vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
New Spain
Viceroyalty of New Spain Virreinato de Nueva España Viceroyalty of Spain 1521 -- 1821 Flag Coat of arms Motto Plus Ultra `` Further Beyond '' Anthem Marcha Real `` Royal March '' A map of the countries under the supervision and appellate jurisdiction of the Viceroy of New Spain , at the Spanish imperial zenith in 1795 Capital Mexico City Languages Spanish ( official ) , French , Nahuatl , Mayan , Indigenous languages , Philippine languages Religion Roman Catholicism Government Viceroyalty King 1521 -- 1556 Charles I ( first ) 1813 -- 1821 Ferdinand VII ( last ) Viceroy 1535 -- 1550 Antonio de Mendoza ( first ) 1821 Juan O'Donojú Political chief superior ( not viceroy ) Legislature Council of the Indies Historical era Colonial era Conquest of Mexico 1519 -- 1521 Viceroyalty created 1521 Venezuela annexed to Viceroyalty of New Granada 27 May 1717 Panama annexed to Viceroyalty of New Granada 1739 Treaty of San Ildefonso 1 October 1800 Adams - Onís Treaty 22 February 1819 Trienio Liberal abolished the viceroyalty of New Spain 31 May 1820 Mexican War of Independence and Central American Independence 1821 Population 1519 est . 20 million 1810 est . 5 to 6.5 million Currency Spanish colonial real Preceded by Succeeded by Governorate of Cuba Aztec Triple Alliance Kingdom of Tzintzuntzan Maya Civilization Louisiana ( New France ) Indigenous peoples of the Americas Tondo Tlaxcala ( Nahua state ) Rajahnate of Cebu Rajahnate of Maynila Madja - as Viceroyalty of New Granada Spanish West Indies Spanish East Indies Louisiana ( New France ) Florida Territory Oregon Country First Mexican Empire Spanish Formosa Today part of Countries today ( show ) Bahamas Belize Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Micronesia Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Marshall Islands Mexico Nicaragua Palau Philippines Taiwan Trinidad and Tobago United States Venezuela
French and Indian War
Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington
Governor General of Canada
The Viceregal Salute -- composed of the first six bars of the Royal Anthem ( `` God Save the Queen '' ) followed by the first and last four bars of the national anthem ( `` O Canada '' ) -- is the salute used to greet the governor general upon arrival at , and mark his or her departure from most official events . To mark the viceroy 's presence at any building , ship , airplane , or car in Canada , the governor general 's flag is employed . The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and , in the federal jurisdiction , takes precedence over all other flags save the Queen 's personal Canadian standard . When the governor general undertakes a state visit , however , the national flag is generally employed to mark his or her presence . This flag is also , along with all flags on Canadian Forces property , flown at half - mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Bengal Brigade -- A 1954 film : at the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny . A British officer , Captain Claybourne ( Hudson ) , is cashiered from his regiment over a charge of disobeying orders , but finds that his duty to his men is far from over Shatranj Ke Khilari -- A 1977 Indian film directed by Satyajit Ray , chronicling the events just before the onset of the Revolt of 1857 . The focus is on the British annexation of Oudh , and the detachment of the nobility from the political sphere in 19th - century India . Junoon ( 1978 film ) -- Directed by Shyam Benegal , it is a critically acclaimed film about the love affair between a Pathan feudal chief and a British girl sheltered by his family during the revolt . Mangal Pandey : The Rising ( 2005 ) -- Ketan Mehta 's Hindi film chronicles the life of Mangal Pandey . The Charge of the Light Brigade ( 1936 ) features a sequence inspired by the massacre at Cawnpore . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom -- During the dinner scene at the fictional Pankot Palace , Indiana Jones mentions that Captain Blumburtt was telling him about the role which the palace played in `` the mutiny '' and Chattar Lal complains , `` It seems the British never forget the Mutiny of 1857 '' . The Last Cartridge , an Incident of the Sepoy Rebellion in India ( 1908 ) -- A fictionalized account of a British fort besieged during the Rebellion .
French and Indian War
Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf .
