vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tea culture
Some scholars suggest that tea played a role in the Industrial Revolution . Afternoon tea possibly became a way to increase the number of hours labourers could work in factories ; the stimulants in the tea , accompanied by sugary snacks , would give workers energy to finish out the day 's work . Further , tea helped alleviate some of the consequences of the urbanisation that accompanied the industrial revolution : drinking tea required boiling one 's water , thereby killing water - borne diseases like dysentery , cholera , and typhoid . Tea
Paul Revere
One of the biggest changes for Revere in his new business was organization of labor . In his earlier days , Revere primarily utilized the apprenticeship model standard for artisan shops at this time , but as his business expanded he hired employees ( wage laborers ) to work for his foundry . Many manufacturers of the era found this transition from master to employer difficult because many employees at the onset of the Industrial Revolution identified themselves as skilled workers , and thus wanted to be treated with the respect and autonomy accorded to artisans . An artisan himself , Revere managed to avoid many of these labor conflicts by adopting a system of employment that still held trappings of the craft system in the form of worker freedoms such as work hour flexibility , wages in line with skill levels , and liquor on the job .
Labor history of the United States
The regional Order of the Knights of St. Crispin was founded in the northeast in 1867 and claimed 50,000 members by 1870 , by far the largest union in the country . A closely associated union of women , the Daughters of St. Crispin , formed in 1870 . In 1879 the Knights formally admitted women , who by 1886 comprised 10 % of the union 's membership , but it was poorly organized and soon declined . They fought encroachments of machinery and unskilled labor on autonomy of skilled shoe workers . One provision in the Crispin constitution explicitly sought to limit the entry of `` green hands '' into the trade , but this failed because the new machines could be operated by semi-skilled workers and produce more shoes than hand sewing .
ABC dry chemical
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Labor history of the United States
However , case law in America prior to Hunt was mixed . Pullis was actually unusual in strictly following the English common law and holding that a combination to raise wages was by itself illegal . More often combination cases prior to Hunt did not hold that unions were illegal per se , but rather found some other justification for a conviction . After Pullis in 1806 , eighteen other prosecutions of laborers for conspiracies followed within the next three decades . However , only one such case , People v. Fisher , also held that a combination for the purpose of raising wages was illegal . Several other cases held that the methods used by the unions , rather than the unions themselves , were illegal . For instance , in People v. Melvin , cordwainers were again convicted of a conspiracy to raise wages . Unlike in Pullis , however , the court held that the combination 's existence itself was not unlawful , but nevertheless reached a conviction because the cordwainers had refused to work for any master who paid lower wages , or with any laborer who accepted lower wages , than what the combination had stipulated . The court held that methods used to obtain higher wages would be unlawful if they were judged to be deleterious to the general welfare of the community . Commonwealth v. Morrow continued to refine this standard , stating that , `` an agreement of two or more to the prejudice of the rights of others or of society '' would be illegal . Another line of cases , led by Justice John Gibson of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 's decision in Commonwealth v. Carlisle , held that motive of the combination , rather than simply its existence , was the key to illegality . Gibson wrote , `` Where the act is lawful for an individual , it can be the subject of a conspiracy , when done in concert , only where there is a direct intention that injury shall result from it '' . Still other courts rejected Pullis ' rule of per se illegality in favor of a rule that asked whether the combination was a but - for cause of injury . Thus , as economist Edwin Witte stated , `` The doctrine that a combination to raise wages is illegal was allowed to die by common consent . No leading case was required for its overthrow '' . Nevertheless , while Hunt was not the first case to hold that labor combinations were legal , it was the first to do so explicitly and in clear terms .
Social exchange theory
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United States home front during World War II
With the war 's ever increasing need for able bodied men consuming America 's labor force in the early 1940s , industry turned to teen - aged boys and girls to fill in as replacements . Consequently , many states had to change their child - labor laws to allow these teenagers to work . The lures of patriotism , adulthood , and money led many youth to drop out of school and take a defense job . Between 1940 and 1944 , the number of teenage workers increased by 1.9 million , and the number of students in public high schools dropped from 6.6 million in 1940 to 5.6 million in 1944 , as a million students -- and many teachers -- took jobs .
Grover Cleveland
The issue of the tariff worked to the Republicans ' advantage in 1888 . The legislative revisions of the past four years also made imported goods so expensive that now many voters favored tariff reform and were skeptical of big business . Many Westerners , traditionally Republican voters , defected to James Weaver , the candidate of the new Populist Party . Weaver promised Free Silver , generous veterans ' pensions , and an eight - hour work day . The Tammany Hall Democrats adhered to the national ticket , allowing a united Democratic party to carry New York . At the campaign 's end , many Populists and labor supporters endorsed Cleveland after an attempt by the Carnegie Corporation to break the union during the Homestead strike in Pittsburgh and after a similar conflict between big business and labor at the Tennessee Coal and Iron Co . The final result was a victory for Cleveland by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes , and it was Cleveland 's third consecutive popular vote plurality .
