vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Medicare (United States)
Some `` hospital services '' can be done as inpatient services , which would be reimbursed under Part A ; or as outpatient services , which would be reimbursed , not under Part A , but under Part B instead . The `` Two - Midnight Rule '' decides which is which . In August 2013 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1 , 2013 . Under the new rule , if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that `` crosses two midnights , '' Medicare Part A payment is `` generally appropriate . '' However , if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights , Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate ; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B . The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time . But , hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient 's care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A . In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges , the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services .
Apartheid
Part of a series on the History of South Africa General periods Before 1652 1652 -- 1815 1815 -- 1910 1910 -- 1948 1948 -- 1994 Since 1994 Specific themes Economy Military Politics Religion Slavery Inventions See also Years Timeline ( nl ) South Africa portal
Godparent
The Catholic institution of godparenthood survived the Reformation largely unchanged . A godparent must normally be an appropriate person , at least sixteen years of age , a confirmed Catholic who has received the Eucharist , not under any canonical penalty , and may not be the parent of the child . Someone who belongs to another Christian church can not become a godparent but can be a ' witness ' in conjunction with a Catholic sponsor . A witness does not have any religious role recognized by the Church .
Apartheid
In a study done by Josephine C. Naidoo and Devi Moodley Rajab , they interviewed a series of Indian South Africans about their experience in South Africa . Their study highlighted education , the workplace , and general day to day living . For one specific participant who was a doctor , said that it was considered the norm for Non-White and White doctors to mingle while working at the hospital but when there was any down time or breaks , they were to go back to their segregated quarters . Not only was there severe segregation for doctors , Non-White , more specifically Indians , were paid three to four times less than their White counterparts . Many described being treated as a `` third class citizen '' due to the humiliation of the standard of treatment for Non-White employees across many professions . Many Indians described a sense of justified superiority from Whites due to the apartheid laws that , in the minds of White South Africans , legitimized those feelings . Another finding of this study was the psychological damage down to Indians living in South Africa during apartheid . One of the biggest long - term effects was inter-racial mistrust . Inter-racial mistrust is emotional hatred towards Whites . There was such a strong degree of alienation that left damaging psychological effects of inferiority .
Conscription in the United States
Before and during the Vietnam War , a young man could get a deferment by showing that he was a full - time student making satisfactory progress towards a degree ; now deferment only lasts to the end of the semester . If the man is a senior he can defer until the end of the academic year . The government has said that draft boards are now more representative of the local communities in areas such as race and national origin . A lottery system would be used to determine the order of people being called up . Previously the oldest men who were found eligible for the draft would be taken first . In the new system , the men called first would be those who are or will turn 20 years old in the calendar year or those whose deferments will end in the calendar year . Each year after , the man will be placed on a lower priority status until his liability ends .
Munchkin
Note : Social security information was hard to come by prior to the mid twentieth century . As a result , things such as birth or death years may be incomplete due to lack of records .
Indigenous Australians
The life expectancy of Indigenous Australians is difficult to quantify accurately . Indigenous deaths are poorly identified , and the official figures for the size of the population at risk include large adjustment factors . Two estimates of Indigenous life expectancy in 2008 differed by as much as five years .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Data from Chernobyl showed that there was a steady then sharp increase in thyroid cancer rates following the disaster in 1986 , but whether this data can be directly compared to Fukushima is yet to be determined .
Genetic recombination
During meiosis , synapsis ( the pairing of homologous chromosomes ) ordinarily precedes genetic recombination .
Chernobyl disaster
During the accident , blast effects caused 2 deaths within the facility , later 134 were hospitalized with acute radiation symptoms , of which 28 firemen and employees died in the days - to - months afterward from the effects of acute radiation syndrome , in addition , approximately 14 cancer deaths amongst this group of initially hospitalized survivors was to follow within the next ten years ( 1996 ) . Whilst among the wider population , an excess of 15 childhood thyroid cancer deaths had been documented as of 2011 . It will take further time and investigative funding to definitively determine the elevated relative risk of cancer amongst both the surviving employees and the population at large .
