vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Joseph McCarthy
McCarthy won reelection in 1952 with 54 % of the vote , defeating former Wisconsin State Attorney General Thomas E. Fairchild but , as stated above , badly trailing a Republican ticket which otherwise swept the state of Wisconsin ; all the other Republican winners , including Eisenhower himself , received at least 60 % of the Wisconsin vote . Those who expected that party loyalty would cause McCarthy to tone down his accusations of Communists being harbored within the government were soon disappointed . Eisenhower had never been an admirer of McCarthy , and their relationship became more hostile once Eisenhower was in office . In a November 1953 speech that was carried on national television , McCarthy began by praising the Eisenhower Administration for removing `` 1,456 Truman holdovers who were ... gotten rid of because of Communist connections and activities or perversion . '' He then went on to complain that John Paton Davies Jr. was still `` on the payroll after eleven months of the Eisenhower Administration , '' even though Davies had actually been dismissed three weeks earlier , and repeated an unsubstantiated accusation that Davies had tried to `` put Communists and espionage agents in key spots in the Central Intelligence Agency . '' In the same speech , he criticized Eisenhower for not doing enough to secure the release of missing American pilots shot down over China during the Korean War . By the end of 1953 , McCarthy had altered the `` twenty years of treason '' catchphrase he had coined for the preceding Democratic administrations and began referring to `` twenty - one years of treason '' to include Eisenhower 's first year in office .
Tax protester statutory arguments
( ... ) a person may be convicted of tax offenses only if he knows that the ( Internal Revenue ) Code requires him to pay . The jury was so instructed , and its verdict shows that it found , beyond a reasonable doubt , that Patridge ( the taxpayer ) knew that he had to pay taxes on what he made from his business . It is scarcely possible to imagine otherwise : the system of offshore trusts , and the fictive `` loans , '' show that Patridge was trying to hide income that he knew to be taxable . Why else all this folderol ? Yet Patridge , in common with many other people who know what the law requires , could not say just which provisions of the Code make income taxable and prevent evasion . For that matter , many tax lawyers ( and most judges ) could not rattle off the citations without glancing at a book . This shortcoming of memory ( perhaps , for Patridge , a deliberate avoidance of knowledge ) prevents criminal punishment , ( the lawyer for Patridge ) insists .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
If only one monarch has used a particular name , no ordinal is used ; for example , Queen Victoria is not known as `` Victoria I '' , and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England . The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen 's use of `` Elizabeth II '' , on the grounds that there had never been an `` Elizabeth I '' in Scotland . In MacCormick v Lord Advocate , the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs , finding that the Queen 's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative . The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals , which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal . The Prime Minister confirmed this practice , but noted that `` neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors '' . Future monarchs will apply this policy .
Miranda v. Arizona
Chief Justice Earl Warren , a former prosecutor , delivered the opinion of the Court , ruling that due to the coercive nature of the custodial interrogation by police ( Warren cited several police training manuals which had not been provided in the arguments ) , no confession could be admissible under the Fifth Amendment self - incrimination clause and Sixth Amendment right to an attorney unless a suspect had been made aware of his rights and the suspect had then waived them :
Joseph McCarthy
Robert Kennedy was chosen by McCarthy as a counsel for his investigatory committee , but resigned after six months due to disagreements with McCarthy and Committee Counsel Roy Marcus Cohn . Joseph Kennedy had a national network of contacts and became a vocal supporter , building McCarthy 's popularity among Catholics and making sizable contributions to McCarthy 's campaigns . The Kennedy patriarch hoped that one of his sons would be president . Mindful of the anti-Catholic prejudice Al Smith faced during his 1928 campaign for that office , Joseph Kennedy supported McCarthy as a national Catholic politician who might pave the way for a younger Kennedy 's presidential candidacy .
Trent Affair
Fairfax then boarded Trent from a cutter . Two cutters carrying a party of twenty men armed with pistols and cutlasses sidled up to Trent . Fairfax , certain that Wilkes was creating an international incident and not wanting to enlarge its scope , ordered his armed escort to remain in the cutter . Upon boarding , Fairfax was escorted to an outraged Captain Moir , and announced that he had orders `` to arrest Mr. Mason and Mr. Slidell and their secretaries , and send them prisoners on board the United States war vessel nearby . '' The crew and passengers then threatened Lieutenant Fairfax , and the armed party in the two cutters beside Trent responded to the threats by climbing aboard to protect him . Captain Moir refused Fairfax 's request for a passenger list , but Slidell and Mason came forward and identified themselves . Moir also refused to allow a search of the vessel for contraband , and Fairfax failed to force the issue which would have required seizing the ship as a prize , arguably an act of war . Mason and Slidell made a formal refusal to go voluntarily with Fairfax , but did not resist when Fairfax 's crewmen escorted them to the cutter .
