vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States presidential inauguration
Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 3336 words Full text 18 ! 18th 000000001857 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1857 ( Wednesday ) buchanan ! Inauguration of James Buchanan East Portico , U.S. Capitol tanneyf ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 2831 words Full text 19 ! 19th 000000001861 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1861 ( Monday ) lincolna ! First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln East Portico , U.S. Capitol tanneyg ! Roger B. Taney , Chief Justice 3637 words Full text 20 ! 20th 000000001865 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1865 ( Saturday ) lincolnb ! Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln East Portico , U.S. Capitol chasea ! Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice of the United States 700 words Full text 82 ! -- 000000001865 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1865 ( Saturday ) johnsona ! Inauguration of Andrew Johnson ( Extraordinary inauguration ) Kirkwood House Hotel , Washington , D.C. chaseb ! Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice -- 21 ! 21st 000000001869 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1869 ( Thursday ) granta ! First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant East Portico , U.S. Capitol chasec ! Salmon P. Chase , Chief Justice 1127 words Full text 22 ! 22nd 000000001873 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1873 ( Tuesday ) grantb ! Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant East Portico , U.S. Capitol chased ! Salmon P. Chase Chief Justice 1339 words Full text 23 ! 23rd 000000001877 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1877 ( Monday ) hayes ! Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes East Portico , U.S. Capitol waitea ! Morrison Waite , Chief Justice of the United States 2486 words Full text 24 ! 24th 000000001881 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1881 ( Friday ) garfield ! Inauguration of James A. Garfield East Portico , U.S. Capitol waiteb !
American Revolutionary War
Meanwhile , Howe launched his campaign against Washington , though his initial efforts to bring him to battle in June 1777 failed . Howe declined to attack Philadelphia overland via New Jersey , or by sea via the Delaware Bay , even though both options would have enabled him to assist Burgoyne if necessary . Instead , he took his army on a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , leaving him completely unable to assist Burgoyne . This decision was so difficult to understand , Howe 's critics accused him of treason .
Betsy Ross flag
No records show that the Continental Congress had a committee to design the national flag in the spring of 1776 . Although George Washington had been a member of the Continental Congress , he had assumed the position of commander - in - chief of the Continental Army in 1775 , so it would be unlikely that he would have headed a congressional committee in 1776 . However he did serve on a committee with John Ross ' uncle George Read in 1776 ( see below ) . There is no evidence to show that Betsy Ross and George Washington knew each other , or that George Washington was ever in her shop . However , George Ross and George Washington were both acquaintances of George Read in 1776 , and he had frequent communication with both parties . In letters and diaries that have surfaced , neither George Washington , Col. Ross , Robert Morris , nor any other member of Congress mentioned anything about a national flag in 1776 . Francis Hopkinson , a treasurer of loans and a consultant to the second congressional committee , has a naval design from 1780 which was clearly a derivative of earlier designs . The Flag Resolution of 1777 was the first documented meeting , discussion , or debate by Congress about a national flag . It is not unusual that Ross , an upholsterer , would have been paid to sew flags . There was a sudden and urgent need for them , and other Philadelphia upholsterers were also paid to sew flags in 1777 and years following .
Henry Clay
In the lead - up to the 1848 presidential election , Clay refused to publicly commit to another candidacy , saying that he would only seek the office if he retained the support of his fellow Whigs . Having suffered numerous losses , many younger Whigs sought new leaders who could win over Democrats and other non-Whigs . Webster , Ohio Senator Thomas Corwin , Associate Justice John McLean , and Generals Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor emerged as potential challengers for the Whig nomination . Clay 's health was also an issue , as Clay turned 70 in 1847 , and Clay may have suffered from early - stage tuberculosis in the late 1840s . However , the successful 1846 elections convinced many Whigs that Clay and his classic Whig principles deserved another chance , and Clay remained interested in another run . After his victories in the Mexican - American War , Taylor experienced a surge of popularity ; despite his largely unknown political views , Whigs viewed him as their strongest possible candidate . Even Clay 's long - time ally , John Crittenden , abandoned Clay 's potential candidacy in favor of Taylor .
War of 1812
To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of HMS Endymion which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike Guerriere 's which bounced of Constitution 's hull or Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force .
