describes herself in the book as a Moderate , which is evidenced by a combination of advocating for government - driven social reforms while also espousing conservative values .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) , which struck down an Idaho probate law favoring men , was the first decision in which the Court ruled that arbitrary gender discrimination violated the Equal Protection Clause . In Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) , the Court ruled that statutory or administrative sex classifications had to be subjected to an intermediate standard of judicial review . Reed and Craig later served as precedents to strike down a number of state laws discriminating by gender .
English contract law
Construing contract terms Smith v Hughes ( 1871 ) LR 6 QB 597 Hartog v Colin & Shields ( 1939 ) 3 All ER 566 Canada Steamship Lines v R ( 1952 ) AC 192 Rose Ltd v Pim Ltd ( 1953 ) 2 QB 450 The Diana Prosperity ( 1976 ) 1 WLR 989 Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd ( 1980 ) UKHL 2 Thake v Maurice ( 1986 ) QB 644 ICS Ltd v West Bromwich BS ( 1997 ) UKHL 28 HIH Casualty Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank ( 2003 ) UKHL 6 Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd ( 2009 ) UKHL 38 Oceanbulk Shipping SA v TMT Asia Ltd ( 2010 ) UKSC 44 Interpreting contracts in English law All
Conscription in the United States
The administration asserts the right to fill the ranks of the regular army by compulsion ... Is this , sir , consistent with the character of a free government ? Is this civil liberty ? Is this the real character of our Constitution ? No , sir , indeed it is not ... Where is it written in the Constitution , in what article or section is it contained , that you may take children from their parents , and parents from their children , and compel them to fight the battles of any war , in which the folly or the wickedness of government may engage it ? Under what concealment has this power lain hidden , which now for the first time comes forth , with a tremendous and baleful aspect , to trample down and destroy the dearest rights of personal liberty ? Daniel Webster ( December 9 , 1814 House of Representatives Address )
New Testament
Ellen White interpreted Colossians 2 : 14 as saying that the ceremonial law was nailed to the cross .
United States Declaration of Independence
`` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . ''
Separation of church and state in the United States
While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion .
Freedom of religion in the United States
However , the cases brought before the Court by the Jehovah 's Witnesses allowed the Court to consider a range of issues : mandatory flag salute , sedition , free speech , literature distribution and military draft law . These cases proved to be pivotal moments in the formation of constitutional law . Jehovah 's Witnesses ' court victories have strengthened rights including the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference , the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service and the right to engage in public discourse .
Oath of office of the President of the United States
This clause is one of two oath or affirmation clauses , but it alone actually specifies the words that must be spoken . The other , Article VI , Clause 3 , simply requires the persons specified therein to `` be bound by oath or affirmation , to support this Constitution . '' The presidential oath , on the other hand , requires much more than this general oath of allegiance and fidelity . This clause enjoins the new president to swear or affirm that he `` will to the best of his ability , preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the United States . ''
Russian culture
Further Russian public holidays include Defender of the Fatherland Day ( 23 February ) , which honors Russian men , especially those serving in the army ; International Women 's Day ( 8 March ) , which combines the traditions of Mother 's Day and Valentine 's Day ; International Workers ' Day ( 1 May ) , now renamed Spring and Labor Day ; Victory Day ( 9 May ) ; Russia Day ( 12 June ) ; and Unity Day ( 4 November ) , commemorating the popular uprising which expelled the Polish - Lithuanian occupation force from Moscow in 1612 . The latter is a replacement for the old Soviet holiday celebrating October Revolution of 1917 ( again , it was falling on November because of the difference of calendars ) . Fireworks and outdoor concerts are common features of all Russian public holidays . 2008
Tax protester statutory arguments
The Archivist of the United States shall cause to be compiled , edited , indexed , and published , the United States Statutes at Large , which shall contain all the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during each regular session of Congress ; all proclamations by the President in the numbered series issued since the date of the adjournment of the regular session of Congress next preceding ; and also any amendments to the Constitution of the United States proposed or ratified pursuant to article V thereof since that date , together with the certificate of the Archivist of the United States issued in compliance with the provision contained in section 106b of this title . ( ... ) The United States Statutes at Large shall be legal evidence of laws , concurrent resolutions , treaties , international agreements other than treaties , proclamations by the President , and proposed or ratified amendments to the Constitution of the United States therein contained , in all the courts of the United States , the several States , and the Territories and insular possessions of the United States .
Law
Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior . Law is a system that regulates and ensures that individuals or a community adhere to the will of the state . State - enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator , resulting in statutes , by the executive through decrees and regulations , or established by judges through precedent , normally in common law jurisdictions . Private individuals can create legally binding contracts , including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process . The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution , written or tacit , and the rights encoded therein . The law shapes politics , economics , history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people .
