vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cost–benefit analysis
The choice of discount rate is subjective . A smaller rate values future generations equally with the current generation . Larger rates ( e.g. a market rate of return ) reflects humans ' attraction to time inconsistency -- valuing money that they receive today more than money they get in the future . The choice makes a large difference in assessing interventions with long - term effects . One issue is the equity premium puzzle , in which long - term returns on equities may be rather higher than they should be . If so then arguably market rates of return should not be used to determine a discount rate , as doing so would have the effect of undervaluing the distant future ( e.g. climate change ) .
Facial hair in the military
1 . Those demeaning or abrasive regulations generally referred to in the fleet as `` Mickey Mouse '' or `` Chicken '' regs have , in my judgment , done almost as much to cause dissatisfaction among our personnel as have extended family separation and low pay scales . I desire to eliminate many of the most abrasive policies , standardize others which are inconsistently enforced , and provide some general guidance which reflects my conviction that if we are to place the importance and responsibility of `` the person '' in proper perspective in the more efficient Navy we are seeking , the worth and personal dignity of the individual must be forcefully reaffirmed . The policy changes below are effective immediately and will be amplified by more detailed implementing directives to be issued separately .
Division of the assembly
A division is also called a rising vote , where members stand up from their seats . According to Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised ( RONR ) , the numbers for and against are not counted in a division . However , they may be counted by order of the chairman or by order of the assembly through majority vote . The assembly may also have a rule that the division is counted .
Golden Key International Honour Society
Some students reported to student newspaper investigators that they were unsure of the society 's benefits or did not find the society 's networking opportunities worth the cost of membership . Honi Soit also noted that society staffers altered the Golden Key International Honour Society Wikipedia page to burnish the institution 's image .
Precedent
In practice , however , judges in one system will almost always choose to follow relevant case law in the other system to prevent divergent results and to minimize forum shopping .
Labour Party (UK)
On 1 March 2014 , at a special conference the party reformed internal Labour election procedures , including replacing the electoral college system for selecting new leaders with a `` one member , one vote '' system following the recommendation of a review by former general - secretary Ray Collins . Mass membership would be encouraged by allowing `` registered supporters '' to join at a low cost , as well as full membership . Members from the trade unions would also have to explicitly `` opt in '' rather than `` opt out '' of paying a political levy to Labour .
Logic
Second , certain parts of the sentence must be replaced with schematic letters . Thus , for example , the expression `` all Ps are Qs '' shows the logical form common to the sentences `` all men are mortals '' , `` all cats are carnivores '' , `` all Greeks are philosophers '' , and so on . The schema can further be condensed into the formula A ( P , Q ) , where the letter A indicates the judgement ' all - are - ' .
Labor history of the United States
The nature and power of organized labor is the outcome of historical tensions among counter-acting forces involving workplace rights , wages , working hours , political expression , labor laws , and other working conditions . Organized unions and their umbrella labor federations such as the AFL -- CIO and citywide federations have competed , evolved , merged , and split against a backdrop of changing values and priorities , and periodic federal government intervention .
American Revolution
Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army .
Cash register
Since the registration is done with the process of returning change , according to Bill Bryson odd pricing came about because by charging odd amounts like 49 and 99 cents ( or 45 and 95 cents when nickels are more used than pennies ) , the cashier very probably had to open the till for the penny change and thus announce the sale . National
PageRank
The PageRank transferred from a given page to the targets of its outbound links upon the next iteration is divided equally among all outbound links .
Income inequality in the United States
Rising income inequality has been linked to the political polarization in Washington DC . According to a 2013 study published in the Political Research Quarterly , elected officials tend to be more responsive to the upper income bracket and ignore lower income groups .
History of the United States Constitution
Once the Convention looked at how to proportion the House representation , tempers among several delegates exploded over slavery . When the Convention progressed beyond the personal attacks , it adopted the existing `` federal ratio '' for taxing states by three - fifths of slaves held .
Article Three of the United States Constitution
The compensation of judges may not be decreased , but may be increased , during their continuance in office .
