vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Philippines
They also defeated the Chinese warlord Limahong . To counteract the Islamization of the Philippines , the Spanish then conducted the Castilian War which was aimed against the Sultanate of Brunei and war was also waged against the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore ( in response to Ternatean slaving and piracy against Spain 's allies : Bohol and Butuan ) . The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista , a centuries - long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate . The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero - Islamic world conflict that included a rivalry with the Ottoman Caliphate which had a center of operations at its nearby vassal , the Sultanate of Aceh . Consequently , fortifications were also set up in Taiwan and the Maluku islands . These were abandoned and the Spanish soldiers , along with the newly Christianized Papuan natives of the Moluccas , withdrew back to the Philippines in order to re-concentrate their military forces because of a threatened invasion by the Japan - born Ming - dynasty loyalist , Koxinga , ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning . However , the planned invasion was aborted . Meanwhile , settlers were sent to the Pacific islands of Palau and the Marianas .
Aftermath of the Korean War
The Canadian army also helped UN forces repulse and defend major positions from Chinese attack .
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
The main antagonists are Draco Malfoy , an elitist , bullying classmate and Lord Voldemort , the most powerful evil wizard who becomes disembodied when he tries to kill baby Harry . According to a 1999 interview with Rowling , the character of Voldemort was created as a literary foil for Harry , and his backstory was intentionally not fleshed - out at first :
Siege
In the early 15th century , Italian architect Leon Battista Alberti wrote a treatise entitled De Re aedificatoria , which theorized methods of building fortifications capable of withstanding the new guns . He proposed that walls be `` built in uneven lines , like the teeth of a saw '' . He proposed star - shaped fortresses with low , thick walls .
The dragon (Beowulf)
In Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics , J.R.R. Tolkien noted that the dragon and Grendel are `` constantly referred to in language which is meant to recall the powers of darkness which Christian men felt themselves to be encompassed . They are ' inmates of hell ' , ' adversaries of God ' , ' offspring of Cain ' , ' enemies of mankind ' ... And so Beowulf , for all that he moves in the world of the primitive Heroic Age of the Germans , nevertheless is almost a Christian knight '' .
History of United States foreign policy
Across the world there was a transition from a bipolar world to a multipolar world . While the United States remains a strong power economically and militarily , rising nations such as China , India , and Brazil as well as Russia have challenged its dominance . Foreign policy analysts such as Nina Harchigian suggest that the six emerging big powers share common concerns : free trade , economic growth , prevention of terrorism , efforts to stymie nuclear proliferation . And if they can avoid war , the coming decades can be peaceful and productive provided there are no misunderstandings or dangerous rivalries .
Red panda
Predators of the red panda include the snow leopard , mustelids , and humans . If they feel threatened or sense danger , they may try to escape by climbing a rock column or tree . If they can no longer flee , they stand on their hind legs to make themselves appear larger and use the sharp claws on their front paws to defend themselves . A red panda , Futa , became a visitor attraction in Japan for his ability to stand upright for ten seconds at a time . ( See also : facultative biped )
The Dragon (Beowulf)
In Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics , J.R.R. Tolkien noted that the dragon and Grendel are `` constantly referred to in language which is meant to recall the powers of darkness which Christian men felt themselves to be encompassed . They are ' inmates of hell ' , ' adversaries of God ' , ' offspring of Cain ' , ' enemies of mankind ' ... And so Beowulf , for all that he moves in the world of the primitive Heroic Age of the Germans , nevertheless is almost a Christian knight '' .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Japanese Campaigns in Chinese War Chinchow Operation Manchukuoan Anti Bandit Operations Operation Nekka Peiking -- Hankou Railway Operation Tientsin -- Pukow Railway Operation Operation Quhar Kuolichi - Taierhchuang Operation Canton Operation Amoy Operation Hainan Island Operation Han River Operation Invasion of French Indochina Swatow Operation Sczechwan Invasion CHE - KIANG Operation Kwangchow Wan occupation Operation Ichi - Go
Siege
In his Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( Commentaries on the Gallic War ) , Caesar describes how , at the Battle of Alesia , the Roman legions created two huge fortified walls around the city . The inner circumvallation , 16 km ( 10 mi ) , held in Vercingetorix 's forces , while the outer contravallation kept relief from reaching them . The Romans held the ground in between the two walls . The besieged Gauls , facing starvation , eventually surrendered after their relief force met defeat against Caesar 's auxiliary cavalry .
