vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
American Sign Language
Even more , word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy . In subject copy , the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence , accompanied by head nodding , either for clarification or emphasis :
Conic section
The procedure to locate the intersection points follows these steps , where the conics are represented by matrices :
Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
In this section , and throughout the article the brackets ⟨ ⟩ ( \ displaystyle \ langle \ rangle ) denote the mean of the quantity they enclose .
Speed of sound
The above derivation includes the first two equations given in the `` Practical formula for dry air '' section above .
Student's t-test
Let A denote a set obtained by drawing a random sample of six measurements :
Microphone
Typically , an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones distributed about the perimeter of a space , linked to a computer that records and interprets the results into a coherent form .
Quadratic equation
In the days before calculators , people would use mathematical tables -- lists of numbers showing the results of calculation with varying arguments -- to simplify and speed up computation . Tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions were common in math and science textbooks . Specialized tables were published for applications such as astronomy , celestial navigation and statistics . Methods of numerical approximation existed , called prosthaphaeresis , that offered shortcuts around time - consuming operations such as multiplication and taking powers and roots . Astronomers , especially , were concerned with methods that could speed up the long series of computations involved in celestial mechanics calculations .
Corazon Aquino
This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( August 2018 )
Speed of sound
The transmission of sound can be illustrated by using a model consisting of an array of spherical objects interconnected by springs .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
The summary below is based upon but is not identical to the published text .
HTML
HTML documents imply a structure of nested HTML elements . These are indicated in the document by HTML tags , enclosed in angle brackets thus : < p >
Hellenistic period
The spread of Greek influence and language is also shown through Ancient Greek coinage . Portraits became more realistic , and the obverse of the coin was often used to display a propaganda image , commemorating an event or displaying the image of a favored god . The use of Greek - style portraits and Greek language continued under the Roman , Parthian and Kushan empires , even as the use of Greek was in decline .
Conic section
A conic is the curve obtained as the intersection of a plane , called the cutting plane , with the surface of a double cone ( a cone with two nappes ) . We shall assume that the cone is a right circular cone for the purpose of easy description , but this is not required ; any double cone with some circular cross-section will suffice . Planes that pass through the vertex of the cone will intersect the cone in a point , a line or a pair of intersecting lines . These are called degenerate conics and some authors do not consider them to be conics at all . Unless otherwise stated , we shall assume that `` conic '' refers to a non-degenerate conic .
Bird ringing
Similar to coloured rings or bands are leg - flags , usually made of Darvic and used in addition to numbered metal bands . Although leg - flags may sometimes have individual codes on them , their more usual use is to code for the sites where the birds were banded in order to elucidate their migration routes and staging areas . The use of colour - coded leg - flags is part of an international program , originated in Australia in 1990 , by the countries of the East Asian - Australasian Flyway to identify important areas and routes used by migratory waders .
Air Jordan
Air Jordan 3 -- sole , midsole , and `` Spike '' / elephant print Air Jordan 4 -- `` wings '' on the sides of the shoes that hold lace loops to place
Air pollution in the United States
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants , 2013 . EPA / 600 / R - 10 / 076F .
Batesian mimicry
Bates put forward the hypothesis that the close resemblance between unrelated species was an antipredator adaptation . He noted that some species showed very striking coloration , and flew in a leisurely manner , almost as if taunting predators to eat them . He reasoned that these butterflies were unpalatable to birds and other insectivores , and were thus avoided by them . He extended this logic to forms that closely resembled such protected species , mimicking their warning coloration but not their toxicity .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
1 . The following signals , used or exhibited either together or separately , indicate distress and need of assistance :
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
( a ) The word `` vessel '' includes every description of water craft , including non-displacement craft , wing - in - ground - effect ( WIG ) vehicle , and seaplanes , used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water . ( b ) The term `` power - driven vessel '' means any vessel propelled by machinery . ( c ) The term `` sailing vessel '' means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery , if fitted , is not being used . ( d ) The term `` vessel engaged in fishing '' means any vessel fishing with nets , lines , trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability , but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability . ( e ) The word `` seaplane '' includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water . ( f ) The term `` vessel not under command '' means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel . ( g ) The term `` vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre '' means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel . The term `` vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre '' shall include but not be limited to : ( i ) a vessel engaged in laying , servicing , or picking up a navigation mark , submarine cable or pipeline ; ( ii ) a vessel engaged in dredging , surveying or underwater operations ; ( iii ) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons , provisions or cargo while underway ; ( iv ) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft ; ( v ) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations ; ( vi ) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course .