Minstrel show
Non-race - related humor came from lampoons of other subjects , including aristocratic whites such as politicians , doctors , and lawyers . Women 's rights was another serious subject that appeared with some regularity in antebellum minstrelsy , almost always to ridicule the notion . The women 's rights lecture became common in stump speeches . When one character joked , `` Jim , I tink de ladies oughter vote '' , another replied , `` No , Mr. Johnson , ladies am supposed to care berry little about polytick , and yet de majority ob em am strongly tached to parties . '' Minstrel humor was simple and relied heavily on slapstick and wordplay . Performers told nonsense riddles : `` The difference between a schoolmaster and an engineer is that one trains the mind and the other minds the train . ''
History of the Miami Marlins
Coming out of spring training , there were playoff aspirations for the Marlins , which had held the same nucleus since 2006 despite the fact they had the National League 's third - lowest payroll . Marlins owner Jeffrey Loria expressed high hopes saying , `` I expect us to make the playoffs , we 've got all the ammunition we need . ''
Social class in the United States
Working class ( 30 % ) Clerical and most blue - collar workers whose work is highly routinized . Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners , but is commonly just adequate . High school education . Working class ( 32 % ) Clerical , pink - and blue - collar workers with often low job security ; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 . High school education . Working class ( ca . 40 -- 45 % ) Blue - collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security ; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical . High school education . Working poor ( 13 % ) Service , low - rung clerical and some blue - collar workers . High economic insecurity and risk of poverty . Some high school education . Lower class ( ca . 14 -- 20 % ) Those who occupy poorly - paid positions or rely on government transfers . Some high school education . Underclass ( 12 % ) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force . Reliant on government transfers . Some high school education . The poor ( ca . 12 % ) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force ; a household income of $18,000 may be typical . Some high school education . References : Gilbert , D. ( 2002 ) The American Class Structure : In An Age of Growing Inequality . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0534541100 . ( see also Gilbert Model ) ; Thompson , W. & Hickey , J. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon ; Beeghley , L. ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon . The upper middle class may also be referred to as `` Professional class '' Ehrenreich , B. ( 1989 ) . The Inner Life of the Middle Class . NY , NY : Harper - Collins .
Social class in the United States
Income remains one of the main indicators of class , as it commonly reflects educational attainment as well as occupation . A frequent distinction in political attitudes can be found among individuals residing in households with differing incomes . For example , during the 2000 United States presidential election , voter turnout among those in the top 26 % with household incomes exceeding $75,000 was 27 % higher than the average .
Division of the assembly
Historically , and often still today , members are literally divided into physically separate groups . This was the method used in the Roman Senate , and occasionally in Athenian democracy . Westminster system parliament chambers have separate division lobbies for the `` Ayes '' and `` Noes '' to facilitate physical division . In several assemblies , a division bell is rung throughout the building when a division is happening , in order to alert members not present in the chamber .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
( The ) committee early in its investigation noticed a tendency on the part of some to reflect on the character of the men who were veterans in the camps . Several parties referred to them as `` bums , '' `` drunkards , '' `` crazy men , '' `` riff - raff '' and the like . They seem to think that `` they got what was coming to them . ''
Utilitarianism
happiness , private happiness , is the proper or ultimate end of all our actions ... each particular action may be said to have its proper and peculiar end ... ( but ) ... . they still tend or ought to tend to something farther ; as is evident from hence , viz. that a man may ask and expect a reason why either of them are pursued : now to ask the reason of any action or pursuit , is only to enquire into the end of it : but to expect a reason , i.e. an end , to be assigned for an ultimate end , is absurd . To ask why I pursue happiness , will admit of no other answer than an explanation of the terms .
Standard Oil
The general result of the investigation has been to disclose the existence of numerous and flagrant discriminations by the railroads in behalf of the Standard Oil Co. and its affiliated corporations . With comparatively few exceptions , mainly of other large concerns in California , the Standard has been the sole beneficiary of such discriminations . In almost every section of the country that company has been found to enjoy some unfair advantages over its competitors , and some of these discriminations affect enormous areas .
Income inequality in the United States
The NYT reported in 2014 : `` With a big share of recent income gains in this country flowing to a relatively small slice of high - earning households , most Americans are not keeping pace with their counterparts around the world . '' Real median per capita income in many other industrialized countries was rising from 2000 - 2010 while the U.S. measure stagnated . The poor in much of Europe receive more than their U.S. counterparts .