New Testament
it is certain that the whole aim at which he ( Marcion ) has strenuously laboured , even in the drawing up of his Antitheses , centres in this , that he may establish a diversity between the Old and the New Testaments , so that his own Christ may be separate from the Creator , as belonging to this rival god , and as alien from the law and the prophets .
Woodrow Wilson
Antiwar groups , anarchists , communists , Industrial Workers of the World members , and other antiwar groups attempting to sabotage the war effort were targeted by the Department of Justice ; many of their leaders were arrested for incitement to violence , espionage , or sedition . Wilson also established the first western propaganda office , the United States Committee on Public Information , headed by George Creel , the `` Creel Commission '' , which circulated patriotic anti-German appeals and conducted censorship of materials considered seditious . To further counter disloyalty to the war effort at home , Wilson pushed through Congress the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 to suppress anti-British , pro-German , or anti-war statements . While he welcomed socialists who supported the war , he pushed at the same time to arrest and deport foreign - born enemies . Many recent immigrants , resident aliens without U.S. citizenship , who opposed America 's participation in the war were deported to Soviet Russia or other nations under the powers granted in the Immigration Act of 1918 .
Qing dynasty
Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines , namely Manchu and Mongol , but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters . The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule , leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners ( zh ) , and around the time of the Qing takeover of Beijing , their numbers rapidly swelled . Han Bannermen held high status and power in the early Qing period , especially immediately after the conquest during Shunzhi and Kangxi 's reign where they dominated Governor - Generalships and Governorships across China at the expense of both Manchu Bannermen and Han civilians . Han also numerically dominated the Banners up until the mid 18th century . European visitors in Beijing called them `` Tartarized Chinese '' or `` Tartarified Chinese '' .
Zuko
Zuko is highly skilled in Firebending which utilizes chinese martial arts techniques of Changquan , Shaolinquan , Lóng Xíng Mó Qiáo and Xing Yi Quan . Firebending represents the element of power , and is categorized as the most aggressive of the `` four bending arts '' . Firebending involves `` external styles '' that prioritize one 's legwork ( as opposed to the arms ) and emphasizes `` kicking over hand fighting '' ; the highly technical kicking strikes are meant to `` extend as far as possible '' without compromising balance . This is intended to sacrifice defense for optimized preemptive strikes and attrition warfare . Zuko 's interpretation of firebending uses long , aggressive techniques that explode and drive through the opponent ; quick , successive attacks that utilize momentary bursts of extreme `` explosive '' power ; with fundamentally strong movements ' and the usage of swift , direct maneuvers .
Quechuan languages
huk - si ka - sqa huk machucha - piwan payacha once - REP be-SD one old. man - WITH woman
History of chemistry
Quantum mechanics in the 1920s From left to right , top row : Louis de Broglie ( 1892 -- 1987 ) and Wolfgang Pauli ( 1900 -- 58 ) ; second row : Erwin Schrödinger ( 1887 -- 1961 ) and Werner Heisenberg ( 1901 -- 76 ) Main
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters
In the 2012 cartoon , Hun ( voiced by Eric Bauza ) is the new Chinese leader of the often - defeated Purple Dragons bearing a resemblance to Bruce Lee and possessing considerable martial arts skill . Like Fong ( who was the unofficial leader before Hun came along ) , Hun is loyal to the Shredder and a foe to Casey Jones . His presence apparently earned Shredder control over New York 's Asian street gangs and Hun went to great lengths to ingratiate himself further with his new master .
