vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
First Battle of Bull Run
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Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
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History of mobile phones
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Sherman's March to the Sea
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Kennedy family
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History of the motorcycle
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Rise of the Ottoman Empire
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Hungary in World War I
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Marshall Plan
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Conquistador
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Peloponnesian War
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Battle of Zama
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War of the Austrian Succession
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Yoido Full Gospel Church
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Battle of Drepana
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Wath Comprehensive School
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French colonization of the Americas
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Spanish–American War
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Wikipedia:Citing sources
Justice is a human invention. < ref > Rawls , John . ' ' A Theory of Justice ' ' . Harvard University Press , 1971 , p. 1. < / ref > It ...
Congressional oversight
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Iran hostage crisis
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Japanese swordsmithing
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Return of the Jedi
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The Sound of Silence
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Precedent
Judges may refer to various types of persuasive authority to reach a decision in a case . Widely cited non-binding sources include legal encyclopedias such as Corpus Juris Secundum and Halsbury 's Laws of England , or the published work of the Law Commission or the American Law Institute . Some bodies are given statutory powers to issue Guidance with persuasive authority or similar statutory effect , such as the Highway Code .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Y Humans evolved through natural selection , as first explained in Charles Darwin 's The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex .
House of Saud
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Spanish language
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Kennedy family
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Dubuque, Iowa
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George Takei
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Jamestown, Virginia
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Jack in the Box
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Battle of Long Island
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Command-line interface
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Latin American wars of independence
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Conquistador
Conquistadors / kɒŋˈkɪstəˌdɔːrz / ( from Portuguese or Spanish conquistadores `` conquerors '' ; Spanish pronunciation : ( koŋkistaˈðoɾes ) , Portuguese pronunciation : ( kũkiʃtɐˈdoɾis ) , ( kõkiʃtɐˈðoɾɨʃ ) ) is a term used to refer to the soldiers and explorers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire in a general sense . During the Age of Discovery , conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas , Oceania , Africa and Asia , conquering territory and opening trade routes . They colonized much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 16th , 17th and 18th centuries .
Conquistador
The Portuguese frequently relied on the help of Jesuits and European adventurers who lived together with the aborigines and knew their languages and culture , such as João Ramalho , who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today 's São Paulo , and Diogo Álvares Correia , who lived among the Tupinamba natives near today 's Salvador de Bahia .
Colony of Virginia
As the English settlements expanded beyond the Tidewater territory traditionally occupied by the Powhatan , they encountered new groups with which there had been minimal relations with the Colony .
Conquistador
The origin of many people in mixed expeditions was not always distinguished . Various occupations , such as sailors , fishermen , soldiers and nobles employed different languages ( even from unrelated language groups ) , so that crew and settlers of Iberian empires recorded as Galicians from Spain were actually using Portuguese , Basque , Catalan , Italian and Languedoc languages , which were wrongly identified .
Colony of Virginia
As the English expanded out from Jamestown , encroachment of the new arrivals and their ever - growing numbers on what had been Indian lands resulted in several conflicts with the Virginia Indians . For much of the 17th century , English contact and conflict was mostly with the Algonquian peoples that populated the coastal regions , primarily the Powhatan Confederacy . Following a series of wars and the decline of the Powhatan as a political entity , the colonists expanded westward in the late 17th and 18th centuries , encountering the Shawnee , Iroquoian - speaking peoples such as the Nottoway , Meherrin , Iroquois and Cherokee , as well as Siouan - speaking peoples such as the Tutelo , Saponi , and Occaneechi .
History of Texas
The Spanish learned of the French colony in late 1685 . Feeling that the French colony was a threat to Spanish mines and shipping routes , King Carlos II 's Council of war recommended the removal of `` this thorn which has been thrust into the heart of America . The greater the delay the greater the difficulty of attainment . '' Having no idea where to find La Salle , the Spanish launched ten expeditions -- both land and sea -- over the next three years . The last expedition discovered a French deserter living in Southern Texas with the Coahuiltecans .
Ecological imperialism
Historian and professor Alfred Crosby wrote Ecological Imperialism : The Biological Expansion of Europe , 900 - 1900 in 1986 . He uses the term `` Neo-Europes '' to describe the places colonized and conquered by Europeans .
Alien vs. Predator (film)
It is the first installment of the Alien vs. Predator franchise , adapting a crossover bringing together the eponymous creatures of the Alien and Predator series , a concept which originated in a 1989 comic book written by Randy Stradley and Chris Warner . Set in 2004 , the film follows a group of archaeologists assembled by billionaire Charles Bishop Weyland for an expedition near the Antarctic to investigate a mysterious heat signal . Weyland hopes to claim the find for himself , and his group discovers a pyramid below the surface of a whaling station . Hieroglyphs and sculptures reveal that the pyramid is a hunting ground for young Predators who kill Aliens as a rite of passage . The humans are caught in the middle of a battle between the two species and attempt to prevent the Aliens from reaching the surface .
Southern Colonies
While other colonies were being founded , Virginia continued to grow . Tobacco planters held the best land near the coast , so new settlers pushed inland . Sir William Berkeley , the colony 's governor , sent explorers over the Blue Ridge Mountains to open up the back country of Virginia to settlement .
History of New Mexico
After the Mexican -- American War , Anglo Americans began migrating in large numbers to all of the newly acquired territory . Anglos began taking lands from both Native Americans and Nuevomexicanos by different means , most notably by squatting . Squatters often then sold these lands to land speculators for huge profits , especially after the passage of the 1862 Homestead Act encouraging development in the West . Nuevomexicanos demanded the return of their lands , but the governments did not respond favorably . For example , the Surveyor of General Claims Office on New Mexico would at times take up to fifty years to process a claim , meanwhile , the lands were being grabbed up by the newcomers . The first Surveyor General , William Pelham , had two translators assisting him : David Miller and David Whiting . But these two men seemingly did not cut into the fifty years needed to translate .
