vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Timeline of World War I
Details September 19 -- October 11 Battle of Flirey September 20 Battle of Zanzibar , German naval victory . September 22 Bombardment of Papeete German Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras Details September 22 -- 26 First Battle of Picardy . September 24 The Siege of Przemyśl begins Details September 25 -- 29 First Battle of Albert Details September 28 -- October 10 The Germans besiege and capture Antwerp , Belgium . Details September 29 -- October 31 Battle of the Vistula River , also known as Battle of Warsaw . Details October -- July 11 , 1915 Battle of Rufiji Delta , German cruiser Königsberg destroyed . October 1 -- 4 First Battle of Arras . Details October 9 -- November 1 Central powers control Belgrade . Details October 10 -- November 2 Battle of La Bassee . October 12 -- November 2 First Battle of Messines . Details October 13 -- November 2 Battle of Armentieres . October 16 -- 31 Battle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium . Details October 19 -- November 22 The First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea . The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk . Details October 29 The Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast Details November 1 Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Coronel . Von Spee 's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock . Details November 2 The United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany . Details November 2 -- 16 Bergmann Offensive , first military engagement in the Caucuses of the First World War . November 3 Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire . Battle of Kilimanjaro . November 3 -- 5 Von Lettow - Vorbeck 's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga , German East Africa . Details November 5 France and the United Kingdom declare war on the Ottoman Empire . November 6 Fao Landing , British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao . November 9 Battle of Cocos , northeast Indian Ocean . The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden . Details November 11 Sultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies .
National Convention
July and August were bad months on the frontiers . Within three weeks Mainz , the symbol of previous successes , capitulated to the Prussians , and the Austrians captured the fortresses of Condé and Valenciennes and invaded northern France . Spanish troops crossed the Pyrenees and began advancing on Perpignan . The Piedmontese took advantage of the diversion of republican forces at Lyons in order to invade France from the East . In Corsica , Paoli 's revolt expelled the French from the island with British support . British troops opened the siege of Dunkirk in August and in October the Allies invaded Alsace . The military situation had become desperate .
London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)
In the 1970 song P.F. _Sloan_ ( song ) from the album `` Words and Music '' by American singer - songwriter Jimmy Webb he refers to the relocation of London Bridge in the lines `` The London Bridge was finally found , they moved it to another town , and now all the people gather ' round to watch the bridge fall down , but I do n't think it will no more . ''
Timeline of World War I
Details August 24 Battle of Mlali . August 27 Romania enters the war on the Entente 's side . Her army is defeated in a few weeks . August 27 -- December Conquest of Romania by Central Powers . Details August 27 -- November 26 Battle of Transylvania , a phase of the conquest of Romania . August 28 Italy declares war on Germany . August 29 Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff . Details September 2 -- 6 Battle of Turtucaia , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 3 -- 6 Battle of Guillemont ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 5 -- 7 Battle of Dobrich , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 6 The Central Powers create a unified command . September 7 -- 11 Battle of Kisaki . September 9 Battle of Ginchy ( intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 12 -- December 11 Monastir Offensive , set up of the Salonika Front . September 12 -- 14 Battle of Malka Nidzhe , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 12 -- 30 Battle of Kaymakchalan , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . September 14 -- 17 Seventh Battle of the Isonzo September 15 -- 22 Battle of Flers - Courcelette ; the British use armored tanks for the first time in history . Details September 17 -- 19 First Battle of Cobadin , a phase of the conquest of Romania . September 20 The Brusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Morval ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 26 -- 28 Battle of Thiepval Ridge ( part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme ) Details September 29 -- October 5 Flamanda Offensive , a phase of the conquest of Romania . October -- November First Battle of the Cerna Bend , a phase of the Monastir Offensive . Details October 1 -- November 5 Battle of Le Transloy ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) Details October 1 -- November 11 Battle of Ancre Heights ( last stage of the Battle of the Somme ) .
Tower of London
During the First World War , eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage . During the Second World War , the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war . One such person was Rudolf Hess , Adolf Hitler 's deputy , albeit just for four days in 1941 . He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle . The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941 . The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969 . The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification . In the event of a German invasion , the Tower , together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses , was to have formed one of three `` keeps '' or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last - ditch defences of the capital .
World War II
Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 .
