vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
French Revolution
The Commune sent gangs of National Guardsmen and fédérés into the prisons , and they killed 10 or more victims , mostly nonjuring priests . The Commune then sent a circular letter to the other cities of France inviting them to follow this example , and many cities launched their own massacres of prisoners and priests in the `` September massacres '' . The Assembly could offer only feeble resistance . In October , however , there was a counterattack accusing the instigators , especially Marat , of being terrorists . This led to a political contest between the more moderate Girondists and the more radical Montagnards inside the Convention , with rumour used as a weapon by both sides . The Girondists lost ground when they seemed too conciliatory . But the pendulum swung again and after Thermidor , the men who had endorsed the massacres were denounced as terrorists .
Siege
Siege tactics continue to be employed in police conflicts . This has been due to a number of factors , primarily risk to life , whether that of the police , the besieged , bystanders , or hostages . Police make use of trained negotiators , psychologists , and , if necessary , force , generally being able to rely on the support of their nation 's armed forces if required .
British Army during World War I
There were occasional examples of men making unwanted homosexual advances , homosexuality being then criminal under both military and civil law , to escape the front lines , but prosecutions for this crime were rare , and there is also evidence of men turning a blind eye to homosexual relationships .
Peninsular War
On reaching the camp ... we found the patriot army exercising by divisions ... When we approached a general halt was ordered , and those who had muskets presented them as well they might , while those who had none went through the motions well with their pikes or staves formed out of scythes and reaping hooks ... Under our auspices the peasantry continued to flock in from the adjacent country ... we could supply a twentieth part of these patriots with arms ... And that small fraction not being supplied with officers , or disciplined , or organised in any way , it was like children playing at soldiers .
Industrial Revolution
The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action . Many strikes were painful events for both sides , the unions and the management . In Britain , the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824 . Even after this , unions were still severely restricted .
United States non-interventionism
While some of the sentiment was grounded in adherence to Constitutional principles , some of the sentiment bore a reassertion of nativist and inward - looking policy .
Bayonet
Despite its effectiveness , a bayonet charge did not necessarily cause substantial casualties through the use of the weapon itself . Detailed battle casualty lists from the 18th century showed that in many battles , fewer than 2 % of all wounds treated were caused by bayonets . Antoine - Henri Jomini , a celebrated military author who served in numerous armies during the Napoleonic period , stated that the majority of bayonet charges in the open resulted with one side fleeing before any contact was made . Combat with bayonets did occur , but mostly on a small scale when units of opposing sides encountered each other in a confined environment , such as during the storming of fortifications or during ambush skirmishes in broken terrain . In an age of fire by massed volley , when compared to random unseen bullets , the threat of the bayonet was much more tangible and immediate -- guaranteed to lead to a personal gruesome conclusion if both sides persisted . All this encouraged men to flee before the lines met . Thus , the bayonet was an immensely useful weapon for capturing ground from the enemy , despite seldom actually being used to inflict wounds .
Vietnam War
The anti-war movement was gaining strength in the United States . Nixon appealed to the `` silent majority '' of Americans who he said supported the war without showing it in public . But revelations of the My Lai Massacre , in which a U.S. Army platoon raped and killed civilians , and the 1969 `` Green Beret Affair '' where eight Special Forces soldiers , including the 5th Special Forces Group Commander , were arrested for the murder of a suspected double agent provoked national and international outrage .
Central Powers
States listed in this section were not officially members of the Central Powers , but at some point during the war engaged in cooperation with one or more Central Powers members on level that makes their neutrality disputable .
National Convention
Indeed , the Montagnards faced dramatic circumstances -- federalist insurrection , war in the Vendée , military failures , and a worsening economic situation . Despite everything , a new civil war could not be avoided . By the middle of June , about sixty departments were in more or less open rebellion . Fortunately the frontier departments had remained faithful to the Convention . The rising was widespread rather than deep . It was essentially the work of the departmental and district administrations . The communes , which were more popular in composition , showed themselves in general lukewarm or hostile ; and federalist leaders soon became divided among themselves . Sincere republicans among them could not fail to be uneasy about the foreign invasion and the Vendée . Those who were seeing themselves rejected by the people , sought support from the moderates , the Feuillants and even from the aristocrats .
National Convention
But the Convention had not taken into account those Paris sections who were against Two - Thirds decrees and failed to provide precise vote figures : 47 Parisian sections had rejected the decrees . Eighteen of the Paris sections contested the result . The Lepeletier section issued a call to insurrection . By 11 Vendemiaire seven sections were in state of revolt , sections which were the base of the Convention since 9 Thermidor and now won by the far right if not royalists . The Convention declared itself permanent . The conventionnels knew the score . They knew the art of insurrection by heart and to bring down muscadins was easier than the sans - culottes . Five members including Barras were appointed to deal with the crisis . A decree of 12 Vendemiaire ( 4 October ) repealed the former disarmament of the former terrorists and an appeal to sans - culottes was issued .
