vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Age of Enlightenment
The desire to explore , record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications . Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's Dictionnaire de musique ( published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris ) was a leading text in the late 18th century . This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement . Another text influenced by Enlightenment values was Charles Burney 's A General History of Music : From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period ( 1776 ) , which was a historical survey and an attempt to rationalize elements in music systematically over time . Recently , musicologists have shown renewed interest in the ideas and consequences of the Enlightenment . For example , Rose Rosengard Subotnik 's Deconstructive Variations ( subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society ) compares Mozart 's Die Zauberflöte ( 1791 ) using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives and concludes that the work is `` an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment '' .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
I 've replaced the sentence by one that seems more true . -- Lambiam 12 : 28 , 8 September 2007 ( UTC )
Health care in the United States
According to the World Health Organization , life expectancy in the U.S. is 31st in the world ( out of 183 countries ) as of 2015 . The U.S. 's average life expectancy ( both sexes is just over 79 ) . Japan ranks first with an average life expectancy of nearly 84 years . Sierra Leone ranks last with a life expectancy of just over 50 years . However , the U.S. ranks lower ( 36th ) when considering health - adjusted life expectancy ( HALE ) at just over 69 years . Another source , the Central Intelligence Agency , indicates life expectancy at birth in the U.S. is 79.8 , ranking the U.S. 42nd in the world . Monaco is first on this list of 224 , with an average life expectancy of 89.5 . Chad is last with 50.2 . Life
Republic (Plato)
Prologue I. 1 . 327a -- 328b . Descent to the Piraeus I. 2 -- I. 5 . 328b -- 331d . Cephalus . Justice of the Older Generation I. 6 -- 1.9. 331e -- 336a . Polemarchus . Justice of the Middle Generation I. 10 -- 1.24 . 336b -- 354c . Thrasymachus . Justice of the Sophist
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
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Expenditures in the United States federal budget
CBO estimated in January 2012 that raising the full retirement age for Social Security from 67 to 70 would reduce outlays by about 13 % . Raising the early retirement age from 62 to 64 has little impact , as those who wait longer to begin receiving benefits get a higher amount . Raising the retirement age increases the size of the workforce and the size of the economy by about 1 % .
Time dilation
A comparison of muon lifetimes at different speeds is possible . In the laboratory , slow muons are produced ; and in the atmosphere , very fast moving muons are introduced by cosmic rays . Taking the muon lifetime at rest as the laboratory value of 2.197 μs , the lifetime of a cosmic ray produced muon traveling at 98 % of the speed of light is about five times longer , in agreement with observations . An example is Rossi and Hall ( 1941 ) , who compared the population of cosmic - ray - produced muons at the top of a mountain to that observed at sea level .
Missouri
In 2004 , 6.6 percent of the state 's population was reported as younger than 5 years old , 25.5 percent younger than 18 , and 13.5 percent was 65 or older . Females were approximately 51.4 percent of the population . 81.3 percent of Missouri residents were high school graduates ( more than the national average ) , and 21.6 percent had a bachelor 's degree or higher . 3.4 percent of Missourians were foreign - born , and 5.1 percent reported speaking a language other than English at home .
Tree of life
In the Book of Proverbs , the tree of life is associated with wisdom : `` ( Wisdom ) is a tree of life to them that lay hold upon her , and happy ( is every one ) that retaineth her . '' ( Proverbs 3 : 13 - 18 ) In 15 : 4 the tree of life is associated with calmness : `` A soothing tongue is a tree of life ; but perverseness therein is a wound to the spirit . ''
News of the World (album)
Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Lead vocals Length 7 . `` Get Down , Make Love '' Mercury 3 : 51 8 . `` Sleeping on the Sidewalk '' May May 3 : 06 9 . `` Who Needs You '' Deacon 3 : 05 10 . `` It 's Late '' May 6 : 26 11 . `` My Melancholy Blues '' Mercury 3 : 29
Bullhead City, Arizona
In the city , the population was spread out with 22.5 % under the age of 18 , 7.3 % from 18 to 24 , 24.5 % from 25 to 44 , 26.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 19.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 42 years . For every 100 females there were 98.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 96.2 males .
