vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Even though the rebellion had various causes , most of the rebel sepoys who were able to do so , made their way to Delhi to revive the old Mughal empire that signified national unity for even the Hindus amongst them ; There was a widespread popular revolt in many areas such as Awadh , Bundelkhand and Rohilkhand . The rebellion was therefore more than just a military rebellion , and it spanned more than one region ; The sepoys did not seek to revive small kingdoms in their regions , instead they repeatedly proclaimed a `` country - wide rule '' of the Mughals and vowed to drive out the British from `` India '' , as they knew it then . ( The sepoys ignored local princes and proclaimed in cities they took over : Khalq Khuda Ki , Mulk Badshah Ka , Hukm Subahdar Sipahi Bahadur Ka -- `` the people belong to God , the country to the Emperor and authority to the Sepoy Commandant '' ) . The objective of driving out `` foreigners '' from not only one 's own area but from their conception of the entirety of `` India '' , signifies a nationalist sentiment ; The mutineers , although some were recruited from outside Oudah , displayed a common purpose .
Ecuador
In 1972 , a `` revolutionary and nationalist '' military junta overthrew the government of Velasco Ibarra . The coup d'état was led by General Guillermo Rodríguez and executed by navy commander Jorge Queirolo G . The new president exiled José María Velasco to Argentina . He remained in power until 1976 , when he was removed by another military government . That military junta was led by Admiral Alfredo Poveda , who was declared chairman of the Supreme Council . The Supreme Council included two other members : General Guillermo Durán Arcentales and General Luis Leoro Franco . The civil society more and more insistently called for democratic elections . Colonel Richelieu Levoyer , Government Minister , proposed and implemented a Plan to return to the constitutional system through universal elections . This plan enabled the new democratically elected president to assume the duties of the executive office .
French and Indian War
Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean .
Cherokee
Two years later President Martin Van Buren ordered 7,000 Federal troops and state militia under General Winfield Scott into Cherokee lands to evict the tribe . Over 16,000 Cherokee were forcibly relocated westward to Indian Territory in 1838 -- 1839 , a migration known as the Trail of Tears or in Cherokee ᏅᎾ ᏓᎤᎳ ᏨᏱ or Nvna Daula Tsvyi ( The Trail Where They Cried ) , although it is described by another word Tlo - va - sa ( The Removal ) . Marched over 800 miles ( 1,300 km ) across Tennessee , Kentucky , Illinois , Missouri and Arkansas , the people suffered from disease , exposure and starvation , and as many as 4,000 died . As some Cherokees were slaveholders , they took enslaved African Americans with them west of the Mississippi . Intermarried European Americans and missionaries also walked the Trail of Tears . Ross preserved a vestige of independence by negotiating permission for the Cherokee to conduct their own removal under U.S. supervision .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter raised Wigfall 's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island , where he was hailed as a hero . The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard -- Stephen D. Lee , Porcher Miles , a former mayor of Charleston , and Roger Pryor -- sailed to Sumter , unaware of Wigfall 's visit . Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall 's authority , telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days , and he threatened to resume firing . Meanwhile , General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers , offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented , so the agreement was reinstated .
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
Religious disquiet as the cause of rebellion underlies the work of historian William Dalrymple who asserts that the rebels were motivated primarily by resistance to the actions of the British East India Company , especially under James Broun - Ramsay reign , which were perceived as attempts to impose Christianity and Christian laws in India . For instance , once the rebellion was underway , Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on May 11 , 1857 , he was told : `` We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith . '' They later stood in Chandni Chowk , the main square , and asked the people gathered there , `` Brothers , are you with those of the faith ? '' Those European men and women who had previously converted to Islam such as Sergeant - Major Gordon , and Abdullah Beg , a former Company soldier , were spared . In contrast , foreign Christians such as Revd Midgeley John Jennings , and Indian converts to Christianity such as one of Zafar 's personal physicians , Dr. Chaman Lal , were killed .
Cherokee
In 1721 , the Cherokee ceded lands in South Carolina . In 1730 , at Nikwasi , a former Mississippian culture site , a Scots adventurer , Sir Alexander Cumming , crowned Moytoy of Tellico as `` Emperor '' of the Cherokee . Moytoy agreed to recognize King George II of Great Britain as the Cherokee protector . Cumming arranged to take seven prominent Cherokee , including Attakullakulla , to London , England . There the Cherokee delegation signed the Treaty of Whitehall with the British . Moytoy 's son , Amo - sgasite ( Dreadful Water ) , attempted to succeed him as `` Emperor '' in 1741 , but the Cherokee elected their own leader , Cunne Shote ( Standing Turkey ) of Chota .