Russian Orthodox Church
It is possible to see a similarly renewed vigor and variety in religious life and spirituality among the lower classes , especially after the upheavals of 1905 . Among the peasantry there was widespread interest in spiritual - ethical literature and non-conformist moral - spiritual movements , an upsurge in pilgrimage and other devotions to sacred spaces and objects ( especially icons ) , persistent beliefs in the presence and power of the supernatural ( apparitions , possession , walking - dead , demons , spirits , miracles and magic ) , the renewed vitality of local `` ecclesial communities '' actively shaping their own ritual and spiritual lives , sometimes in the absence of clergy , and defining their own sacred places and forms of piety . Also apparent was the proliferation of what the Orthodox establishment branded as `` sectarianism '' , including both non-Orthodox Christian denominations , notably Baptists , and various forms of popular Orthodoxy and mysticism .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
( c ) Subsection ( b ) of this section does not apply to a person who is convicted of a crime of violence under § 14 - 101 of the Criminal Law Article , assault in the second degree , or reckless endangerment arising out of the circumstances described in subsection ( b ) of this section .
British Army during World War I
Striking an inferior was an offence but it was not uncommon in some units for officers to turn a blind eye to NCOs keeping discipline by violence , or even to do so themselves .
Sociology
The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles . Freeman and slave , patrician and plebeian , lord and serf , guild - master and journeyman , in a word , oppressor and oppressed , stood in constant opposition to one another , carried on an uninterrupted , now hidden , now open fight , a fight that each time ended , either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large , or in the common ruin of the contending classes . --
Border states (American Civil War)
The James ' brothers outlawry after the war has been seen as a continuation of guerrilla warfare . Stiles ( 2002 ) argues that Jesse James was an intensely political , postwar neo-Confederate terrorist , rather than a social bandit or a plain bank robber with a hair - trigger temper .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Although there was no open revolt at Ambala , there was widespread arson during late April . Barrack buildings ( especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges ) and European officers ' bungalows were set on fire .
Western Front (World War I)
On 3 May the weary French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Lacking the means to punish an entire division , its officers did not immediately implement harsh measures against the mutineers . Mutinies occurred in 54 French divisions and 20,000 men deserted . Other Allied forces attacked but suffered massive casualties . Appeals to patriotism and duty followed , as did mass arrests and trials . The French soldiers returned to defend their trenches but refused to participate in further offensive action . On 15 May Nivelle was removed from command , replaced by Pétain who immediately stopped the offensive . The French would go on the defensive for the following months to avoid high casualties and to restore confidence in the French High Command , while the British assumed greater responsibility .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives .
National Convention
Moderate repression ensued and the White Terror in the south was stopped . On 4 Brumaire Year IV , just before breaking up , the Convention voted a general amnesty for `` deeds exclusively connected with the Revolution '' .
Early 1980s recession
The mass unemployment and social discontent resulting from the recession were widely seen as major factors in widespread rioting across Britain in 1981 in parts of towns and cities including Toxteth , Liverpool , as well as a number of districts of London . In 1985 , the economy had been out of recession for three years , but unemployment remained stubbornly high . Another wave of rioting occurred across numerous areas of Britain , including several areas across London . Poor employment opportunities , and social discontent were once again seen as factors in the rioting .
Indigo revolt
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History of the United States (1945–64)
In the early days of the Civil Rights Movement , litigation and lobbying were the focus of integration efforts . The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) ; Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) ; Smith v. Allwright ( 1944 ) ; Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) ; Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) ; and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) led to a shift in tactics , and from 1955 to 1965 , `` direct action '' was the strategy -- primarily bus boycotts , sit - ins , freedom rides , and social movements .
French Revolution
When war went badly , prices rose and the sans - culottes -- poor labourers and radical Jacobins -- rioted ; counter-revolutionary activities began in some regions . This encouraged the Jacobins to seize power through a parliamentary coup , backed up by force effected by mobilising public support against the Girondist faction , and by utilising the mob power of the Parisian sans - culottes . An alliance of Jacobin and sans - culottes elements thus became the effective centre of the new government . Policy became considerably more radical , as `` The Law of the Maximum '' set food prices and led to executions of offenders .
Kent State shootings
During the 1966 Homecoming Parade , protesters walked dressed in military paraphernalia with gas masks .
Chartism
After the defeat of April 1848 , there was an increase rather than a decline in Chartist activity . In Bingley , Yorkshire , a group of `` physical force '' Chartists led by Isaac Ickeringill were involved in a huge fracas at the local magistrates ' court and later were prosecuted for rescuing two of their compatriots from the police . The high - point of the Chartist threat to the establishment in 1848 came not in on 10 April but in June , when there was widespread drilling and arming in the West Riding the devising of plots in London . The banning of public meetings , and new legislation on sedition and treason ( rushed through Parliament immediately after 10 April ) , drove a significant number of Chartists ( including the black Londoner William Cuffay ) into the planning of insurrection . Cuffay was to be transported , dying in Australia .