Agent Orange
George Jackson stated that `` if the Americans were guilty of war crimes for using Agent Orange in Vietnam , then the British would be also guilty of war crimes as well since they were the first nation to deploy the use of herbicides and defoliants in warfare and used them on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency . Not only was there no outcry by other states in response to Britain 's use , but the U.S. viewed it as establishing a precedent for the use of herbicides and defoliants in jungle warfare . '' The U.S. government was also not a party in the lawsuit , due to sovereign immunity , and the court ruled the chemical companies , as contractors of the U.S. government , shared the same immunity . The case was appealed and heard by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan on June 18 , 2007 . Three judges on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld Weinstein 's ruling to dismiss the case . They ruled that , though the herbicides contained a dioxin ( a known poison ) , they were not intended to be used as a poison on humans . Therefore , they were not considered a chemical weapon and thus not a violation of international law . A further review of the case by the whole panel of judges of the Court of Appeals also confirmed this decision . The lawyers for the Vietnamese filed a petition to the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case . On March 2 , 2009 , the Supreme Court denied certiorari and refused to reconsider the ruling of the Court of Appeals .
Spanish Inquisition
Despite much popular myth about the Spanish Inquisition relating to Protestants , it dealt with very few cases involving actual Protestants , as there were so few in Spain . It should be noted that the Inquisition of the Netherlands , is here not considered part of the Spanish Inquisition . Lutheran was a portmanteau accusation used by the inquisition to act against all those who acted in a way that was offensive to the church . The first of the trials against those labeled by the Inquisition as `` Lutheran '' were those against the sect of mystics known as the `` Alumbrados '' of Guadalajara and Valladolid . The trials were long and ended with prison sentences of differing lengths , though none of the sect were executed . Nevertheless , the subject of the `` Alumbrados '' put the Inquisition on the trail of many intellectuals and clerics who , interested in Erasmian ideas , had strayed from orthodoxy . This is striking because both Charles I and Philip II were confessed admirers of Erasmus . Such was the case with the humanist Juan de Valdés , who was forced to flee to Italy to escape the process that had been begun against him , and the preacher , Juan de Ávila , who spent close to a year in prison .
Year and a day rule
It should be noted that the report also said `` It was held in H.M. Advocate v Stewart that the Crown may be barred from proceeding with a trial if it would be oppressive for them to do so in view of the passage of time since the discovery of the offence . '' .
Boston Tea Party
Eliminating some of the taxes was one obvious solution to the crisis . The East India Company initially sought to have the Townshend duty repealed , but the North ministry was unwilling because such an action might be interpreted as a retreat from Parliament 's position that it had the right to tax the colonies . More importantly , the tax collected from the Townshend duty was used to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges . This was in fact the purpose of the Townshend tax : previously these officials had been paid by the colonial assemblies , but Parliament now paid their salaries to keep them dependent on the British government rather than allowing them to be accountable to the colonists .
Tax protester statutory arguments
A related argument that has been raised is that the taxpayer may not be penalized for tax evasion unless the taxpayer knows that section 7201 is the specific section of the Internal Revenue Code that criminalizes the conduct . The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has rejected this argument as `` frivolous , '' and has stated :
Algiers Motel incident
The earlier Schemanske decision incensed Kenneth McIntyre , the assistant U.S District Attorney and he pushed to reopen a federal investigation of the killings . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) investigated the case . J. Edgar Hoover personally reviewed the policemen 's statements . He described them as `` for the most part untrue and were undoubtably furnished in an attempt to cover their activities and the true series of events . '' On May 3 , 1968 , a federal grand jury indicted August , Dismukes , Paille and Senak on a charge of conspiring to deny civil rights to the motel occupants . An indictment was not pursued against Thomas because the government wanted his testimony against the others . The federal conspiracy trial was delayed , both by the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy , but also the publication of The Algiers Motel Incident . U.S. Judge Stephen Roth was assigned the case . The defense asked for a change of venue . Roth closed the hearings to the press and waited a full year until September 1969 before ruling on the change of venue , ordering the trial to be moved to his hometown of Flint , Michigan .
Trent Affair
International law required that when `` contraband '' was discovered on a ship , the ship should be taken to the nearest prize court for adjudication . While this was Wilkes ' initial determination , Fairfax argued against this since transferring crew from San Jacinto to Trent would leave San Jacinto dangerously undermanned , and it would seriously inconvenience Trent 's other passengers as well as mail recipients . Wilkes , whose ultimate responsibility it was , agreed and the ship was allowed to proceed to St. Thomas , absent the two Confederate envoys and their secretaries .