Cherokee
William Penn Adair ( 1830 -- 1880 ) , Cherokee senator and diplomat , Confederate colonel . Attakullakulla ( ca . 1708 -- ca . 1777 ) , diplomat to Britain , headman of Chota , chief Bob Benge ( ca . 1762 -- 1794 ) , warrior of the Lower Cherokee during the Cherokee -- American wars Elias Boudinot , Galagina ( 1802 -- 1839 ) , statesman , orator , and editor , founded first Cherokee newspaper , Cherokee Phoenix Ned Christie ( 1852 -- 1892 ) , statesman , Cherokee Nation senator , infamous outlaw Admiral Joseph J. Clark ( 1893 -- 1971 ) , United States Navy , highest ranking Native American in the US military , awarded the Navy Cross . Doublehead , Taltsuska ( d . 1807 ) , a war leader during the Cherokee -- American wars , led the Lower Cherokee , signed land deals with US Dragging Canoe , Tsiyugunsini ( 1738 -- 1792 ) , general of the militant Cherokee during the Cherokee -- American wars , principal chief of the Chickamauga ( or Lower Cherokee ) Franklin Gritts , Cherokee artist taught at Haskell Institute and served on the USS Franklin Charles R. Hicks ( d . 1827 ) , veteran of the Red Stick War , Second Principal Chief to Pathkiller in early 17th century , de facto Principal Chief from 1813 to 1827 Junaluska ( ca . 1775 -- 1868 ) , veteran of the Creek War , who saved President Andrew Jackson 's life Oconostota , Aganstata ( Beloved Man ) ( ca . 1710 -- 1783 ) , war chief during the Anglo - Cherokee War , Ostenaco , Ustanakwa ( ca . 1703 -- 1780 ) , war chief , diplomat to Britain , founded the town of Ultiwa Major Ridge Ganundalegi or Pathkiller ( ca.
Paul Revere
When British Army activity on April 7 , 1775 suggested the possibility of troop movements , Joseph Warren sent Revere to warn the Massachusetts Provincial Congress , then sitting in Concord , the site of one of the larger caches of Patriot military supplies . After receiving the warning , Concord residents began moving the military supplies away from the town .
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
The sepoys , a generic term used for native Indian soldiers of the Bengal Army derived from the Persian word sepāhī ( سپاهی ) meaning `` infantry soldier '' , had their own list of grievances against the British East Indian Company ( BEIC ) administration , caused mainly by the ethnic gulf between the European officers and their Indian troops . The spark that led to a mutiny in several sepoy companies was the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February , 1857 . A rumour was spread that the cartridges were made from cow and pig fat . Loading the Enfield required tearing open the greased cartridge with one 's teeth . This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices ; cows were considered holy by Hindus while pigs were considered unclean by Muslims . Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the BEIC were ignited by the sepoy mutineers and within weeks dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion . The old aristocracy , both Muslim and Hindu , who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the East India Company , also rebelled against British rule . Another important discontent among the Indian rulers was that the british policies of conquest had created unrest among many indian rulers . The policies like the doctrine of lapse , Subsidiary Alliance deprived Indian rulers of their power and status .
Colony of Virginia
For much of the history of the Royal Colony , the formal appointed governor was absentee , often remaining in England . In his stead , a series of acting or Lieutenant Governors who were physically present held actual authority . In the later years of its history , as it became increasingly `` civilized , '' more governors made the journey .
History of Mexico
Within a month of the coup , rebellion started spreading in Mexico , most prominently by the governor of the state of Coahuila , Venustiano Carranza along with old revolutionaries demobilized by Madero , such as Pancho Villa . The northern revolutionaries fought under the name of the Constitutionalist Army , with Carranza as the `` First Chief '' ( primer jefe ) .
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company . As early as 1806 , concerns that the sepoys ' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny , which was brutally suppressed . In 1824 , there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo - Burmese War , who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots . Eleven of the sepoys were executed and hundreds more sentenced to hard labour . In 1851 - 2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo - Burmese War also refused to embark , but were merely sent to serve elsewhere .
