vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
World War II casualties
The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust , the authors maintain that `` statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial . These figures ( cited below ) are based on necessarily rough estimates '' .
Recursion (computer science)
Computing the recurrence relation for n = 4 : b = 4 * b = 4 * ( 3 * b ) = 4 * ( 3 * ( 2 * b ) ) = 4 * ( 3 * ( 2 * ( 1 * b ) ) ) = 4 * ( 3 * ( 2 * ( 1 * 1 ) ) ) = 4 * ( 3 * ( 2 * 1 ) ) = 4 * ( 3 * 2 ) = 4 * 6 = 24
Battle of Gettysburg
Confederate Corps Casualties ( k / w / m ) First Corps 7665 ( 1617 / 4205 / 1843 ) Second Corps 6686 ( 1301 / 3629 / 1756 ) Third Corps 8495 ( 1724 / 4683 / 2088 ) Cavalry Corps 380 ( 66 / 174 / 140 )
Military history of the United States during World War II
With about 610,000 men committed and some 89,000 casualties , including 19,000 killed , the Battle of the Bulge was the largest and bloodiest battle fought by the United States in World War II .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Overview : Iraqi death estimates by source Summary of casualties of the Iraq War . Possible estimates on the number of people killed in the invasion and occupation of Iraq vary widely , and are highly disputed . Estimates of casualties below include both the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the following Post-invasion Iraq , 2003 -- present .
Western Front (World War I)
The final phase of the battle of the Somme saw the first use of the tank on the battlefield . The Allies prepared an attack that would involve 13 British and Imperial divisions and four French corps . The attack made early progress , advancing 3,200 -- 4,100 metres ( 3,500 -- 4,500 yd ) in places but the tanks had little effect due to their lack of numbers and mechanical unreliability . The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November , again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life . All told , the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) and failed to reach the original objectives . The British had suffered about 420,000 casualties and the French around 200,000 . It is estimated that the Germans lost 465,000 , although this figure is controversial .
First Fleet
Male Female Children Total Convicts & their children 548 188 17 753 Others 219 34 24 277 Total 767 222 41 1,030
Recursion (computer science)
An explicit formula for Towers of Hanoi : h = 1 = 2 - 1 h = 3 = 2 - 1 h = 7 = 2 - 1 h = 15 = 2 - 1 h = 31 = 2 - 1 h = 63 = 2 - 1 h = 127 = 2 - 1 In general : h = 2 - 1 , for all n > = 1 Binary
First Battle of Bull Run
PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251
World War II casualties
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) Annual Report 2014 -- 2015 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire . The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead . The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen / women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies , whose death was attributable to their war service . Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions . For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 .
Mental calculation
Or if 43 x 11 is equal to first 4 + 3 = 7 ( For the tens digit ) Then 4 is for the hundreds and 3 is for the tens . And the answer is 473 Multiplying
List of massacres in Great Britain
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Battle of Bunker Hill
1 lieutenant colonel killed 2 majors killed , 3 wounded 7 captains killed , 27 wounded 9 lieutenants killed , 32 wounded 15 sergeants killed , 42 wounded 1 drummer killed , 12 wounded
Channel Tunnel
The following chart presents the estimated number of passengers and tonnes of freight , respectively , annually transported through the Channel Tunnel since 1994 , in millions :
The Deer Hunter
The deaths of approximately twenty - five people who died playing Russian roulette were reported as having been influenced by scenes in the movie .
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
The remainder waited until smoke and fire overcame them . The fire department arrived quickly but was unable to stop the flames , as there were no ladders available that could reach beyond the sixth floor . The fallen bodies and falling victims also made it difficult for the fire department to approach the building . Bodies
1935 Labor Day hurricane
251 broken down as : 2 listed as dead -- dispositions of remains not listed 6 reburied in Hometowns 26 cremated 44 tentatively identified as dead 84 reburied in Woodlawn Cemetery , Miami 89 missing -- believed dead Veterans
Mental calculation
( 100 − n ) + 100 ( 100 − 2 ( 100 − n ) )
Marshall Plan
Country 1948 / 49 ( $ millions ) 1949 / 50 ( $ millions ) 1950 / 51 ( $ millions ) Cumulative ( $ millions ) Austria 232 166 70 468 Belgium and Luxembourg 195 222 360 777 Denmark 103 87 195 385 France 1085 691 520 2296 West Germany 510 438 500 1448 Greece 175 156 45 376 Iceland 6 22 15 43 Ireland 88 45 0 133 Italy and Trieste 594 405 205 1204 Netherlands 471 302 355 1128 Norway 82 90 200 372 Portugal 0 0 70 70 Sweden 39 48 260 347 Switzerland 0 0 250 250 Turkey 28 59 50 137 United Kingdom 1316 921 1060 3297 Totals 4,924 3,652 4,155 12,731
Burning of Washington
The Royal Navy reported that it lost one man killed and six wounded in the attack , of whom the fatality and three of the wounded were from the Corps of Colonial Marines .
