vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lundy
The late 18th and early 19th centuries were years of lawlessness on Lundy , particularly during the ownership of Thomas Benson ( 1708 - 1772 ) , a Member of Parliament for Barnstaple in 1747 and Sheriff of Devon , who notoriously used the island for housing convicts whom he was supposed to be deporting . Benson leased Lundy from its owner , John Leveson - Gower , 1st Earl Gower ( 1694 -- 1754 ) ( who was an heir of the Grenville family of Bideford and of Stowe , Kilkhampton in Cornwall ) , at a rent of £ 60 per annum and contracted with the Government to transport a shipload of convicts to Virginia , but diverted the ship to Lundy to use the convicts as his personal slaves . Later Benson was involved in an insurance swindle . He purchased and insured the ship Nightingale and loaded it with a valuable cargo of pewter and linen . Having cleared the port on the mainland , the ship put into Lundy , where the cargo was removed and stored in a cave built by the convicts , before setting sail again . Some days afterwards , when a homeward - bound vessel was sighted , the Nightingale was set on fire and scuttled . The crew were taken off the stricken ship by the other ship , which landed them safely at Clovelly .
English Civil War
After the debacle at Hull , Charles moved on to Nottingham , where on 22 August 1642 , he raised the royal standard . When he raised his standard , Charles had with him about 2,000 cavalry and a small number of Yorkshire infantry - men , and using the archaic system of a Commission of Array , Charles 's supporters started to build a larger army around the standard . Charles moved in a south - westerly direction , first to Stafford , and then on to Shrewsbury , because the support for his cause seemed particularly strong in the Severn valley area and in North Wales . While passing through Wellington , in what became known as the `` Wellington Declaration '' , he declared that he would uphold the `` Protestant religion , the laws of England , and the liberty of Parliament '' . Oliver
Practice Statement
The Practice Statement ( 1966 ) 3 All ER 77 was a statement made in the House of Lords by Lord Gardiner LC on July 26 , 1966 on behalf of himself and the Lords of Appeal in ordinary , that they would depart from precedent in the Lords in order to achieve justice .
English Reformation
On the question of images , Elizabeth 's initial reaction was to allow crucifixes and candlesticks and the restoration of roods , but some of the new bishops whom she had elevated protested . In 1560 Edmund Grindal , one of the Marian exiles now made Bishop of London , was allowed to enforce the demolition of rood lofts in London and in 1561 the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts . Thereafter , the determination to prevent any further restoration was evidenced by the more thoroughgoing destruction of roods , vestments , stone altars , dooms , statues and other ornaments . The queen also appointed a new Privy Council , removing many Roman Catholic counsellors by doing so . Under Elizabeth , factionalism in the Council and conflicts at court greatly diminished . The Act of Supremacy was passed without difficulty .
English contract law
Implied terms cases Hutton v Warren ( 1836 ) EWHC Exch J61 The Moorcock ( 1889 ) 14 PD 64 Southern Foundries ( 1926 ) Ltd v Shirlaw ( 1940 ) AC 701 Liverpool CC v Irwin ( 1976 ) UKHL 1 Johnstone v Bloomsbury HA ( 1991 ) 2 All ER 293 Scally v Southern Health Board ( 1992 ) 1 AC 294 Malik v BCCI SA ( 1997 ) UKHL 23 Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman ( 2000 ) UKHL 39 Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v M&S plc ( 2001 ) EWCA Civ 274 AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd ( 2009 ) UKPC 10 Carter v Boehm ( 1766 ) 97 ER 1162 Yam Seng Pte Ltd v Int Trade Corp Ltd ( 2013 ) EWHC 111 Bhasin v. Hrynew 2014 SCC 71 Implied terms in English law ``
Trent Affair
On November 12 Palmerston advised Adams in person that the British nonetheless would take offense if the envoys were removed from a British ship . Palmerston emphasized that seizing the Confederates would be `` highly inexpedient in every way ( Palmerston ) could view it '' and a few more Confederates in Britain would not `` produce any change in policy already adopted . '' Palmerston questioned the presence of Adger in British waters , and Adams assured Palmerston that he had read Marchand 's orders ( Marchand had visited Adams while in Great Britain ) which limited him to seizing Mason and Slidell from a Confederate ship .
Agatha Christie
Her disappearance caused an outcry from the public . The Home Secretary , William Joynson - Hicks , pressured police , and a newspaper offered a £ 100 reward . Over a thousand police officers , 15,000 volunteers , and several aeroplanes scoured the rural landscape . Sir Arthur Conan Doyle even gave a spirit medium one of Christie 's gloves to find the missing woman . Dorothy L. Sayers visited the house in Surrey , later using the scenario in her book Unnatural Death .