Elgin Marbles
Elgin 's acquisitions also included objects from other buildings on the Athenian Acropolis : a Caryatid from Erechtheum ; four slabs from the parapet frieze of the Temple of Athena Nike ; and a number of other architectural fragments of the Parthenon , Propylaia , Erechtheum , the Temple of Athene Nike , and the Treasury of Atreus .
Old-Time Religion
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( February 2017 )
Mars
The Mars Orbiter Mission by India is searching for methane in the atmosphere , while the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter , launched in 2016 , would further study the methane as well as its decomposition products , such as formaldehyde and methanol .
Reflux
A concentrated solution of ammonium cyanide , refluxed for few days , yields adenine , a component of DNA . This provides a clue about origin of life on earth .
Astronomical spectroscopy
The reflected light of a planet contains absorption bands due to minerals in the rocks present for rocky bodies , or due to the elements and molecules present in the atmosphere . To date over 3,500 exoplanets have been discovered . These include so - called Hot Jupiters , as well as Earth - like planets . Using spectroscopy , compounds such as alkali metals , water vapor , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , and methane have all been discovered .
Elgin Marbles
Yet another effort to clean the marbles occurred in 1937 -- 38 . This time the incentive was provided by the construction of a new Gallery to house the collection . The Pentelic marble , from which the sculptures are made , naturally acquires a tan colour similar to honey when exposed to air ; this colouring is often known as the marble 's `` patina '' but Lord Duveen , who financed the whole undertaking , acting under the misconception that the marbles were originally white probably arranged for the team of masons working in the project to remove discolouration from some of the sculptures . The tools used were seven scrapers , one chisel and a piece of carborundum stone . They are now deposited in the British Museum 's Department of Preservation . The cleaning process scraped away some of the detailed tone of many carvings . According to Harold Plenderleith , the surface removed in some places may have been as much as one - tenth of an inch ( 2.5 mm ) .
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
After the battle , Jackson 's troops made bridle reins from skin taken from Indian corpses , conducted a body count by cutting off the tips of their noses , and sent their clothing as souvenirs to the `` ladies of Tennessee . ''
Iran hostage crisis
Wikisource has original text related to this article : Documents Seized from the US Embassy in Tehran An
Recycling
Mixed plastic ( HDPE , LDPE , PE , PP , Nylon , Teflon , PS , ABS , FRP , etc . ) Mixed waste plastic from waste paper mill Multi-layered plastic
Shoplifting
In August 2010 , former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani 's daughter Caroline was arrested for stealing five beauty items worth about $100 from a Sephora store in Manhattan . She was later offered a dismissal in return for a day of community service and six months without a further offense .
Maple syrup
In the early stages of European colonization in northeastern North America , local Indigenous peoples showed the arriving colonists how to tap the trunks of certain types of maples during the spring thaw to harvest the sap . André Thevet , the `` Royal Cosmographer of France '' , wrote about Jacques Cartier drinking maple sap during his Canadian voyages . By 1680 , European settlers and fur traders were involved in harvesting maple products . However , rather than making incisions in the bark , the Europeans used the method of drilling tapholes in the trunks with augers . During the 17th and 18th centuries , processed maple sap was used primarily as a source of concentrated sugar , in both liquid and crystallized - solid form , as cane sugar had to be imported from the West Indies .