Woodrow Wilson
Play media Wilson tips his hat as he exits the White House on his way to a parade along Pennsylvania Avenue ( 1918 ) . Play media Collection of video clips of the president
French and Indian War
The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Indian writer Ruskin Bond 's fictional novella A Flight of Pigeons is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . It is from this story that the film Junoon was later adapted in 1978 by Shyam Benegal . The 1880 novel The Steam House by Jules Verne takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Jules Verne 's famous character Captain Nemo , originally an Indian prince , fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion ( as stated in Verne 's later novel The Mysterious Island ) . E.M. Forster 's 1924 novel A Passage to India alludes several times to the Mutiny . Flora Annie Steel 's novel On the Face of the Waters ( 1896 ) describes incidents of the Mutiny . The plot of H. Beam Piper 's science fiction novel Uller Uprising is based on the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Rujub , the juggler and In Times of Peril : A tale of India by G.A. Henty are each based on the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
His Excellency Mohammad Hamid Ansari 12th Vice President of India In office 11 August 2007 -- 11 August 2017 President Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Preceded by Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Succeeded by Venkaiah Naidu Personal details ( 1937 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1937 ( age 81 ) Calcutta , Bengal Presidency , British India Spouse ( s ) Salma Ansari Children 1 daughter 2 sons Relatives Mukhtar Ansari Sibakatullah Ansari Afzal Ansari Alma mater University of Calcutta Aligarh Muslim University
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
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Indian Rebellion of 1857
Malcolm X 's autobiography The Autobiography of Malcolm X details his first encounters with atrocities in the non-European world and his reaction to the rebellion and massacres in 1857 . John Masters 's novel Nightrunners of Bengal , first published by Michael Joseph in 1951 and dedicated to the Sepoy of India , is a fictionalised account of the Rebellion as seen through the eyes of a British Captain in the Bengal Native Infantry who was based in Bhowani , itself a fictionalised version of the town of Jhansi . Captain Savage and his turbulent relationship with the Rani of Kishanpur form an analogous interrelationship of the Indian people and the British and sepoy regiments at that time . J.G. Farrell 's 1973 novel The Siege of Krishnapur details the siege of the fictional Indian town of Krishnapur during the Rebellion . George MacDonald Fraser 's 1975 novel Flashman in the Great Game deals with the events leading up to and during the Rebellion . Two of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes stories , The Sign of the Four and `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man , '' feature events that took place during the Rebellion . Michael Crichton 's 1975 novel The Great Train Robbery mentions the Rebellion and briefly details the events of the Siege of Cawnpore , as the Rebellion was happening in tandem with the trial of Edward Pierce . The majority of M.M. Kaye 's novel Shadow of the Moon is set between 1856 -- 58 , and the Rebellion is shown to greatly affect the lives of the main characters , who were inhabitants of the Residency at Lunjore ( a fictional town in north India ) . The early chapters of her novel The Far Pavilions take place during the Rebellion , which leads to the protagonist , a child of British ancestry , being raised as a Hindu . Indian writer Ruskin Bond 's fictional novella A Flight of Pigeons is set around the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . It is from this story that the film Junoon was later adapted in 1978 by Shyam Benegal . The 1880 novel The Steam House by Jules Verne takes place in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . Jules Verne 's famous character Captain Nemo , originally an Indian prince , fought on the side of the rebels during the rebellion ( as stated in Verne 's later novel The Mysterious Island ) .
French and Indian War
In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 - 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
On April 18 , Paul Revere began the `` midnight ride '' to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The ride was finished by Samuel Prescott . Upon hearing Prescott 's news , the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby .
French and Indian War
Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by George Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage .
French and Indian War
New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were :
Indian Rebellion of 1857
In 1806 , the Vellore Mutiny was sparked by new uniform regulations that created resentment amongst both Hindu and Muslim sepoys .