Venezuela
According to the most popular and accepted version , in 1499 , an expedition led by Alonso de Ojeda visited the Venezuelan coast . The stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the Italian navigator , Amerigo Vespucci , of the city of Venice , Italy , so he named the region Veneziola , or `` Little Venice '' . The Spanish version of Veneziola is Venezuela .
Colony of Virginia
West proved far harsher and more belligerent toward the Indians than any of his predecessors , engaging in wars of conquest against them . He first sent Gates to drive off the Kecoughtan from their village on July 9 1610 , then gave Chief Powhatan an ultimatum to either return all English subjects and property , or face war . Powhatan responded by insisting that the English either stay in their fort or leave Virginia . Enraged , De la Warr had the hand of a Paspahegh captive cut off and sent him to the paramount chief with another ultimatum : Return all English subjects and property , or the neighboring villages would be burned . This time , Powhatan did not even respond . First
Trent Affair
On November 8 , 1861 , the USS San Jacinto , commanded by Union Captain Charles Wilkes , intercepted the British mail packet RMS Trent and removed , as contraband of war , two Confederate diplomats - James Murray Mason and John Slidell . The envoys were bound for Britain and France to press the Confederacy 's case for diplomatic recognition and to lobby for possible financial and military support .
Treaty of Versailles
After the Versailles conference , Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that `` at last the world knows America as the savior of the world ! '' However , the Republican Party , led by Henry Cabot Lodge , controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918 , and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two - thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
The Lincoln Cabinet Office Name Term President Abraham Lincoln 1861 -- 1865 Vice President Hannibal Hamlin 1861 -- 1865 Andrew Johnson 1865 Secretary of State William H. Seward 1861 -- 1865 Secretary of Treasury Salmon P. Chase 1861 -- 1864 William P. Fessenden 1864 -- 1865 Hugh McCulloch 1865 Secretary of War Simon Cameron 1861 -- 1862 Edwin M. Stanton 1862 -- 1865 Attorney General Edward Bates 1861 -- 1864 James Speed 1864 -- 1865 Postmaster General Montgomery Blair 1861 -- 1864 William Dennison Jr . 1864 -- 1865 Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles 1861 -- 1865 Secretary of the Interior Caleb Blood Smith 1861 -- 1862 John Palmer Usher 1863 -- 1865
French and Indian War
French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years ' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 )
United States presidential election, 1860
John C. Breckinridge , Vice President of the United States Daniel S. Dickinson , former Senator from New York Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter , Senator from Virginia Joseph Lane , Senator from Oregon Jefferson Davis , Senator from Mississippi Southern
Dutch East India Company
The VOC 's operations ( trading posts and colonies ) produced not only warehouses packed with spices , coffee , tea , textiles , porcelain and silk , but also shiploads of documents . Data on political , economic , cultural , religious , and social conditions spread over an enormous area circulated between the VOC establishments , the administrative centre of the trade in Batavia ( modern - day Jakarta ) , and the board of directors ( the Heeren XVII / Gentlemen Seventeen ) in the Dutch Republic . The VOC records are included in UNESCO 's Memory of the World Register .
Dutch East India Company
In 1604 , a second English East India Company voyage commanded by Sir Henry Middleton reached the islands of Ternate , Tidore , Ambon and Banda . In Banda , they encountered severe VOC hostility , sparking Anglo - Dutch competition for access to spices . From 1611 to 1617 , the English established trading posts at Sukadana ( southwest Kalimantan ) , Makassar , Jayakarta and Jepara in Java , and Aceh , Pariaman and Jambi in Sumatra , which threatened Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade .
Partition of India
Describing the violence that accompanied the Partition of India , historians Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh write :
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 had diverse political , economic , military , religious and social causes .
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
The varying stances of the British government , the reduction of allowances and harsh punishments , contributed to a feeling amongst the troops that the Company no longer cared for them . Certain actions of the government , such as increased recruitment of Sikhs and Gurkhas , peoples considered by the Bengal sepoys to be inferior in caste to them , increased the distrust of the sepoys who thought that this was a sign of their services not being needed any more . The transfer of the number 66th which was taken away from a regular Bengal sepoy regiment of the line disbanded over refusal to serve without batta , and given to a Gurkha battalion , was considered by the sepoys as a breach of faith by the Company .