Causes of the Great Depression
Keynes argued that if the national government spent more money to help the economy to recover the money normally spent by consumers and business firms , then unemployment rates would fall . The solution was for the Federal Reserve System to `` create new money for the national government to borrow and spend '' and to cut taxes rather than raising them , in order for consumers to spend more , and other beneficial factors . Hoover chose to do the opposite of what Keynes thought to be the solution and allowed the federal government to raise taxes exceedingly to reduce the budget shortage brought upon by the depression . Keynes proclaimed that more workers could be employed by decreasing interest rates , encouraging firms to borrow more money and make more products . Employment would prevent the government from having to spend any more money by increasing the amount at which consumers would spend . Keynes ' theory was then confirmed by the length of the Great Depression within the United States and the constant unemployment rate . Employment rates began to rise in preparation for World War II by increasing government spending . `` In light of these developments , the Keynesian explanation of the Great Depression was increasingly accepted by economists , historians , and politicians '' . Monetarist
Mercantilism
A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era , which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds ( in the prospect of war ) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business .
Decline of Detroit
By the 1970s and 1980s the auto industry suffered setbacks that further impacted Detroit . The industry encountered the rise of OPEC and the resulting sharp increase in gasoline prices . It faced new and intense international competition , particularly from Japanese and German makers . Chrysler avoided bankruptcy in the late 1970s , but only with the aid of a federal bailout . GM and Ford also struggled financially . The industry fought to regain its competitive footing , but did so in very substantial part by introducing cost - cutting techniques focused around automation and thus reduction of labor cost and number of workers . It also relocated ever more of its manufacturing to lower cost states in the U.S. and to low - wage countries . Detroit 's residents thus had access to fewer and fewer well - paying , secure auto manufacturing jobs .
Economic history of Argentina
The share of public spending in GDP increased from 27 % in 1995 to 30 % in 2000 . Some poorer provinces had depended on state enterprises or on inefficient industries , such as sugar , which could not compete when trade was opened . To quell social unrest , provincial governors padded their payrolls . The government had embarked on a pension reform with costs reaching 3 % of GDP in 2000 , as it still had to pay pensioners but no longer received contributions .
Scientific management
Scientific management may have exacerbated grievances among workers about oppressive or greedy management . It certainly strengthened developments that put workers at a disadvantage : the erosion of employment in developed economies via both offshoring and automation . Both were made possible by the deskilling of jobs , which was made possible by the knowledge transfer that scientific management achieved . Knowledge was transferred both to cheaper workers and from workers into tools . Jobs that once would have required craft work first transformed to semiskilled work , then unskilled . At this point the labor had been commoditized , and thus the competition between workers ( and worker populations ) moved closer to pure than it had been , depressing wages and job security . Jobs could be offshored ( giving one human 's tasks to others -- which could be good for the new worker population but was bad for the old ) or they could be rendered nonexistent through automation ( giving a human 's tasks to machines ) . Either way , the net result from the perspective of developed - economy workers was that jobs started to pay less , then disappear . The power of labor unions in the mid-twentieth century only led to a push on the part of management to accelerate the process of automation , hastening the onset of the later stages just described .
Fur trade
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Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
Gawain Translation ( bob ) ful clene ( wheel ) for wonder of his hwe men hade set in his semblaunt sene he ferde as freke were fade and oueral enker grene ( SGGK lines 146 -- 150 ) ( bob ) full clean . ( wheel ) Great wonder of the knight Folk had in hall , I ween , Full fierce he was to sight , And over all bright green . ( SGGK lines 146 -- 150 )
In the Ghetto
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History of the United Kingdom
What was equally striking was that ownership of such things had spread down the social scale and the gap between professional and manual workers had considerably narrowed .
Sewing
Sewing underwent further developments during the 20th century . As sewing machines became more affordable to the working class , demand for sewing patterns grew . Women had become accustomed to seeing the latest fashions in periodicals during the late 19th and early 20th centuries , increasing demand for sewing patterns yet more . American tailor and manufacturer Ebenezer Butterick met the demand with paper patterns that could be traced and used by home sewers . The patterns , sold in small packets , became wildly popular . Several pattern companies soon established themselves . Women 's magazines also carried sewing patterns , and continued to do so for much of the 20th century . This practice declined during the later decades of the 20th century , when ready - made clothing became a necessity as women joined the paid workforce in larger numbers , leaving them with less time to sew , if indeed they had an interest . Today , the low price of ready - made clothing in shops means that home sewing is confined largely to hobbyists in Western countries . With the exception of cottage industries in custom dressmaking and upholstery .