Golden Gate Bridge
Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Concerning the yearly totals , IBC project states : `` All figures are taken from the `` maximum '' confirmed deaths in the IBC database . However , IBC 's rates and counts will rise over the coming months , as data is still being added to the IBC database for 2006 and other periods covered here . ''
USS Maine (ACR-1)
Two officers and 251 sailors and marines either killed by the explosion or drowned Seven others were rescued but soon died of their injuries One officer later died of `` cerebral affection '' ( shock )
First Battle of the Marne
After the battle of the Marne the German Armies retreated for up to 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) and lost 11,717 prisoners , 30 field guns and 100 machine - guns to the French and 3,500 prisoners to the British before reaching the Aisne . The German retreat ended their hope of pushing the French beyond the Verdun -- Marne -- Paris line and winning a quick victory . Following the battle and the failures by both sides to turn the opponent 's northern flank during the Race to the Sea , the war of movement ended with the Germans and the Allied Powers facing each other across a stationary front line . Both sides were faced with the prospect of costly siege warfare operations if they chose to continue an offensive strategy in France .
Our Lady of the Angels School fire
All of the deceased ( 92 children and three nuns ) lived in Chicago and occupied classrooms on the second floor of the north wing . All of those who perished on the day of the fire died when smoke , heat , fire , and toxic gases cut off their normal means of escape through corridors and stairways . Many more were injured , some severely , when they jumped from second - floor windows .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Only a few of those in the water survived . Among them were Archibald Gracie , Jack Thayer and Charles Lightoller , who made it to the capsized collapsible boat B. Around 12 crew members climbed on board Collapsible B , and they rescued those they could until some 35 men were clinging precariously to the upturned hull . Realising the risk to the boat of being swamped by the mass of swimmers around them , they paddled slowly away , ignoring the pleas of dozens of swimmers to be allowed on board . In his account , Gracie wrote of the admiration he had for those in the water ; `` In no instance , I am happy to say , did I hear any word of rebuke from a swimmer because of a refusal to grant assistance ... ( one refusal ) was met with the manly voice of a powerful man ... ' All right boys , good luck and God bless you ' . '' Several other swimmers ( probably 20 or more ) reached Collapsible boat A , which was upright but partly flooded , as its sides had not been properly raised . Its occupants had to sit for hours in a foot of freezing water , and many died of hypothermia during the night .
World War I
The plan called for the right flank of the German advance to bypass the French armies concentrated on the Franco - German border , defeat the French forces closer to Luxembourg and Belgium and move south to Paris . Initially the Germans were successful , particularly in the Battle of the Frontiers ( 14 -- 24 August ) . By 12 September , the French , with assistance from the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , halted the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September ) and pushed the German forces back some 50 km ( 31 mi ) . The French offensive into southern Alsace , launched on 20 August with the Battle of Mulhouse , had limited success .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The German offensive was supported by several subordinate operations known as Unternehmen Bodenplatte , Greif , and Währung . Germany 's goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half , capturing Antwerp and then proceed to encircle and destroy four Allied armies , forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers ' favour . Once accomplished , Hitler could fully concentrate on the eastern theatre of war .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The operation failed because the Allies were unable to capture the bridge furthest to the north at Arnhem . There , the British 1st Airborne had been dropped to secure the bridges , but upon landing they discovered that a highly experienced German SS Panzer unit was garrisoning the town . The paratroopers were only lightly equipped in respect to anti-tank weaponry and quickly lost ground . Failure to quickly relieve those members of the 1st who had managed to seize the bridge at Arnhem on the part of the armored XXX Corps , meant that the Germans were able to stymie the entire operation . In the end , the operation 's ambitious nature , the fickle state of war , and failures on the part of Allied intelligence ( as well as tenacious German defense ) can be blamed for Market - Garden 's ultimate failure . This operation also signaled the last time that either the 82nd or 101st would make a combat jump during the war .