New Testament
Regarding the teachings of the New Testament compared to the Old , and the application in the New Covenant , Adventists have traditionally taught that the Decalogue is part of the moral law of God , which was not abrogated by the ministry and death of Jesus Christ . Therefore , the fourth commandment concerning the Sabbath is as applicable to Christian believers as the other nine . Adventists have often taught a distinction between `` moral law '' and `` ceremonial law '' . According to Adventist beliefs , the moral law continues into the `` New Testament era '' , but the ceremonial law was done away with by Jesus .
Accord and satisfaction
Contract law Part of the common law series Contract formation Offer and acceptance Posting rule Mirror image rule Invitation to treat Firm offer Consideration Implication - in - fact Collateral contract Defenses against formation Lack of capacity Duress Undue influence Illusory promise Statute of frauds Non est factum Contract interpretation Parol evidence rule Contract of adhesion Integration clause Contra proferentem Excuses for non-performance Mistake Misrepresentation Frustration of purpose Impossibility Impracticability Illegality Unclean hands Unconscionability Accord and satisfaction Rights of third parties Privity of contract Assignment Delegation Novation Third - party beneficiary Breach of contract Anticipatory repudiation Cover Exclusion clause Efficient breach Deviation Fundamental breach Remedies Specific performance Liquidated damages Penal damages Rescission Quasi-contractual obligations Promissory estoppel Quantum meruit Related areas of law Conflict of laws Commercial law Other common law areas Tort law Property law Wills , trusts , and estates Criminal law Evidence
United States presidential inauguration
The security for the inaugural celebrations is a complex matter , involving the Secret Service , Department of Homeland Security , Federal Protective Service ( DHS - FPS ) , all five branches of the Armed Forces , the Capitol Police , the United States Park Police ( USPP ) , and the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia ( MPDC ) . Federal law enforcement agencies also sometimes request assistance from various other state and local law - enforcement agencies throughout the United States .
Gun laws in the United States by state
State Preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes CRS § 29 - 11.7 - 103 Local ordinances are preempted by state law , but Denver bans assault weapons and open carry . NFA weapons restricted ? No No CRS § 18 - 12 - 102 NFA items are defined as a `` dangerous weapon '' . Subsection 5 : `` It shall be an affirmative defense to the charge of possessing a dangerous weapon ... that said person has a valid permit and license for possession of such weapon . '' Peaceable Journey laws ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 105.6 ; DRMC § § 38 - 117 ( f ) , 38 - 118 Denver 's restrictions on transport / possession of firearms in vehicles do not apply to persons traveling to or from other jurisdictions ; see Trinen v. City & County of Denver , 53 P. 3d 754 Castle Doctrine ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 1 - 704.5 A legal resident of a property has the right to use deadly force to defend themselves , other occupants , and property from armed or unarmed intruders . Known colloquially as the `` Make My Day Law '' , in reference to a line spoken by `` Dirty Harry '' Callahan in the film Sudden Impact . Stand Your Ground Law ? No No Background checks required for private sales ? Yes Yes CRS § 18 - 12 - 112 For private party transfers of firearms , the seller must request that a licensed dealer perform a background check of the buyer , and must get approval of the transfer from the Colorado Bureau of Investigation . Transfers of antique firearms , bona - fide gifts or loans from immediate family members , and transfers to estate executors or trustees are exempt . Temporary transfers are strictly regulated .
Daughters of the American Revolution
The DAR chapters raised funds to initiate a number of historic preservation and patriotic endeavors . They began a practice of installing markers at the graves of Revolutionary War veterans to indicate their service , and adding small flags at their gravesites on Memorial Day .
O Canada
The National Anthem Act specifies the lyrics and melody of `` O Canada '' , placing both of them in the public domain , allowing the anthem to be freely reproduced or used as a base for derived works , including musical arrangements . There are no regulations governing the performance of `` O Canada '' , leaving citizens to exercise their best judgment . When it is performed at an event , traditional etiquette is to either start or end the ceremonies with the anthem , including situations when other anthems are played , and for the audience to stand during the performance . Civilian men usually remove their hats , while women and children are not required to do so . Military men and women in uniform traditionally keep their hats on and offer the military salute during the performance of the anthem , with the salute offered in the direction of the Maple Leaf Flag if one is present , and if not present it is offered standing at attention .
