vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Income inequality in the United States
The relatively high rates of health problems and social problems , ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued per capita ) , in the US compared to other developed countries may be related to its high income inequality . Using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the US , British researchers Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett have found such a correlation which remains after accounting for ethnicity , national culture , and occupational classes or education levels . Their findings , based on UN Human Development Reports and other sources , locate the United States at the top of the list in regards to inequality and various social and health problems among developed countries . The authors argue inequality creates psychosocial stress and status anxiety that lead to social ills . A 2009 study conducted by researchers at Harvard University and published in the British Medical Journal attribute one in three deaths in the United States to high levels of inequality . According to The Earth Institute , life satisfaction in the US has been declining over the last several decades , which has been attributed to soaring inequality , lack of social trust and loss of faith in government .
Air pollution in the United States
Also , the research verified that poverty status is consistent with the trend of disproportion burden of the racial - ethnic status . As the analysis was conducted according to the poverty status instead of racial - ethnic status for air pollutants NO2 , PM2. 5 , and diesel PM , the results indicated the similar result as the analysis to heat stress . Furthermore , from our data , we found a strong correlation between poverty and proportion of non-white population ( Alameda : r = 0.69 , Los Angeles : r = 0.77 ) . After all , this research demonstrates that the air pollution is disproportionally distributed according to the socioeconomic and racial - ethnic status in the United States .
Air pollution in the United States
In 2015 , a study revealed that there are forty - five fracking sites within 1.5 miles of one junior high in the town of Shafter , one of California 's top ten most polluted communities . The students of this community suffer from the state 's decision to allow oil companies to continue hydraulic fracturing within close proximity of their schools . Parents observe severe and unexplainable health complications amongst their children , including asthma and epilepsy , that may be correlated with air toxins from the nearby wells . In all of Kern County , in which Shafter is located , a staggering ten school districts sit within one mile of fracking wells . The situation becomes even more problematic when the fact that Kern County is predominantly Latino in racial / ethnic composition is considered ; in fact , 20 % or more of its residents are foreign - born emigrants of Asia and Latin America . Some argue that the concentration of fracking sites around the community 's population of color is a discriminatory practice in direct violation of California Code 11135 , which states that no person shall be unlawfully subjected to discrimination by any state or state - funded agency on the basis of race or ethnic group identification . Inequalities
Western Canada
The West has been the most vocal in calls for reform of the Senate , in which Ontario , Quebec , and particularly Atlantic Canada are seen by some westerners as being over-represented . The population of Ontario alone ( 13.1 million ) exceeds that of all the Western provinces combined . The total population of Atlantic Canada , however , is 2.3 million , and this region is represented by 30 senators . Thus , Ontario is under - represented , Quebec has representation proportional to its population and the Atlantic provinces are over-represented . Westerners have advocated the so - called Triple - E Senate , which stands for `` equal , elected , effective . '' They feel if all 10 provinces were allotted an equal number of senators , if those senators were elected instead of appointed , and if the Senate were a body that had more direct political power ( for example via an arrangement more similar to the structure of the Australian Senate or the United States Senate rather than the UK model ) , then their region would have more of its concerns addressed at the federal level . Other westerners find this approach simplistic and either advocate keeping the status quo or may support other models for senate reform . The combination of all of these issues has led to the concept known as Western alienation , as well as calls for Western Canada independence by various fringe groups .
Scabies
Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children , along with ringworm and bacterial skin infections . As of 2015 , it affects about 204 million people ( 2.8 % of the world population ) . It is equally common in both sexes . The young and the old are more commonly affected . It also occurs more commonly in the developing world and tropical climates . The word scabies is from Latin : scabere , `` to scratch '' . Other animals do not spread human scabies . Infection in other animals is typically caused by slightly different but related mites and is known as sarcoptic mange .
Human rights and development
Maternal mortality is lower in countries where levels of contraceptive use and skilled attendance at birth are high . sub-Saharan Africa has the world 's highest maternal mortality ratio with a contraceptive use of 25 % and low levels of skilled attendance at birth . Education for girls is vital to reducing maternal mortality . The risk of maternal death is 2.7 times higher among women with no education , and 2 times higher among women with one to six years of education than for women with twelve plus years of education .
Extinction
Currently , environmental groups and some governments are concerned with the extinction of species caused by humanity , and they try to prevent further extinctions through a variety of conservation programs . Humans can cause extinction of a species through overharvesting , pollution , habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species ( such as new predators and food competitors ) , overhunting , and other influences . Explosive , unsustainable human population growth is an essential cause of the extinction crisis . According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , 784 extinctions have been recorded since the year 1500 , the arbitrary date selected to define `` recent '' extinctions , up to the year 2004 ; with many more likely to have gone unnoticed . Several species have also been listed as extinct since 2004 .