Cherokee
The Cherokee brought their grievances to a US judicial review that set a precedent in Indian Country . John Ross traveled to Washington , D.C. , and won support from National Republican Party leaders Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . Samuel Worcester campaigned on behalf of the Cherokee in New England , where their cause was taken up by Ralph Waldo Emerson ( see Emerson 's 1838 letter to Martin Van Buren ) . In June 1830 , a delegation led by Chief Ross defended Cherokee rights before the U.S. Supreme Court in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Edward Vibart , a 19 - year - old officer whose parents , younger brothers , and two of his sisters had died in the Cawnpore massacre , recorded his experience :
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
At the beginning of the nineteenth century , British officers were generally closely involved with their troops , speaking Indian languages fluently ; participating in local culture through such practices as having regimental flags and weapons blessed by Brahman priests ; and frequently having native mistresses . Later , the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance , lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more . Sympathetic rulers , such as Lord William Bentinck were replaced by arrogant aristocrats , such as Lord Dalhousie , who despised the troops and the populace . As time passed , the powers of the commanding officers reduced and the government became more unfeeling or distant from the concerns of the sepoys .
United States presidential line of succession
In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating :
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Professor Kim Wagner has the most recent survey of the historiography , and stresses the importance of William Dalrymple 's The Last Mughal : The Fall of a Dynasty , Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple was assisted by Mahmood Farooqui , who translated key Urdu and Shikastah sources and published a selection in Besieged : Voices from Delhi 1857 . Dalrymple emphasized the role of religion , and explored in detail the internal divisions and politico - religious discord amongst the rebels . He did not discover much in the way of proto - nationalism or any of the roots of modern India in the rebellion . Sabbaq Ahmed has looked at the ways in which ideologies of royalism , militarism , and Jihad influenced the behaviour of contending Muslim factions .
Vedaranyam March
The march commenced on 13 April 1930 , coinciding with the Puthandu ( Tamil New Year ) , from Rajan 's house in Trichinopoly Cantonment . As soon as the marchers reached Tanjore , Rajaji avoided the usual route to Vedaranyam , and instead chose a `` circuitous '' route via Kumbakonam , Valangaiman , Semmangudi , Needamangalam and Thiruthuraipoondi as he hoped that the marchers would receive hospitality in these places . He had organised fifteen sub committees to ensure a smooth functioning of the march . The idea was to gather enough support among the people by drawing their attention . They planned to cover a stretch of 10 miles each day for a period of about 15 days , thus reaching the destination before the stipulated time .
Battle of Tippecanoe
The Battle of Tippecanoe ( / ˌtɪpikəˈnuː / TIP - ee - kə - NOO ) was fought on November 7 , 1811 , in what is now Battle Ground , Indiana , between American forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and Native American warriors associated with the Shawnee leader Tecumseh . Tecumseh and his brother Tenskwatawa ( commonly known as `` The Prophet '' ) were leaders of a confederacy of Native Americans from various tribes that opposed US expansion into Native territory . As tensions and violence increased , Governor Harrison marched with an army of about 1,000 men to disperse the confederacy 's headquarters at Prophetstown , near the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash rivers .
Vedaranyam March
The committee had received nearly 1000 applications for participating in the march . After scrutinising the applications , Rajaji selected a team of ninety - eight volunteers , most of them being young clerks , students and graduates . Out of the first batch , twenty - four were from Madurai , fifteen from Tirunelveli , twelve from Ramanathapuram , eleven from Madras , nine from Tiruchengodu , nine from Bombay , seven from Tanjore , five from Trichinopoly , four from Coimbatore and one each from North Arcot and Srirangam . Other prominent members included , Rukmini Lakshmipathi , K. Kamaraj , Aranthangi C. Krishnaswamy , M. Bhaktavatsalam and Rajaji 's son , C.R. Narasimhan . In addition , social activists like A. Vaidyanatha Iyer and G. Ramachandran joined the rally .
Battle of Tippecanoe
Harrison left the territory for business in Kentucky shortly after the meeting with Tecumseh , and secretary John Gibson was acting governor . Gibson , who had lived among the Miami tribe for many years , was quick to learn of Tecumseh 's plans for war ; he immediately called out the territory 's militia and sent emergency letters calling for the return of Harrison . By mid-September , most of the militia regiments had formed . By then , Harrison had returned , accompanied by a small force of army regulars , and had taken command of the militia . Harrison had already communicated with his superiors in Washington , D.C. , and he had been authorized to march against the confederacy in a show of force , in the hopes that its members would accept peace .
