vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Monty Python's Life of Brian
Other scenes have the freedom fighters wasting time in debate , with one of the debated items being that they should not waste their time debating so much . There is also a famous scene in which Reg gives a revolutionary speech asking , `` What have the Romans ever done for us ? '' at which point the listeners outline all forms of positive aspects of the Roman occupation such as sanitation , medicine , education , wine , public order , irrigation , roads , a fresh water system , public health and peace , followed by `` what have the Romans ever done for us except sanitation , medicine , education ... '' . Python biographer George Perry notes , `` The People 's Liberation Front of Judea conducts its meetings as though they have been convened by a group of shop stewards '' .
Battle of Long Tan
Despite being halted at the time of the clash , prior to the encounter the 275th Regiment had been advancing with two battalions forward and one in depth , while at least two companies from D445 Battalion were on its southern flank . The six to eight - man squad contacted by 11 Platoon was probably a standing patrol moving into position ahead of the main force , and may have been the first indication they received of the Australian patrol . 11 Platoon had drawn ahead of the others due to its rapid follow - up and was isolated when the remainder of D Company was forced off the line of march by mortar fire and then halted . As a result , it could not be supported and was cut off . Nonetheless , their defence was critical in holding up the Viet Cong as they moved east , gaining time for the relief force to arrive . After pinning down 11 Platoon frontally , the VC repeatedly attempted to outflank them but were interrupted by 10 , and then 12 Platoon , as each tried to move to their aid . The dispersion of the Australian platoons made it difficult to locate their flanks , while after D Company concentrated it had been attacked from the south - east , with supporting efforts from the east , north - east and south , all of which were halted by small arms and artillery . The combination of indirect fire and the reverse slope on which they found themselves afforded a degree of cover , and mist from the heavy rain provided some concealment . Meanwhile , a large force -- likely a company from D445 Battalion -- had been observed moving around the southern flank , and was only broken up by the cavalry after fears it might be ambushed on leaving Nui Dat proved groundless . Although D Company had initially been protected by indirect fire , the mobility and firepower of the cavalry proved decisive . On the verge of being surrounded when the relief force arrived , they would have been quickly overrun had the VC succeeded . `` A very close thing indeed '' , Jackson believed another 15 minutes would have seen D Company destroyed , while A Company and 3 Troop `` undoubtedly saved the day . ''
Conquistador
China gained control of Taiwan in 1683 , but the Portuguese and Spanish maintained a hold on trade with Chinese cities ; the Portuguese operated from Macau and other cities , the Spanish controlled Manila . Arabs from the Middle East and Muslims from India were actively trading in the port by the 1690s . Dutch , French , and English later frequented the port through the Canton System .
Battle of Long Tan
For several weeks , Australian signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) had tracked a radio transmitter from the headquarters of the 275th Regiment moving westwards to a position just north of Long Tân using radio direction finding ; however , extensive patrolling failed to find the unit . Provided by the top secret 547 Signals Troop , the reports began on 29 July at the height of the false alarm , with the radio detected moving towards Nui Dat from a position north of Xuyên Mộc . It continued at a rate of 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) a day and by 13 August was located near the Nui Dat 2 feature , a hill in the vicinity of Long Tân , 5,000 metres ( 5,500 yd ) east of Nui Dat . Although direction finding only indicated the movement of the radio , and no transmissions had been intercepted , it suggested the presence of the 275th Regiment , or at least a reconnaissance party of that unit . While deception could not be ruled out , Jackson took the threat seriously and a number of company patrols were sent out . Yet the existence of a SIGINT capability was a closely guarded secret , and knowledge of the source of the reports had been limited to Jackson , his two intelligence officers , and the 1 ATF operations officer , while neither battalion commander had access . On 15 August D Company , 6 RAR patrolled to Nui Dat 2 and returned through the Long Tân rubber plantation . The following day A Company , 6 RAR departed on a three - day patrol on a route which included Nui Dat 2 and the ridge to the north - west . Any sizeable VC force in the vicinity would have been located , but neither patrol found anything of significance . SAS patrols focused on the Núi Dinh hills to the west .
Waltzing Matilda
In 1903 Marie Cowan was hired to alter the song lyrics for use as an advertising jingle for Billy Tea , making it nationally famous . A third variation on the song , with a slightly different chorus , was published in 1907 . Paterson sold the rights to Waltzing Matilda and `` some other pieces '' to Angus & Robertson for five Australian pounds .