United States embargo against Cuba
The embargo has been criticized for its effects on food , clean water , medicine , and other economic needs of the Cuban population . Criticism has come from both Fidel Castro and Raúl Castro , citizens and groups from within Cuba , and international organizations and leaders . Some academic critics , outside Cuba , have also linked the embargo to shortages of medical supplies and soap which have resulted in a series of medical crises and heightened levels of infectious diseases . It has also been linked to epidemics of specific diseases , including neurological disorders and blindness caused by poor nutrition . Travel restrictions embedded in the embargo have also been shown to limit the amount of medical information that flows into Cuba from the United States . An article written in 1997 suggests malnutrition and disease resulting from increased food and medicine prices have affected men and the elderly , in particular , due to Cuba 's rationing system which gives preferential treatment to women and children . Cuban Foreign Minister Felipe Pérez Roque called the embargo `` an act of genocide '' , quoting a classified State Department memo dated April 6 , 1960 that called on the US to use every tool at its disposal to bring down Fidel Castro through hunger and disease .
World Health Organization
The appointment attracted widespread condemnation and criticism in WHO member states and international organizations due to Robert Mugabe 's poor record on human rights and presiding over a decline in Zimbabwe 's public health . Due to the outcry , the following day the appointment was revoked .
The Thinning
The plot of the Thinning shows resemblance to the book series The Testing . In the year 2039 , Earth 's resources are nearly depleted by overpopulation , and global warming leaves less land for the world population to live . So the United Nations declares that all nations must cut their population by 5 % each year . While some countries remove their elderly , others enforce a one - child policy . The United States implements a policy known as 10 - 241 or the `` Thinning '' , a standardized test taken from first grade to twelfth grade . Those who pass continue to the next grade , while those who fail are executed .
Health care in the United States
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , in 2000 , ranked the U.S. health care system as the highest in cost , first in responsiveness , 37th in overall performance , and 72nd by overall level of health ( among 191 member nations included in the study ) . In 2008 the Commonwealth Fund , an advocacy group seeking greater government involvement in US healthcare , then led by former Carter administration official Karen Davis , ranked the United States last in the quality of health care among similar countries , and noted U.S. care costs the most .
Marshall Plan
Henry Hazlitt criticized the Marshall Plan in his 1947 book Will Dollars Save the World ? , arguing that economic recovery comes through savings , capital accumulation and private enterprise , and not through large cash subsidies . Ludwig von Mises criticized the Marshall Plan in 1951 , believing that `` the American subsidies make it possible for ( Europe 's ) governments to conceal partially the disastrous effects of the various socialist measures they have adopted '' . Some critics and Congressmen at the time believed that America was giving too much aid to Europe . America had already given Europe $9 billion in other forms of help in previous years . The Marshall Plan gave another $13 billion , equivalent to about $100 billion in 2010 value .
List of U.S. states and territories by population
7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Guam 159,358 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.06 % 7001730000000000000 ♠ -- 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 U.S. Virgin Islands 106,405 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.04 % 7001740000000000000 ♠ -- 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 American Samoa 55,519 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.01 % 7001750000000000000 ♠ -- 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Northern Mariana Islands 53,883 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.00 % 7001760000000000000 ♠ -- 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Midway Atoll 40 2,220 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001770000000000000 ♠ -- 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Johnston Atoll 0 1,100 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001780000000000000 ♠ -- 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Wake Island 150 382 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001800000000000000 ♠ -- 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Palmyra Atoll 20 20 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001810000000000000 ♠ -- -- Baker Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001820000000000000 ♠ -- -- Howland Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 %
Child labour
