vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Quechuan languages
mas kalu - kuna - kta li - la - a ni - nki - chra - ri more far - PL - ACC go - PST - 1 say - 2 - CONJ - EMPH
Supercompensation
hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Heterochronism
The Reverend Mr. Black
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Alcohol in the Bible
Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 92605 - 4 . D. Kellermann ( 1986 ) . `` Chomets ( et al . ) '' . In G. Johannes Botterweck ; Helmer Ringgren . Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament . IV . trans . David E. Green . Wm . B. Eerdmans . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2328 - 9 . Frederic Richard Lees & Dawson Burns ( 1870 ) . `` Appendix C-D '' . The Temperance Bible - Commentary . New York : National Temperance Society and Publication House . pp. 431 -- 446 . Henry Liddell ; Robert Scott ; Henry Stuart Jones ; Roderick McKenzie ( 1940 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 864226 - 1 . Bruce Lincoln ( 2005 ) . `` Beverages '' . In Lindsay Jones . Encyclopedia of Religion . 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . MacMillan Reference Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865733 - 2 . Jill Maynard , ed. ( 1997a ) . `` Drunkenness '' . Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times . Pleasantville , New York : The Reader 's Digest Association . Jill Maynard , ed. ( 1997b ) . `` Wine '' . Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times . Pleasantville , New York : The Reader 's Digest Association . Jill Maynard , ed. ( 1997c ) . `` Wine Making '' . Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times . Pleasantville , New York : The Reader 's Digest Association . John McClintock ; James Strong ( 1891 ) . `` Wine '' . Cyclopaedia of Biblical , Theological , and Ecclesiastical Literature . X . New York : Harper and Brothers . pp. 1010 -- 1017 .
Revenge
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Twelve Days of Christmas
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Neon lighting
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Ryukyu Islands
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Native Son
Thus , the argument that Max 's final speech is a Communist promotion is not supported by the texts in the novel ( Kinnamon 96 ) . Max referred to Bigger as a part of the working class in his closing statement . Furthermore , in 1938 , Wright also advocated the image of African Americans as members of the working class in his article in the New York Amsterdam News : `` I have found in the Negro worker the real symbol of the working class in America . '' ( Foley 190 ) Thus , Wright 's depiction of and belief in the figure of African American workers and his depiction of Bigger Thomas as a worker showed evidence of Communist influence on Native Son .
History of coal mining
Scottish miners had been bonded to their `` maisters '' by a 1606 Act `` Anent Coalyers and Salters '' . A Colliers and Salters ( Scotland ) Act 1775 , recognised this to be `` a state of slavery and bondage '' and formally abolished it ; this was made effective by a further law in 1799 .
National Convention
The article on the Convention in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica concludes , `` The work of the Convention was immense in all branches of public affairs . To appreciate it without prejudice , one should recall that this assembly saved France from a civil war and invasion , that it founded the system of public education ( Museum , École Polytechnique , École Normale Supérieure , École des langues orientales , Conservatoire ) , created institutions of capital importance , like that of the Grand Livre de la Dette publique , and definitely established the social and political gains of the Revolution . '' By a decree of 4 February 1794 ( 16 pluviôse ) it also ratified and expanded to the whole French colonial empire the 1793 abolition of slavery on Saint - Domingue by civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel , though this did not affect Martinique or Guadeloupe and was abolished by the law of 20 May 1802 .
Atlantic slave trade
The Second Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans by mostly English , Portuguese , French and Dutch traders . The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean colonies and Brazil , as European nations built up economically slave - dependent colonies in the New World . Slightly more than 3 % of the enslaved people exported from Africa were traded between 1450 and 1600 , and 16 % in the 17th century .
Atlantic slave trade
The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes . Across the Sahara , through the Red Sea , from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic . At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries ( from the ninth to the nineteenth ) ... Four million enslaved people exported via the Red Sea , another four million through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean , perhaps as many as nine million along the trans - Saharan caravan route , and eleven to twenty million ( depending on the author ) across the Atlantic Ocean .
Indentured servitude
Over a period of 40 years , from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century , labor for the sugar - cane fields of Queensland , Australia included an element of coercive recruitment and indentured servitude of the 62,000 South Sea Islanders . The workers came mainly from Melanesia -- mainly from the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu -- with a small number from Polynesian and Micronesian areas such as Samoa , the Gilbert Islands ( subsequently known as Kiribati ) and the Ellice Islands ( subsequently known as Tuvalu ) . They became collectively known as `` Kanakas '' .