Blond
She looked back at him apparently without self - consciousness , ( and ) his heart raced with it wildly . ''
Impeachment in the United States
# Date of Impeachment Accused Office Accusation ( s ) Result References July 7 , 1797 William Blount United States Senator ( Tennessee ) Conspiring to assist Britain in capturing Spanish territory Senate refused to accept impeachment of a Senator by the House of Representatives , instead expelling him from the Senate on their own authority March 2 , 1803 John Pickering Judge ( District of New Hampshire ) Drunkenness and unlawful rulings Removed on March 12 , 1804 March 12 , 1804 Samuel Chase Associate Justice ( Supreme Court of the United States ) Political bias and arbitrary rulings , promoting a partisan political agenda on the bench Acquitted on March 1 , 1805 April 24 , 1830 James H. Peck Judge ( District of Missouri ) Abuse of power Acquitted on January 31 , 1831 5 May 6 , 1862 West Hughes Humphreys Judge ( Eastern , Middle , and Western Districts of Tennessee ) Supporting the Confederacy Removed and disqualified on June 26 , 1862 6 February 24 , 1868 Andrew Johnson President of the United States Violating the Tenure of Office Act Acquitted on May 26 , 1868 7 February 28 , 1873 Mark W. Delahay Judge ( District of Kansas ) Drunkenness Resigned on December 12 , 1873 8 March 2 , 1876 William W. Belknap United States Secretary of War Graft / corruption Acquitted after his resignation on August 1 , 1876 .
John Steinbeck
Travels with Charley : In Search of America is a travelogue of his 1960 road trip with his poodle Charley . Steinbeck bemoans his lost youth and roots , while dispensing both criticism and praise for America . According to Steinbeck 's son Thom , Steinbeck went on the trip , because he knew he was dying and wanted to see the country one last time .
Flag of the United States
The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea . By contrast , Hopkinson 's flag for the United States had seven white stripes , and six red ones -- in reality , six red stripes laid on a white background . Hopkinson 's sketches have not been found , but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty ( naval ) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time . His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes ; whereas , his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones . Hopkinson 's flag for the Navy is the one that the Nation preferred as the national flag . Remnants of Hopkinson 's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President 's seal . When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board , his position was like that of today 's Secretary of the Navy . The payment was not made , however , because it was determined he had already received a salary as a member of Congress . This contradicts the legend of the Betsy Ross flag , which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag by request of the government in the Spring of 1776 . Furthermore , a letter from the War Board to George Washington on May 10 , 1779 , documents that there was still no design established for a national flag for the Army 's use in battle .
Alan Shepard
Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. was born on November 18 , 1923 , in Derry , New Hampshire , to Alan B. Shepard Sr. and Pauline Renza Shepard ( née Emerson ) . He had a younger sister , Pauline , who was known as Polly . He was one of many famous descendants of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren . His father , Alan B. Shepard Sr. , known as Bart , worked in the Derry National Bank , owned by Shepard 's grandfather . Alan Sr. joined the National Guard in 1915 and served in France with the American Expeditionary Force during World War I. He remained in the National Guard between the wars , and was recalled to active duty during World War II , rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel .
General of the Army (United States)
General of the Army ( abbreviated as GA ) is a five - star general officer and the second highest possible rank in the United States Army . A General of the Army ranks immediately above a general and is equivalent to a Fleet Admiral and a General of the Air Force . There is no established equivalent five - star rank in the other federal uniformed services ( Marine Corps , Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps ) . Often called a `` five - star general '' , the rank of General of the Army has historically been reserved for wartime use and is not currently active in the U.S. military . The General of the Army insignia consisted of five 3 / 8th inch stars in a pentagonal pattern , with points touching . The insignia is paired with the gold and enameled United States Coat of Arms on service coat shoulder loops . The silver colored five - star metal insignia alone would be worn for use as a collar insignia of grade and on the garrison cap . Soft shoulder epaulettes with five 7 / 16th inch stars in silver thread and gold - threaded United States Coat of Arms on green cloth were worn with shirts and sweaters .
Military history of the United States
Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery , thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890 -- 1910 . He immediately grasped the potential for air power , and called for the development of a torpedo plane . Fiske , as aide for operations in 1913 -- 15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war - fighting instrument . Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies , oversee the construction of a larger fleet , coordinate war planning including force structure , mobilization plans , and industrial base , and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines . Eventually , the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway .
Henry Clay
Clay received a significant share of the presidential electoral vote in three separate elections , a feat matched only by John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , Andrew Jackson , Grover Cleveland , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and William Jennings Bryan , with only the latter ( like Clay ) failing to win a presidential election .