John C. Calhoun
John Caldwell Calhoun ( / kælˈhuːn / ; March 18 , 1782 -- March 31 , 1850 ) was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina , and the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832 . He is remembered for strongly defending slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics , which he did in the context of defending white Southern interests from perceived Northern threats . He began his political career as a nationalist , modernizer , and proponent of a strong national government and protective tariffs . By the late 1820s , his views reversed and he became a leading proponent of states ' rights , limited government , nullification , and opposition to high tariffs -- he saw Northern acceptance of these policies as the only way to keep the South in the Union . His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South 's secession from the Union in 1860 -- 1861 .
Vietnam War
Belligerents South Vietnam United States South Korea Khmer Republic Kingdom of Laos Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Thailand Australia Philippines New Zealand Military support : Taiwan Other support ( show ) Brazil Iran Japan Spain Malaysia West Germany United Kingdom North Vietnam Viet Cong and PRG North Korea Cambodia Government - in - Exile Khmer Rouge China Pathet Lao Military support : Soviet Union Cuba Czechoslovakia East Germany Poland Other support ( show ) Bulgaria Hungary Romania Sweden Commanders and leaders Ngô Đình Diệm † Ngô Đình Nhu † Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Cao Văn Viên Ngô Quang Trưởng Dương Văn Minh Trần Văn Hương Nguyễn Khánh Trần Thiện Khiêm Nguyễn Văn Hiếu † Đỗ Cao Trí † Nguyễn Chánh Thi Lê Minh Đảo John F. Kennedy † Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Robert McNamara William Westmoreland Creighton Abrams Frederick C. Weyand Paul D. Harkins Lon Nol Sisowath Sirik Matak Vang Pao Souvanna Phouma Phoumi Nosavan ... and others Hồ Chí Minh † Lê Duẩn Võ Nguyên Giáp Lê Đức Thọ Phạm Văn Đồng Trường Chinh Tôn Đức Thắng Văn Tiến Dũng Nguyễn Hữu An Huỳnh Tấn Phát Nguyễn Hữu Thọ Hoàng Văn Thái Nguyễn Chí Thanh † Trần Văn Trà Nguyễn Văn Linh Lê Trọng Tấn Lê Đức Anh M Nguyễn Thị Định Võ Chí Công M Nguyễn Thị Bình Võ Văn Kiệt Souphanouvong Kaysone Phomvihane Phoumi Vongvichit Norodom Sihanouk Pol Pot Khieu Samphan ...
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
After breaking with Johnson 's pro-war stance , Robert F. Kennedy entered the race on March 16 and ran for the nomination on an anti-war platform . Johnson 's vice president , Hubert Humphrey , also ran for the nomination , promising to continue to support the South Vietnamese government .
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
There were also a number of regiments from the British Army ( referred to in India as `` Queen 's troops '' ) stationed in India , but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo - Persian War of 1856 . The moment at which the sepoys ' grievances led them openly to defy British authority also happened to be the most favourable opportunity to do so .
French and Indian War
The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Some sepoys ( especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry ) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt . Some officers and their families escaped to Rampur , where they found refuge with the Nawab .
Great Scott
John William De Forest , in Miss Ravenel 's Conversion From Secession to Loyalty ( 1867 ) reports the exclamation as referring to Winfield Scott , general ‐ in ‐ chief of the U.S. Army from 1841 to 1861 :
Indian Rebellion of 1857
After the annexation of Oudh ( Awadh ) by the East India Company in 1856 , many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites , as landed gentry , in the Oudh courts , and from the anticipation of any increased land - revenue payments that the annexation might bring about . Other historians have stressed that by 1857 , some Indian soldiers , interpreting the presence of missionaries as a sign of official intent , were convinced that the Company was masterminding mass conversions of Hindus and Muslims to Christianity . Although earlier in the 1830s , evangelicals such as William Carey and William Wilberforce had successfully clamoured for the passage of social reform , such as the abolition of sati and allowing the remarriage of Hindu widows , there is little evidence that the sepoys ' allegiance was affected by this .
United States presidential election, 1800
Thomas Jefferson , Vice President of the United States from Virginia Aaron Burr , former U.S. Senator from New York