William Tyndale
Lord , give your people grace to hear and keep your word that , after the example of your servant William Tyndale , we may not only profess your gospel but also be ready to suffer and die for it , to the honour of your name ;
Battles of Lexington and Concord
President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . A
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
Bradford lists some of the reasons which the Puritans had to leave , including the discouragements that they faced in the Netherlands and the hope of attracting others by finding `` a better , and easier place of living '' , the children of the group being `` drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses '' , and the `` great hope , for the propagating and advancing the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world . '' Edward Winslow 's list was similar . In addition to the economic worries and missionary possibilities , he stressed that it was important for the people to retain their English identity , culture , and language . They also believed that the English Church in Leiden could do little to benefit the larger community there .
English Civil War
Early in the Long Parliament 's proceedings the house overwhelmingly accused Thomas Wentworth , Earl of Strafford of high treason and other crimes and misdemeanours .
Restoration (England)
The Instrument of Government , The Protectorate 's written constitutions , gave to the Lord Protector the King 's power to grant titles of honour . Over 30 new knighthoods were granted under the Protectorate . These knighthoods passed into oblivion upon the Restoration of Charles II , however many were regranted by the restored King .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Windsor Saturday Windsor Sunday Aynsley Dunbar 's Retaliation Ten Years After Timebox Richard Kent Style Pentangle Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac Chicken Shack Blossom Toes
House of Lords
There are two motions which have grown up through custom and practice and which govern questionable conduct within the House . They are brought into play by a member standing up , possibly intervening on another member , and moving the motion without notice . When the debate is getting excessively heated , it is open to a member to move `` that the Standing Order on Asperity of Speech be read by the Clerk '' . The motion can be debated , but if agreed by the House , the Clerk of the Parliaments will read out Standing Order 33 which provides `` That all personal , sharp , or taxing speeches be forborn '' . The Journals of the House of Lords record only four instances on which the House has ordered the Standing Order to be read since the procedure was invented in 1871 .
Stamp Act 1765
Duties in American Colonies Act Parliament of Great Britain Long title An act for granting and applying certain stamp duties , and other duties , in the British colonies and plantations in America , towards further defraying the expenses of defending , protecting , and securing the same ; and for amending such parts of the several acts of parliament relating to the trade and revenues of the said colonies and plantations , as direct the manner of determining and recovering the penalties and forfeitures therein mentioned . Citation 5 George III , c. 12 Introduced by The Rt . Hon . George Grenville , MP Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies Dates Royal assent 22 March 1765 Commencement 1 November 1765 Repealed 18 March 1766 Other legislation Repealed by Act Repealing the Stamp Act 1766 Relates to Declaratory Act Status : Repealed
English Reformation
Part of a series on Anglicanism Theology Christian theology Anglican doctrine Thirty - nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Lambeth Quadrilateral Episcopal polity Sacraments Mary Ministry and worship Ministry Music Eucharist King James Version Book of Common Prayer Liturgical year Churchmanship High Low Central Broad Monasticism Saints Christianity Jesus Christ Paul Christian Church First seven Ecumenical Councils Background and history Celtic Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I Charles I Laud Nonjuring schism Anglo - Catholicism Oxford Movement Anglican Communion Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates ' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Continuing Anglicanism Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Anglicanism portal
The Dukes of Hazzard
Lizard Lick Towing featured an episode with its repossession specialists Ronnie Shirley and Bobby Brantley repossess a General Lee replica .
Norman conquest of England
Norman conquest of England Battle of Fulford Battle of Stamford Bridge Battle of Hastings Harrying of the North Revolt of the Earls
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon needed peace with the United Kingdom to implement the Treaty of San Ildefonso and take possession of Louisiana . Otherwise , Louisiana would be an easy prey for the UK or even for the United States . But in early 1803 , continuing war between France and the UK seemed unavoidable . On March 11 , 1803 , Napoleon began preparing to invade the UK .
London Company
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Transport in London
There has been a move , led by Chris Smallwood , chairman of the London Pedicab Operators Association , to bring in more relevant legislation . Smallwood helped to draft an amendment to a bill to be put before the House of Lords that would introduce these ' lighter ' pedicab regulations . This was followed in 2005 by Transport Committee scrutiny to determine the future of the then nascent industry . This led in turn , to a 2006 TfL consultation `` for the introduction of a licensing regime that is appropriate for pedicabs and their riders '' .
Political party
In the United Kingdom , it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds , the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating . Famously , Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages . To prevent such corruption in the future , Parliament passed the Honours ( Prevention of Abuses ) Act 1925 into law . Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act . However , some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans , giving rise to the ' Cash for Peerages ' scandal .