Germination
During germination , the tube cell elongates into a pollen tube . In the flower , the pollen tube then grows towards the ovule where it discharges the sperm produced in the pollen grain for fertilization . The germinated pollen grain with its two sperm cells is the mature male microgametophyte of these plants .
Germination
Another germination event during the life cycle of gymnosperms and flowering plants is the germination of a pollen grain after pollination . Like seeds , pollen grains are severely dehydrated before being released to facilitate their dispersal from one plant to another . They consist of a protective coat containing several cells ( up to 8 in gymnosperms , 2 - 3 in flowering plants ) . One of these cells is a tube cell . Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma of a receptive flower ( or a female cone in gymnosperms ) , it takes up water and germinates . Pollen germination is facilitated by hydration on the stigma , as well as by the structure and physiology of the stigma and style . Pollen can also be induced to germinate in vitro ( in a petri dish or test tube ) .
Adolescence
Related to their increased tendency for risk - taking , adolescents show impaired behavioral inhibition , including deficits in extinction learning . This has important implications for engaging in risky behavior such as unsafe sex or illicit drug use , as adolescents are less likely to inhibit actions that may have negative outcomes in the future . This phenomenon also has consequences for behavioral treatments based on the principle of extinction , such as cue exposure therapy for anxiety or drug addiction . It has been suggested that impaired inhibition , specifically extinction , may help to explain adolescent propensity to relapse to drug - seeking even following behavioral treatment for addiction .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
The World Health Organization stated that a 2013 thyroid ultrasound screening program was , due to the screening effect , likely to lead to an increase in recorded thyroid cases due to early detection of non-symptomatic disease cases . The overwhelming majority of thyroid growths are benign growths that will never cause symptoms , illness , or death , even if nothing is ever done about the growth . Autopsy studies on people who died from other causes show that more than one third of adults technically have a thyroid growth / cancer . As a precedent , in 1999 in South Korea , the introduction of advanced ultrasound thyroid examinations resulted in an explosion in the rate of benign thyroid cancers being detected and needless surgeries occurring . Despite this , the death rate from thyroid cancer has remained the same .
Seeley Booth
Toward the end of season 4 , Booth suffers from a brain tumor that leads him to hallucinate conversations with Stewie Griffin . The tumor is successfully removed , but it leaves him with residual memory loss and a lack of confidence in the field .
Plant development
Flower development is the process by which angiosperms produce a pattern of gene expression in meristems that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards sexual reproduction , the flower . There are three physiological developments that must occur in order for this to take place : firstly , the plant must pass from sexual immaturity into a sexually mature state ( i.e. a transition towards flowering ) ; secondly , the transformation of the apical meristem 's function from a vegetative meristem into a floral meristem or inflorescence ; and finally the growth of the flower 's individual organs . The latter phase has been modelled using the ABC model , which describes the biological basis of the process from the perspective of molecular and developmental genetics .
Asexual reproduction
Apomixis in plants is the formation of a new sporophyte without fertilization . It is important in ferns and in flowering plants , but is very rare in other seed plants . In flowering plants , the term `` apomixis '' is now most often used for agamospermy , the formation of seeds without fertilization , but was once used to include vegetative reproduction . An example of an apomictic plant would be the triploid European dandelion . Apomixis mainly occurs in two forms : In gametophytic apomixis , the embryo arises from an unfertilized egg within a diploid embryo sac that was formed without completing meiosis . In nucellar embryony , the embryo is formed from the diploid nucellus tissue surrounding the embryo sac . Nucellar embryony occurs in some citrus seeds . Male apomixis can occur in rare cases , such as the Saharan Cypress Cupressus dupreziana , where the genetic material of the embryo are derived entirely from pollen .