Whole life insurance
While the `` overcharge '' terminology is technically correct for tax purposes , actual dividends are often a much greater factor than the language would imply . For a period of time during the 1980s and ' 90 's , it was not uncommon for the annual dividend to exceed the total premium at the 20th policy year and beyond . ( Milton Jones , CLU , ChFC )
United States Congress
One way to categorize lawmakers , according to political scientist Richard Fenno , is by their general motivation :
Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States
For each president , the formal affiliation at the time of his presidency is listed first , with other affiliations listed after . Further explanation follows if needed , as well as notable detail .
Income inequality in the United States
While there is strong evidence that it has increased since the 1970s , there is active debate in the United States regarding the appropriate measurement , causes , effects and solutions to income inequality . The two major political parties have different approaches to the issue , with Democrats historically emphasizing that economic growth should result in shared prosperity ( i.e. , a pro-labor argument advocating income redistribution ) , while Republicans tend to downplay the validity or feasibility of positively influencing the issue ( i.e. , a pro-capital argument against redistribution ) .
Taxation in the United States
Payroll taxes are imposed by the federal and all state governments . These include Social Security and Medicare taxes imposed on both employers and employees , at a combined rate of 15.3 % ( 13.3 % for 2011 and 2012 ) . Social Security tax applies only to the first $106,800 of wages in 2009 through 2011 . However , benefits are only accrued on the first $106,800 of wages . Employers must withhold income taxes on wages . An unemployment tax and certain other levies apply to employers . Payroll taxes have dramatically increased as a share of federal revenue since the 1950s , while corporate income taxes have fallen as a share of revenue . ( Corporate profits have not fallen as a share of GDP ) .
Income inequality in the United States
Greater income inequality can lead to monopolization of the labor force , resulting in fewer employers requiring fewer workers . Remaining employers can consolidate and take advantage of the relative lack of competition , leading to less consumer choice , market abuses , and relatively higher prices .
Social class in the United States
The New York Times has used income quintiles to define class . It has assigned the quintiles from lowest to highest as lower class , lower middle class , middle class , upper middle class , and upper class . These definitions equate class with income , permitting people to move from class to class as their income changes . Dual
Yahoo! Answers
These badges are found under the name of the companies or organizations who share their personal knowledge and experience with the members of Yahoo ! Answers .
Senate
Many countries have an assembly named a senate , composed of senators who may be elected , appointed , have inherited the title , or gained membership by other methods , depending on the country . Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of `` sober second thought '' to consider legislation passed by a lower house , whose members are usually elected .
Income inequality in the United States
CBO reported that for the 1979 - 2007 period , after - tax income of households in the top 1 percent of earners grew by 275 % , compared to 65 % for the next 19 % , just under 40 % for the next 60 % , 18 % for the bottom fifth of households . `` As a result of that uneven income growth , '' the report noted , `` the share of total after - tax income received by the 1 percent of the population in households with the highest income more than doubled between 1979 and 2007 , whereas the share received by low - and middle - income households declined ... The share of income received by the top 1 percent grew from about 8 % in 1979 to over 17 % in 2007 . The share received by the other 19 percent of households in the highest income quintile ( one fifth of the population as divided by income ) was fairly flat over the same period , edging up from 35 % to 36 % . ''
Household income in the United States
The distribution of U.S. household income has become more unequal since around 1980 , with the income share received by the top 1 % trending upward from around 10 % or less over the 1953 -- 1981 period to over 20 % by 2007 . After falling somewhat due to the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009 , inequality rose again during the economic recovery , a typical pattern historically .