Glory (religion)
There are a number of specialised senses of `` glory '' in art , which all derive from French usages of `` gloire '' . `` Glory '' was the medieval English word for a halo or aureole , and continues to be used sometimes in this sense , mostly for the full - body version . The subject of Christ in Majesty is also known as `` Christ in Glory '' , and in general any depiction of a sacred person in heaven ( e.g. in the clouds , surrounded by angels ) can be called a `` glory '' , although this sense is obsolete .
Indian painting
These paintings were created on `` Taadpatra '' that means the leaf of the palm tree , and Paper . During that period earlier manuscripts were created from the leaf of the palm tree and later on from the paper .
Manner of articulation
One use of the word semivowel , sometimes called a glide , is a type of approximant , pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth , so that there is slight turbulence . In English , / w / is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel / u / , and / j / ( spelled `` y '' ) is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel / i / in this usage . Other descriptions use semivowel for vowel - like sounds that are not syllabic , but do not have the increased stricture of approximants . These are found as elements in diphthongs . The word may also be used to cover both concepts . The term glide is newer than semivowel , being used to indicate an essential quality of sounds such as / w / and / j / , which is the movement ( or glide ) from their initial position ( / u / and / i / , respectively ) to a following vowel .
Rotation
Mathematically , a rotation is a rigid body movement which , unlike a translation , keeps a point fixed . This definition applies to rotations within both two and three dimensions ( in a plane and in space , respectively . )
Ellipsis
Sometimes , e.g. in Russian mathematical texts , normal , non-raised , ellipses are used even in repeated summations .
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
I dream of serpents , serpents of the sea , oh , of serpents I dream . Long , transparent , in their bellies they carry all that thye can snatch away from love . Oh , oh , oh , I kill one and a larger one appears . Oh , with more hellfire burning inside !
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
From the basic k - space formula , it follows immediately that we reconstruct an image I ( x → ) ( \ displaystyle I ( ( \ vec ( x ) ) ) ) simply by taking the inverse Fourier transform of the sampled data , viz .
Forecasting
In this approach , the predictions of all future values are equal to the mean of the past data . This approach can be used with any sort of data where past data is available . In time series notation :
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
2D or 3D reconstruction from projections , such as in computed tomography . Building the image point - by - point or line - by - line . Gradients in the RF field rather than the static field .
Wetland
Developing a global inventory of wetlands has proven to be a large and difficult undertaking . Current efforts are based on available data , but both classification and spatial resolution have proven to be inadequate for regional or site - specific environmental management decision - making . It is difficult to identify small , long , and narrow wetlands within the landscape . Many of today 's remote sensing satellites do not have sufficient spatial and spectral resolution to monitor wetland conditions , although multispectral IKONOS and QuickBird data may offer improved spatial resolutions once it is 4 m or higher . Majority of the pixels are just mixtures of several plant species or vegetation types and are difficult to isolate which translates into an inability to classify the vegetation that defines the wetland . Improved remote sensing information , coupled with good knowledge domain on wetlands will facilitate expanded efforts in wetland monitoring and mapping . This will also be extremely important because we expect to see major shifts in species composition due to both anthropogenic land use and natural changes in the environment caused by climate change .
Fingerprint
All the proposed methods can be grouped into two major families : solid - state fingerprint readers and optical fingerprint readers . The procedure for capturing a fingerprint using a sensor consists of rolling or touching with the finger onto a sensing area , which according to the physical principle in use ( optical , ultrasonic , capacitive or thermal ) captures the difference between valleys and ridges . When a finger touches or rolls onto a surface , the elastic skin deforms . The quantity and direction of the pressure applied by the user , the skin conditions and the projection of an irregular 3D object ( the finger ) onto a 2D flat plane introduce distortions , noise and inconsistencies in the captured fingerprint image . These problems result in inconsistent and non-uniform irregularities in the image . During each acquisition , therefore , the results of the imaging are different and uncontrollable . The representation of the same fingerprint changes every time the finger is placed on the sensor plate , increasing the complexity of any attempt to match fingerprints , impairing the system performance and consequently , limiting the widespread use of this biometric technology .