Quechuan languages
shanti - sh prista - ka - mu - la Shanti - REP borrow - REF - AFAR - PST
Pi
In 2006 , Canadian mathematician Simon Plouffe used the PSLQ integer relation algorithm to generate several new formulas for π , conforming to the following template :
Quantum mechanics
Modern physics H ^ ψ n ( t ) ⟩ = i ħ ∂ ∂ t ψ n ( t ) ⟩ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( H ) ) \ psi _ ( n ) ( t ) \ rangle = i \ hbar ( \ frac ( \ partial ) ( \ partial t ) ) \ psi _ ( n ) ( t ) \ rangle ) 1 c 2 ∂ 2 φ n ∂ t 2 − ∇ 2 φ n + ( m c ħ ) 2 φ n = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( ( \ partial ) ^ ( 2 ) ( \ phi ) _ ( n ) ) ( ( \ partial t ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( ( \ nabla ) ^ ( 2 ) ( \ phi ) _ ( n ) ) + ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( mc ) ( \ hbar ) ) \ right ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ( \ phi ) _ ( n ) = 0 ) Manifold dynamics : Schrödinger and Klein -- Gordon equations Founders ( show ) Max Planck Albert Einstein Niels Bohr Max Born Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrödinger Pascual Jordan Wolfgang Pauli Paul Dirac Ernest
List of The Big Bang Theory characters
Kenny Fitzgerald ( Michael Rapaport ) is an intelligent thief who sells stolen liquid helium to Leonard and Sheldon . He later strikes up a friendship with the duo and they watch Ernest Goes to Jail together .
Vinaya Pitaka
This is Chinese translation of the Dharmaguptaka version , and is the version used in the Chinese tradition and its derivatives in Korea , Vietnam and in Japan under the early Kokubunji temple system . In the case of Japan , this was later replaced with ordination based solely on the Bodhisattva Precepts . Bhikshuvibhanga dealing with monks Bhikshunivibhanga dealing with nuns . Skandhaka Samyuktavarga Vinayaikottara , corresponding to a chapter of the Parivara Shih - sung lü ( T1435 ) , translation of Sarvastivada version Bhikshuvibhanga Skandhaka Bhikshunivibhanga Ekottaradharma , similar to Vinayaikottara Upaliparipriccha Ubhayatovinaya Samyukta Parajikadharma Sanghavasesha Kusaladhyaya Wu - fen lü ( T1421 ) , translation of Mahisasaka version Bhikshuvibhanga Bhikshunivibhanga Skandhaka Mo - ho - seng - ch'i lü 摩 訶 僧 祇 律 ( T1425 ) , translation of Mahasanghika version ( the nuns ' rules have been translated by the late Professor Hirakawa in English as Monastic Discipline for the Buddhist Nuns , Patna , 1982 ) Bhikshuvibhanga Bhikshunivibhanga Skandhaka
Competitive intelligence
Strategy Major dimensions ( hide ) Strategy Strategic management Military strategy Maritime strategy Strategic planning Game theory Strategic studies Strategic thinking Major thinkers ( hide ) Michael Porter Rita Gunther McGrath Bruce Henderson Gary Hamel Candace A. Yano C.K. Prahalad Jim Collins Liddell Hart Carl von Clausewitz Sun Tzu Julian Corbett Alfred Thayer Mahan J.C. Wylie Adrian Slywotzky Sharon Oster Chris Zook Henry Mintzberg Clay Christensen Concepts ( hide ) Business model Competitive advantage Experience curve Value chain Portfolio theory Core competency Generic strategies Uberisation Sharing economy Frameworks and tools ( hide ) SWOT Five forces Balanced scorecard PEST analysis Growth -- share matrix
Qing dynasty
At the start of the dynasty , the Chinese empire continued to be the hegemonic power in East Asia . Although there was no formal ministry of foreign relations , the Lifan Yuan was responsible for relations with the Mongol and Tibetans in Central Asia , while the tributary system , a loose set of institutions and customs taken over from the Ming , in theory governed relations with East and Southeast Asian countries . The Treaty of Nerchinsk ( 1689 ) stabilized relations with Czarist Russia .