Atlantic slave trade
Raymond L. Cohn , an economics professor whose research has focused on economic history and international migration , has researched the mortality rates among Africans during the voyages of the Atlantic slave trade . He found that mortality rates decreased over the history of the slave trade , primarily because the length of time necessary for the voyage was declining . `` In the eighteenth century many slave voyages took at least 21⁄2 months . In the nineteenth century , 2 months appears to have been the maximum length of the voyage , and many voyages were far shorter . Fewer slaves died in the Middle Passage over time mainly because the passage was shorter . ''
Missouri Compromise
Table 1 . House vote on restricting slavery in Missouri . 15th Congress 2nd Session , February 16 , 1819 . Yea * Nay Abst Total Northern Federalists 22 28 Northern Republicans 64 7 7 77 North Total 86 10 9 105 South Total 66 13 80 House Total 87 76 22 185 * Yea is an antislavery ( restrictionist ) vote
Child labour
Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast , but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10 - year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees . The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away . Malian officials believed that 15,000 children , some as young as 11 years old , were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001 . These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries . Parents were told the children would find work and send money home , but once the children left home , they often worked in conditions resembling slavery . In other cases , children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves . In 2002 , the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby , which suggested they were trafficked , likely from neighboring Mali , Burkina Faso and Togo .
Woodrow Wilson
Child labor was curtailed by the Keating -- Owen Act of 1916 , but the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1918 . Mexican
First Nations
The citizens of New France received slaves as gifts from their allies among First Nations peoples . Slaves were prisoners taken in raids against the villages of the Fox nation , a tribe that was an ancient rival of the Miami people and their Algonquian allies . Native ( or `` pani '' , a corruption of Pawnee ) slaves were much easier to obtain and thus more numerous than African slaves in New France , but were less valued . The average native slave died at 18 , and the average African slave died at 25 ( the average European could expect to live until the age of 35 ) . By 1790 the abolition movement was gaining ground in Canada and the ill intent of slavery was evidenced by an incident involving a slave woman being violently abused by her slave owner on her way to being sold in the United States . The Act Against Slavery of 1793 legislated the gradual abolition of slavery : no slaves could be imported ; slaves already in the province would remain enslaved until death , no new slaves could be brought into Upper Canada , and children born to female slaves would be slaves but must be freed at age 25 . The Act remained in force until 1833 when the British Parliament 's Slavery Abolition Act finally abolished slavery in all parts of the British Empire . Historian Marcel Trudel has documented 4,092 recorded slaves throughout Canadian history , of which 2,692 were Aboriginal people , owned by the French , and 1,400 blacks owned by the British , together owned by approximately 1,400 masters . Trudel also noted 31 marriages took place between French colonists and Aboriginal slaves . 1775
Cross of Gold speech
The effects of the recession which began in 1893 , and which continued through 1896 , ruined many Americans . Contemporary estimates were an unemployment rate as high as 25 % . The task of relieving the jobless fell to churches and other charities , as well as to labor unions . Farmers went bankrupt ; their farms were sold to pay their debts . Some of the impoverished died of disease or starvation ; others killed themselves .
Labor history of the United States
In 1908 the U.S. Supreme Court decided Loewe v. Lawlor ( the Danbury Hatters ' Case ) . In 1902 the Hatters ' Union instituted a nationwide boycott of the hats made by a nonunion company in Connecticut . Owner Dietrich Loewe brought suit against the union for unlawful combinations to restrain trade in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act . The Court ruled that the union was subject to an injunction and liable for the payment of triple damages .