Timeline of World War I
Dates Events January 2 The Russian offensive in the Carpathians begins . It will continue until April 12 . January 18 -- 19 Battle of Jassin . January 19 First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain . Details January 19 -- December 22 Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf , series of battles fought to control the peak . January 24 Battle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the British Grand Fleet and the German Hochseeflotte . Details January 24 -- 26 Chilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe in Nyasaland . January 28 -- February 3 The Ottomans fail to capture the Suez Canal . Details January 31 Battle of Bolimov . First German use of chemical weapons . Details February 4 Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels . Details February 7 -- 22 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes . The Russian X Army is defeated . Details February 19 British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles . The Gallipoli Campaign begins . Details March 10 -- March 13 Battle of Neuve Chapelle . After an initial success , a British offensive is halted . Details March 22 The Siege of Przemyśl ends . The Russians capture the fortress . Details April 5 -- May 5 First Battle of Woevre . April 12 -- 14 Battle of Shaiba . April 19 -- May 17 The Ottomans besiege the Armenian city of Van . Details April 22 -- May 25 The Second Battle of Ypres , which ends in a stalemate . Germany first uses the poison gas . Details April 22 -- 23 Battle of Gravenstafel , First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 24 -- May 5 Battle of St Julien , part of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 25 Allied forces land on Gallipoli , landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles . Details April 26 Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy . Details April 28 First Battle of Krithia . The Allied advance is repelled . Details May 1 The Gorlice - Tarnów begins : the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia . Details Battle of Eski Hissarlik .
Buckingham Palace
On VE Day -- 8 May 1945 -- the palace was the centre of British celebrations . The King , Queen , Princess Elizabeth ( the future Queen ) , and Princess Margaret appeared on the balcony , with the palace 's blacked - out windows behind them , to the cheers from a vast crowd in the Mall . The damaged Palace was carefully restored after the War by John Mowlem & Co . It was designated a Grade I listed building in 1970 .
Timeline of World War I
Dates Events January 8 Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points . Details February to September Allied forces occupy the Jordan Rift Valley . Details February 9 The Central Powers signed an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People 's Republic as part of the negotiations that took place in Brest - Litovsk . Details February 15 -- 16 Battle of Rarancza . February 18 -- March 3 Operation Faustschlag , last offensive on Eastern Front . February 19 British begin their assault on Jericho . Details February 21 The British capture Jericho . Details Germans capture Minsk . Details February 24 Germans capture Zhytomyr . Details February 25 German troops capture Estonia . Details February 28 Germans capture Pskov and Narva . Details March 2 Germans capture Kiev . Details March 3 At Brest - Litovsk , Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany . Details March 7 German artillery bombard the Americans at Rouge Bouquet . Details March 8 -- 12 Battle of Tell ' Asur . March 8 -- 13 Battle of Bakhmach . March 21 -- April 5 First phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Michael ( also known as Second Battle of the Somme ) . The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory . Details March 21 -- 23 The Battle of St. Quentin , first phase of Operation Michael and of the Spring Offensive . Details March 21 -- April 2 First Transjordan attack on Amman . March 23 -- August 7 Artillery bombardment of Paris . Details March 24 -- 25 First Battle of Bapaume , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 25 First Battle of Noyon , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 26 French Marshal Ferdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces . Details March 26 -- 27 Battle of Rosieres , a phase of Operation Michael . Details Action of Khan Baghdadi . March 27 -- 31 First Battle of Amman , a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack . March 28 Third Battle of Arras ( also known as First Battle of Arras ( 1918 ) ) , a phase of Operation Michael . Details March 30 -- April 5 First Battle of Villers - Bretonneux , a phase of Operation Michael .