All Children ( 2002 ) Economically Active Children Economically Active Children ( % ) Child Labour Child Labour ( % ) Children In Hazardous Work Children In Hazardous Work ( % ) Ages 5 -- 11 838,800,000 109,700,000 13.1 109,700,000 13.1 60,500,000 7.2 Ages 12 -- 14 360,600,000 101,100,000 28.0 76,000,000 21.1 50,800,000 14.1 Ages 5 -- 14 1,199,400,000 210,800,000 17.6 186,300,000 15.5 111,300,000 9.3 Ages 15 -- 17 332,100,000 140,900,000 42.4 59,200,000 17.8 59,200,000 17.8 Boys 786,600,000 184,100,000 23.4 132,200,000 16.8 95,700,000 12.2 Girls 744,900,000 167,600,000 22.5 113,300,000 15.2 74,800,000 10.5 Total 1,531,500,000 351,700,000 23.0 245,500,000 16.0 170,500,000 11.1
Southwestern United States
Rank City State Population Metro Population Phoenix Arizona 7006144563200000000 ♠ 1,445,632 7006419288700000000 ♠ 4,192,887 El Paso Texas 7005649133000000000 ♠ 649,133 7005804123000000000 ♠ 804,123 Las Vegas Nevada 7005583736000000000 ♠ 583,736 7006195126900000000 ♠ 1,951,269 Albuquerque New Mexico 7005558000000000000 ♠ 558,000 7005887077000000000 ♠ 887,077 5 Tucson Arizona 7005520116000000000 ♠ 520,116 7005980263000000000 ♠ 980,263 6 Mesa Arizona 7005439041000000000 ♠ 439,041 7006419288700000000 ♠ 4,192,887 7 Henderson Nevada 7005257729000000000 ♠ 257,729 7006195126900000000 ♠ 1,951,269 8 Chandler Arizona 7005236123000000000 ♠ 236,123 7006419288700000000 ♠ 4,192,887 9 Glendale Arizona 7005226721000000000 ♠ 226,721 7006419288700000000 ♠ 4,192,887 10 Scottsdale Arizona 7005217385000000000 ♠ 217,385 7006419288700000000 ♠ 4,192,887
Osage Nation
Beginning in 1999 , the Osage Nation sued the United States in the Court of Federal Claims ( dockets 99 - 550 and 00 - 169 ) for mismanaging its trust funds and its mineral estate . The litigation eventually included claims reaching into the 19th century . In February 2011 , the Court of Federal Claims awarded $330.7 million in damages in partial compensation for some of the mismanagement claims , covering the period from 1972 to 2000 . On October 14 , 2011 , the United States settled the outstanding litigation for a total of $380 million . The tribe has about 16,000 members .
Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
A large number of migrated Haitian workers have continued to live in the Dominican Republic over several generations . The two governments have been unable to agree upon a legal framework to address the nationality of these descendants , leaving around one million people of Haitian ancestry in the Dominican Republic effectively stateless , restricting their access to health care , education and employment opportunities .
First Nations
First Nations peoples face a number of problems to a greater degree than Canadians overall , many of their living conditions are comparable to developing nations like Haiti . Aboriginals have higher rates of unemployment , rates of incarceration , substance abuse , health problems , homelessness , fetal alcohol syndrome , lower levels of education and higher levels of poverty .
Poverty in the United Kingdom
From 1979 to 1987 , the number of Britons living in poverty ( defined as living on less than half the national average income ) doubled , from roughly 10 % to 20 % of the whole population . In 1989 , almost 6 million full - time workers , representing 37 % of the total full - time workforce , earned less than the `` decency threshold '' defined by the Council of Europe as 68 % of average full - time earnings . In 1994 , 76.7 % of all part - time workers earned less than this threshold . Comparison
Health care in the United States
Health care in the United States is provided by many distinct organizations . Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses . 58 % of US community hospitals are non-profit , 21 % are government owned , and 21 % are for - profit . According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , the United States spent more on health care per capita ( $8,608 ) , and more on health care as percentage of its GDP ( 17 % ) , than any other nation in 2011 .
List of languages by number of native speakers
Top languages by population per Nationalencyklopedin Rank Language Native speakers in millions 2007 ( 2010 ) Fraction of world population ( 2007 ) Mandarin ( entire branch ) 935 ( 955 ) 14.1 % Spanish 390 ( 405 ) 5.85 % English 365 ( 360 ) 5.52 % Hindi 295 ( 310 ) 4.46 % 5 Arabic 280 ( 295 ) 4.23 % 6 Portuguese 205 ( 215 ) 3.08 % 7 Bengali ( Bangla ) 200 ( 205 ) 3.05 % 8 Russian 160 ( 155 ) 2.42 % 9 Japanese 125 ( 125 ) 1.92 % 10 Punjabi 95 ( 100 ) 1.44 % 11 German 92 ( 95 ) 1.39 % 12 Javanese 82 1.25 % 13 Wu ( e.g. Shanghainese ) 80 1.20 % 14 Malay ( inc . Malaysian and Indonesian ) 77 1.16 % 15 Telugu 76 1.15 % 16 Vietnamese 76 1.14 % 17 Korean 76 1.14 % 18 French 75 1.12 % 19 Marathi 73 1.10 % 20 Tamil 70 1.06 % 21 Urdu 66 0.99 % 22 Turkish 63 0.95 % 23 Italian 59 0.90 % 24 Yue ( incl . Cantonese ) 59 0.89 % 25 Thai 56 0.85 % 26 Gujarati 49 0.74 % 27 Jin 48 0.72 % 28 Southern Min ( incl .
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
On February 22 , 2018 , the Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations , protesting the inaction of the UN 's role within the Syrian Civil War , set up three billboards outside the United Nations building in New York that read ' 500,000 Dead in Syria ' , ' And still no action ? ' , and ' How come , Security Council ' .