Factory Acts
In 1825 John Cam Hobhouse introduced a Bill to allow magistrates to act on their own initiative , and to compel witnesses to attend hearings ; noting that so far there had been only two prosecutions under the 1819 Act . Opposing the Bill a millowner MP agreed that the 1819 Bill was widely evaded , but went on to remark that this put millowners at the mercy of millhands `` The provisions of Sir Robert Peel 's act had been evaded in many respects : and it was now in the power of the workmen to ruin many individuals , by enforcing the penalties for children working beyond the hours limited by that act '' and that this showed to him that the best course of action was to repeal the 1819 Act . On the other hand , another millowner MP supported Hobhouse 's Bill saying that he
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
Under Henry II , the Jewish financial community continued to grow richer still . All major towns had Jewish centres , and even smaller towns , such as Windsor , saw visits by travelling Jewish merchants . Henry II used the Jewish community as `` instruments for the collection of money for the Crown '' , and placed them under royal protection . The Jewish community at York lent extensively to fund the Cistercian order 's acquisition of land and prospered considerably . Some Jewish merchants grew extremely wealthy , Aaron of Lincoln so much that upon his death a special royal department had to be established to unpick his financial holdings and affairs .
Shoplifting
In 1699 , the English Parliament passed The Shoplifting Act , part of the Bloody Code that punished petty crimes with death . People convicted of shoplifting items worth more than five shillings would be hanged in London 's Tyburn Tree ( known as the `` Tyburn jig '' ) with crowds of thousands watching , or would be transported to the North American colonies or to Botany Bay in Australia . Some merchants found The Shoplifting Act overly severe , jurors often deliberately under - valued the cost of items stolen so convicted shoplifters would escape death , and reformist lawyers advocated for the Act 's repeal , but The Shoplifting Act was supported by powerful people such as Lord Ellenborough , who characterized penal transportation as `` a summer airing to a milder climate '' and the archbishop of Canterbury , who believed that strong punishment was necessary to prevent a dramatic increase in crime . As England began to embrace Enlightenment ideas about crime and punishment in the 18th century , opposition to the Bloody Code began to grow . The last English execution for shoplifting was carried out in 1822 , and in 1832 the House of Lords reclassified shoplifting as a non-capital crime .
United Kingdom general election, 2010
The Independent and The Guardian advocated tactical voting to maximise the chance of a Liberal Democrat / Labour coalition to make electoral reform including of the House of Lords and introduction of domestic proportional representation more likely .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
On March 28 , Scott recommended that both Pickens and Sumter be abandoned , basing his decision more on political than military grounds . The next day a deeply agitated Lincoln presented Scott 's proposal to the cabinet . Blair was now joined by Welles and Chase in supporting reinforcement . Bates was non-committal , Cameron was not in attendance , and Seward and Smith opposed resupply . Later that day Lincoln gave Fox the order to begin assembling a squadron to reinforce Fort Sumter . Lincoln 's policy of re-supplying the Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens was designed to deny the right of secession without resorting to violence , which he hoped would allow the administration maintain support among both Northerners and Southern Unionists .
Curious George
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Trent Affair
British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston urged a policy of neutrality . His international concerns were centered in Europe , where he had to watch both Napoleon III 's ambitions in Europe and Bismarck 's rise in Prussia . During the Civil War , British reactions to American events were shaped by past British policies and their own national interests , both strategically and economically . In the Western Hemisphere , as relations with the United States improved , Britain had become cautious about confronting the United States over issues in Central America .
Practice Statement
Until the year 1966 , the House of Lords in the United Kingdom was bound to follow all of its previous decisions under the principle of stare decisis , even if this created `` injustice '' and `` unduly restrict ( s ) the proper development of the law '' ( London Tramways Co. v London County Council ( 1898 ) AC 375 ) . The Practice Statement 1966 is authority for the House of Lords to depart from their previous decisions . It does not affect the precedential value of cases in lower courts ; all other courts that recognise the Supreme Court ( formerly the House of Lords ) as the court of last resort are still bound by Supreme Court decisions . Before this , the only way a binding precedent could be avoided was to create new legislation on the matter .
Hundred Years' War
Owain Glyndŵr 's Revolt Mynydd Hyddgen Tuthill Bryn Glas Shrewsbury Stalling Down Grosmont Pwll Melyn See
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
After his victory at Minden the Duke of Brunswick continued to lead the Anglo - German army which received increasing resources and reinforcements from Britain . Brunswick was now facing several large French armies under the overall command of Victor - François , 2nd duc de Broglie which tried to envelop the west German frontier . The French still hoped to offset their losses to the British in other parts of the globe by capturing Hanover -- - which could be used as a bargaining chip in any peace negotiations . The French continued to invest large numbers of troops -- which were badly needed elsewhere . In 1761 Brunswick won another major victory over Broglie at the Battle of Villinghausen .
