vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Acronym
Pronounced as a word , containing only initial letters NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scuba : self - contained underwater breathing apparatus Laser : light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation GIF : Graphics Interchange Format Pronounced as a word , containing a mixture of initial and non-initial letters Amphetamine : alpha - methylphenethylamine Gestapo : Geheime Staatspolizei ( ' secret state police ' ) Radar : radio detection and ranging Pronounced as a string of letters , containing syllable - initial but not necessarily word - initial letters PMN : polymorphonuclear leukocytes OCA : oculocutaneous albinism PCM : paracoccidioidomycosis Pronounced as a word or as a string of letters , depending on speaker or context FAQ : ( ( fæk ) or ef - a-cue ) frequently asked questions IRA : When used for Individual Retirement Account , can be pronounced as letters ( i - ar - a ) or as a word ( ˈaɪrə ) . SQL : ( ( siːkwəl ) or ess - cue - el ) Structured Query Language .
Aragorn
The meaning of the name Aragorn is unexplained , though it is presumably Sindarin meaning noble warrior , Lord of the Tree , or kingly valour depending on who is translating . The English word Strider stems from the similarly pronounced Dutch word Strijder . Depending on the context the word can mean fighter , warrior , defender activist , campaigner or one that works for another .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 - pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building . Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies .
Anaphora (rhetoric)
Strike as I struck the foe ! Strike as I would Have struck those tyrants ! Strike deep as my curse ! Strike ! -- and but once ! -- Byron , Marino Faliero
To hell in a handbasket
The phrase also appeared in the title of several published works and other media :
The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story
Over the course of the next two days , Cunanan attempts to leave the island city only to continue hiding due to the strong police presence . As the authorities interrogate Mary Ann and Ronnie , Marilyn grapples with the fact that he has gone unpunished . At the same time , Cunanan 's friend Elizabeth Cote appeals to him in a television interview , David Madson 's father insists his son is a victim , and Modesto uses Cunanan 's story in an attempt to get attention . On July 22 , 1997 , as Versace is buried in his family vault near Lake Como , Italy , Donatella tells Antonio he can not reside in the house that he was promised . The next morning , the authorities corner Cunanan only for him to shoot himself in the mouth . Cunanan is later buried in a public mausoleum while Donatella prepares to meet with Versace 's lawyers and Antonio attempts suicide .
African French
cadavéré means broken , worn out , exhausted , or dead . It is the local pronunciation of the standard French word cadavre whose meaning in standard French is `` corpse '' . The word cadavéré has now spread to other African countries due to the popularity of Congolese music in Africa . makasi means strong , resistant . It is a loanword from Lingala . anti-nuit are sunglasses worn by partiers at night . It is a word coined locally and whose literal meaning in standard French is `` anti-night '' . It is one of the many Kinshasa slang words related to nightlife and partying . A reveler is known locally as un ambianceur , from standard French ambiance which means atmosphere . casser le bic , literally `` to break the Bic '' , means to stop going to school . `` Bic '' is colloquially used to refer to a ballpoint pen in Belgian French and Kinshasa French , but not in standard French . merci mingi means `` thank you very much '' . It comes from standard French merci ( `` thank you '' ) and Lingala mingi ( `` a lot '' ) . un zibolateur is a bottle opener . It comes from the Lingala verb kozibola which means `` to open something that is blocked up or bottled '' , to which was added the standard French ending - ateur . un tétanos is a rickety old taxi . In standard French tétanos means `` tetanus '' . moyen tê vraiment means `` absolutely impossible '' . It comes from moyen tê ( `` there 's no way '' ) , itself made up of standard French moyen ( `` way '' ) and Lingala tê ( `` not '' , `` no '' ) , to which was added standard French vraiment ( `` really '' ) .
Inverted question and exclamation marks
Inverted question marks ( ¿ ) and exclamation marks ( Commonwealth English ) or exclamation points ( American English ) ( ¡ ) are punctuation marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences ( or clauses ) , respectively , in written Spanish and sometimes also in languages which have cultural ties with Spanish , such as in older standards of Galician ( now it is optional and not recommended ) and the Waray language . They can also be combined in several ways to express the combination of a question and surprise or disbelief . The initial marks are normally mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the common marks ( ? , ! ) used in most other languages . Unlike the ending marks , which are printed along the baseline of a sentence , the inverted marks ( ¿ and ¡ ) descend below the line .