Child labour
`` Very often , however , these state laws were not enforced ... Federal legislation was passed in 1916 and again in 1919 , but both laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court . Although the number of child workers declined dramatically during the 1920s and 1930s , it was not until the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 that federal regulation of child labor finally became a reality . '' -- Smithsonian , on child labour in early 20th century United States ,
Emancipation Proclamation
Conflicting advice , to free all slaves , or not free them at all , was presented to Lincoln in public and private . Thomas Nast , a cartoon artist during the Civil War and the late 1800s considered `` Father of the American Cartoon '' , composed many works including a two - sided spread that showed the transition from slavery into civilization after President Lincoln signed the Proclamation . Nast believed in equal opportunity and equality for all people , including enslaved Africans or free blacks . A mass rally in Chicago on September 7 , 1862 , demanded an immediate and universal emancipation of slaves . A delegation headed by William W. Patton met the president at the White House on September 13 . Lincoln had declared in peacetime that he had no constitutional authority to free the slaves . Even used as a war power , emancipation was a risky political act . Public opinion as a whole was against it . There would be strong opposition among Copperhead Democrats and an uncertain reaction from loyal border states . Delaware and Maryland already had a high percentage of free blacks : 91.2 % and 49.7 % , respectively , in 1860 .
Labor history of the United States
The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 , also known as the Taft -- Hartley Act , in 1947 revised the Wagner Act to include restrictions on unions as well as management . It was a response to public demands for action after the wartime coal strikes and the postwar strikes in steel , autos and other industries that were perceived to have damaged the economy , as well as a threatened 1946 railroad strike that was called off at the last minute before it shut down the national economy . The Act was bitterly fought by unions , vetoed by President Harry S. Truman , and passed over his veto . Repeated union efforts to repeal or modify it always failed , and it remains in effect today .
Containment
Although the term `` containment '' was first used for the strategy in the 1940s , there were major historical precedents familiar to Americans and Europeans . In the 1850s , anti-slavery forces in the United States developed a free soil strategy of containment , without using the word , to stop the expansion of slavery until it later collapsed . Historian James Oakes explains the strategy :
English contract law
Termination cases Boone v Eyre ( 1777 ) 1 H Bl 273 Hochster v De La Tour ( 1853 ) Bettini v Gye ( 1876 ) 1 QBD 183 Poussard v Spiers and Pond ( 1876 ) 1 QBD 410 Arcos Ltd v EA Ronaasen & Son ( 1933 ) The Hong Kong Fir ( 1961 ) White and Carter ( Councils ) Ltd v McGregor ( 1962 ) Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Ltd ( 1973 ) Bunge Corporation v Tradax SA ( 1981 ) The Alaskan Trader ( 1984 ) 1 All ER 129 Rice v Great Yarmouth BC ( 2001 ) 3 LGLR 4 Woodar Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd ( 1980 ) Main
Factory Acts
The Factory Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . IV ) c103 was an attempt to establish a regular working day in textile manufacture . The act had the following provisions :
Cakewalk
In the 1981 article `` The Cakewalk : A Study in Stereotype and Reality '' , Brooke Baldwin cites `` an almost exhaustive compilation of those accounts which have been found so far '' with representations in the white press as early as 1863 . This compilation consists of eyewitness accounts by emancipated slaves from Virginia and Georgia recorded by WPA researchers in the 1930s , along with secondhand accounts from other sources . Baldwin notes that `` when the researchers of the Federal Writer 's Project of the WPA interviewed aged ex-slaves in the 1930s , there was no longer any need to suppress information about the happier moments of slave life '' such as when slaves had been able to covertly mock their owners without getting punished , through the signals and expression of dance .
Factory Acts
Shaftesbury spoke in the Lords Second Reading debate ; thinking it might well be his last speech in Parliament on factory reform , he reviewed the changes over the forty - one years it had taken to secure a ten - hour - day , as this bill at last did . In 1833 , only two manufacturers had been active supporters of his bill ; all but a handful of manufacturers supported the 1874 bill . Economic arguments against reducing working hours had been disproved by decades of experience . Despite the restrictions on hours of work , employment in textile mills had increased ( 1835 ; 354,684 , of whom 56,455 under 13 : in 1871 , 880,920 of whom 80,498 under 13 ) , but accidents were half what they had been and ' factory cripples ' were no longer seen . In 1835 , he asserted , seven - tenths of factory children were illiterate ; in 1874 seven - tenths had `` a tolerable , if not a sufficient , education '' . Furthermore , police returns showed `` a decrease of 23 percent in the immorality of factory women '' . The various protective acts now covered over two and a half million people .