Joan of Arc
In 1867 , a jar was found in a Paris pharmacy with the inscription `` Remains found under the stake of Joan of Arc , virgin of Orleans . '' They consisted of a charred human rib , carbonized wood , a piece of linen and a cat femur -- explained as the practice of throwing black cats onto the pyre of witches . They are now in the Museum of Art and History in Chinon . In 2006 , Philippe Charlier , a forensic scientist at Raymond Poincaré Hospital ( Garches ) was authorized to study the relics . Carbon - 14 tests and various spectroscopic analyses were performed , and the results determined that the remains come from an Egyptian mummy from the sixth to the third century BC . The charred appearance was the result of the embalming substances , not from combustion . Large amounts of pine pollen were also found , consistent with the presence of resin used in mummification and some unburned linen was found and was determined to be similar to that used to wrap mummies . The noted perfumers Guerlain and Jean Patou said that they could smell vanilla in the remains , also consistent with mummification . Apparently the mummy was part of the ingredients of medieval pharmacopoeia and it was relabeled in a time of French nationalism .
Indo-Roman trade relations
There are imported into this market - town ( Barigaza ) , wine , Italian preferred , also Laodicean and Arabian ; copper , tin , and lead ; coral and topaz ; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds ; bright - colored girdles a cubit wide ; storax , sweet clover , flint glass , realgar , antimony , gold and silver coin , on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country ; and ointment , but not very costly and not much . And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver , singing boys , beautiful maidens for the harem , fine wines , thin clothing of the finest weaves , and the choicest ointments . There are exported from these places spikenard , costus , bdellium , ivory , agate and carnelian , lycium , cotton cloth of all kinds , silk cloth , mallow cloth , yarn , long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market - towns . Those bound for this market - town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July , that is Epiphi . --
First Fleet
The Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5 August and stayed for a month . The ships were cleaned and water taken on board , repairs were made , and Phillip ordered large quantities of food . The women convicts ' clothing had become infested with lice and was burnt . As additional clothing for the female convicts had not arrived before the Fleet left England , the women were issued with new clothes made from rice sacks . While the convicts remained below deck , the officers explored the city and were entertained by its inhabitants . A convict and a marine were punished for passing forged quarter - dollars made from old buckles and pewter spoons .
Las Meninas
A thorough technical investigation including a pigment analysis of Las Meninas was conducted around 1981 in Museo Prado . The analysis revealed the usual pigments of the baroque period frequently used by Velázquez in his other paintings . The main pigments used for this painting were lead white , azurite ( for the skirt of the kneeling menina ) , vermilion and red lake , ochres and carbon blacks .
Moss
The capacity dried mosses have to absorb fluids , has made their use practical in both medical and culinary uses . North American tribal people used mosses for diapers , wound dressing , and menstrual fluid absorption . Tribes of the Pacific Northwest in the United States and Canada used mosses to clean salmon prior to drying , and packed wet moss into pit ovens for steaming camas bulbs . Food storage baskets and boiling baskets were also packed with mosses .
Mariana Trench
The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed , with great surprise because of the high pressure , large creatures living at the bottom , such as a flatfish about 30 cm ( 12 in ) long , and shrimp . According to Piccard , `` The bottom appeared light and clear , a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze '' . Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish , and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber . During the second expedition , the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed . Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples .
French Polynesia
French Polynesia 's seafloor contains rich deposits of nickel , cobalt , manganese , and copper that are not exploited .
The Raven
Poe also mentions the Balm of Gilead , a reference to the Book of Jeremiah ( 8 : 22 ) in the Bible : `` Is there no balm in Gilead ; is there no physician there ? why then is not the health of the daughter of my people recovered ? '' In that context , the Balm of Gilead is a resin used for medicinal purposes ( suggesting , perhaps , that the narrator needs to be healed after the loss of Lenore ) . In 1 Kings 17 : 1 - 5 Elijah is said be from Gilead , and to have been fed by ravens during a period of drought .
Mali Empire
Contemporary sources suggest that the mounts employed by this caravan were one hundred elephants , which carried those loads of gold , and several hundred camels , carrying the food , supplies and weaponries which were brought to the rear .
Pottery of ancient Greece
Beazley and others following him have also studied fragments of Greek pottery in institutional collections , and have attributed many painted pieces to individual artists . Scholars have called these fragments disjecta membra ( Latin for `` scattered parts '' ) and in a number of instances have been able to identify fragments now in different collections that belong to the same vase .