Household income in the United States
Working class ( 30 % ) Clerical and most blue - collar workers whose work is highly routinized . Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners , but is commonly just adequate . High school education . Working class ( 32 % ) Clerical , pink - and blue - collar workers with often low job security ; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000 . High school education . Working class ( ca . 40 -- 45 % ) Blue - collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security ; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical . High school education . Working poor ( 13 % ) Service , low - rung clerical and some blue - collar workers . High economic insecurity and risk of poverty . Some high school education . Lower class ( ca . 14 -- 20 % ) Those who occupy poorly - paid positions or rely on government transfers . Some high school education . Underclass ( 12 % ) Those with limited or no participation in the labor force . Reliant on government transfers . Some high school education . The poor ( ca . 12 % ) Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force ; a household income of $18,000 may be typical . Some high school education . References : Gilbert , D. ( 2002 ) The American Class Structure : In An Age of Growing Inequality . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , ISBN 0534541100 . ( see also Gilbert Model ) ; Thompson , W. & Hickey , J. ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon ; Beeghley , L. ( 2004 ) . The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States . Boston , MA : Pearson , Allyn & Bacon . The upper middle class may also be referred to as `` Professional class '' Ehrenreich , B. ( 1989 ) . The Inner Life of the Middle Class . NY , NY : Harper - Collins .
Standing committee (United States Congress)
The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 greatly reduced the number of committees . The membership of each committee is adopted at the beginning of each Congress , usually by adoption of a formal resolution . Each committee is assigned its own staff to assist with its legislative , investigative , and research functions . Several committees divide their work into sub units called subcommittees .
United States congressional committee
An analysis of U.S. House of Representative committee request letters from the 92nd , 93rd , 97th , 98th , 100th , and 101st Congresses showed that the most common justifications raised by members seeking a committee assignment were prior professional experience , geography and electoral considerations , in that order . About 80 % of justifications in letters fell into one of these three categories . Members who request an assignment to the House Armed Services Committee have a greater military presence in their district , while members requesting assignment to the House Interior Committee generally tend to come from sparsely populated areas with more land held in public trust .
Tariff
In practice , however , the world is characterised by unemployment . Unemployment and underemployment of capital and labour are not a short - term phenomenon , but it is common and widespread . Unemployment and untapped resources are more the rule than the exception .
The Honeymooners
Most of The Honeymooners takes place in Ralph and Alice Kramden 's small , sparsely furnished two - room apartment . Other settings used in the show included the Gotham Bus Company depot , the Raccoon Lodge , a neighborhood pool parlor , a park bench where Ralph and Ed occasionally meet for lunch , and on occasion the Nortons ' apartment ( always noticeably better - furnished than the Kramdens ' ) . Many episodes begin with a shot of Alice in the apartment awaiting Ralph 's arrival from work . Most episodes focus on Ralph 's and Ed 's characters , although Alice played a substantial role . Trixie played a smaller role in the series , and did not appear in every episode as did the other three . Each episode presented a self - contained story , which rarely carried over into a subsequent one . The show employed a number of standard sitcom clichés and plots , particularly those of jealousy , get - rich - quick schemes , and comic misunderstanding .
The Bronx
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name . They are set in the heart of the Bronx , showing apartment life and the then - landmark Krums ice cream parlor . In the 1979 film The Warriors , the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx , and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn . A Bronx Tale ( 1993 ) depicts gang activities in the Belmont `` Little Italy '' section of the Bronx . The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham , Tremont , and `` Gunhill '' ( a play off the name Gun Hill Road ) . This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning , an eight - part ESPN TV mini-series ( 2007 ) about the New York Yankees ' drive to winning baseball 's 1977 World Series . The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team , led by manager Billy Martin , catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson , as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time , such as the blackout , the city 's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy , the arson for insurance payments , and the election of Ed Koch as mayor .
The Honeymooners
In 1984 , the Museum of Television and Radio announced the `` discovery '' of four original Honeymooners sketches from the original series The Jackie Gleason Show . Later , when they held a public viewing for three of them the response was overwhelmingly positive . In January 1985 , Gleason announced the release of an additional group of `` lost '' episodes from his private vault . As with the previously released sketches , these `` lost episodes '' actually were kinescopes of sketches from the 1952 -- 55 , 1956 -- 57 run of The Jackie Gleason Show . ( Kinescopes were recordings of TV programs on motion picture film , shot directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor . ) Because the prints had not been stored under ideal conditions , parts of the soundtracks of three episodes were unusable , and the voices had to be redubbed . Gleason personally approved the soundalike actors , with noted voice actor Joe Alaskey -- Joseph Francis Alaskey III ( 1952 -- 2016 ) , a native of Troy , NY -- providing Kramden 's lines .