vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Parthenon
Archaeologist Joan Breton Connelly has recently argued for the coherency of the Parthenon 's sculptural programme in presenting a succession of genealogical narratives that track Athenian identity back through the ages : from the birth of Athena , through cosmic and epic battles , to the final great event of the Athenian Bronze Age , the war of Erechtheus and Eumolpos . She argues a pedagogical function for the Parthenon 's sculptured decoration , one that establishes and perpetuates Athenian foundation myth , memory , values and identity . While some classicists , including Mary Beard , Peter Green , and Garry Wills have doubted or rejected Connelly 's thesis , an increasing number of historians , archaeologists , and classical scholars support her work . They include : J.J. Pollitt , Brunilde Ridgway , Nigel Spivey , Caroline Alexander , A.E. Stallings .
Renaissance
In stark contrast to the High Middle Ages , when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science , philosophy and mathematics , Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary , historical , and oratorical texts . Broadly speaking , this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase , when Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch , Coluccio Salutati ( 1331 -- 1406 ) , Niccolò de ' Niccoli ( 1364 -- 1437 ) and Poggio Bracciolini ( 1380 -- 1459 ) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as Cicero , Lucretius , Livy and Seneca . By the early 15th century , the bulk of the surviving such Latin literature had been recovered ; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way , as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary , historical , oratorical and theological texts .
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries . Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes , the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves .
Colonial history of the United States
Catholics were few outside of Maryland ; however , they played the Patriot role during the Revolution . Leaders such as George Washington strongly endorsed tolerance for them and indeed for all denominations . Great
Factor analysis
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Binomial nomenclature
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Bachelor's degree
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Bachelor's degree
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Operating theater
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Trustee model of representation
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Can't Help Falling in Love
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Software inspection
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Prime Minister of Russia
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Western (genre)
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Non-commissioned officer
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Double-entry bookkeeping system
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Impeachment in the United States
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Fiscal year
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White flag
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United States budget process
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Sapper
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On My Own (Les Misérables)
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St. Augustine, Florida
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Asexual reproduction
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Software bug
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Hibachi
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TRIPS Agreement
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Pharynx
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Southwestern United States
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Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School
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Jesus Christ Superstar
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Government of South Africa
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Medjugorje
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Liturgical colours
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Great Barrier Reef
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Collagen
Collagen has a wide variety of applications , from food to medical . For instance , it is used in cosmetic surgery and burn surgery . It is widely used in the form of collagen casings for sausages , which are also used in the manufacture of musical strings .
Lumbar vertebrae
Position of lumbar vertebrae ( shown in red ) . Animation . Same as the left . Bones around the lumbar vertebrae are shown as semi-transparent . Shape of lumbar vertebrae ( shown in blue and yellow ) . Animation . Vertebral column . Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions . First lumbar vertebra second highest vertebra seen . Orientation of vertebral column on surface . T3 is at level of medial part of spine of scapula . T7 is at inferior angle of the scapula . L4 is at highest point of iliac crest . S2 is at the level of posterior superior iliac spine . Furthermore , C7 is easily localized as a prominence at the lower part of the neck . Vertebral column Illustration highlighting lumbar spine . A lumbar vertebra seen from the side Ossification of lumbar vertebrae
Collagen
Collagen is one of the body 's key natural resources and a component of skin tissue that can benefit all stages of the wound healing process . When collagen is made available to the wound bed , closure can occur . Wound deterioration , followed sometimes by procedures such as amputation , can thus be avoided .
Collagen
Collagen scaffolds are used in tissue regeneration , whether in sponges , thin sheets , or gels . Collagen has the correct properties for tissue regeneration such as pore structure , permeability , hydrophilicity , and being stable in vivo . Collagen scaffolds are also ideal for the deposition of cells such as osteoblasts and fibroblasts , and once inserted , growth is able to continue as normal in the tissue .
Neuroanatomy of memory
The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that has been associated with various memory functions . It is part of the limbic system , and lies next to the medial temporal lobe . It is made up of two structures , the Ammon 's Horn , and the Dentate gyrus , each containing different types of cells . Cognitive
Nephron
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine : filtration , reabsorption , secretion , and excretion of numerous substances . The structure and function of the epithelial cells lining the lumen change during the course of the nephron , and have segments named by their location and which reflects their different functions . Fig.
Collagen
Guiding function : Collagen fibers serve to guide fibroblasts . Fibroblasts migrate along a connective tissue matrix . Chemotactic properties : The large surface area available on collagen fibers can attract fibrogenic cells which help in healing . Nucleation : Collagen , in the presence of certain neutral salt molecules can act as a nucleating agent causing formation of fibrillar structures . A collagen wound dressing might serve as a guide for orienting new collagen deposition and capillary growth . Hemostatic properties : Blood platelets interact with the collagen to make a hemostatic plug .
Nephron
The distal convoluted tubule has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule . Cells lining the tubule have numerous mitochondria to produce enough energy ( ATP ) for active transport to take place . Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system . In the presence of parathyroid hormone , the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate . When aldosterone is present , more sodium is reabsorbed and more potassium secreted . Atrial natriuretic peptide causes the distal convoluted tubule to secrete more sodium .
Peroxisome
The first reactions in the formation of plasmalogen in animal cells also occur in peroxisomes . Plasmalogen is the most abundant phospholipid in myelin . Deficiency of plasmalogens causes profound abnormalities in the myelination of nerve cells , which is one reason why many peroxisomal disorders affect the nervous system . Peroxisomes also play a role in the production of bile acids important for the absorption of fats and fat - soluble vitamins , such as vitamins A and K. Skin disorders are features of genetic disorders affecting peroxisome function as a result .