Siege
In the 1530s and ' 40s , the new style of fortification began to spread out of Italy into the rest of Europe , particularly to France , the Netherlands , and Spain . Italian engineers were in enormous demand throughout Europe , especially in war - torn areas such as the Netherlands , which became dotted by towns encircled in modern fortifications . The densely populated areas of Northern Italy and the United Provinces ( the Netherlands ) were infamous for their high degree of fortification of cities . It made campaigns in these areas very hard to successfully conduct , considering even minor cities had to be captured by siege within the span of the campaigning season . In the Dutch case , the possibility of flooding large parts of the land provided an additional obstacle to besiegers , for example at the Siege of Leiden . For many years , defensive and offensive tactics were well balanced , leading to protracted and costly wars such as Europe had never known , involving more and more planning and government involvement . The new fortresses ensured that war rarely extended beyond a series of sieges . Because the new fortresses could easily hold 10,000 men , an attacking army could not ignore a powerfully fortified position without serious risk of counterattack . As a result , virtually all towns had to be taken , and that was usually a long , drawn - out affair , potentially lasting from several months to years , while the members of the town were starved to death . Most battles in this period were between besieging armies and relief columns sent to rescue the besieged .
Western Front (World War I)
Falkenhayn believed that a breakthrough might no longer be possible and instead focused on forcing a French defeat by inflicting massive casualties . His new goal was to `` bleed France white '' . As such , he adopted two new strategies . The first was the use of unrestricted submarine warfare to cut off Allied supplies arriving from overseas . The second would be attacks against the French army intended to inflict maximum casualties ; Falkenhayn planned to attack a position from which the French could not retreat , for reasons of strategy and national pride and thus trap the French . The town of Verdun was chosen for this because it was an important stronghold , surrounded by a ring of forts , that lay near the German lines and because it guarded the direct route to Paris .
Siege
In addition to launching projectiles at the fortifications or defenders , it was also quite common to attempt to undermine the fortifications , causing them to collapse . This could be accomplished by digging a tunnel beneath the foundations of the walls , and then deliberately collapsing or exploding the tunnel . This process is known as mining . The defenders could dig counter-tunnels to cut into the attackers ' works and collapse them prematurely .
British Army during World War I
By 1918 , experience had led to a change in tactics ; the infantry no longer advanced in rigid lines , but formed a series of flexible waves . They would move covertly , under the cover of darkness , and occupy shell holes or other cover near the German line . Skirmishers formed the first wave and followed the creeping barrage into the German front line to hunt out points of resistance . The second or main wave followed in platoons or sections in single file . The third was formed from small groups of reinforcements , the fourth wave was expected to defend the captured territory . All waves were expected to take advantage of the ground during the advance . ( see below for when operating with tanks )
War of the Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa once again rose to the emergency : a new `` insurrection '' took the field in Hungary , and a corps of regulars was assembled to cover Vienna . Meanwhile , Austrian diplomats won over Saxony to the Austrian side . Because of Frederick 's successful campaign in Bohemia , Prince Charles sought to withdraw from Alsace and cross the Rhine once again and strike at the Prussians . At this point the French had an excellent chance to strike at Prince Charles while he was in a vulnerable position , crossing the Rhine . However , the French military command was distracted and could not take any action , and Prince Charles was able to cross the Rhine once again unmolested by the French . The French had been unable to act because they were thrown into confusion by King Louis XV suddenly becoming very ill with smallpox at Metz . The King 's condition was so severe that many feared for his life . Only Count Seckendorf , commander of the Bavarians , pursued Prince Charles . No move was made by the French , and Frederick thus found himself isolated and exposed to the combined attack of the Austrians and Saxons . Count Traun , summoned from the Rhine , held the king in check in Bohemia with a united force of Austrians and Saxons . The Hungarian irregulars also inflicted numerous minor reverses on the Prussians . Finally Prince Charles arrived with the main army from the west . The campaign resembled that of 1742 : the Prussian retreat was closely watched , and the rearguard pressed hard . Prague fell , and Frederick was completely outmanoeuvred by the united forces of Prince Charles and Count Traun . Frederick was forced to retreat to Silesia with heavy losses . However , the Austrians gained no foothold in Silesia itself . On the Rhine , Louis XV , now recovered , had besieged and taken Freiburg , after which the forces left in the north were reinforced and besieged the strong places of Southern Netherlands . There was also a slight war of manoeuvre on the middle Rhine .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The small units then fought their way through the minefields that were in between the Nazi machine - gun bunkers . After squeezing through , they then attacked the bunkers from the rear , allowing more men to come safely ashore .