Dei verbum
In Chapter III under the heading `` Sacred Scripture , Its Inspiration and Divine Interpretation '' the Constitution states :
Democratic Party (United States)
The party is very supportive of improving voting rights as well as election accuracy and accessibility . They support ending voter ID laws and increasing voting time , including making election day a holiday . They support reforming the electoral system to eliminate gerrymandering as well as passing comprehensive campaign finance reform . They supported the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and as a party have often been pioneers for democracy in the United States . Abortion
Japanese cuisine
Part of a series on the Culture of Japan History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Values Etiquette Marriage Funerals Tea ceremony Geisha Onsen / Sentō Clothing Games Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Buddhism Christian New religions Shinto Art ( show ) Ikebana Bonsai Gardens Pottery and porcelain Literature ( show ) Manga Poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Television Cinema Mobile phone culture Anime Sport ( show ) Martial arts Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Architecture Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Organisations ( show ) Museums Japan portal
Law
Numerous definitions of law have been put forward over the centuries . The Third New International Dictionary from Merriam - Webster defines law as : `` Law is a binding custom or practice of a community ; a rule or mode of conduct or action that is prescribed or formally recognized as binding by a supreme controlling authority or is made obligatory by a sanction ( as an edict , decree , rescript , order , ordinance , statute , resolution , rule , judicial decision , or usage ) made , recognized , or enforced by the controlling authority . ''
Law
In order to maintain professionalism , the practice of law is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a bar association , bar council or law society . Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures ( e.g. successfully passing a qualifying examination ) , are required by law to have a special qualification ( a legal education earning the student a Bachelor of Laws , a Bachelor of Civil Law , or a Juris Doctor degree . Higher academic degrees may also be pursued . Examples include a Master of Laws , a Master of Legal Studies , a Bar Professional Training Course or a Doctor of Laws . ) , and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment ( being admitted to the bar ) . There are few titles of respect to signify famous lawyers , such as Esquire , to indicate barristers of greater dignity , and Doctor of law , to indicate a person who obtained a PhD in Law .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Pew 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study Mormons ( U.S. ) U.S. Avg . Married 66 % 49 % Divorced or separated 7 % 11 % Have children under 18 41 % 31 % Attendance at religious services ( weekly or more ) 77 % 40 %
Abomination (Bible)
idolatry or idols ( Deuteronomy 7 : 25 , Deuteronomy 13 : 14 , Isaiah 44 : 19 ) illicit sex ( e.g prostitution , adultery , incest ) ( Ezekiel 16 : 22 , 58 , Ezekiel 22 : 11 , Ezekiel 33 : 26 ) illicit marriage ( Deuteronomy 24 : 2 - 4 ) male prostitution and / or other male homosexual acts ( see Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible ) ( Leviticus 18 : 22 , Leviticus 18 : 27 - 30 , Leviticus 20 : 13 ) temple prostitution ( 1Kings 14 : 24 ) offerings from the above ( Deuteronomy 23 : 18 ) child sacrifice to Molech ( Jeremiah 32 : 35 ) cross-dressing ( Deuteronomy 22 : 5 ) cheating in the market by using rigged weights ( Deuteronomy 25 : 13 - 19 , Proverbs 11 : 1 ) dishonesty ( Proverbs 12 : 22 ) dietary violations ( Deuteronomy 14 : 3 ) stealing , murder , and adultery , breaking covenants ( Jeremiah 7 : 9 , 10 ) usury , violent robbery , murder , oppressing the poor and needy , etc . ( Ezekiel 18 : 10 - 13 )
Gun laws in Florida
The Florida Constitution , Art VIII Sec. 5 ( b ) , permits counties to enact ordinances that require a criminal history records check and a 3 to 5 - day waiting period when any part of a firearm sale is conducted on property to which the public has the `` right of access '' , such as at a gun show conducted on public property . These local option ordinances may not be applied to holders of a concealed weapons permit / license . Only Broward , Hillsborough County Palm Beach , Volusia and Miami - Dade counties have enacted such ordinances .
Rule of law
There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law . In the Old Testament , the book of Deuteronomy imposes certain restrictions on the king , regarding such matters as the numbers of wives he might take and of horses he might acquire ( for his own use ) . According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson , `` This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented ... '' The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings , including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth - century England .
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
Since Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , the Supreme Court has interpreted the Equal Protection Clause as requiring the states to apportion their congressional districts and state legislative seats according to `` one man , one vote '' . The Court has also struck down redistricting plans in which race was a key consideration . In Shaw v. Reno ( 1993 ) , the Court prohibited a North Carolina plan aimed at creating majority - black districts to balance historic underrepresentation in the state 's congressional delegations .
Flag of the United States
Traditionally , the flag may be decorated with golden fringe surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper . Ceremonial displays of the flag , such as those in parades or on indoor posts , often use fringe to enhance the appearance of the flag .
Law
All legal systems deal with the same basic issues , but jurisdictions categorise and identify its legal subjects in different ways . A common distinction is that between `` public law '' ( a term related closely to the state , and including constitutional , administrative and criminal law ) , and `` private law '' ( which covers contract , tort and property ) . In civil law systems , contract and tort fall under a general law of obligations , while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or international conventions . International , constitutional and administrative law , criminal law , contract , tort , property law and trusts are regarded as the `` traditional core subjects '' , although there are many further disciplines .
Belshazzar's feast
Belshazzar 's feast is a legend , conforming to the subgenre of the `` tale of court contest '' . This has been complicated by the inclusion of Daniel 's indictment of Belshazzar 's pride and his failure to honour the God of Israel ; as a result the tale has a double ending , in which Daniel is first showered with rewards and honours for interpreting the omen , and the king is then punished to fulfill the sentence pronounced by Daniel .