Conflict theories
The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles . Freeman and slave , patrician and plebeian , lord and serf , guild - master and journeyman , in a word , oppressor and oppressed , stood in constant opposition to one another , carried on an uninterrupted , now hidden , now open fight , a fight that each time ended , either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large , or in the common ruin of the contending classes . --
Vietnam War
Fighting begun almost immediately the next day on 28 January , this time without US participation and continued throughout the year . North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying troops in the South but only to the extent of replacing expended material . Both sides vied for control continually during the `` war - of - the - flags '' phase , in which each side required civilians to display appropriate flags in their areas of control . Later that year the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Kissinger and Thọ , but the Vietnamese negotiator declined it saying that a true peace did not yet exist . Recently
Whiskey Rebellion
The committee was divided between radicals and moderates , and narrowly passed a resolution agreeing to submit to the government 's terms . The popular referendum was held on September 11 and also produced mixed results . Some townships overwhelmingly supported submitting to U.S. law , but opposition to the government remained strong in areas where poor and landless people predominated . The final report of the commissioners recommended the use of the military to enforce the laws . The trend was towards submission , however , and westerners dispatched representatives William Findley and David Redick to meet with Washington and to halt the progress of the oncoming army . Washington and Hamilton declined , arguing that violence was likely to re-emerge if the army turned back . Militia
National Convention
On 2 June , 80,000 armed sans - culottes surrounded the Convention . After an attempt of deputies to leave collided with guns , the deputies resigned themselves to declare the arrest of 29 leading Girondins . In this way the Gironde ceased to be a political force . It had declared war without knowing how to conduct it ; it had denounced the King but had shrunk from condemning him ; it had contributed to the worsening of the economic crisis but had swept aside all the claims made by the popular movement .
American Revolution
Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal
Battle of Bunker Hill
The regulars reformed on the field and marched out again . This time , Pigot was not to feint ; he was to assault the redoubt , possibly without the assistance of Howe 's force . Howe , instead of marching against Stark 's position along the beach , marched instead against Knowlton 's position along the rail fence . The outcome of the second attack was much the same as the first . One British observer wrote , `` Most of our Grenadiers and Light - infantry , the moment of presenting themselves lost three - fourths , and many nine - tenths , of their men . Some had only eight or nine men a company left ... '' Pigot did not fare any better in his attack on the redoubt , and again ordered a retreat . Meanwhile , in the rear of the colonial forces , confusion continued to reign . General Putnam tried , with only limited success , to send additional troops from Bunker Hill to Breed 's Hill to support the men in the redoubt and along the defensive lines . The
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery , as lobbied for by Jacques - Pierre Brissot 's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac . Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration , slave uprisings in Saint - Domingue in the Haitian Revolution were inspired by it , as discussed in C.L.R. James ' history of the Haitian Revolution , The Black Jacobins .
Ciompi Revolt
Late 14th century Florence was not a harmonious city , but one that had long been filled with tensions . The two major tensions were social and political , accumulating since Florence 's commercial revolution 150 years prior to the rebellion . The Social tension was between the poor Ciompi and wealthy merchants who dominated the lucrative wool industry , and the Florentine government , which continued to increase taxation . The Political tension was between the Ciompi , gente nouva , and the oligarchy , with the former two challenging the latter for more participation in government . The Ciompi Rebellion was the eruption of these long existing tensions , which could no longer be contained .
History of Australia (1788–1850)
We are at war with them : they look upon us as enemies -- as invaders -- as oppressors and persecutors -- they resist our invasion . They have never been subdued , therefore they are not rebellious subjects , but an injured nation , defending in their own way , their rightful possessions which have been torn from them by force .
American Revolutionary War
Impressment , essentially conscription by the `` press gang '' , was a favored recruiting method , though it was unpopular with the public , leading many to enlist in local militias to avoid regular service . Attempts were made to draft such levies , much to the chagrin of the militia commanders . Competition between naval and army press gangs , and even between rival ships or regiments , frequently resulted in brawls between the gangs in order to secure recruits for their unit . Men would maim themselves to avoid the press gangs , while many deserted at the first opportunity . Pressed men were militarily unreliable ; regiments with large numbers of such men were deployed to garrisons such as Gibraltar or the West Indies , purely to increase the difficulty in successfully deserting .
Justice of the peace
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National Convention
The lack of forethought displayed by the Convention during the first few days was redeemed by its vigor and skill in organizing measures of repression . Warrants were issued for the arrest of the rebellious Girondin leaders ; the members of the revolting departmental administration were deprived of their office .
French Revolution
Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal
French Revolution
In June -- July 1793 , Bordeaux , Marseilles , Brittany , Caen and the rest of Normandy gathered armies to march on Paris and against ' the revolution ' . In July , Lyon guillotined the deposed ' Montagnard ' head of the city council . Barère , member of the Committee of Public Prosperity , on 1 August incited the Convention to tougher measures against the Vendée , at war with Paris since March : `` We 'll have peace only when no Vendée remains ... we 'll have to exterminate that rebellious people '' . In August , Convention troops besieged Lyon .