Belshazzar's feast
`` The Writing on the Wall '' is the finale song of the musical adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel , The Mystery of Edwin Drood . The characters of Bertie and Aunt Dahlia discuss a reference to Belshazzar 's Feast in chapter 9 of the novel Right Ho , Jeeves by P.G. Wodehouse The song `` Kodachrome '' , also by Paul Simon , includes the lyric `` my lack of education has n't hurt me none / I can read the writing on the wall . '' In Chapter 119 ( The Candles ) of Moby - Dick by Herman Melville , Ishmael ominously describes the appearance of St. Elmo 's fire ( `` The corpusants ! '' ) on their whaling ship , the Pequod , when he writes , `` when God 's burning finger has been laid on the ship , when His ' Mene , Mene , Tekel , Upharsin ' has been woven into the shrouds and the cordage . '' In Defrage 's song `` Save Us from Religion '' , the first song on their album Jackal , `` Mene , Mene , Tekel , Upharsin '' is sung at 3 : 01 . In Andrei Tarkovsky 's film Stalker , the Writer says `` Mene , Mene , Tekel , Upharsin '' while talking to the Professor ( around 01 : 14 : 00 , or in TV version - 2 episode , around 00 : 11 : 00 ) . The song `` The Last Ship '' by Sting hyperbolically narrates the pilgrimage to Newcastle carried out most notably by the risen Jesus of Nazareth , and other guests haunted by the significance of the last ship sailing from Newcastle 's morbid shipbuilding industry , understanding the occasion as though it were `` that strange moving finger at Balthazar 's feast '' . In the episode `` Season 's Beatings '' , from season 7 of American Dad ! , Steve becomes an Apostate of Satan and repeats the phrases , `` Satana , Satana '' , and `` Mene , Mene , Tekel , '' throughout the duration of his apostasy .
The Red Badge of Courage
The Red Badge of Courage has a distinctive style , which is often described as naturalistic , realistic , impressionistic or a mixture of the three . Told in a third - person limited point of view , the novel reflects the inner - experience of Henry Fleming , a young soldier who flees from combat , rather than upon the external world around him . The Red Badge of Courage is notable in its vivid descriptions and well - cadenced prose , both of which help create suspense within the story . Critics in particular have pointed to the repeated use of color imagery throughout the novel , both literal and figurative , as proof of the novel 's use of Impressionism . Blue and gray uniforms are mentioned , as are yellow and orange sunlight , and green forests , while men 's faces grow red with rage or courage , and gray with death . Crane also uses animalistic imagery to comment upon people , nature , and war itself . For example , the novel begins by portraying the army as a living entity that is `` stretched out on the hills , resting . ''
French horn
The second instrument is used in modern brass bands and marching bands , and is more accurately called a `` marching mellophone '' or mellophone . A derivative of the F alto horn , it is keyed in F. It is shaped like a flugelhorn , with piston valves played with the right hand and a forward - pointing bell . These horns are generally considered better marching instruments than regular horns because their position is more stable on the mouth , they project better , and they weigh less . It is primarily used as the middle voice of drum and bugle corps . Though they are usually played with a V - cup cornet - like mouthpiece , their range overlaps the common playing range of the horn . This mouthpiece switch makes the mellophone louder , less mellow , and more brassy and brilliant , making it more appropriate for marching bands . Often now with the use of converters , traditional conical horn mouthpieces are used to achieve the more mellow sound of a horn to make the marching band sound more like a concert band .
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2012 July 7
I 'm fairly certain that it 's going to be WWI vintage . Another ditty to a well - known hymn tune was `` Fred Karno 's Army '' to the tune of The Church 's one foundation : We are Fred Karno 's Army / Fred Karno 's infantry . / We can not march , / We can not shoot , / What bloody good are we ? / But when we get to Berlin , ? The Kaiser he will say ; / Hoch ! Hoch ! Mien Gott ! What a bloody fine lot ! / Fred Karno 's infantry . '' Alansplodge ( talk ) 17 : 15 , 9 July 2012 ( UTC )
U.S. Marshals (film)
Gerard acquires the surveillance footage of the murders and discover Roberts killed the agents in self - defense and was wearing gloves ; thus he could not have been identified by fingerprints at the scene as Lamb claimed . Confronted with the evidence , Lamb admits that Mark Roberts is in fact Mark Sheridan , a former Force Recon Marine , who was working as an unofficial operative for the government . The DSS is investigating a mole within the U.S. State Department selling covert secrets to China , believed to be Sheridan . The agents were tailing Chen , a Chinese intelligence agent who was the contact between China and the mole , but when they tried to intercept the exchange , Sheridan killed them and fled .