Labor history of the United States
Loewe v. Lawlor , 208 U.S. 274 ( 1908 ) , 235 U.S. 522 ( 1915 )
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise is the title generally attached to the legislation passed by the 16th United States Congress on May 9 , 1820 . The measures provided for the admission of Maine as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state , thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South . As part of the compromise , slavery was prohibited north of the 36 ° 30 ′ parallel , excluding Missouri . President James Monroe signed the legislation on March 6 , 1820 .
Atlantic slave trade
The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people . It is the source and the glory of their wealth ... the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery ...
Ciompi Revolt
737 Jump up ^ L.F. Marks , `` Fourteenth - Century Democracy in Florence , '' Past and Present 25 ( July 1963 ) : p. 77 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 78 Jump up ^ John M. Najemy , A History of Florence ( Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing , 2008 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Marks , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Marks , p. 80 Jump up ^ Marks , p. 81 Jump up ^ Samuel K. Cohn , Jr. , The Laboring Classes in Renaissance Florence ( New York : Academic Press , 1980 ) , p. 44 Jump up ^ Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 45 Jump up ^ Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 65 Jump up ^ Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Najemy , A History of Florence , p. 160 Jump up ^ Stefani , as cited in Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 88 ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 89 Jump up ^ Samuel K. Cohn , Jr. , Creating the Florentine State ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 ) , p. 80 Jump up ^ Cohn , Florentine State , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Florentine State , p. 81 Jump up ^ Cohn , Florentine State , p. 107 Jump up ^ Cohn , Florentine State , p. 108 Jump up ^ Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 129 Jump up ^ Cohn , Laboring Classes , p. 139 Jump up ^ Brucker , Gene A. Renaissance Florence . ( New York : Wiley , 1969 ) . P 67 ^ Jump up to : Winter , Y . `` Plebeian Politics : Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising . '' Political Theory 40.6 ( 2012 ) : P. 739 ^ Jump up to : Winter , Y . `` Plebeian Politics : Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising .
Atlantic slave trade
Walter Rodney argued that the export of so many people had been a demographic disaster which left Africa permanently disadvantaged when compared to other parts of the world , and it largely explains the continent 's continued poverty . He presented numbers showing that Africa 's population stagnated during this period , while those of Europe and Asia grew dramatically . According to Rodney , all other areas of the economy were disrupted by the slave trade as the top merchants abandoned traditional industries in order to pursue slaving , and the lower levels of the population were disrupted by the slaving itself .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed . Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed . However , they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade , including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries . The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue . During the Convention 's late July recess , the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves . The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August , so they referred the matter to an eleven - member committee for further discussion . This committee helped work out a compromise : Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade , but not for another twenty years ( that is , not until 1808 ) . In exchange for this concession , the federal government 's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two - thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities .
Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic slave trade developed after trade contacts were established between the `` Old World '' ( Afro - Eurasia ) and the `` New World '' ( the Americas ) . For centuries , tidal currents had made ocean travel particularly difficult and risky for the ships that were then available , and as such there had been very little , if any , maritime contact between the peoples living in these continents . In the 15th century , however , new European developments in seafaring technologies resulted in ships being better equipped to deal with the tidal currents , and could begin traversing the Atlantic Ocean . Between 1600 and 1800 , approximately 300,000 sailors engaged in the slave trade visited West Africa . In doing so , they came into contact with societies living along the west African coast and in the Americas which they had never previously encountered . Historian Pierre Chaunu termed the consequences of European navigation `` disenclavement '' , with it marking an end of isolation for some societies and an increase in inter-societal contact for most others .
History of rail transport in the United States
The Great Strike began on July 14 in Martinsburg , West Virginia , in response to the cutting of wages for the second time in a year by the B&O Railroad . The strike , and related violence , spread to Cumberland , Maryland , Baltimore , Pittsburgh , Buffalo , Philadelphia , Chicago and the Midwest . The strike lasted for 45 days , and ended only with the intervention of local and state militias , and federal troops . Labor unrest continued into the 1880s , such as the Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 , which involved over 200,000 workers .
New Deal
Table 2 : unemployment ( % labor force ) Year Lebergott Darby 1933 24.9 20.6 1934 21.7 16.0 1935 20.1 14.2 1936 16.9 9.9 1937 14.3 9.1 1938 19.0 12.5 1939 17.2 11.3 1940 14.6 9.5 1941 9.9 8.0 1942 4.7 4.7 1943 1.9 1.9 1944 1.2 1.2 1945 1.9 1.9