Kidney
The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney . Each adult kidney contains around one million nephrons . The nephron utilizes four processes to alter the blood plasma which flows to it : filtration , reabsorption , secretion , and excretion . Via one or more of these mechanisms , the kidney participates in the control of the volume of various body fluid compartments , fluid osmolality , acid - base balance , various electrolyte concentrations , and removal of toxins . Filtration occurs in the glomerulus : one - fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered . Examples of substances reabsorbed are solute - free water , sodium , bicarbonate , glucose , and amino acids . Examples of substances secreted are hydrogen , ammonium , potassium and uric acid . Examples of substances that are excreted are urea , ammonium , and uric acid . The kidneys also carry out functions independent of the nephron . For example , they convert a precursor of vitamin D to its active form - calcitriol - and synthesize the hormones erythropoietin and renin .
Collagen
Throughout the 4 phases of wound healing , collagen performs the following functions in wound healing :
Ribosome
The ribosome ( / ˈraɪbəˌsoʊm , - boʊ - / ) is a complex molecular machine , found within all living cells , that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis ( translation ) . Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA ( mRNA ) molecules . Ribosomes consist of two major components : the small ribosomal subunits , which reads the RNA , and the large subunits , which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain . Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins ( r - protein or rProtein ) . The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus .
Kidney
The table below shows the path that blood takes when it travels through the glomerulus , traveling `` down '' the arteries and `` up '' the veins . However , this model is greatly simplified for clarity and symmetry . Some of the other paths and complications are described at the bottom of the table . The interlobar artery and vein ( not to be confused with interlobular ) are between two renal lobes , also known as the renal column ( cortex region between two pyramids ) .
Nephron
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a specialized region associated with the nephron , but separate from it . It produces and secretes into the circulation the enzyme renin , which cleaves angiotensin - 1 and creates angiotensin - 2 , a potent vasoconstrictor : the renin - angiotensin system . It is located between the thick ascending limb and the afferent arteriole . It contains three components : the macula densa , juxtaglomerular cells , and extraglomerular mesangial cells .
Neuroanatomy of memory
Many studies of different disease and disorders that have symptoms of memory loss have provided reinforcing evidence to the study of the anatomy of the brain and which parts are more utilized in memory . Frontotemporal
Cell membrane
Membranes serve diverse functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells . One important role is to regulate the movement of materials into and out of cells . The phospholipid bilayer structure ( fluid mosaic model ) with specific membrane proteins accounts for the selective permeability of the membrane and passive and active transport mechanisms . In addition , membranes in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes facilitate the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis .
Nephron
The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of blood plasma . The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus , and the glomerular capsule or Bowman 's capsule . The renal corpuscle has two poles -- a vascular pole and a urinary pole .
Lumbar vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae Position of human lumbar vertebrae ( shown in red ) . It consists of 5 bones , from top to down , L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 and L5 . A typical lumbar vertebra Details Identifiers Latin vertebrae lumbales TA A02. 2.04. 001 FMA 72065 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata )
Nephron
Lower portions of the collecting organ are also permeable to urea , allowing some of it to enter the medulla of the kidney , thus maintaining its high concentration ( which is very important for the nephron ) .
Carbon
Carbon occurs in all known organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry . When united with hydrogen , it forms various hydrocarbons that are important to industry as refrigerants , lubricants , solvents , as chemical feedstock for the manufacture of plastics and petrochemicals , and as fossil fuels .
Cell nucleus
In animal cells , two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support : The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope , while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope . Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores .
Endomembrane system
In addition to these universal functions , the plasma membrane has a more specific role in multicellular organisms . Glycoproteins on the membrane assist the cell in recognizing other cells , in order to exchange metabolites and form tissues . Other proteins on the plasma membrane allow attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix ; a function that maintains cell shape and fixes the location of membrane proteins . Enzymes that catalyze reactions are also found on the plasma membrane . Receptor proteins on the membrane have a shape that matches with a chemical messenger , resulting in various cellular responses .
Nephron
Bowman 's capsule has a space that collects the filtrate , called Bowman 's space ; the filtering capillaries of the glomerulus , and the mesangial cells supporting these capillaries . These components function as the filtration unit and make up the renal corpuscle . The filtering structure ( glomerular filtration barrier ) has three layers composed of endothelial cells , a basement membrane , and podocytes ( foot processes ) . The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts : the proximal tubule , which has a convoluted section the proximal convoluted tubule followed by a straight section ( proximal straight tubule ) ; the loop of Henle , which has two parts , the descending loop of Henle ( `` descending loop '' ) and the ascending loop of Henle ( `` ascending loop '' ) ; the distal convoluted tubule ( `` distal loop '' ) ; the connecting tubule , and the collecting ducts . Nephrons have two lengths with different urine concentrating capacities : long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons .
Nervous system
The vertebrate nervous system can also be divided into areas called grey matter ( `` gray matter '' in American spelling ) and white matter . Grey matter ( which is only grey in preserved tissue , and is better described as pink or light brown in living tissue ) contains a high proportion of cell bodies of neurons . White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons , and takes its color from the myelin . White matter includes all of the nerves , and much of the interior of the brain and spinal cord . Grey matter is found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord , and in cortical layers that line their surfaces . There is an anatomical convention that a cluster of neurons in the brain or spinal cord is called a nucleus , whereas a cluster of neurons in the periphery is called a ganglion . There are , however , a few exceptions to this rule , notably including the part of the forebrain called the basal ganglia .
Mitochondrion
Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm in diameter but vary considerably in size and structure . Unless specifically stained , they are not visible . In addition to supplying cellular energy , mitochondria are involved in other tasks , such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes . Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases , including mitochondrial disorders , cardiac dysfunction , heart failure and autism .