Cleveland Browns
Cleveland Browns legends Inducted No . Player name Position ( s ) Tenure 2001 19 Bernie Kosar QB 1985 -- 1993 92 Michael Dean Perry DE 1989 -- 1994 34 Greg Pruitt RB 1973 -- 1981 26 Ray Renfro WR 1952 -- 1963 2002 57 Clay Matthews LB 1978 -- 1993 17 Brian Sipe QB 1974 -- 1983 58 / 88 Mac Speedie WR 1946 -- 1952 2003 29 Hanford Dixon DB 1981 -- 1989 74 / 79 Bob Gain DT 1952 -- 1964 77 / 80 Dick Schafrath OT 1959 -- 1971 86 Gary Collins WR 1962 -- 1971 42 / 82 Tommy James DB / P 1948 -- 1955 40 / 86 Dub Jones WR 1948 -- 1955 43 Mike Pruitt RB 1976 -- 1984 2005 31 Frank Minnifield DB 1984 -- 1992 13 Frank Ryan QB 1962 -- 1968 72 Jerry Sherk DL 1970 -- 1981 64 / 84 Jim Ray Smith OT 1956 -- 1962 2006 20 / 21 / 44 Earnest Byner RB 1984 -- 1988 1994 -- 1995 73 Doug Dieken OT 1971 -- 1984 82 Jim Houston LB 1960 -- 1972 34 Walt Michaels LB 1952 -- 1961 2007 12 Don Cockroft 1968 -- 1980 59 / 84 Horace Gillom 1947 -- 1956 80 Bill Glass DE 1962 -- 1968 34 Kevin Mack RB 1985 -- 1993 2008 71 Walter Johnson DT 1965 -- 1976 24 / 80 Warren Lahr DB 1949 -- 1959 21 Eric Metcalf RB 1989 -- 1994 84 / 86 Paul Wiggin DE 1957 -- 1967 63 Cody Risien OT 1979 -- 1989 60 John Wooten OG 1959 -- 1967 2011 50 Vince Costello LB 1957 -- 1966 54 Tom DeLeone 1974 -- 1984 2012 22 Clarence Scott DB 1971 -- 1983 48 Ernie Green RB 1962 -- 1968 2013 35 Galen Fiss LB 1956 -- 1966 34 / 64 Abe Gibron 1950 -- 1956 2014 68 Robert Jackson OG 1975 -- 1985 89 Milt Morin TE 1966 -- 1975 2015 70 Don Colo DT 1953 -- 1958 79 Bob Golic NT 1982 -- 1988 2016 52 Dick Ambrose LB 1975 -- 1983 27 Thom Darden FS 1972 -- 1981
The Shining (film)
Director Tim Burton ( who credits Kubrick as an influence ) modeled the characters of Tweedledum and Tweedledee on the Grady girls in his version of Alice in Wonderland ( like so many viewers of the film , Burton identifies the girls as twins in spite of Ullman 's dialogue to the contrary ) .