United States presidential election, 1860
Lincoln won the Electoral College with less than 40 percent of the popular vote nationwide by carrying states above the Mason -- Dixon line and north of the Ohio River , plus the states of California and Oregon in the Far West . Unlike every preceding president - elect , Lincoln did not carry even one slave state , and indeed he was not on the ballot in the southern states of North and South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Tennessee , Mississippi , Arkansas , Louisiana and Texas . He was the first President - elect to not be on the ballot in all states , a feat which has since been equalled thrice but never to the same extent . Lincoln won the second lowest share of the popular vote among all winning presidential candidates in U.S. history .
Andrew Carnegie
Despite his efforts towards international peace , Carnegie faced many dilemmas on his quest . These dilemmas are often regarded as conflicts between his view on international relations and his other loyalties . Throughout the 1880s and 1890s , for example , Carnegie allowed his steel works to fill large orders of armor plate for the building of an enlarged and modernized United States Navy , but he opposed American oversea expansion .
Henry Clay
In 1810 , United States Senator Buckner Thruston resigned to serve as a judge on the United States Circuit Court , and Clay was selected by the legislature to fill the seat for the fourteen months remaining on the term . In his first speech , Clay called for a more aggressive policy towards Britain . On the insistence of the Kentucky legislature , Clay helped prevent the re-charter of the First Bank of the United States , arguing that it interfered with state banks and infringed on states ' rights . Clay also advocated the annexation of West Florida , which the Spanish also claimed . After serving in the Senate for one year , Clay decided that he disliked the rules of the Senate . Though he felt confident that he could win election to a full Senate term , Clay instead chose to seek election to the United States House of Representatives . He easily won the election .
Frank Worsley
Worsley , in London while awaiting a new berth , joined the expedition as a result of a dream , in which he was navigating a ship around icebergs drifting down Burlington Street . He took it as a premonition and the next day hurried down to Burlington Street , where he noticed a sign on a building advertising what Shackleton called the Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition . He promptly entered the building whereupon he met Shackleton . After a few minutes of conversation , Shackleton offered him the captaincy of the Endurance , which Worsley accepted .
Spanish–American War
The Spanish soldier Julio Cervera Baviera , who served in the Puerto Rican Campaign , published a pamphlet in which he blamed the natives of that colony for its occupation by the Americans , saying , `` I have never seen such a servile , ungrateful country ( i.e. , Puerto Rico ) ... In twenty - four hours , the people of Puerto Rico went from being fervently Spanish to enthusiastically American ... They humiliated themselves , giving in to the invader as the slave bows to the powerful lord . '' He was challenged to a duel by a group of young Puerto Ricans for writing this pamphlet . A
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
In the Argyle Press / Hurst and Company 1892 Arlington Edition , the translation and editing mistakes attributed to Mercier are missing . Scaphandre is correctly translated as `` diving apparatus '' and not as `` cork - jackets '' . Although the book cover gives the title as Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , the title page titles the book Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas ; Or , The Marvelous and Exciting Adventures of Pierre Arronax , Conseil His Servant , and Ned Land a Canadian Harpooner .
Someone Saved My Life Tonight
In the Simpsons episode `` I 'm with Cupid '' , which features Elton John playing himself , Apu irritates John by deliberately punning that `` Someone saved your life tonight '' after his quick response prevents the singer being struck by a crashing plane .
Sherman's March to the Sea
... We rode out of Atlanta by the Decatur road , filled by the marching troops and wagons of the Fourteenth Corps ; and reaching the hill , just outside of the old rebel works , we naturally paused to look back upon the scenes of our past battles . We stood upon the very ground whereon was fought the bloody battle of July 22d , and could see the copse of wood where McPherson fell . Behind us lay Atlanta , smouldering and in ruins , the black smoke rising high in air , and hanging like a pall over the ruined city . Away off in the distance , on the McDonough road , was the rear of Howard 's column , the gun - barrels glistening in the sun , the white - topped wagons stretching away to the south ; and right before us the Fourteenth Corps , marching steadily and rapidly , with a cheery look and swinging pace , that made light of the thousand miles that lay between us and Richmond . Some band , by accident , struck up the anthem of `` John Brown 's Body '' ; the men caught up the strain , and never before or since have I heard the chorus of `` Glory , glory , hallelujah ! '' done with more spirit , or in better harmony of time and place . --
General of the Army (United States)
Although briefly considered , the U.S. Army did not introduce a rank of field marshal . In the United States , the term `` Marshal '' has traditionally been used for civilian law enforcement officers , particularly the U.S. Marshals , as well as formerly for state and local police chiefs . In addition , giving the rank the name `` marshal '' would have resulted in George Marshall being designated as `` Field Marshal Marshall '' , which was considered undignified .