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)
For the cinematography , Hunt aimed for a `` simple , but glamorous like the 1950s Hollywood films I grew up with '' , as well as something realistic , `` where the sets do n't look like sets '' . Cinematographer Michael Reed added he had difficulties with lighting , as every set built for the film had a ceiling , preventing spotlights from being hung from above . While shooting , Hunt wanted `` the most interesting framings possible '' , which would also look good after being cropped for television .
Light-independent reactions
RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O instead of CO in photorespiration . The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures . Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3 - PGA and 2 - phosphoglycolate , a 2 - carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine . Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate , two glycines are converted into serine + CO . Serine can be converted back to 3 - phosphoglycerate . Thus , only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3 - PGA . It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant , because , rather than fixing CO , this process leads to loss of CO . C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration , but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates -- corn , for example .
Communications satellite
Geostationary satellites must operate above the equator and therefore appear lower on the horizon as the receiver gets the farther from the equator . This will cause problems for extreme northerly latitudes , affecting connectivity and causing multipath interference ( caused by signals reflecting off the ground and into the ground antenna ) .
Coffee
The American Birding Association , Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center , National Arbor Day Foundation , and the Rainforest Alliance have led a campaign for ' shade - grown ' and organic coffees , which can be sustainably harvested . Shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full - sun systems , and those more distant from continuous forest compare rather poorly to undisturbed native forest in terms of habitat value for some bird species .
Solar cell
Photon upconversion is the process of using two low - energy ( e.g. , infrared ) photons to produce one higher energy photon ; downconversion is the process of using one high energy photon ( e.g. , , ultraviolet ) to produce two lower energy photons . Either of these techniques could be used to produce higher efficiency solar cells by allowing solar photons to be more efficiently used . The difficulty , however , is that the conversion efficiency of existing phosphors exhibiting up - or down - conversion is low , and is typically narrow band .
Movable type
Sometimes it is erroneously stated that printing with metal type replaced the earlier methods . In the industrial era printing methods would be chosen to suit the purpose . For example , when printing large scale letters in posters etc. the metal type would have proved too heavy and economically unviable . Thus , large scale type was made as carved wood blocks as well as ceramics plates . Also in many cases where large scale text was required , it was simpler to hand the job to a sign painter than a printer . Images could be printed together with movable type if they were made as woodcuts or wood engravings as long as the blocks were made to the same type height . If intaglio methods , such as copper plates , were used for the images , then images and the text would have required separate print runs on different machines .
Acronym
Some macronyms can be multiply nested : the second - order acronym points to another one further down a hierarchy . In an informal competition run by the magazine New Scientist , a fully documented specimen was discovered that may be the most deeply nested of all : RARS is the `` Regional ATOVS Retransmission Service '' ; ATOVS is `` Advanced TOVS '' ; TOVS is `` TIROS operational vertical sounder '' ; and TIROS is `` Television infrared observational satellite '' . Fully expanded , `` RARS '' might thus become `` Regional Advanced Television Infrared Observational Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder Retransmission Service '' . However , to say that `` RARS '' stands directly for that string of words , or can be interchanged with it in syntax ( in the same way that `` CHF '' can be usefully interchanged with `` congestive heart failure '' ) , is a prescriptive misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description ; the true nature of such a term is closer to anacronymic than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are . The latter are fully reducible in an attempt to `` spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations , '' but the former are irreducible in that respect ; they can be annotated with parenthetical explanations , but they can not be eliminated from speech or writing in any useful or practical way . Just as the words laser and radar function as words in syntax and cognition without a need to focus on their acronymic origins , terms such as `` RARS '' and `` CHA2DS2 -- VASc score '' are irreducible in natural language ; if they are purged , the form of language that is left may conform to some imposed rule , but it can not be described as remaining natural .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
that is the worst possible photo for this article - a scrawny guy in a top that is too big for him ... your typical wifebeater would be bulky and broad , and think of himself as macho ... bad photo Saccerzd 16 : 09 , 1 November 2006 ( UTC )
Home computer
It 's not easy for a U.K. citizen to write about home computers for an American magazine . We use the term to refer to an altogether different object on our side of the Atlantic .