Timeline of World War I
Details State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs proclaimed . Details October 30 The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros . Details November 1 Battle of Chesne ( Closing phase of the Meuse - Argonne Offensive ) . Details November 1 -- 2 Battle of Valenciennes , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details November 3 Austria - Hungary signs the armistice with Italy , effective November 4 . November 4 Battle of the Sambre , closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive . Details Second Battle of Guise , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details Battle of Thierache , a phase of the Battle of Sambre . Details November 6 -- 11 Advance to the Meuse . November 9 Germany : Kaiser William II abdicates ; republic proclaimed . Details November 10 Austria - Hungary : Kaiser Charles I abdicates . Details November 11 At 6 am , Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne . End of fighting at 11 a.m. . Poland proclaimed . November 12 Austria proclaimed a republic . November 14 Czechoslovakia proclaimed a republic . Details German U-boats interned . 3 days after the armistice , fighting ends in the East African theater when General von Lettow - Vorbeck agrees a cease - fire on hearing of Germany 's surrender . Details November 21 Germany 's Hochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom . Details November 22 The Germans evacuate Luxembourg . November 25 11 days after agreeing a cease - fire , General von Lettow - Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present - day Zambia . Details November 27 The Germans evacuate Belgium . December 1 Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes proclaimed . Details
Timeline of World War I
March 18 -- April Lake Naroch Offensive . April 24 -- 29 Easter Rising by Irish rebels for independence from the United Kingdom . Details April 24 -- 30 The Kienthal Conference , the second meeting of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Kienthal , Switzerland . Details April 27 -- 29 Gas attacks at Hulluch . April 29 The British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans , first siege of Kut ends . Details May 7 -- 10 Battle of Kondoa Irangi . May 10 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details May 15 -- June 10 Austro - Hungarian Strafexpedition in Trentino . Details May 16 Signing of the Sykes - Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East . Details May 31 -- June 1 Battle of Jutland between Britain 's Grand Fleet and Germany 's Hochseeflotte . Details June 2 -- 14 Battle of Mont Sorrel . June 4 The Brusilov Offensive begins . June 5 The Arab Revolt in Hejaz begins . Details The HMS Hampshire is sunk off the Orkney Islands ; Lord Kitchener dies . Details June 10 Italy : Paolo Boselli succeeds Antonio Salandra as Prime Minister . Details The Siege of Medina begins . June 10 -- July 4 Battle of Mecca , Arabs capture the city . Details June 30 Battle of the Boar 's Head , diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day . July Battle of Taif . Details July 1 The Battle of the Somme begins . Details July 1 -- 3 The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian - ruled Grand Duchy of Finland . Details July 1 -- 13 Second Battle of Albert ( Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . Details July 1 -- 2 British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 2 -- 25 Battle of Erzincan . July 3 -- 7 British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 12 British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert .
List of tallest buildings in New York City
Name Image Street address Years as tallest Height ft ( m ) Floors Notes Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church Fort Amsterdam 1643 -- 1846 200 ! Unknown Demolished Trinity Church 06.0 79 Broadway 1846 -- 1853 279 ( 85 ) Latting Observatory ( 1853 -- 1856 ) 06.0 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue 1853 -- 1854 315 ( 96 ) Height reduced by 75 feet ( 23 m ) in 1854 ; burned down in 1856 Trinity Church 06.0 79 Broadway 1854 -- 1890 279 ( 85 ) World Building ( 1890 -- 1955 ) 12.0 Frankfort Street 1890 -- 1899 348 ( 106 ) 20 Tied for tallest building in the city from 1894 to 1899 ; demolished in 1955 Manhattan Life Insurance Building ( 1894 -- 1963 / 64 ) 05.0 64 -- 70 Broadway 1894 -- 1899 348 ( 106 ) 18 Tied for tallest building in the city from 1894 to 1899 ; demolished in 1963 - 64 Park Row Building 03.0 13 -- 21 Park Row 1899 -- 1908 391 ( 119 ) 30 Singer Building ( 1908 -- 1968 ) 07.0 149 Broadway 1908 -- 1909 612 ( 187 ) 47 Demolished in 1968 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower 01.0 1 Madison Avenue 1909 -- 1913 700 ( 213 ) 50 Woolworth Building 08.0 233 Broadway 1913 -- 1930 792 ( 241 ) 57 Bank of Manhattan Trust Building 04.0 40 Wall Street 1930 927 ( 283 ) 70 Chrysler Building 11.0 405 Lexington Avenue 1930 -- 1931 970 ! 1,046 ( 319 ) 77 Empire State Building 09.0 350 Fifth Avenue 1931 -- 1972 980 ! 1,250 ( 381 ) 102 1 World Trade Center ( 1972 -- 2001 ) 01.0 1 World Trade Center 1972 -- 2001 990 ! 1,368 ( 417 ) 110 Destroyed in the September 11 , 2001 , attacks Empire State Building 09.0 350 Fifth Avenue 2001 -- 2013 980 ! 1,250 ( 381 ) 102 One World Trade Center 09.0 1 World Trade Center 2013 -- present 991 ! 1,776 ( 541 ) 104
Causes of World War II
Under the Nazi regime , Germany began its own program of expansion , seeking to restore the `` rightful '' boundaries of historic Germany . As a prelude toward these goals the Rhineland was remilitarized in March 1936 .
Congress of Vienna
The Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 had reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and which would be ratified by the more important Congress of Vienna of 1814 -- 15 . They included the establishment of a confederated Germany , the division of Italy into independent states , the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain , and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 became modern Belgium . The Treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the European Alliance which formed the balance of power for decades . Other partial settlements had already occurred at the Treaty of Paris between France and the Sixth Coalition , and the Treaty of Kiel which covered issues raised regarding Scandinavia . The Treaty of Paris had determined that a `` general congress '' should be held in Vienna and that invitations would be issued to `` all the Powers engaged on either side in the present war '' . The opening was scheduled for July 1814 .