Battle of Hampton Roads
Virginia remained in drydock for almost a month , getting repairs for battle damage as well as minor modifications to improve her performance . On April 4 , she was able to leave drydock. Buchanan , still recovering from his wound , had hoped that Catesby Jones would be picked to succeed him , and most observers believed that Jones 's performance during the battle was outstanding . The seniority system for promotion in the Navy scuttled his chances , however , and the post went to the 67 - year - old Commodore Josiah Tattnall . Monitor , not severely damaged , remained on duty . Like his antagonist Jones , Greene was deemed too young to remain as captain ; the day after the battle , he was replaced with Lieutenant Thomas O. Selfridge . Two days later , Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers .
U.S. Marshals (film)
U.S. Marshals is a 1998 American action crime thriller film directed by Stuart Baird . The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Roy Huggins and John Pogue . The film is a spin - off to the 1993 motion picture The Fugitive , which in turn was based on the television series of the same name , created by Huggins . The story does not involve the character of Dr. Richard Kimble , portrayed by Harrison Ford in the initial film , but instead the plot centers on United States Deputy Marshal Sam Gerard , once again played by Tommy Lee Jones . The plot follows Gerard and his team as they pursue another fugitive , Mark Warren , played by Wesley Snipes , who attempts to escape government officials following an international conspiracy scandal . The cast features Robert Downey , Jr. , Joe Pantoliano , Daniel Roebuck , Tom Wood , and LaTanya Richardson , several of whom portrayed Deputy Marshals in the previous film .
Spanish Armada
The English fleet and the Armada engaged once more on 23 July , off Portland . This time a change of wind gave the Spanish the weather - gage , and they sought to close with the English , but were foiled by the smaller ships ' greater manoeuvrability . At one point Howard formed his ships into a line of battle , to attack at close range bringing all his guns to bear , but this was not followed through and little was achieved .
Corazon Aquino
In the subsequent political developments and events , given Ninoy 's links with the Communist , Marcos charged that Aquino was being supported by communists and agreed to share power with them once elected into power . A political novice , Aquino categorically denied Marcos ' charge and even stated that she would not appoint a single communist to her cabinet . Running on the offensive , the ailing Marcos also accused Aquino of playing `` political football '' with the United States with respect to the continued United States military presence in the Philippines at Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base . Furthermore , the male strongman derided Aquino 's womanhood , by saying that she was `` just a woman '' whose place was in the bedroom . In response to her opponent 's sexist remark , and in reference to the fact that the ailing and feeble Marcos was increasingly seen as being largely a front man for his wife , Imelda , Aquino simply remarked that `` may the better woman win in this election '' . Marcos also attacked Aquino 's inexperience and warned the country that it would be a disaster if a woman like her with no previous political experience was to be elected president , to which Aquino cleverly and sarcastically responded , admitting that she had `` no experience in cheating , lying to the public , stealing government money , and killing political opponents '' .
Dan Humphrey
When she tells him that she needs him , and he responds that he has her , once again confirming that he will be there for her during the hard times .
The Shining (film)
In some sequences , there is a question of whether or not there are ghosts present . In the scenes where Jack sees ghosts he is always facing a mirror , or in the case of his storeroom conversation with Grady , a reflective , highly polished door . Film reviewer James Berardinelli notes `` It has been pointed out that there 's a mirror in every scene in which Jack sees a ghost , causing us to wonder whether the spirits are reflections of a tortured psyche . '' In Hollywood 's Stephen King , Tony Magistrale writes :
The Invisible Man
As a moral tale , The Invisible Man can be seen as a modern version of the `` Ring of Gyges '' parable by Plato .
The Man of the Crowd
In describing the man , the narrator `` describes a set of contradictory characteristics : ' there arose confusedly and paradoxically within my mind , the ideas of vast mental power , of caution , of penuriousness , of avarice , of coolness , of malice , of blood - thirstiness , of triumph , of merriment , of excessive terror , of intense -- of supreme despair ' . The man 's dress , too , is contradictory : his linen is dirty but ' of beautiful texture ' , and through a tear in his cloak the narrator glimpses a diamond and a dagger . ''