Phosphorus cycle
Initially , phosphate weathers from rocks and minerals , the most common mineral being apatite . Overall small losses occur in terrestrial environments by leaching and erosion , through the action of rain . In soil , phosphate is adsorbed on iron oxides , aluminium hydroxides , clay surfaces , and organic matter particles , and becomes incorporated ( immobilized or fixed ) . Plants and fungi can also be active in making P soluble .
Silk Road
A route for caravans , the northern Silk Road brought to China many goods such as `` dates , saffron powder and pistachio nuts from Persia ; frankincense , aloes and myrrh from Somalia ; sandalwood from India ; glass bottles from Egypt , and other expensive and desirable goods from other parts of the world . '' In exchange , the caravans sent back bolts of silk brocade , lacquer - ware , and porcelain .
Mali Empire
A manuscript page from Timbuktu Manuscript of Nasir al - Din Abu al - Abbas Ahmad ibn al - Hajj al - Amin al - Tawathi al - Ghalawi 's Kashf al - Ghummah fi Nafa al - Ummah . From the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library , Timbuktu . A manuscript page from Timbuktu showing a table of astronomical information Farins
Parthenon
In 1975 , the Greek government began a concerted effort to restore the Parthenon and other Acropolis structures . After some delay , a Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments was established in 1983 . The project later attracted funding and technical assistance from the European Union . An archaeological committee thoroughly documented every artifact remaining on the site , and architects assisted with computer models to determine their original locations . Particularly important and fragile sculptures were transferred to the Acropolis Museum . A crane was installed for moving marble blocks ; the crane was designed to fold away beneath the roofline when not in use . In some cases , prior re-constructions were found to be incorrect . These were dismantled , and a careful process of restoration began . Originally , various blocks were held together by elongated iron H pins that were completely coated in lead , which protected the iron from corrosion . Stabilizing pins added in the 19th century were not so coated , and corroded . Since the corrosion product ( rust ) is expansive , the expansion caused further damage by cracking the marble .
European exploration of Africa
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California Gold Rush
Once extracted , the gold itself took many paths . First , much of the gold was used locally to purchase food , supplies and lodging for the miners . It also went towards entertainment , which consisted of anything from a traveling theater to alcohol , gambling , and prostitutes . These transactions often took place using the recently recovered gold , carefully weighed out . These merchants and vendors in turn used the gold to purchase supplies from ship captains or packers bringing goods to California .
Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
To start with , the raw material must be obtained . Copper can be found in over 160 different minerals ( Atkinson 1987 ) , but mining activities are entailed to obtain them in large quantities if a reasonable amount of copper is wanted . Some of the most commonly exploited minerals are cuprite , malachite , azurite , chalcopyrite , chrysocolla and tennantite ; e.g. malachite was extracted in Rudna Glava ( Serbia ) , Cabrierés ( France ) or Chinflón ( Riotinto , Spain ) . In fact , one of the possible explanations about what Ötzi the Iceman , the ancient mummy found in the Alps who lived around 3300 years BC , was doing at 3,210 metres ( 10,530 ft ) of altitude is that he could have been prospecting for new ores of minerals ( Peroni 1996 ; 336 ) .
Book of Enoch
All the ( Macedonians ) and vultures and ( Seleucids ) and ( Ptolemies ) were gathered together , and there came with them all the sheep of the field , yea , they all came together , and helped each other to break that horn of the ram. ( 110 : 16 )
Mairi Campbell
`` So , in the here and now , on a stage bare but for a rough - hewn pendulum -- its flat stone culled from her family 's croft -- Campbell opens her throat in a spirit of belonging that is ancient and modern , and life affirming for all of us '' Mary Brennan , the Herald * * * *
Radioactive decay
It soon became clear that the blackening of the plate had nothing to do with phosphorescence , as the blackening was also produced by non-phosphorescent salts of uranium and metallic uranium . It became clear from these experiments that there was a form of invisible radiation that could pass through paper and was causing the plate to react as if exposed to light .