Asexual reproduction
Some cells split via budding ( for example baker 's yeast ) , resulting in a `` mother '' and `` daughter '' cell . The offspring organism is smaller than the parent . Budding is also known on a multicellular level ; an animal example is the hydra , which reproduces by budding . The buds grow into fully matured individuals which eventually break away from the parent organism .
Asexual reproduction
Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where a new organism grows from a fragment of the parent . Each fragment develops into a mature , fully grown individual . Fragmentation is seen in many organisms . Animals that reproduce asexually include planarians , many annelid worms including polychaetes and some oligochaetes , turbellarians and sea stars . Many fungi and plants reproduce asexually . Some plants have specialized structures for reproduction via fragmentation , such as gemma in liverworts . Most lichens , which are a symbiotic union of a fungus and photosynthetic algae or bacteria , reproduce through fragmentation to ensure that new individuals contain both symbiont . These fragments can take the form of soredia , dust - like particles consisting of fungal hyphen wrapped around photobiont cells .
Asexual reproduction
Multiple fission at the cellular level occurs in many protists , e.g. sporozoans and algae . The nucleus of the parent cell divides several times by mitosis , producing several nuclei . The cytoplasm then separates , creating multiple daughter cells .
Radioactive decay
More common in heavy nuclides is competition between alpha and beta decay . The daughter nuclides will then normally decay through beta or alpha , respectively , to end up in the same place .
Caenorhabditis elegans
Gastrulation occurs after the embryo reaches the 26 - cell stage . C. elegans are a species of protostomes , so the blastopore eventually forms the mouth . Involution into the blastopore begins with movement of the endoderm cells and subsequent formation of the gut , followed by the P4 germline precursor , and finally the mesoderm cells , including the cells that eventually form the pharynx . Gastrulation ends when epiboly of the hypoblasts closes the blastopore .
Cell-free fetal DNA
cffDNA originates from placental trophoblasts . Fetal DNA is fragmented when placental microparticles are shed into the maternal blood circulation ( figure 1 ) .
Hormonal contraception
While unpredictable breakthrough bleeding is a possible side effect for all hormonal contraceptives , it is more common with progestogen - only formulations . Most regimens of COCPs , NuvaRing , and the contraceptive patch incorporate a placebo or break week that causes regular withdrawal bleeding . While women using combined injectable contraceptives may experience amenorrhea ( lack of periods ) , they typically have predictable bleeding comparable to that of women using COCPs .
Asexual reproduction
An important form of fission is binary fission , where the parent organism is replaced by two daughter organisms , because it literally divides in two . Only prokaryotes ( the archaea and the bacteria ) reproduce asexually through binary fission . Eukaryotes ( such as protists and unicellular fungi ) may reproduce in a functionally similar manner by mitosis ; most of these are also capable of sexual reproduction .
Chernobyl disaster
After the disaster , four square kilometres of pine forest directly downwind of the reactor turned reddish - brown and died , earning the name of the `` Red Forest '' . Some animals in the worst - hit areas also died or stopped reproducing . Most domestic animals were removed from the exclusion zone , but horses left on an island in the Pripyat River 6 km ( 4 mi ) from the power plant died when their thyroid glands were destroyed by radiation doses of 150 -- 200 Sv . Some cattle on the same island died and those that survived were stunted because of thyroid damage . The next generation appeared to be normal . After
Chernobyl disaster
The after - effects of Chernobyl were expected to be seen for a further 100 years , although the severity of the effects would decline over that period . Scientists report this is due to radioactive caesium - 137 isotopes being taken up by fungi such as Cortinarius caperatus which is in turn eaten by sheep whilst grazing .
Yosemite National Park
Increasing ozone pollution is causing tissue damage to the massive giant sequoia trees in the park , making them more vulnerable to insect infestation and disease . Since the cones of these trees require fire - touched soil to germinate , historic fire suppression has reduced these trees ' ability to reproduce . The current policy of setting prescribed fires is expected to help the germination issue .