Acetyl group
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Labor history of the United States
The Clayton Act of 1914 presumably exempted unions from the antitrust prohibition and established for the first time the Congressional principle that `` the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce '' . However , judicial interpretation so weakened it that prosecutions of labor under the antitrust acts continued until the enactment of the Norris - La Guardia Act in 1932 .
History of advertising
By the 1950s , fears of cancer from tobacco smoking caused consternation in the tobacco industry , which turned to advertisers for help in avoiding falling consumer demand and increased regulation . British and American agencies separately arrived at similar solutions . The Tobacco Industry Research Committee in the United States and the Tobacco Manufacturers ' Standing Committee in Britain each assuaged public anxieties and encouraged the misperception that the cigarette makers were resolving the issues through filters and low tar formulations . The public relations approach was successful in the short run , but the accumulation of medical evidence led to a fall in smoking , heavier taxation , and increased regulation . The agencies responded with sophisticated advertising strategies designed to encourage adolescent smokers as well as to recruit new smokers in less - developed foreign markets .
Australia–Canada relations
Under the terms of the 1931 trade agreement , Canada was accorded the benefits of Australia 's British preferential tariff on 425 out of the 433 items in the Australian tariff. 17 Canada also secured important concessions on timber and agricultural implements . In return , Canada extended to Australia the benefits of its own British preferential tariff and increased the margins of preference enjoyed by Australian raisins and currants . The agreement 's impact on bilateral trade was dramatic but one - sided . Between 1931 and 1935 , Canadian exports to Australia almost tripled , and Canada 's share of the Australian market jumped from 2.3 % in 1931 to 5.7 % in 1935 . Not surprisingly , Canada opened a second trade commissioner 's office in Australia in 1936 .
The Passion of the Christ
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Plant breeding
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Olive oil extraction
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Overview of gun laws by nation
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The Passion of the Christ
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National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
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Great Depression
United States Great Britain France Germany Industrial production − 46 % − 23 % − 24 % − 41 % Wholesale prices − 32 % − 33 % − 34 % − 29 % Foreign trade − 70 % − 60 % − 54 % − 61 % Unemployment + 607 % + 129 % + 214 % + 232 %
Drink can
Comparison chart of various standards ml imp fl oz US fl oz 1,000 35.2 33.8 568 20.0 19.2 500 17.6 16.9 473 16.6 16.0 440 15.5 14.9 375 13.2 12.7 355 12.5 12.0 350 12.3 11.8 341 12.0 11.5 330 11.6 11.2 250 8.8 8.5 237 8.3 8.0 222 7.8 7.5 200 7.0 6.8 150 5.3 5.1 Jump up ^ one imp pint Jump up ^ one US pint
New Deal
Table 1 : statistics 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) ( 1 ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 96.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index ( 2 ) 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production ( 2 ) 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9
My Three Sons
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Plant development
To determine pathway regulation , P. hybrida Mitchell flowers were used in a petal - specific microarray to compare the flowers that were just about to produce the scent , to the P. hybrida cultivar W138 flowers that produce few volatile benzenoids . cDNAs of genes of both plants were sequenced . The results demonstrated that there is a transcription factor upregulated in the Mitchell flowers , but not in the W138 flowers lacking the floral aroma . This gene was named ODORANT1 ( ODO1 ) . To determine expression of ODO1 throughout the day , RNA gel blot analysis was done . The gel showed that ODO1 transcript levels began increasing between 1300 and 1600 h , peaked at 2200 h and were lowest at 1000 h . These ODO1 transcript levels directly correspond to the timeline of volatile benzenoid emission . Additionally , the gel supported the previous finding that W138 non-fragrant flowers have only one - tenth the ODO1 transcript levels of the Mitchell flowers . Thus , the amount of ODO1 made corresponds to the amount of volatile benzenoid emitted , indicating that ODO1 regulates benzenoid biosynthesis .
Smocking
C. Outline stitch : similar to the stem stitch but with an upward slope .
Tea culture
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Rwandan genocide
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Cockney
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Influence of the French Revolution
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Overview of gun laws by nation
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I've Got You Under My Skin
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Saliva
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Cherry blossom
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Gold standard
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Vinegar
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Tres leches cake
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Origin of language
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Spirit of Ecstasy
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Direct current
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Accord and satisfaction
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Wellington
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