Cremation
Cremated remains are mostly dry calcium phosphates with some minor minerals , such as salts of sodium and potassium . Sulfur and most carbon are driven off as oxidized gases during the process , although a relatively small amount of carbon may remain as carbonate .
Atmosphere of Venus
The atmosphere contains a range of interesting compounds in small quantities , including some based on hydrogen , such as hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) and hydrogen fluoride ( HF ) . There is carbon monoxide , water vapour and atomic oxygen as well . Hydrogen is in relatively short supply in the Venusian atmosphere . A large amount of the planet 's hydrogen is theorised to have been lost to space , with the remainder being mostly bound up in sulfuric acid ( H SO ) and hydrogen sulfide ( H S ) . The loss of significant amounts of hydrogen is proven by a very high D -- H ratio measured in the Venusian atmosphere . The ratio is about 0.015 -- 0.025 , which is 100 -- 150 times higher than the terrestrial value of 1.6 × 10 . According to some measurements , in the upper atmosphere of Venus D / H ratio is 1.5 higher than in the bulk atmosphere .
Pomp and Circumstance Marches
Payne felt there was not enough in the sketches to complete the march , but fortunately three pages of score in Elgar 's handwriting were discovered at the Royal School of Church Music Colles Library marked `` P&C 6 '' . In 2006 , the score and sketches were turned into a performing version . Payne observed in the program notes that `` Nowhere else in the Pomp and Circumstance marches does Elgar combine compound and duple metres in this way '' . Payne concluded the piece with a brief allusion to the first Pomp and Circumstance March .
Blond
Color reconstruction of statue of a young girl from the Parthenon in Athens , 520 BC . Based on analysis of trace pigments . East Frieze detail ( 6th - 5th century BC ) representing the battle of Troy , Achilles against Memnon ; color reproduction of the Treasury of Siphnos - Delphi , Archaeological Museum of Delphi Reconstructed polychromy of a vase - shaped tombstone from Athens , c. 330 BC , Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek , Copenhagen The Greek goddess Artemis . Color reconstruction of a 1st - century AD statue found in Pompeii . Reconstructed using analysis of trace pigments . It was an imitation of Greek statues of the 6th century BC . The Treu Head , 2nd century AD . Color reconstruction of marble head of likely a goddess . The head was found at the Esquiline Hill , Rome , and preserves numerous colour traces .
Colossus of Rhodes
The same story is recorded by Bar Hebraeus , writing in Syriac in the 13th century in Edessa : ( after the Arab pillage of Rhodes ) `` And a great number of men hauled on strong ropes which were tied round the brass Colossus which was in the city and pulled it down . And they weighed from it three thousand loads of Corinthian brass , and they sold it to a certain Jew from Emesa '' ( the Syrian city of Homs ) . Theophanes is the sole source of this account and all other sources can be traced to him .
Ural Mountains
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a `` treasure box '' of mineral resources , which were the basis for its extensive industrial development . In addition to iron and copper the Urals were a source of gold , malachite , alexandrite , and other gems such as those used by the court jeweller Fabergé . As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries , Uralians gather mineral specimens and gems . Dmitry Mamin - Sibiryak ( 1852 -- 1912 ) Pavel Bazhov ( 1879 -- 1950 ) , as well as Aleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova , post-Soviet writers , have written of the region .
Mauna Kea
Around AD 1100 , natives established adze quarries high up on Mauna Kea to extract the uniquely dense basalt ( generated by the quick cooling of lava flows meeting glacial ice during subglacial eruptions ) to make tools . Volcanic glass and gabbro were collected for blades and fishing gear , and māmane wood was preferred for the handles . At peak quarry activity after AD 1400 , there were separate facilities for rough and fine cutting ; shelters with food , water , and wood to sustain the workers ; and workshops creating the finished product .