Obesity in the United States
These trends in healthcare costs associated with pediatric obesity and its comorbidities are staggering , urging the Surgeon General to predict that preventable morbidity and mortality associated with obesity may surpass those associated with cigarette smoking . Furthermore , the probability of childhood obesity persisting into adulthood is estimated to increase from approximately twenty percent at four years of age to approximately eighty percent by adolescence , and it is likely that these obesity comorbidities will persist into adulthood .
Adolescence
Other critics of the concept of adolescence do point at individual differences in brain growth rate , citing that some ( though not all ) early teens still have infantile undeveloped corpus callosums , concluding that `` the adult in * every * adolescent '' is too generalizing . These people tend to support the notion that a more interconnected brain makes more precise distinctions ( citing Pavlov 's comparisons of conditioned reflexes in different species ) and that there is a non-arbitrary threshold at which distinctions become sufficiently precise to correct assumptions afterward as opposed to being ultimately dependent on exterior assumptions for communication . They argue that this threshold is the one at which an individual is objectively capable of speaking for himself or herself , as opposed to culturally arbitrary measures of `` maturity '' which often treat this ability as a sign of `` immaturity '' merely because it leads to questioning of authorities . These people also stress the low probability of the threshold being reached at a birthday , and instead advocate non-chronological emancipation at the threshold of afterward correction of assumptions . They sometimes cite similarities between `` adolescent '' behavior and KZ syndrome ( inmate behavior in adults in prison camps ) such as aggression being explainable by oppression and `` immature '' financial or other risk behavior being explainable by a way out of captivity being more worth to captive people than any incremental improvement in captivity , and argue that this theory successfully predicted remaining `` immature '' behavior after reaching the age of majority by means of longer - term traumatization . In this context , they refer to the fallibility of official assumptions about what is good or bad for an individual , concluding that paternalistic `` rights '' may harm the individual . They also argue that since it never took many years to move from one group to another to avoid inbreeding in the paleolithic , evolutionary psychology is unable to account for a long period of `` immature '' risk behavior .
Tyrannosaurus
Over half of the known Tyrannosaurus rex specimens appear to have died within six years of reaching sexual maturity , a pattern which is also seen in other tyrannosaurs and in some large , long - lived birds and mammals today . These species are characterized by high infant mortality rates , followed by relatively low mortality among juveniles . Mortality increases again following sexual maturity , partly due to the stresses of reproduction . One study suggests that the rarity of juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex fossils is due in part to low juvenile mortality rates ; the animals were not dying in large numbers at these ages , and so were not often fossilized . This rarity may also be due to the incompleteness of the fossil record or to the bias of fossil collectors towards larger , more spectacular specimens . In a 2013 lecture , Thomas Holtz Jr. suggested that dinosaurs `` lived fast and died young '' because they reproduced quickly whereas mammals have long life spans because they take longer to reproduce . Gregory S. Paul also writes that Tyrannosaurus reproduced quickly and died young , but attributes their short life spans to the dangerous lives they lived .
Germination
When a seed germinates without undergoing all four stages of seed development , i.e. , globular , heart shape , torpedo shape , and cotyledonary stage , it is known as precocious germination .
Cytokinesis
These tubules then widen and fuse laterally with each other , eventually forming a planar , fenestrated sheet . As the cell plate matures , large amounts of membrane material are removed via clathrin - mediated endocytosis Eventually , the edges of the cell plate fuse with the parental plasma membrane , often in an asymmetrical fashion , thus completing cytokinesis . The remaining fenestrae contain strands of endoplasmic reticulum passing through them , and are thought to be the precursors of plasmodesmata .
Estrogen
Both combined oral contraceptives ( which contain ethinylestradiol and a progestin ) and pregnancy / the postpartum period are associated with about a 4-fold increase in risk of VTE , with the risk increase being slightly greater with the latter ( OR = 4.03 and 4.24 , respectively ) . The risk of VTE during the postpartum period is 5-fold higher than during pregnancy . For combined oral contraceptives , VTE risk with high doses of ethinylestradiol ( > 50 μg , e.g. , 100 to 150 μg ) has been reported to be approximately twice that of low doses of ethinylestradiol ( e.g. , 20 to 50 μg ) . As such , high doses of ethinylestradiol are no longer used in combined oral contraceptives , and all modern combined oral contraceptives contain 50 μg ethinylestradiol or less . The absolute risk of VTE in pregnancy is about 0.5 to 2 in 1,000 ( 0.125 % ) .