Quechuan languages
t͡ʃuŋkɐ ) chunka ( t͡ʃuŋkɐ ) ' sweet ' mishki ( mɪʃkɪ ) mishki ( mɪʃkɪ ) mishki ( mɪʃkɪ ) mishki ( mɪʃkɪ ) mishki ( mɪʃkɪ ) miski ( mɪskɪ ) misk'i ( mɪskʼɪ ) ' white ' yuraq ( jʊɾɑq ~ jʊɾɑχ ) yulaq ( julah ~ julaː ) yuraq ( jʊɾɑχ ) yurak ( jʊɾak ) yurak ( jʊɾax ~ jʊɾak ) yuraq ( jʊɾɑχ ) yuraq ( jʊɾɑχ ) ' he gives ' qun ( qoŋ ~ χoŋ ~ ʁoŋ ) qun ( huŋ ~ ʔuŋ ) qun ( qoŋ ) kun ( kuŋ ) kun ( kuŋ ) qun ( χoŋ ) qun ( qoŋ ) ' yes ' awmi ( oːmi ~ ɐwmɪ ) aw ( aw ) ari ( ɐɾi ) ari ( aɾi ) ari ( aɾi ) arí ( ɐˈɾi ) arí ( ɐˈɾi )
Qing dynasty
One of the most important features of the Qing era was the power of patrilineal kinship socially and culturally , since people strongly believed that a person 's success or failure had a direct correspondence with how he was guided by his parental figure . This was because such parental oversight was seen as a type of formula for a family 's success and future prosperity . The main type of kinship structure was one known as the patrilineage , which has often been associated with a translation of `` clan '' and was the primary organizational device in society . This change began during the Song dynasty when the civil service examination became the standard for gaining status versus being nobility due to birth , which caused elite families to begin changing their marital practices , identity and loyalty . Instead of intermarrying within an aristocratic elite , they began to form marital alliances with other nearby wealthy families and established the local people 's interests as first and foremost which helped to form intermarried townships . These kind of local lineages reached its peak during the Qing era and thus became the building blocks of society .
History of chemistry
In 1926 at the age of 39 , Austrian theoretical physicist Erwin Schrödinger produced the papers that gave the foundations of quantum wave mechanics . In those papers he described his partial differential equation that is the basic equation of quantum mechanics and bears the same relation to the mechanics of the atom as Newton 's equations of motion bear to planetary astronomy . Adopting a proposal made by Louis de Broglie in 1924 that particles of matter have a dual nature and in some situations act like waves , Schrödinger introduced a theory describing the behaviour of such a system by a wave equation that is now known as the Schrödinger equation . The solutions to Schrödinger 's equation , unlike the solutions to Newton 's equations , are wave functions that can only be related to the probable occurrence of physical events . The readily visualized sequence of events of the planetary orbits of Newton is , in quantum mechanics , replaced by the more abstract notion of probability . ( This aspect of the quantum theory made Schrödinger and several other physicists profoundly unhappy , and he devoted much of his later life to formulating philosophical objections to the generally accepted interpretation of the theory that he had done so much to create . )
Qing dynasty
In addition to the six boards , there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government . This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands . As the empire expanded , it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire , including early contacts with Russia -- then seen as a tribute nation . The office had the status of a full ministry and was headed by officials of equal rank . However , appointees were at first restricted only to candidates of Manchu and Mongol ethnicity , until later open to Han Chinese as well . A
Quantum mechanics
Especially since Werner Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932 for the creation of quantum mechanics , the role of Max Born in the development of QM was overlooked until the 1954 Nobel award . The role is noted in a 2005 biography of Born , which recounts his role in the matrix formulation of quantum mechanics , and the use of probability amplitudes . Heisenberg himself acknowledges having learned matrices from Born , as published in a 1940 festschrift honoring Max Planck . In the matrix formulation , the instantaneous state of a quantum system encodes the probabilities of its measurable properties , or `` observables '' . Examples of observables include energy , position , momentum , and angular momentum . Observables can be either continuous ( e.g. , the position of a particle ) or discrete ( e.g. , the energy of an electron bound to a hydrogen atom ) . An alternative formulation of quantum mechanics is Feynman 's path integral formulation , in which a quantum - mechanical amplitude is considered as a sum over all possible classical and non-classical paths between the initial and final states . This is the quantum - mechanical counterpart of the action principle in classical mechanics .