Timeline of World War I
May 7 Treaty of Bucharest between Romania and the Central Powers . It will never be ratified . Details May 10 -- 11 Battle of Kaniow . May 21 Ottomans invade Armenia . Details May 21 -- 29 Battle of Sardarabad , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . Battle of Abaran , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 24 -- 28 Battle of Karakilisa , a phase of the invasion of Armenia . May 27 -- June 6 Third Battle of the Aisne ( also known as Operation Blücher - Yorck , third phase of the Spring Offensive ) . After initial gains , the German advance is halted . Details May 28 Battle of Cantigny . May 29 -- 31 Battle of Skra - di - Legen June 1 -- 26 Battle of Belleau Wood , part of the German Spring Offensive . June 8 Action of Arsuf . June 8 -- October Germany interferes in the Caucasus . Details June 9 -- 12 Fourth phase of the Spring Offensive , Operation Gneisenau ( also known as Battle of Matz ) . Despite substantial territorial gains , the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals Details June 13 -- 23 Second Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarian offensive is repelled . Details June 30 Battle of Moreuil Wood . July 4 Battle of Hamel . July 14 Battle of Abu Tellul . July 15 -- August 6 Second Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front , which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French . Details July 15 -- 17 Champagne - Marne Offensive ( consisting of the Fourth Battle of Champagne and the Battle of the Mountain of Reims ) , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I . Details July 17 The Tsar and his family were shot early in the morning by the Bolsheviks . Details July 18 Battle of Chateau - Thierry , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 18 -- 22 Battle of Soissons , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne . Details July 19 Battle of Tardenois , a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne .
World War I
In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare , realizing it would mean American entry . The German Foreign Minister , in the Zimmermann Telegram , invited Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States . In return , the Germans would finance Mexico 's war and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona . The United Kingdom intercepted the message and presented it to the U.S. embassy in the U.K. From there it made its way to President Wilson who released the Zimmermann note to the public , and Americans saw it as casus belli . Wilson called on antiwar elements to end all wars , by winning this one and eliminating militarism from the globe . He argued that the war was so important that the U.S. had to have a voice in the peace conference . After the sinking of seven U.S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram , Wilson called for war on Germany , which the U.S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917 .
Midwestern United States
German Immigration to the United States ( by decade 1820 -- 2004 ) Decade Number of Immigrants Decade Number of Immigrants 1820 -- 1840 160,335 1921 -- 1930 412,202 1841 -- 1850 434,626 1931 -- 1940 114,058 1851 -- 1860 951,667 1941 -- 1950 226,578 1861 -- 1870 787,468 1951 -- 1960 477,765 1871 -- 1880 718,182 1961 -- 1970 190,796 1881 -- 1890 1,452,970 1971 -- 1980 74,414 1891 -- 1900 505,152 1981 -- 1990 91,961 1901 -- 1910 341,498 1991 -- 2000 92,606 1911 -- 1920 143,945 2001 -- 2004 61,253 Total : 7,237,594
Allies of World War II
The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I and cooperation of the victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles . The new Weimar republic 's legitimacy became shaken . However , the 1920s were peaceful .
United States in World War I
In January 1917 , Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare . The German Foreign minister , Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution - torn Mexico to join the war as Germany 's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram . In return , the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas , New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican -- American War 70 years earlier . British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed the information on to Washington . Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a casus belli -- a cause for war . President
Timeline of World War I
Details July 1 -- 3 The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian - ruled Grand Duchy of Finland . Details July 1 -- 13 Second Battle of Albert ( Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . Details July 1 -- 2 British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 2 -- 25 Battle of Erzincan . July 3 -- 7 British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 12 British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 3 -- 17 British capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge . Details July 4 -- 6 Battle of Kostiuchnowka . July 7 -- 11 British capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 8 -- 14 British capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert . Details July 14 -- 17 Battle of Bazentin Ridge ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 14 -- September 15 Battles for Longueval and Delville Wood ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 19 -- 20 Battle of Fromelles ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) . July 23 -- August 7 Battle of Pozières ( Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme ) Details July 24 -- August 8 Battle of Kowel . August 3 -- 5 Battle of Romani . Ottoman attack on the British in the Sinai peninsula fails . Details August 6 -- 17 Sixth Battle of the Isonzo . The Italians capture Gorizia ( August 9 ) . Details August 6 Battle of Doberdo , part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo . August 9 -- 18 First battle of Doiran . Details August 24 Battle of Mlali . August 27 Romania enters the war on the Entente 's side . Her army is defeated in a few weeks . August 27 -- December Conquest of Romania by Central Powers . Details August 27 -- November 26 Battle of Transylvania , a phase of the conquest of Romania . August 28 Italy declares war on Germany . August 29 Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff .