vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Alternative energy
Part of a series about Environmental economics Concepts Green accounting Green economy Green trading Eco commerce Green job Environmental enterprise Fiscal environmentalism Environmental finance Renewable energy Policies Sustainable tourism Ecotax Environmental tariff Net metering Environmental pricing reform Pigovian tax Dynamics Renewable energy commercialization Marginal abatement cost Green paradox Green politics Pollution haven hypothesis Carbon related Low - carbon economy Carbon neutral fuel Carbon neutrality Carbon pricing Emissions trading Carbon credit Carbon offset Carbon emission trading Personal carbon trading Carbon tax Carbon finance Feed - in tariff Carbon diet Food miles 2000 - watt society Carbon footprint
IS–LM model
where Y represents income , C ( Y − T ( Y ) ) ( \ displaystyle C ( Y-T ( Y ) ) ) represents consumer spending as an increasing function of disposable income ( income , Y , minus taxes , T ( Y ) , which themselves depend positively on income ) , I ( r ) ( \ displaystyle I ( r ) ) represents investment as a decreasing function of the real interest rate , G represents government spending , and NX ( Y ) represents net exports ( exports minus imports ) as a decreasing function of income ( decreasing because imports are an increasing function of income ) .
New Deal
The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one , increased consumption activity , attracted internal migration , reduced crime rates , and lowered several types of mortality . The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers , tenants , and farm workers . The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact , although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes .
Nairobi
The development of these critical transport facilities will , besides reducing transport costs due to faster movement of goods and people within the region , also increase trade , improve the socio - economic welfare of Northern Kenya and boost the country 's potential in attracting investments from all over the world .
Federalist No. 10
The historian Charles A. Beard identified Federalist No. 10 as one of the most important documents for understanding the Constitution . In his book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States ( 1913 ) , Beard argued that Madison produced a detailed explanation of the economic factors that lay behind the creation of the Constitution . At the outset of his study , Beard makes his point when he writes that Madison provided `` a masterly statement of the theory of economic determinism in politics '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 15 ) . Later in his study , Beard repeated his point , only providing more emphasis . `` The most philosophical examination of the foundations of political science is made by Madison in the tenth number , '' Beard writes . `` Here he lays down , in no uncertain language , the principle that the first and elemental concern of every government is economic '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 156 ) .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
The system was not just geared to reexport of commodities , but it also serviced a large domestic market , either as a final consumer , or as an intermediate user of raw materials and intermediate products for processing to finished products . The Republic was small , to be sure , but its urban population around 1650 was larger than that of the British Isles and Scandinavia combined . It was also larger than that of all German lands ( admittedly devastated by the Thirty Years War at the time ) . This closeness to a sizable domestic market helped the Amsterdam market perform its price - stabilizing function . Technological
Secession in the United States
Article IV , Section . 3 , Clause 1 of the United States Constitutions provides :
American Revolution
Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic :
Preamble to the United States Constitution
This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book
History of the United States Constitution
This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Page
Active and passive citizens
Soboul - The French Revolution 1787 - 1799 Brown - Cultures in Conflict - The French Revolution Retrieved
Article Three of the United States Constitution
This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book
Battle of Fort Sumter
4 Jump up ^ The Princeton Union 9 September 1897 p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 147 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 49 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 311 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banner in the Sky '' . Olana State Historic Site . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Fight for the Colors , the Ohio Battle Flags Collection , Civil War Room '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Todd . `` Lincoln Declares War '' . opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com . Opinionator . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 52 -- 53 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 820 , 841 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 834 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' .