Lundy
Lundy was granted to the Knights Templar by Henry II in 1160 . The Templars were a major international maritime force at this time , with interests in North Devon , and almost certainly an important port at Bideford or on the River Taw in Barnstaple . This was probably because of the increasing threat posed by the Norse sea raiders ; however , it is unclear whether they ever took possession of the island . Ownership was disputed by the Marisco family who may have already been on the island during King Stephen 's reign . The Mariscos were fined , and the island was cut off from necessary supplies . Evidence of the Templars ' weak hold on the island came when King John , on his accession in 1199 , confirmed the earlier grant .
English contract law
The 1999 Act 's reforms mean a number of old cases would be decided differently today . In Beswick v Beswick while the House of Lords held that Mrs Beswick could specifically enforce a promise of her nephew to her deceased husband to pay her £ 5 weekly in her capacity as administratrix of the will , the 1999 Act would also allow her to claim as a third party . In Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd it would have been possible for a stevedore firm to claim the benefit of a limitation clause in a contract between a carrier and the owner of a damaged drum of chemicals . Lord Denning dissented , arguing for abolition of the rule , and Lord Reid gave an opinion that if a bill of lading expressly conferred the benefit of a limitation on the stevedores , the stevedores give authority to the carrier to do that , and `` difficulties about consideration moving from the stevedore were overcome '' then the stevedores could benefit . In The Eurymedon , Lord Reid 's inventive solution was applied where some stevedores similarly wanted the benefit of an exclusion clause after dropping a drilling machine , the consideration being found as the stevedores performing their pre-existing contractual duty for the benefit of the third party ( the drilling machine owner ) . Now none of this considerably technical analysis is required , given that any contract purporting to confer a benefit on a third party may in principle be enforced by the third party .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Rumors abounded during the course of the trip of various plots to kill Lincoln . Samuel Felton , president of the Philadelphia , Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad , hired detective Allan Pinkerton to investigate reports that secessionists might try to sabotage the railroad along the route . In conducting his investigation Pinkerton obtained information that indicated to him that an attempt on Lincoln 's life would be made in Baltimore . According to his sources , when Lincoln arrived in the city a gang of armed men would stage a diversion to distract the city police , giving designated assassins an opportunity to kill Lincoln . As a result of the threat , the travel schedule was altered , tracks were closed to other traffic , and the telegraph wires even cut to heighten security . Lincoln , dressed in an overcoat , muffler , and soft wool hat , and his entourage passed through Baltimore 's waterfront at around 3 o'clock in the early morning of February 23 , and arrived safely in the nation 's capital a few hours later . The unannounced departure from the published schedule as well as the unconventional ( for Lincoln ) dress led to critics and cartoonists accusing him of sneaking into Washington in disguise . Lincoln met with Buchanan and Congressional leaders shortly after arriving in Washington . He also worked to complete his cabinet , meeting with Republican Senators to obtain their feedback .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Windsor Friday 11 August Windsor Saturday 12 August Windsor Sunday 13 August Small Faces The Move Eric Burdon and the New Animals Tomorrow Marmalade The Syn The Nite People The Nice Paul Jones The Crazy World of Arthur Brown Zoot Money Amen Corner Adams Recital Aynsley Dunbar 's Retaliation Ten Years After Timebox Al Cohn & Zoot Sims Graham Collier Septet Danny Moss Quartet Yusef Lateef Mike Carr Trio London Jazz Four Cream John Mayall 's Bluesbreakers PP Arnold Jeff Beck Alan Bown Denny Laine Pentangle Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac Chicken Shack Donovan Ottilie Patterson Al Stewart Piccadilly Line
Windsor Castle
Charles I was a connoisseur of art , and paid greater attention to the aesthetic aspects of Windsor Castle than his predecessors . Charles had the castle completely surveyed by a team including Inigo Jones in 1629 , but little of the recommended work was carried out . Nonetheless , Charles employed Nicholas Stone to improve the chapel gallery in the Mannerist style and to construct a gateway in the North Terrace . Christian van Vianen , a noted Dutch goldsmith , was employed to produce a baroque gold service for the St George 's Chapel altar . In the final years of peace , Charles demolished the fountain in the Upper Ward , intending to replace it with a classical statue .
Factory Acts
`` He wanted them to decide whether they would amend , or repeal , or enforce the Act now in existence ; but if they would do none of these things , if they continued idly indifferent , and obstinately shut their eyes to this great and growing evil , if they were careless of the growth of an immense population , plunged in ignorance and vice , which neither feared God , nor regarded man , then he warned them that they must be prepared for the very worst result that could befall a nation . ''