Strappado
Other names for strappado include `` reverse hanging '' , `` Palestinian hanging '' ( although it is not used by the Palestinian Authority ) and il tormento della corda . Historically , it was used by the medieval Inquisition and many governments , such as the civil law court ( 1543 -- 1798 ) of the Order of St. John at the Castellania in Valletta , Malta .
First Battle of the Marne
Field Marshall Sir John French , commander of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , began to plan for a full British retreat to port cities on the English Channel for an immediate evacuation . The military governor of Paris , Joseph Simon Gallieni , wanted to organise the French and British armies to counter the weight of the German army 's advance . After consulting Lord Kitchener about the use of British forces , Gallieni secured the overall command of the BEF , thus stopping Sir John 's planned withdrawal . Gallieni 's plan was simple . All Allied units would counter-attack the Germans along the Marne River , thus halting the German advance . As this was going on , Allied reserves would be thrown in to restore the ranks and attack the German flanks . On September 5 , in the mid afternoon , battle commenced when the French Sixth Army stumbled into the forward guard of the German First Army .
Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
It is impossible to conceive a situation more eligible for defence than the one they had chosen and the skill which they manifested in their breastwork was really astonishing . It extended across the point in such a direction as that a force approaching would be exposed to a double fire , while they lay entirely safe behind it . It would have been impossible to have raked it with cannon to any advantage even if we had had possession of one extremity .
Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote
The line serves as a dramatic ending to the depiction of the Pearl Harbor attack , but it has yet to be verified that Yamamoto ever said or wrote anything resembling the quote . Neither At Dawn We Slept , the definitive history of the Pearl Harbor attack by Gordon Prange , nor The Reluctant Admiral , the definitive biography of Yamamoto in English by Hiroyuki Agawa , contains the line .
John Steinbeck
the writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate man 's proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit -- for gallantry in defeat , for courage , compassion and love . In the endless war against weakness and despair , these are the bright rally flags of hope and of emulation . I hold that a writer who does not believe in the perfectibility of man has no dedication nor any membership in literature . --
Woolworth Building
In the novel Peak ( 2007 ) , the protagonist is arrested for climbing the building . In Langston Hughes ' poem `` Negro '' the narrator has made mortar for the building .
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film)
The title sequence includes abundant references to the novel , and exposes several political themes . Salander 's tattoos , such as her phoenix and dragon tattoos , were incorporated . The multiple flower representations signified the biological life cycle , as well as Henrik , who received a pressed flower each year on his birthday . `` One had flowers coming out of this black ooze , '' said Fincher , `` it blossoms , and then it dies . And then a different flower , as that one is dying is rising from the middle of it . It was supposed to represent this cycle of the killer sending flowers . '' Ultimately , the vignette becomes very conceptual because Miller and his team took `` a whole thought , and cut it up into multiple different shots that are mixed in with other shots '' . In one instance , Blomkvist is strangled by strips of newspaper , a metaphor for the establishment squelching his exposes .
Banksy
Banksy once characterised graffiti as a form of underclass `` revenge '' , or guerilla warfare that allows an individual to snatch away power , territory and glory from a bigger and better equipped enemy . Banksy sees a social class component to this struggle , remarking `` If you do n't own a train company then you go and paint on one instead . '' Banksy 's work has also shown a desire to mock centralised power , hoping that their work will show the public that although power does exist and works against you , that power is not terribly efficient and it can and should be deceived .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces .
Pandora
In Juan de Horozco 's Spanish emblem book , Emblemas morales ( 1589 ) , a motive is given for Pandora 's action . Accompanying an illustration of her opening the lid of an urn from which demons and angels emerge is a commentary that condemns `` female curiosity and the desire to learn by which the very first woman was deceived '' . In the succeeding century that desire to learn was equated with the female demand to share the male prerogative of education . In Nicolas Regnier 's painting `` The Allegory of Vanity '' ( 1626 ) , subtitled `` Pandora '' , it is typified by her curiosity about the contents of the urn that she has just unstopped and is compared to the other attributes of vanity surrounding her ( fine clothes , jewellery , a pot of gold coins ) . Again , Pietro Paolini 's lively Pandora of about 1632 seems more aware of the effect that her pearls and fashionable headgear is making than of the evils escaping from the jar she holds . There is a social message carried by these paintings too , for education , no less than expensive adornment , is only available to those who can afford it .