Lagrangian mechanics
V = m g y p e n d ( \ displaystyle V = mgy_ ( \ mathrm ( pend ) ) )
Mesopotamia
The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Assyrians created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before , and very grandiose art in palaces and public places , no doubt partly intended to match the splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire . The Assyrians developed a style of extremely large schemes of very finely detailed narrative low reliefs in stone for palaces , with scenes of war or hunting ; the British Museum has an outstanding collection . They produced very little sculpture in the round , except for colossal guardian figures , often the human - headed lamassu , which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block , with the heads effectively in the round ( and also five legs , so that both views seem complete ) . Even before dominating the region they had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined .
Trent Affair
Regarding possible joint operations with the Confederacy , Somerset wrote to Milne on December 15 :
History of chemistry
While many of Lavoisier 's partners were influential for the advancement of chemistry as a scientific discipline , his wife Marie - Anne Lavoisier was arguably the most influential of them all . Upon their marriage , Mme . Lavoisier began to study chemistry , English , and drawing in order to help her husband in his work either by translating papers into English , a language which Lavoisier did not know , or by keeping records and drawing the various apparatuses that Lavoisier used in his labs . Through her ability to read and translate articles from Britain for her husband , Lavoisier had access knowledge from many of the chemical advances happening outside of his lab . Furthermore , Mme . Lavoisier kept records of Lavoisier 's work and ensured that his works were published . The first sign of Marie - Anne 's true potential as a chemist in Lavoisier 's lab came when she was translating a book by the scientist Richard Kirwan . While translating , she stumbled upon and corrected multiple errors . When she presented her translation , along with her notes to Lavoisier Her edits and contributions led to Lavoisier 's refutation of the theory of phlogiston .
List of Dragon Ball episodes
Goku begins to climb the Korin Tower , while Tao waits for his outfit to be tailored to Red 's frustration . 61 `` Karin - sama of Karin Tower '' / `` Korin Tower '' `` Karin - Tō no Karin - sama '' ( カリン 塔 の カリン 様 ) Not Credited May 6 , 1987 November 4 , 2002 Goku eventually reaches the summit of Korin 's tower . Goku is then met with Korin , who is not about to hand the sacred water to Goku . An assassin fails to kill Mercenary Tao as he heads to his usual luxurious hotel to take a boiling hot bath . Korin seems to be deceitful not letting Goku take the bottle of sacred water . After a long hard attempt trying to get the sacred water , Korin reveals that Master Roshi was the first to climb the tower and it took him three years to get the water . 62 `` What Will the Effect of the Super Spirit Water Be ! ? '' / `` Sacred Water '' `` Hatashite ! ? Chōseisui no Kikime '' ( 果して ! ? 超 聖水 の き きめ ) Not Credited May 13 , 1987 November 5 , 2002 Goku attempts to snatch the sacred water from Korin with his `` After Image '' technique which is no surprise to Korin . The next day Korin gives Goku a Sensu Bean to last Goku 's appetite and energy for 10 days . Korin throws Goku 's dragon ball out of the tower forcing Goku to run down and up the tower again . Goku attempts to take the sacred water while Korin sleeps , but thinks better of it . Goku tries long and hard for the next two days to get the sacred water . Mercenary Tao realises how he was n't able to kill Goku . Goku attempts to read Korin by mimicking his every move . The very next day , Goku finally manages to get the sacred water . To his disappointment it does n't strengthen him , but all that exercise did him good . Tao kills the tailor who made his outfit before leaving .
Battle of Long Tan
Due to the likely presence of a significant force nearby , the Australians remained cautious as they searched for the VC . Over the next two days , they continued to clear the battlefield , uncovering more dead as they did so . Yet , with up to two VC battalions still believed to be in the area and the continued vulnerability of Nui Dat to attack from the 274th Regiment , Jackson lacked the resources to pursue the withdrawing force . Company patrols continued to search up to 1,500 metres ( 1,600 yd ) east , and to the north of Nui Dat 2 . The search area was subsequently expanded to include that contested during Operation Hobart . Several tracks were found with telephone cables running along them , as well as further drag marks , blood stains , discarded equipment , fresh graves and evidence of use by heavy cart and foot traffic . The main VC withdrawal route was discovered after midday on 19 August , moving east away from the scene of the fighting . Townsend requested permission to follow it , believing he had sufficient forces , but Jackson would only permit 6 RAR to advance a further 1,000 metres ( 1,100 yd ) , remaining within artillery cover , and would not allow the guns to move forward to increase the range of their protective fire . By 20 August , the Australians had counted 245 VC dead , while scores more were found later . Up to four weeks after the battle , decomposed bodies were found in the area , while numerous graves were also located , none of which were included in the estimates of VC losses . The bodies found later brought the total to about 300 dead . D Company , 5 RAR returned to Nui Dat early on 21 August , while D Company , 6 RAR was also withdrawn for two days leave in Vung Tau .