Siege
If necessary , using the first artillery fire for cover , this process would be repeated until guns were close enough to be laid accurately to make a breach in the fortifications . In order to allow the forlorn hope and support troops to get close enough to exploit the breach , more zigzag trenches could be dug even closer to the walls with more parallel trenches to protect and conceal the attacking troops . After each step in the process , the besiegers would ask the besieged to surrender . If the forlorn hope stormed the breach successfully , the defenders could expect no mercy .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Near - complete surprise was achieved by a combination of Allied overconfidence , preoccupation with Allied offensive plans , and poor aerial reconnaissance . The Germans attacked a weakly defended section of the Allied line , taking advantage of a heavy overcast , which grounded the Allies ' overwhelmingly superior air forces . Fierce resistance on the northern shoulder of the offensive around Elsenborn Ridge and in the south around Bastogne blocked German access to key roads to the west that they counted on for success . This and terrain that favoured the defenders threw the German timetable behind schedule and allowed the Allies to reinforce the thinly placed troops . Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces and supply lines , which sealed the failure of the offensive . In the wake of the defeat , many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment , as survivors retreated to the defenses of the Siegfried Line .
Erwin Rommel
There was broad disagreement in the German High Command as to how best to meet the expected allied invasion of Northern France . The Commander - in - Chief West , Gerd von Rundstedt , believed there was no way to stop the invasion near the beaches due to the firepower possessed by the Allied navies , as had been experienced at Salerno . He argued that the German armour should be held in reserve well inland near Paris where they could be used to counter-attack in force in a more traditional military doctrine . The allies could be allowed to extend themselves deep into France where a battle for control would be fought , allowing the Germans to envelop the allied forces in a pincer movement , cutting off their avenue of retreat . He feared the piecemeal commitment of their armoured forces would cause them to become caught in a battle of attrition which they could not hope to win . A
Western Front (World War I)
On the Entente side ( those countries opposing the German alliance ) , the final lines were occupied with the armies of each nation defending a part of the front . From the coast in the north , the primary forces were from Belgium , the British Empire and then France . Following the Battle of the Yser in October , the Belgian army controlled a 35 km ( 22 mi ) length of West Flanders along the coast , known as the Yser Front , along the Yser river and the Yperlee canal , from Nieuwpoort to Boesinghe . Meanwhile , the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) occupied a position on the flank , having previous occupied a more central position .
Peninsular War
Wellington wished to pass the Garonne above Toulouse in order to attack the city from the south -- its weakest side -- and interpose between Soult and Suchet . But finding it impracticable to operate in that direction , he left Hill on the west side and crossed at Grenade below Toulouse ( 3 April ) .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Before all the steerage passengers had even a chance of their lives , the Titanic 's sailors fastened the doors and companionways leading up from the third - class section ... A crowd of men was trying to get up to a higher deck and were fighting the sailors ; all striking and scuffling and swearing . Women and some children were there praying and crying . Then the sailors fastened down the hatchways leading to the third - class section . They said they wanted to keep the air down there so the vessel could stay up longer . It meant all hope was gone for those still down there .
Military history of Australia during World War I
During this time the RAN also continued to carry out operations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . By 1915 there were up to 74 German ships which had taken refuge in ports in the Netherlands East Indies . The presence of these ships close to Australia and the sea lanes that connected the nation to the United Kingdom and the Middle East was a cause of concern to the Navy and so in the middle of 1915 the cruiser HMAS Psyche and the sloop Fantome were sent to the Bay of Bengal to conduct patrol operations . Later in the year , in October , a force of three destroyers , a yacht and the cruiser Encounter were sent into the Macassar Strait to search for a German munitions base that had been reported in the area . Nothing was found , although the patrol served to interrupt German efforts to carry out subversive activities in a number of British possessions .