Moai
The statues were carved by the Polynesian colonizers of the island , mostly between circa 1250 A.D. and 1500 A.D. In addition to representing deceased ancestors , the moai , once they were erected on ahu , may also have been regarded as the embodiment of powerful living or former chiefs and important lineage status symbols . Each moai presented a status : `` The larger the statue placed upon an ahu , the more mana the chief who commissioned it had . '' The competition for grandest statue was ever prevalent in the culture of the Easter Islanders . The proof stems from the varying sizes of moai .
Comparative mythology
Comparative mythology has uncovered a number of parallels between the myths of different cultures , including some very widespread recurring themes and plot elements . Here are some examples .
History of New Mexico
The exploitative nature of Spanish rule resulted in their conducting nearly continuous raids and reprisals against the nomadic Indian tribes on the borders , especially the Apache , Navajo , and Comanche .
Spanish Inquisition
Post-reconquest medieval Spain has been characterized by Americo Castro and some other Iberianists as a society of `` convivencia '' , that is relatively peaceful co-existence , albeit punctuated by occasional conflict among the ruling Catholics and the Jews and Muslims . However , as Henry Kamen notes , `` so - called convivencia was always a relationship between unequals . '' Despite their legal inequality , there was a long tradition of Jewish service to the crown of Aragon and Jews occupied many important posts , both religious and political . Castile itself had an unofficial rabbi . Ferdinand 's father John II named the Jewish Abiathar Crescas to be Court Astronomer .
Cnidaria
In some colonial polyps , a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps . Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons . A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments , which they attach to their outsides . Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles .
Hellenistic period
After Alexander 's death in 323 BC , the influx of Greek colonists into the new realms continued to spread Greek culture into Asia . The founding of new cities and military colonies continued to be a major part of the Successors ' struggle for control of any particular region , and these continued to be centers of cultural diffusion . The spread of Greek culture under the Successors seems mostly to have occurred with the spreading of Greeks themselves , rather than as an active policy .
Conquistador
After the Napoleonic Wars when both Peninsular countries were powers of second order , Portugal sought to form an alliance with the French rulers , but the British offered to support Portugal in return for free trade agreements and to remove their French rivals . Thus , Portugal was allied with Britain and preserved its possessions for a longer time . Spain with its few remnant colonies on every continent tried the same alliance with France , for example in the Cochinchina Campaign in Asia and the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco and the Spanish Sahara ( the Scramble for Africa ) .
Mercantilism
With the establishment of overseas colonies by European powers early in the 17th century , mercantile theory gained a new and wider significance , in which its aim and ideal became both national and imperialistic .
Cultural identity
`` categorizations about identity , even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization , state formation or general modernizing processes , are always full of tensions and contradictions . Sometimes these contradictions are destructive , but they can also be creative and positive . ''
Edmond Halley
In 1686 , Halley published the second part of the results from his Helenian expedition , being a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons . The symbols he used to represent trailing winds still exist in most modern day weather chart representations . In this article he identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions . He also established the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level . His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of information visualisation .
Coureur des bois
To French military commanders , who were often also directly involved in the fur trade , such marriages were beneficial in that they improved relations between the French and the natives . Native leaders also encouraged such unions , particularly when the couple formed lasting , permanent bonds . Jesuits and some upper - level colonial officials , however , viewed these relationships with dislike and disgust . French officials preferred coureurs des bois and voyageurs to settle around Quebec City and Montreal . They considered the lasting relationships with native women to be further proof of the lawlessness and perversion of the coureurs des bois .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
Since the 1980s , the use of the word `` invasion '' to describe the British colonisation of Australia has been highly controversial . According to Australian Henry Reynolds however , government officials and ordinary settlers in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries frequently used words such as `` invasion '' and `` warfare '' to describe their presence and relations with Indigenous Australians . In his book The Other Side of the Frontier , Reynolds described in detail armed resistance by Aboriginal people to white encroachments by means of guerilla warfare , beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing into the early twentieth . Statue
Colonial history of the United States
A similar pietistic revival movement took place among some German and Dutch settlers , leading to more divisions . By the 1770s , the Baptists were growing rapidly both in the north ( where they founded Brown University ) and in the South ( where they challenged the previously unquestioned moral authority of the Anglican establishment ) .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to ' fill in the gaps ' left by these previous expeditions . He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony , for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles .
Comparative mythology
Comparative mythology is the comparison of myths from different cultures in an attempt to identify shared themes and characteristics . Comparative mythology has served a variety of academic purposes . For example , scholars have used the relationships between different myths to trace the development of religions and cultures , to propose common origins for myths from different cultures , and to support various psychological theories .
Molasses Act
Historian Theodore Draper described British intent on the tax as it would affect the American colonies :
Spanish Inquisition
Before the rise of professional historians in the 19th century , the Spanish Inquisition had largely been studied and portrayed by Protestant scholars who saw it as the archetypal symbol of Catholic intolerance and ecclesiastical power . The Spanish Inquisition for them was largely associated with the persecution of Protestants . The 19th - century professional historians , including the Spanish scholar Amador de los Rios , were the first to challenge this perception and look seriously at the role of Jews and Muslims .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
The local Indians were already familiar with the English , who had intermittently visited the area for fishing and trade before Mayflower arrived . In the Cape Cod area , relations were poor following a visit several years earlier by Thomas Hunt . Hunt kidnapped 20 people from Patuxet ( the site of Plymouth Colony ) and another seven from Nausett , and he attempted to sell them as slaves in Europe . One of the Patuxet abductees was Squanto , who became an ally of the Plymouth Colony .