Soil respiration
When using linear regression , multiple data points are graphed and the points can be fitted with a linear regression equation , which will provide a slope . This slope can provide the rate of soil respiration with the equation F = b V / A ( \ displaystyle F = bV / A ) , where F is the rate of soil respiration , b is the slope , V is the volume of the chamber and A is the surface area of the soil covered by the chamber . It is important that the measurement is not allowed to run over a longer period of time as the increase in CO concentration in the chamber will also increase the concentration of CO in the porous top layer of the soil profile . This increase in concentration will cause an underestimation of soil respiration rate due to the additional CO being stored within the soil .
Fingerprint
Since the elasticity of skin decreases with age , many senior citizens have fingerprints that are difficult to capture . The ridges get thicker ; the height between the top of the ridge and the bottom of the furrow gets narrow , so there is less prominence .
Glycolysis
The lower - energy production , per glucose , of anaerobic respiration relative to aerobic respiration , results in greater flux through the pathway under hypoxic ( low - oxygen ) conditions , unless alternative sources of anaerobically oxidizable substrates , such as fatty acids , are found .
Adobe Photoshop
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Mount Everest
This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text .
Well-defined
Unlike with functions , the notational ambiguities can be overcome more or less easily by means of additional definitions , i . e. rules of precedence , and / or associativity of the operators . In the programming language C e. g . the operator - for subtraction is left - to - right - associative which means that a-b-c is defined as ( a-b ) - c and the operator = for assignment is right - to - left - associative which means that a = b = c is defined as a = ( b = c ) . In the programming language APL there is only one rule : from right to left − but parentheses first .
Copy editing
Most US newspapers and publishers give copy - editing job candidates an editing test or a tryout . These vary widely and can include general items such as acronyms , current events , math , punctuation , and skills such as the use of Associated Press style , headline writing , info graphics editing , and journalism ethics .
Sundial
Some authors use a more specific nomenclature to describe the orientation of the shadow - receiving plane . If the plane 's face points downwards towards the ground , it is said to be proclining or inclining , whereas a dial is said to be reclining when the dial face is pointing away from the ground . Many authors also often refer to reclined , proclined and inclined sundials in general as inclined sundials . It is also common in the latter case to measure the angle of inclination relative to the horizontal plane on the sun side of the dial . In such texts , since I = 90 ° + R , the hour angle formula will often be seen written as :
Adobe Photoshop
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( July 2012 )
Recursion (computer science)
The iterative algorithm requires a temporary variable , and even given knowledge of the Euclidean algorithm it is more difficult to understand the process by simple inspection , although the two algorithms are very similar in their steps . Towers
Stress (linguistics)
In such languages with variable stress , stress may be phonemic in that it can serve to distinguish otherwise identical words . For example , the English words insight and incite are distinguished in pronunciation only by the fact that the stress falls on the first syllable in the former and on the second syllable in the latter . Other examples include umschreiben ( `` rewrite '' ) vs. umschreiben ( `` paraphrase , outline '' ) in German , за́мок ( `` castle '' ) vs. замо́к ( `` lock '' ) in Russian , and ancora ( `` anchor '' ) , ancora ( `` more , still , yet '' ) in Italian , and the triple example sábia ( `` wise woman '' ) , sabia ( `` know '' ) , sabiá ( `` type of bird '' ) from Portuguese . English compound nouns can change their meaning based on stress , as with paper bág ( a bag made of paper ) and páper bag ( a bag for carrying newspapers ) .
Mount Rainier
All climbing routes on Mount Rainier require climbers to possess some level of technical climbing skill . This includes ascending and descending the mountain with the use of technical climbing equipment such as crampons , ice axes , harnesses , and ropes . Difficulty and technical challenge of climbing Mount Rainier can vary wildly between climbing routes . Routes are graded in NCCS Alpine Climbing format .
Note-taking
Regardless of the medium ( paper , computer ) , note - taking can be broadly divided into linear and nonlinear methods , which can be combined .
LASIK
Performing the laser ablation in the deeper corneal stroma provides for more rapid visual recovery and less pain than the earlier technique , photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ) .