French colonization of the Americas
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Social class in the United States
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Poverty in the United Kingdom
Changes to the benefit system from April 2017 such as not allowing some claimants to claim for more than 2 children are predicted to increase the number of families in poverty and get a quarter of a million further children into poverty . Policy in Practice estimates the two child limit will increase child poverty by 10 % during this parliament . The Child Poverty Action Group charity ( CPAG ) , claim it will reduce children 's life chances . Alison Thewliss said , `` When Theresa May stood on the steps of Downing Street last year , she said that her new government would strive to help the ' just about managing ' in society . It appears that this was just empty rhetoric . ( ... ) The reality is that two - thirds of those affected are already in work . '' A doctor claims it is not unusual for up to seven people to live in a one bedroom flat . Parents sometimes do without food themselves to care for children , others can not afford clothes , toothbrushes , toothpaste . Basic hygiene products like shampoo and sanitary towels are sometimes hard for poor people to buy and some must choose between buying hygiene products and buying food . Just under one in five UK children under 15 suffers food insecurity . That means sufficient safe , nutritious food can not be guaranteed .
South Africa
South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades , primarily due to overpopulation , sprawling development patterns and deforestation during the 19th century . South Africa is one of the worst affected countries in the world when it comes to invasion by alien species with many ( e.g. black wattle , Port Jackson willow , Hakea , Lantana and Jacaranda ) posing a significant threat to the native biodiversity and the already scarce water resources . The original temperate forest found by the first European settlers was exploited ruthlessly until only small patches remained . Currently , South African hardwood trees like real yellowwood ( Podocarpus latifolius ) , stinkwood ( Ocotea bullata ) , and South African black ironwood ( Olea laurifolia ) are under government protection . Statistics from the South African Environmental Affairs department show a record 1215 rhinos have been killed in 2014 .
South Africa
South Africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population . According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants , this population numbered approximately 144,700 in 2007 . Groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10,000 included people from Zimbabwe ( 48,400 ) , The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 24,800 ) , and Somalia ( 12,900 ) . These populations mainly lived in Johannesburg , Pretoria , Durban , Cape Town , and Port Elizabeth . Many refugees have now also started to work and live in rural areas in provinces such as Mpumalanga , KwaZulu - Natal and the Eastern Cape .
United Nations
Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency , waste , and corruption . In 1976 , the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system . During the 1990s , the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced . In 1994 , the Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog . In 1994 , former Special Representative of the Secretary - General of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published `` Somalia : The Missed Opportunities '' , a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia , showing that , between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991 , the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies ; when the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance , they were totally outperformed by NGOs , whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN 's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies . If radical reform was not undertaken , warned Mohamed Sahnoun , then the UN would continue to respond to such crisis with inept improvization . In 2004 , the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil - for - Food Programme -- in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions -- had suffered from widespread corruption , including billions of dollars of kickbacks . An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved , as well as raising `` significant '' questions about the role of Kojo Annan , the son of Kofi Annan .
First Fleet
Food and supply transports ( depart England 13 May 1787 ) Ship Type Master Crew Arr . Botany Bay Duration ( days ) Golden Grove storeship William Sharp N / A 20 January 1788 252 Fishburn storeship Robert Brown N / A 20 January 1788 252 Borrowdale storeship Hobson Reed N / A 20 January 1788 252
Sea of Galilee
In 1989 , remains of a hunter - gatherer site were found under the water at the southern end . Remains of mud huts were found which are the oldest known buildings in the world . See Ohalo . Nahal Ein Gev , located about 3 km east of the lake , contains a village from the late Natufian period . The site is considered one of the first permanent human settlements in the world from a time predating the Neolithic revolution .
Sewing
The first known use of the word `` sewing '' was in the 14th century .
Siege
The first siege equipment is known from Egyptian tomb reliefs of the 24th century BC , showing Egyptian soldiers storming Canaanite town walls on wheeled siege ladders . Later Egyptian temple reliefs of the 13th century BC portray the violent siege of Dapur , a Syrian city , with soldiers climbing scale ladders supported by archers .
Early skyscrapers
Efforts were made to improve the processes for erecting skyscrapers , largely through the work of general contractors such as Louis Horowitz and Frank Gilbreth , who in turn drew on recent work by efficiency specialist Frederick Taylor . Time schedules were devised for all the work to be undertaken , with costs carefully monitored and reports produced each day . The results were demonstrated on the Woolworth Building construction project , where 1,153 tonnes ( 1,153,000 kg ) of steel were assembled in only six days , a record for the period . Improved windbracing techniques were introduced . The use of pneumatic caissons in skyscraper foundations grew more advanced ; in the construction of the 1908 Manhattan Municipal Building they were successfully sunk 144 feet ( 44 m ) below the surface , with specially conditioned workers operating in shifts with constant medical support .