Articles of Confederation
It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments .
Joseph McCarthy
In autumn 1953 , McCarthy 's committee began its ill - fated inquiry into the United States Army . This began with McCarthy opening an investigation into the Army Signal Corps laboratory at Fort Monmouth . McCarthy , newly married to Jean Kerr , cut short his honeymoon to open the investigation . He garnered some headlines with stories of a dangerous spy ring among the Army researchers , but after weeks of hearings , nothing came of his investigations . Unable to expose any signs of subversion , McCarthy focused instead on the case of Irving Peress , a New York dentist who had been drafted into the Army in 1952 and promoted to major in November 1953 . Shortly thereafter it came to the attention of the military bureaucracy that Peress , who was a member of the left - wing American Labor Party , had declined to answer questions about his political affiliations on a loyalty - review form . Peress ' superiors were therefore ordered to discharge him from the Army within 90 days . McCarthy subpoenaed Peress to appear before his subcommittee on January 30 , 1954 . Peress refused to answer McCarthy 's questions , citing his rights under the Fifth Amendment . McCarthy responded by sending a message to Secretary of the Army , Robert T. Stevens , demanding that Peress be court - martialed . On that same day , Peress asked for his pending discharge from the Army to be effected immediately , and the next day Brigadier General Ralph W. Zwicker , his commanding officer at Camp Kilmer in New Jersey , gave him an honorable separation from the Army . At McCarthy 's encouragement , `` Who promoted Peress ? '' became a rallying cry among many anti-communists and McCarthy supporters . In fact , and as McCarthy knew , Peress had been promoted automatically through the provisions of the Doctor Draft Law , for which McCarthy had voted .
Cell theory
Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek , a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648 . At some point in his life before 1668 , he was able to learn how to grind lenses . This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope . His were a single lens simple microscope , rather than a compound microscope . This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x . This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x . After Leeuwenhoek , there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s , two hundred years later . Carl Zeiss , a German engineer who manufactured microscopes , began to make changes to the lenses used . But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe .
First Transcontinental Railroad
After 1864 , the Central Pacific Railroad received the same Federal financial incentives as the Union Pacific Railroad , along with some construction bonds granted by the state of California and the city of San Francisco . The Central Pacific hired some Canadian and British engineers and surveyors with extensive experience building railroads , but it had a difficult time finding semi-skilled labor . Most Caucasians in California preferred to work in the mines or agriculture . The railroad experimented by hiring local emigrant Chinese as manual laborers , many of whom were escaping the poverty and terrors of the Taiping Rebellion in the Guangdong province in China . When they proved themselves as workers , the CPRR from that point forward preferred to hire Chinese , and even set up recruiting efforts in Canton . Despite their small stature and lack of experience , the Chinese laborers were responsible for most of the heavy manual labor , since only a very limited amount of that work that could be done by animals , simple machines , or black powder . The railroad also hired some black people escaping the aftermath of the American Civil War . Most of the black and white workers were paid $30.00 / month and given food and lodging . Most Chinese were initially paid $31.00 / month and provided lodging , but they preferred to cook their own meals . In 1867 the CPRR raised their wage to $35.00 / month after a strike .
Codetermination in Germany
Companies attempted to avoid the effects of the law after it was passed . The steel company Mannesmann registered another holding company outside the steel industry , intended to avoid the law . In response the Mitbestimmungsergänzungsgesetz ( the Codetermination Supplementary Act , known as `` Lex Mannesmann '' ) was passed to prevent the practice .
Column
The Minoans used whole tree - trunks , usually turned upside down in order to prevent re-growth , stood on a base set in the stylobate ( floor base ) and topped by a simple round capital . These were then painted as in the most famous Minoan palace of Knossos . The Minoans employed columns to create large open - plan spaces , light - wells and as a focal point for religious rituals . These traditions were continued by the later Mycenaean civilization , particularly in the megaron or hall at the heart of their palaces . The importance of columns and their reference to palaces and therefore authority is evidenced in their use in heraldic motifs such as the famous lion-gate of Mycenae where two lions stand each side of a column . Being made of wood these early columns have not survived , but their stone bases have and through these we may see their use and arrangement in these palace buildings .