Humanism
Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith ( see Christian Humanism ) . They inveighed against the abuses of the Church , but not against the Church itself , much less against religion . For them , the word `` secular '' carried no connotations of disbelief -- that would come later , in the nineteenth century . In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery . Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo 's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own ( although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life ) . He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue , inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer . By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base , however , the methods of the humanists , combined with their eloquence , would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority .
Tax protester statutory arguments
One tax protester argument is that the acquittal of a defendant in a Federal criminal tax case proves that there is no law imposing the Federal income tax liability , or that the acquittal relieves the defendant of liability for the Federal income tax . No court has accepted this argument .
Tax protester statutory arguments
Congress 's failure to enact a title ( of the United States Code ) into positive law has only evidentiary significance and does not render the underlying enactment invalid or unenforceable . See 1 U.S.C. § 204 ( a ) ( 1982 ) ( the text of titles not enacted into positive law is only prima facie evidence of the law itself ) . Like it or not , the Internal Revenue Code is the law , and the defendants did not violate Ryan 's rights by enforcing it .
Joseph McCarthy
Early in 1954 , the U.S. Army accused McCarthy and his chief counsel , Roy Cohn , of improperly pressuring the Army to give favorable treatment to G. David Schine , a former aide to McCarthy and a friend of Cohn 's , who was then serving in the Army as a private . McCarthy claimed that the accusation was made in bad faith , in retaliation for his questioning of Zwicker the previous year . The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations , usually chaired by McCarthy himself , was given the task of adjudicating these conflicting charges . Republican Senator Karl Mundt was appointed to chair the committee , and the Army -- McCarthy hearings convened on April 22 , 1954 . McCarthy
Two Treatises of Government
Unlike Macpherson , James Tully finds no evidence that Locke specifically advocates capitalism . In his A Discourse on Property , Tully describes Locke 's view of man as a social dependent , with Christian sensibilities , and a God - given duty to care for others . Property , in Tully 's explanation of Locke , belong to the community as the public commons but becomes `` private '' so long as the property owner , or more correctly the `` custodian , '' serves the community . Zuckert believes Tully is reading into Locke rights and duties that just are n't there . Huyler finds that Locke explicitly condemned government privileges for rich , contrary to Macpherson 's pro-capitalism critique , but also rejected subsidies to aid the poor , in contrast to Tully 's social justice apologetics .
Joseph McCarthy
In his campaign , McCarthy attacked La Follette for not enlisting during the war , although La Follette had been 46 when Pearl Harbor was bombed . He also claimed La Follette had made huge profits from his investments while he , McCarthy , had been away fighting for his country . In fact , McCarthy had invested in the stock market himself during the war , netting a profit of $42,000 in 1943 ( over $604,000 in 2017 dollars ) . La Follette 's investments consisted of partial interest in a radio station , which earned him a profit of $47,000 over two years .
The Herd with Colin Cowherd
Schreiber contacted Traug Keller , a Senior Vice President at ESPN Radio , and Keller indicated that Cowherd would face no disciplinary action for the stunt , because there had been no policy against such a tactic at the time . To prevent this from happening again , Keller instituted a zero tolerance policy of such activities in the future . Sean Taylor 's Murder - Cowherd was criticized for comments made regarding the circumstances surrounding Sean Taylor 's death . On November 28 , 2007 , one day after Taylor 's home invasion murder , Cowherd claimed that Taylor 's past had brought this upon himself , and that Redskins fans who mourned him were not `` grown ups . '' Cowherd stated about Taylor 's turnaround ; `` Well , yeah , just because you clean the rug does n't mean you got everything out . Sometimes you 've got stains , stuff so deep it never ever leaves . '' Taylor 's death was later found to be the result of a botched robbery , and the robbers had n't known Taylor was home when they entered .
Serial killer
This use of `` serial '' killer to paraphrase Brophy 's serial murderer does not appear to have been influential at the time .
Year and a day rule
In 2014 , the D.C. rule ( as it existed in 1981 ) was one of the reasons given for why John Hinckley , the attempted assassin of President Ronald Reagan , could not be prosecuted for the murder of James S. Brady . The medical examiner listed the cause of death for Brady as bullets fired 34 years earlier .
Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
As construed by the Supreme Court in the Brushaber case , the power of Congress to tax income derives from Article I , Section 8 , Clause 1 , of the original Constitution rather than from the Sixteenth Amendment ; the latter simply eliminated the requirement that an income tax , to the extent that it is a direct tax , must be apportioned among the states . A corollary of this conclusion is that any direct tax that is not imposed on `` income '' remains subject to the rule of apportionment . Because the Sixteenth Amendment does not purport to define the term `` direct tax , '' the scope of that constitutional phrase remains as debatable as it was before 1913 ; but the practical significance of the issue was greatly reduced once income taxes , even if direct , were relieved from the requirement of apportionment .