American Revolution
Morgan has argued that , in terms of long - term impact on American society and values :
Emancipation Proclamation
This article is part of a series about Abraham Lincoln Family Early life and career Medical and mental health Electoral history Lincoln -- Douglas debates Cooper Union speech Farewell Address in Illinois President of the United States Presidency First term 1860 campaign Election 1st inauguration Address American Civil War The Union Emancipation Proclamation Ten percent plan Gettysburg Address 13th Amendment Second term 1864 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Address Reconstruction Assassination and legacy Assassination Funeral Legacy Memorials Depictions Views on slavery Topical guide Bibliography Further
History of the United States Constitution
Delegates reporting to the Convention presented their credentials to the Secretary , Major William Jackson of South Carolina . The state legislatures of the day used these occasions to say why they were sending representatives abroad . New York thus publicly enjoined its members to pursue all possible `` alterations and provisions '' for good government and `` preservation of the Union '' . New Hampshire called for `` timely measures to enlarge the powers of Congress '' . Virginia stressed the `` necessity of extending the revision of the federal system to all its defects '' .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book
United States Bill of Rights
This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book
History of United States prison systems
In criminal sentencing , blacks were disproportionately sentenced to incarceration -- whether to the chain gang , convict leasing operation , or penitentiary -- in relation to their white peers . Black incarceration peaked before and after radical Reconstruction , when Southern whites exercised virtually unchecked power and restored `` efficiency '' to the criminal courts . For example , 384 of North Carolina 's 455 prisoners in 1874 were black , and in 1878 the proportion had increased slightly to 846 of 952 . By 1871 , 609 of Virginia 's 828 convicts in -- including all but four of its sixty - seven female prisoners -- were black . But this phenomenon was not specific to the South : The proportion of black inmates in Northern prisons was virtually identical to that in Southern prisons throughout the second half of the nineteenth century .
Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War
For more details on the impact on the United States , see Economic history of the US .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
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Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
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Tax protester statutory arguments
Part of the Taxation in the United States series Tax protest in the United States History Arguments Constitutional 16th Amendment Statutory Administrative Conspiracy People Arthur Porth Robert Clarkson Vivien Kellems Irwin Schiff William J. Benson Wayne C. Bentson Tom Cryer Richard Michael Simkanin Eddie Ray Kahn Related topics America : Freedom to Fascism The Law that Never Was Cheek v. United States Titles of Nobility Amendment Tax noncompliance Tax resistance Tax resistance in the United States Christian Patriot movement Posse Comitatus Sovereign citizen movement Tea Party movement
The Red Badge of Courage
It is believed that Crane listened to war stories in the town square of Port Jervis , New York ( where his family at times resided ) told by members of the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment , commonly known as the Orange Blossoms . The Orange Blossoms first saw battle at Chancellorsville , which is believed by local historians to have been the inspiration for the battle depicted in The Red Badge of Courage . Furthermore , there was a Private James Conklin who served in the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment , and Crane 's short story `` The Veteran '' , which was published in McClure 's Magazine the year after The Red Badge of Courage , depicts an elderly Henry Fleming who specifically identifies his first combat experience as having occurred at Chancellorsville .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
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United States Declaration of Independence
The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence :
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
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Tennessee in the American Civil War
Bean 's Station Blountville Blue Springs Brentwood Bull 's Gap Campbell 's Station First Battle of Chattanooga Second Battle of Chattanooga Third Battle of Chattanooga Collierville Columbia Danbridge Dover Fair Garden Fort Donelson Fort Henry Fort Pillow Fort Sanders ( a.k.a. Fort Loudon ) First Battle of Franklin Second Battle of Franklin Hartsville Hatchie 's Bridge ( a.k.a. Davis Bridge or Matamoro ) Hoover 's Gap Island Number Ten Jackson Johnsonville First Battle of Memphis Second Battle of Memphis Mossy Creek First Battle of Murfreesboro Third Battle of Murfreesboro Nashville Parker 's Cross Roads Battle of Rogersville ( a.k.a. Big Creek ) Shiloh Spring Hill Stones River Thompson 's Station Vaught 's Hill ( a.k.a. Milton ) Wauhatchie ( a.k.a. Brown 's Berry )
Spanish–American War
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2017 )
Trent Affair
However , on May 18 Russell had instructed Lyons to seek Confederate agreement to abide by the Paris Declaration . Lyons assigned this task to Robert Bunch , the British consul in Charleston , South Carolina , who was directed to contact South Carolina Governor Francis Wilkinson Pickens . Bunch exceeded his instructions : he bypassed Pickens , and openly assured the Confederates that agreement to the Paris Declaration was `` the first step to ( British ) recognition . '' His indiscretion soon came to Union ears . Robert Mure , a British - born Charleston merchant , was arrested in New York . Mure , a colonel in the South Carolina militia , had a British diplomatic passport issued by Bunch , and was carrying a British diplomatic pouch ( which was searched ) . The pouch contained some actual correspondence from Bunch to Britain , and also pro-Confederate pamphlets , personal letters from Southerners to European correspondents , and a Confederate dispatch which recounted Bunch 's dealings with the Confederacy , including the talk of recognition .