Ken Jennings
Entertainment Weekly put his performance on its end - of - the - decade `` best of '' list , saying , `` Answer : A software engineer from Utah , he dominated the quizfest for a record 74 shows in 2004 , amassing $2,520,700 . Question : Who is Ken Jennings ? ''
Quechuan languages
kuti - mu - n'a - qa - chr ni - ya - ami return - AFAR - 3FUT - now - CONJ say - IMPV - 1 - DIR
Quakers
Part of a series on Quakers Notable individuals ( show ) Susan B. Anthony Robert Barclay Anthony Benezet Kenneth E. Boulding Howard Brinton John Cadbury Levi Coffin Judi Dench Margaret Fell George Fox Elizabeth Fry Edward Hicks Elias Hicks Herbert Hoover Rufus Jones Thomas R. Kelly Benjamin Lay Dave Matthews Lucretia Mott James Nayler Richard Nixon Parker Palmer Alice Paul William Penn Robert Pleasants Bayard Rustin Jessamyn West John Greenleaf Whittier John Woolman Meetings and other groups ( show ) Yearly Meeting Monthly Meeting American Friends Service Committee A Quaker Action Group Britain Yearly Meeting Evangelical Friends Church International Friends Committee on National Legislation Friends General Conference Friends United Meeting Friends World Committee for Consultation Nontheist Quakers Quaker Council for European Affairs Quaker Peace and Social Witness Quaker United Nations Office World Gathering of Young Friends Testimonies ( show ) Peace Equality Integrity ( `` Truth '' ) Simplicity By region ( show ) North America Latin America Europe Africa Other themes ( show ) Faith and Practice or Book of Discipline Clerk Businesses and charities History Homosexuality Inner light Meeting houses Query Schools Science Tapestry Wedding Women
The Rite of Spring
Jump up ^ Buckle , p. 366 Jump up ^ Stravinsky , pp. 92 -- 93 ^ Jump up to : Hill , pp. 86 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Berman , Greta ( May 2008 ) . `` Painting in the Key of Color : The Art of Nicholas Roerich '' . the Juilliard Journal Online . The Juilliard School . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , pp. 233 -- 34 Jump up ^ Monahan , Mark ( 30 May 2011 ) . `` Covent Garden and Salisbury Playhouse , review '' . The Telegraph online . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Solominskaya , Elena ( January -- February 2003 ) . `` The Ballet Time '' . Ballet magazine . Jump up ^ Wakin , Daniel J. ( 30 June 2009 ) . `` Pina Bausch , German Choreographer , Dies at 68 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Jennings , Luke ( 1 July 2009 ) . `` Obituary : Pina Bausch '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Johnson , pp. 235 -- 36 Jump up ^ Kisselgoff , Anna ( 29 February 1984 ) . `` Dance : The Rite , by Martha Graham '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Fink , Robert ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The Rite of Spring and the Forging of a Modern Style '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 52 ( 2 ) : 299 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1999.52. 2.03 a00030 . JSTOR 832000 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The Joffrey Ballet Resurrects The Rite of Spring '' . National Endowment for the Arts . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 5 August 2003 ) . `` Kirov revive Nijinsky 's wonder '' . The Guardian .
Heat
Use of the symbol Q for the total amount of energy transferred as heat is due to Rudolf Clausius in 1850 :
Doctor of Public Health
Henry F. Vaughan - Founder and former Dean of the University of Michigan School of Public Health . Past president of the American Public Health Association .
Movable type
During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , Hua Sui in 1490 used bronze type in printing books . In 1574 the massive 1000 - volume encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era ( 《 太平 御 览 》 / 《 太平 御覧 》 ) was printed with bronze movable type .
Indian painting
Shah Jahan ( 1627 -- 1658 ) continued the patronage of painting . Some of the famous artists of the period were Mohammad Faqirullah Khan , Mir Hashim , Muhammad Nadir , Bichitr , Chitarman , Anupchhatar , Manohar and Honhar .
Written Chinese
According to the Shuowen Jiezi , Chinese characters are developed on six basic principles . ( These principles , though popularized by the Shuowen Jiezi , were developed earlier ; the oldest known mention of them is in the Rites of Zhou , a text from about 150 BC . ) The first two principles produce simple characters , known as 文 wén :