Colleen Wing
Colleen later met the actor Bob Diamond , one of the Sons of the Tiger . She then battled Constrictor and Sabretooth . Professor Wing then regained his memory , and Colleen 's training in samurai skills by her grandfather was revealed . Colleen then began a romance with Bob Diamond . She was shot by Warhawk , and later fought the Constrictor again . She was briefly turned to glass by the second Chemistro , and was soon returned to normal . She then fought Fera ( now Ferocia ) . Colleen later temporarily ended her friendship with Misty due to the latter 's romance with Tyrone King . Colleen was next transported to K'un - L'un . She killed Chiantang the mystic dragon . She then attended the funeral of an impostor she believed to be Danny Rand .
One Thousand and One Nights
` Sheherezade telling the stories '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Ansal - Wajooodaud , Rose - in - Bloom ( `` The daughter of a Visier sat at a lattice window '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Gulnare ( `` The merchant uncovered her face '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Beder Basim ( `` Whereupon it became eared corn '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Abdalla ( `` Abdalla of the sea sat in the water , near the shore '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Mahomed Ali ( `` He sat his boat afloat with them '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of the City of Brass ( `` They ceased not to ascend by that ladder '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard
Tao
Zhu Xi , Cheng Ho , and Cheng Yi perceived the Dao in the context of li ( Principle ) and t'ien li ( the Principle of Heaven ) . Cheng Hao regarded the fundamental matter of li , and thus Dao , to be humaneness . Developing compassion , altruism , and other humane virtues is the following of the Way . Cheng Yi followed this interpretation , elaborating on this perspective of Dao through teachings about yin - yang interactions , the cultivation and preservation of life ; and the axiom of a morally just universe .
Colleen Wing
Colleen was born in the mountains of Honshu , Japan , to Professor Lee Wing ( a teacher of Asian history at Columbia University ) and a mother whose ancestors were samurai and daimyōs . After her mother 's death , Colleen 's late maternal grandfather Kenji Ozawa taught her the ways of the samurai , in which she later became very skilled . Professor Wing learned from a monk that young warrior Iron Fist would come from that land to seek vengeance on his father 's killer and sent Colleen to meet him . Professor Wing and Colleen befriended Iron Fist , and Colleen has acted as his ally in many of his exploits . In Colleen 's first appearance , she met Iron Fist , and she then aided Iron Fist in battling the Cult of Kara - Kai . Years later , Colleen went back to New York City to visit her father there . Upon arrival , she got caught in a gun battle by the local Manhattan police and some thugs . Luckily , she was rescued by officer Misty Knight , who eventually became her best friend . Later , when Knight 's right arm was severely injured by a bomb explosion and was amputated , Colleen encouraged Knight to rise above her depression and return to an active role in life . Colleen and Knight formed a partnership as private investigators and called their firm Nightwing Restorations , Ltd . Due to Wing 's samurai - style training and both partners ' expertise in the Asian martial arts , they were dubbed `` the Daughters of the Dragon . ''
History of West Africa
At the same time , the Europeans started to travel into the interior of Africa to trade and explore . Mungo Park ( 1771 -- 1806 ) made the first serious expedition into the region 's interior , tracing the Niger River as far as Timbuktu . French armies followed not long after . In 1774 it was noted that the extensive coastline and deep rivers of Africa had not been utilised for ' correspondence or commerce ' , yet maps in this ancient volume clearly show the `` Gum Coast '' , `` Grain Coast '' , `` Ivory Coast '' , and `` Gold Coast '' . Malachy Postlethwayt writes `` It is melancholy to observe that a country , which has near ten thousand miles sea - coast , and noble , large , deep rivers , should yet have no navigation ; streams penetrating into the very center of the country , but of no benefit to it , innumerable people , without knowledge of each other , correspondence , or commerce . ''
Great Barrier Reef
In 1996 , most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter . At this time , it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A $ 776 million per annum . As the largest commercial activity in the region , it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A $4 billion annually , and the 2005 estimate increased to A $5.1 billion . A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef 's 2,000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A $6.4 billion annually and employs more than 64,000 people .
Warsaw
Although contemporary Warsaw is a fairly young city , it has numerous tourist attractions . Apart from the Warsaw Old Town quarter , reconstructed after World War II , each borough has something to offer . Among the most notable landmarks of the Old Town are the Royal Castle , King Sigismund 's Column , Market Square , and the Barbican .
History of advertising
Since Chinese entry into the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) in 2002 , its advertising industry has fundamentally changed . It has become the world 's fastest - growing advertising market and the country with the largest pool of netizens . Major changes have come in terms of shifting cultural values , the growing role of brand names , the attractiveness of English - language titles to the younger generation , the redefinition of acceptable / offensive advertising , the very rapid growth of new media ( especially the Internet and smart phones ) , the emergence of on - line shopping in a country with an underdeveloped system of department stores in shopping centers , and much more advanced techniques of managing advertising agencies .