U.S. Marshals (film)
The film however , was not without its detractors . Writing for the Chicago Sun - Times , Roger Ebert , giving the film two and a half stars out of four , observed , `` I did n't expect U.S. Marshals to be the equal of The Fugitive , and it is n't . But I hoped it would approach the taut tension of the 1993 film , and it does n't . It has extra scenes , needless characters , an aimless plot and a solution that the hero seems to keep learning and then forgetting . '' In a primarily negative review , Mick LaSalle , writing for the San Francisco Chronicle , called the film `` a bad idea to begin with . '' He noted his confusion with the plot , remarking , `` the movie tells us from the beginning that the fugitive is not quite innocent . He killed two fellow agents in self - defense . All this does is muddy the moral waters , making us queasy about the one guy we like . At no point is there ever a compelling reason to keep watching . '' Describing a mild negative opinion , James Berardinelli of ReelViews professed Marshal Gerard as exhibiting `` only a token resemblance to the character who doggedly pursued Kimball in The Fugitive . As re-invented here , Gerard is a generic action hero ; most of the quirks that made him interesting ( and that earned Jones an Oscar ) are absent . With a few minor re-writes , John McClane from the Die Hard movies could have been plugged into this role . '' Snipes
Second Battle of the Marne
The German bombardment was scheduled for 12 : 10 . The French opened fire on the German assault trenches at 11 : 30 , naturally shaking the confidence of attackers . When the Germans opened fire they pounded the almost empty French front line and their counter-battery fire struck many vacated gun pits . The attackers moved easily through the French front and then were led onward by a rolling barrage , which soon was well ahead of the infantry because they were held - up by the points of resistance . When they encountered the French mainline they were ordered to rest , regroup and wait until their field guns were moved into range . They attacked the main line at 08 : 30 the following morning , an hour after their schedule . They were stopped by accurate fire by the bulk of the French artillery . They tried again at noon , but failed . A French counter-attack gained little ground , but convinced the German commanders that they could not prevail . The Fourth Army was now able to send reinforcements to their neighbors to the west who had not fared as well .
Tabula rasa
The eighteenth - century Swiss philosopher Jean - Jacques Rousseau used tabula rasa to support his argument that warfare is an advent of society and agriculture , rather than something that occurs from the human state of nature . Since tabula rasa states that humans are born with a `` blank - slate '' , Rousseau uses this to suggest that humans must learn warfare .
Second Battle of the Marne
In the west on the opening day of the offensive the defenders of the south bank of the Marne had to hold the river bank by enduring an intense three hour bombardment , including many gas shells . Under this cover stormtroopers swarmed across the river in every sort of transport -- including 30 - man canvas boats and rafts . They began to erect skeleton bridges at 12 points under fire from the Allied survivors . Some Allied units , particularly Colonel Ulysses G. McAlexander 's 38th Infantry Regiment of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Division , the `` Rock of the Marne '' , held fast or even counterattacked , but by evening , the Germans had captured a bridgehead on either side of Dormans 4 mi ( 6.4 km ) deep and 9 mi ( 14 km ) wide , despite the aerial intervention of 225 French bombers , dropping 44 short tons ( 40 t ) of bombs on the makeshift bridges . Ludendorff regarded their advance as `` the very pinnacle of military victory ''
Flag of France
The Vichy régime , which dropped the word `` republic '' in favour of `` the French state '' , maintained the use of the tricolore , but Philippe Pétain used as his personal standard a version of the flag with , in the white stripe , an axe made with a star - studded marshal 's baton . This axe is called the `` Francisque '' in reference to the ancient Frankish throwing axe . During this same period , the Free French Forces used a tricolore with , in the white stripe , a red Cross of Lorraine .
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None
After the deaths of Thomas Rogers ' by axe and Emily Brent from anaphylactic shock from a bee sting , Lombard announces that his revolver has been stolen , and a search for it is fruitless . Naracott discovers he has been poisoned with the fictional drug Solidamide , but he obtains a remedy : a bottle of the fictional `` Bellman 's Universal Application '' . During a blackout after dinner that night , Wargrave is killed by a shot to the head . In the morning , however , Wargrave 's body is missing along with Armstrong , whose drowned body will later wash up on the shore . Wargrave 's body also turns up later in the screening room , but looks to have been bludgeoned , rather than shot . Later that day Blore is found to have been killed by having his head caved in by a clock .
Shotgun
A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm , which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled . Preceding smoothbore firearms , such as the musket , were widely used by armies in the 18th century . The direct ancestor to the shotgun , the blunderbuss , was also used in a similar variety of roles from self - defense to riot control . It was often used by cavalry troops because of its generally shorter length and ease of use , as well as by coachmen for its substantial power . In the 19th century , however , these weapons were largely replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms , which were more accurate over longer ranges . The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War , when American forces used 12 - gauge pump action shotguns in close - quarters trench fighting to great effect . Since then , it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian , law enforcement , and military applications .