Adolescence
Over the course of adolescence , the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly , while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted - U pattern . Through a process called synaptic pruning , unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down . However , this does not mean that the brain loses functionality ; rather , it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination ( insulation of axons ) and the reduction of unused pathways .
Romance languages
In French , the outcomes of / k , ɡ / palatalized by / e , i , j / and by / a , au / were different : centum `` hundred '' > cent / sɑ̃ / but cantum `` song '' > chant / ʃɑ̃ /. French also underwent palatalization of labials before / j / : Vulgar Latin / pj , bj ~ vj , mj / > Old French / tʃ , dʒ , ndʒ / ( sēpia `` cuttlefish '' > seiche , rubeus `` red '' > rouge , sīmia `` monkey '' > singe ) .
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative propagation is a type of asexual reproduction found in plants where new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores by meiosis or syngamy . Examples of vegetative reproduction include the formation of miniaturized plants called plantlets on specialized leaves ( for example in kalanchoe ) and some produce new plants out of rhizomes or stolon ( for example in strawberry ) . Other plants reproduce by forming bulbs or tubers ( for example tulip bulbs and dahlia tubers ) . Some plants produce adventitious shoots and may form a clonal colony , where all the individuals are clones , and the clones may cover a large area .
Demographics of Mexico
Crude birth rate ( per 1000 ) Crude death rate ( per 1000 ) Natural change ( per 1000 ) Total fertility rate 1976 5.7 1981 4.4 3.8 1990 27.9 5.6 22.3 3.4 1991 27.5 5.5 22.0 3.3 1992 27.1 5.4 21.7 3.2 1993 26.8 5.3 21.5 3.1 1994 26.3 5.2 21.1 3.0 1995 25.9 5.2 20.7 3.0 25.4 5.1 20.3 2.9 1997 24.8 5.1 19.7 2.8 1998 24.3 5.1 19.2 2.8 1999 23.9 5.1 18.8 2.7 2000 23.4 5.1 18.3 2.6 2001 23.0 5.1 17.9 2.6 2002 22.6 5.1 17.5 2.6 2003 22.2 5.2 17.0 2.5 21.8 5.2 16.6 2.5 2005 21.5 5.2 16.3 2.5 2006 21.1 5.3 15.8 2.4 2007 20.8 5.3 15.5 2.4 2008 20.4 5.4 15.0 2.3 2009 20.1 5.5 14.6 2.3 19.7 5.6 14.1 2.3 2011 19.4 5.6 13.8 2.3 2012 19.2 5.7 13.5 2.2 2013 19.0 5.7 13.3 2.2 2014 18.7 5.7 13.0 2.2 2015 18.5 5.7 12.8 2.2 2016 18.3 5.8 12.5 2.2
Chernobyl disaster
The risk projections suggest that by now ( 2006 ) Chernobyl may have caused about 1000 cases of thyroid cancer and 4000 cases of other cancers in Europe , representing about 0.01 % of all incident cancers since the accident . Models predict that by 2065 about 16,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 25,000 cases of other cancers may be expected due to radiation from the accident , whereas several hundred million cancer cases are expected from other causes .
Postterm pregnancy
Postmaturity symptoms vary . The most common are dry skin , overgrown nails , creases on the baby 's palms and soles of their feet , minimal fat , a lot of hair on their head , and either a brown , green , or yellow discoloration of their skin . Doctors diagnose post-mature birth based on the baby 's physical appearance and the length of the mother 's pregnancy . Some postmature babies will show no or little sign of postmaturity .