Joseph McCarthy
On December 2 , 1954 , the Senate voted to `` condemn '' McCarthy on both counts by a vote of 67 to 22 . The Democrats present unanimously favored condemnation and the Republicans were split evenly . The only senator not on record was John F. Kennedy , who was hospitalized for back surgery ; Kennedy never indicated how he would have voted . Immediately after the vote , Senator H. Styles Bridges , a McCarthy supporter , argued that the resolution was `` not a censure resolution '' because the word `` condemn '' rather than `` censure '' was used in the final draft . The word `` censure '' was then removed from the title of the resolution , though it is generally regarded and referred to as a censure of McCarthy , both by historians and in Senate documents . McCarthy himself said , `` I would n't exactly call it a vote of confidence . '' He added , `` I do n't feel I 've been lynched . '' But Indiana Senator William E. Jenner , one of McCarthy 's friends and fellow Republicans , likened McCarthy 's conduct to that of `` the kid who came to the party and peed in the lemonade . ''
Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
Per hunc ... castissimum ante regiam iniuriam sanguinem iuro , vosque , di , testes facio me L. Tarquinium Superbum cum scelerata coniuge et omni liberorum stirpe ferro igni quacumque dehinc vi possim exsecuturum , nec illos nec alium quemquam regnare Romae passurum .
Tax protester statutory arguments
While there is disagreement over exactly how `` imminent '' an injury has to be before a taxpayer can obtain relief from a court , this is separate from the obligation to timely file a tax return ( which is imposed by statute ) . The Schulz court did not rule that the IRS was required to `` explain '' to the taxpayer why he had to pay taxes , but rather that the taxpayer could not obtain a court order to quash the summonses until the IRS first went to court against him . Additionally , the taxpayer was challenging requests for documents and testimony for an investigation ( similar to challenging a subpoena or warrant ) , not demanding that the IRS explain to him why he was subject to taxation . The court did not rule that a taxpayer has no obligation to respond to a summons until the IRS undertakes proceedings against the taxpayer . The court essentially ruled that the taxpayer can not be punished for failing to comply until the taxpayer has violated a court order mandating compliance .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Ike and other Cowboys believed the new arrest was further evidence that the Earps were illegally persecuting the Cowboys . They told the Earps that they could expect retaliation . While Virgil and Wyatt were in Tucson for the federal hearing on the charges against Spence and Stilwell , Frank McLaury confronted Morgan Earp . He told him that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest Spence , Stilwell , or the McLaurys again . The Tombstone Epitaph reported `` that since the arrest of Spence and Stilwell , veiled threats ( are ) being made that the friends of the accused will ' get the Earps . ' '' Cowboys
Texas annexation
Van Zandt , though he personally favored annexation by the United States , was not authorized to entertain any overtures from the US government on the subject . Texas officials were at the moment deeply engaged in exploring settlements with Mexican diplomats , facilitated by Great Britain . Texas 's predominant concern was not British interference with the institution of slavery -- English diplomats had not alluded to the issue -- but the avoidance of any resumption of hostilities with Mexico . Still , US Secretary of State Upshur vigorously courted Texas diplomats to begin annexation talks , finally dispatching an appeal to President Sam Houston in January 1844 . In it , he assured Houston that , in contrast to previous attempts , the political climate in the United States , including sections of the North , was amenable to Texas statehood , and that a two - thirds majority in Senate could be obtained to ratify a Texas treaty .
Congressional oversight
There was little discussion of the power to oversee , review , or investigate executive activity at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 or later in The Federalist Papers , which argued in favor of ratification of the Constitution . The lack of debate was because oversight and its attendant authority were seen as an inherent power of representative assemblies which enacted public law .
Molasses Act
Largely opposed by colonists , the tax was rarely paid , and smuggling to avoid it was prominent . If actually collected , the tax would have effectively closed that source to New England and destroyed much of the rum industry . Yet smuggling , bribery or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law . Miller wrote :
Grand jury
By article 21 of the Constitution of Liberia , ' No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime except in cases of impeachment , cases arising in the Armed Forces and petty offenses , unless upon indictment by a Grand Jury `` . For example , the national Port Authority 's managing director was indicted by the Monteserrado County Grand Jury in July 2015 , on charges of economic sabotage , theft of property and criminal conspiracy .
Siege of Yorktown
George Washington refused to accept the Tenth Article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation , which granted immunity to American Loyalists , and Cornwallis failed to make any effort to press the matter . `` The outcry against the Tenth Article was vociferous and immediate , as Americans on both sides of the Atlantic proclaimed their sense of betrayal . ''