The Emergency (India)
The Emergency lasted 21 months , and its legacy remains intensely controversial . A few days after the Emergency was imposed , the Bombay edition of The Times of India carried an obituary that read
John C. Calhoun
Finally in the spring of 1831 , at the suggestion of Secretary of State Martin Van Buren , who , like Jackson , supported the Eatons , Jackson replaced all but one of his Cabinet members , thereby limiting Calhoun 's influence . Van Buren began the process by resigning as Secretary of State , facilitating Jackson 's removal of others . Van Buren thereby grew in favor with Jackson , while the rift between the President and Calhoun was widened . Later , in 1832 , Calhoun , as vice president , cast a tie - breaking vote against Jackson 's nomination of Van Buren as Minister to Great Britain in a failed attempt to end Van Buren 's political career . Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton , a staunch supporter of Jackson , then stated that Calhoun had `` elected a Vice President '' , as Van Buren was able to move past his failed nomination as Minister to Great Britain and instead gain the Democratic Party 's vice presidential nomination in the 1832 election , in which he and Jackson were victorious .
Montgomery (name)
Charles Montgomery ( writer ) , ( born 1968 ) is an award - winning Canadian writer and photojournalist David Montgomery ( newspaper executive ) , British businessman George Thomas Montgomery , first American - born Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Diocese of Monterey - Los Angeles Henry Montgomery ( bishop ) , ( 3 October 1847 , Cawnpore -- 25 November 1932 ) an Anglican cleric and writer Hugh Montgomery , 1st Viscount Montgomery Hugh Montgomery ( sea captain ) ( ? -- 1780 ) , American sea captain of Nancy at the Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet James Montgomery , ( 4 November 1771 -- 30 April 1854 ) , British editor , hymnwriter , and poet John Montgomery ( pioneer ) , namesake of Montgomery County , Tennessee John Joseph Montgomery , American aviation pioneer Matthew Scott Montgomery , American actor Robert Montgomery ( administrator ) ( 1809 -- 1887 ) , a British colonial administrator in India Roger Montgomery , American architect , urban designer , planner , and educator Seton Montolieu Montgomerie , brother of the 13th Earl of Eglinton Viva Seton Montgomerie , author and socialite
Colony of Virginia
In 1676 , Bacon 's Rebellion challenged the political order of the colony . While a military failure , its handling did result in Governor Berkeley being recalled to England .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On 29 July 400 men were sent out from Dinapore to relieve Arrah , but this force was ambushed by the rebels around a mile away from the siege house , severely defeated , and driven back . On 30 July , Major Vincent Eyre , who was going up the river with his troops and guns , reached Buxar and heard about the siege . He immediately disembarked his guns and troops ( the 5th Fusiliers ) and started marching towards Arrah , disregarding direct orders not to do so . On 2 August , some 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) short of Arrah , the Major was ambushed by the mutineers and rebels . After an intense fight , the 5th Fusiliers charged and stormed the rebel positions successfully . On 3 August , Major Eyre and his men reached the siege house and successfully ended the siege .
English Civil War
Charles , meanwhile , decided to send an expeditionary force to relieve the French Huguenots whom French royal troops held besieged in La Rochelle . Military support for Protestants on the Continent was , in itself , popular both in Parliament and with the Protestant majority in general , and it had the potential to alleviate concerns brought about by the King 's marriage to a Catholic . However , Charles 's insistence on having his unpopular royal favourite George Villiers , the Duke of Buckingham , assume command of the English force undermined that support . Unfortunately for Charles and Buckingham , the relief expedition proved a fiasco ( 1627 ) , and Parliament , already hostile to Buckingham for his monopoly on royal patronage , opened impeachment proceedings against him . Charles responded by dissolving Parliament . This move , while saving Buckingham , reinforced the impression that Charles wanted to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny of his ministers .
Trent Affair
... to have secured our own bases , especially Bermuda and Halifax , raised the blockade of the Southern Ports by means of the squadron then at Mexico under the orders of Commodore Dunlop and that I had with me at Bermuda and then to have immediately blockaded as effectually as my means admitted the chief Northern Ports , and to have acted in Chesapeake Bay in co-operation with the Southern Forces ...
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy . Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places .
English Reformation
In 1534 , Cromwell initiated a Visitation of the Monasteries ostensibly to examine their character , but in fact , to value their assets with a view to expropriation . The Crown was undergoing financial difficulties , and the wealth of the church , in contrast to its political weakness , made appropriation of church property both tempting and feasible . Suppression of monasteries to raise funds was not unknown previously . Cromwell had done the same thing on the instructions of Cardinal Wolsey to raise funds for two proposed colleges at Ipswich and Oxford years before .