Conscription in the United States
Conscription Military service National service Conscription crisis Conscientious objector Alternative civilian service Conscription by country
History of Maryland
Marylanders sympathetic to the South easily crossed the Potomac River to join and fight for the Confederacy . Exiles organized a `` Maryland Line '' in the Army of Northern Virginia which consisted of one infantry regiment , one infantry battalion , two cavalry battalions and four battalions of artillery . According to the best extant records , up to 25,000 Marylanders went south to fight for the Confederacy . About 60,000 Maryland men served in all branches of the Union military . Many of the Union troops were said to enlist on the promise of home garrison duty .
English Civil War
In the remains of his English realm Charles attempted to recover a stable base of support by consolidating the Midlands . He began to form an axis between Oxford and Newark on Trent in Nottinghamshire . Those towns had become fortresses and showed more reliable loyalty to him than to others . He took Leicester , which lies between them , but found his resources exhausted . Having little opportunity to replenish them , in May 1646 he sought shelter with a Presbyterian Scottish army at Southwell in Nottinghamshire . Charles was eventually handed over to the English Parliament by the Scots and was imprisoned . This marked the end of the First English Civil War .
Trail of Tears
I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot , but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew . --
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Great White fleet , Spanish -- American War , tanks , machine gun , medicine , chemical weapons ,
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Roosevelt , while the war was under way , proclaimed `` Mariners have written one of its most brilliant chapters . They have delivered the goods when and where needed in every theater of operations and across every ocean in the biggest , the most difficult and dangerous job ever undertaken . As time goes on , there will be greater public understanding of our merchant 's fleet record during this war . ''
The Dirty Dozen
In another contemporaneous review , Bosley Crowther called it `` an astonishingly wanton war film '' and a `` studied indulgence of sadism that is morbid and disgusting beyond words '' ; he also noted :
World War II
World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography
A Series of Unfortunate Events
A paperback release of the series , featuring restyled covers , new illustrations and a serial supplement entitled The Cornucopian Cavalcade happened with The Bad Beginning : or , Orphans ! , The Reptile Room : or , Murder ! , and The Wide Window : or , Disappearance ! , but stopped after the third .
Latin American wars of independence
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Call of Duty: World at War
GameSpot praised the darker , grittier portrayal of the World War II settings . 1UP.com noted the significantly increased graphic violence and gore ( even over the M - rated Call of Duty 4 ) as a positive improvement in realism saying , `` While enemies died en masse in previous installments , dismemberment and gore were essentially nonexistent . That 's no longer the case -- here , legs are severed , men cry out in agony as they reach for lost body parts , and gouts of blood fly as bullets pierce flesh . '' and that `` World at War portrays the horror of WWII more accurately than ever before ... ''
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Part of a series on the Wars of Great Britain Seven Years ' War Jacobite risings War of Jenkins ' Ear War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years ' War American Revolutionary War Fourth Anglo - Dutch War French Revolutionary Wars James
Timeline of World War I
Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Morval ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 26 -- 28 Battle of Thiepval Ridge ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 29 -- October 5 Flamanda Offensive , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October -- November First Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . Details October 1 -- November 5 Battle of Le Transloy ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) Details October 1 -- November 11 Battle of Ancre Heights ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) . October 9 -- 12 Eighth Battle of the Isonzo . October 19 -- 25 Second Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October 24 The French recapture Fort Douaumont near Verdun . Details November 1 -- 4 Ninth Battle of the Isonzo . November 13 -- 18 Battle of the Ancre ( closing phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details November 18 The Battle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo - French advantage . Details November 21 HMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine Details Francis Joseph I , Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary , dies and is succeeded by Charles I . Details November 25 David Beatty replaces John Jellicoe as commander of the Grand Fleet . Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea . Details November 25 -- December 3 Battle of Bucharest , a phase of the conquest of Romania . November 28 Prunaru Charge , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest , Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines . December 1 Battle of the Arges , a phase of the Battle of Bucharest . December 1 -- January 18 , 1917 Allies capture Yanbu . Details December 5 -- 7 United Kingdom : Prime Minister H.H. Asquith resigns and is succeeded by David Lloyd George . Details December 6 The Germans occupy Bucharest . The capital of Romania moved to Iaşi . Details December 13 Robert Nivelle replaces Joseph Joffre as Commander - in - Chief of the French Army . Details December 18 Battle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides .