vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mycenaean Greece
The Mycenaean Greeks introduced several innovations in the fields of engineering , architecture and military infrastructure , while trade over vast areas of the Mediterranean was essential for the Mycenaean economy . Their syllabic script , the Linear B , offers the first written records of the Greek language and their religion already included several deities that can also be found in the Olympic Pantheon . Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace states that developed rigid hierarchical , political , social and economic systems . At the head of this society was the king , known as wanax .
John Steinbeck
Steinbeck was affiliated to the St. Paul 's Episcopal Church and he stayed attached throughout his life to Episcopalianism . Especially in his works of fiction , Steinbeck was highly conscious of religion and incorporated it into his style and themes . The shaping of his characters often drew on the Bible and the theology of the Church of England , combining elements of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism .
Old-Time Religion
Oh ! this old - time religion This old - time religion This old - time religion It is good enough for me
Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion . The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters . The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism ; the belief in Euhemerism ( the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes ) , became popular . The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia . The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth . While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity , this was mostly reserved for the educated classes .
History of the Catholic Church
The Enlightenment constituted a new challenge of the Church . Unlike the Protestant Reformation , which questioned certain Christian doctrines , the enlightenment questioned Christianity as a whole . Generally , it elevated human reason above divine revelation and down - graded religious authorities such as the papacy based on it . Parallel the Church attempted to fend off Gallicanism and Councilarism , ideologies which threatened the papacy and structure of the Church .
New Testament
The New Testament ( Greek : Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη , trans . Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē ; Latin : Novum Testamentum ) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon , the first part being the Old Testament , based on the Hebrew Bible . The New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus , as well as events in first - century Christianity . Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture . The New Testament ( in whole or in part ) has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world . It reflects and serves as a source for Christian theology and morality . Extended readings and phrases directly from the New Testament are incorporated ( along with readings from the Old Testament ) into the various Christian liturgies . The New Testament has influenced religious , philosophical , and political movements in Christendom and left an indelible mark on literature , art , and music .
Missouri
Christian -- 77 % Protestant - 58 % Evangelical Protestant -- 36 % Mainline Protestant -- 16 % Historically Black Protestant -- 6 % Catholic -- 16 % Mormon -- 1 % Orthodox Christian -- < 1 % Jehovah 's Witness -- < 1 % Other Christian -- < 1 % Non-Christian Religions -- 3 % Jewish -- < 1 % Muslim -- < 1 % Buddhist -- 1 % Hindu -- < 1 % Other World Religions -- < 1 % Unaffiliated ( No religion ) -- 20 % Atheist -- 2 % Agnostic -- 3 % Nothing in particular -- 15 % Do n't know -- < 1 %
Lectionary
The Gospel readings are found in what Orthodoxy usually calls a Gospel Book ( Evangélion ) , although in strict English terms the Greek ones are in the form of an Evangeliary , and an Epistle Book ( Apostól ) . There are differences in the precise arrangement of these books between the various national churches . In the Byzantine practice , the readings are in the form of pericopes ( selections from scripture containing only the portion actually chanted during the service ) , and are arranged according to the order in which they occur in the church year , beginning with the Sunday of Pascha ( Easter ) , and continuing throughout the entire year , concluding with Holy Week . Then follows a section of readings for the commemorations of saints and readings for special occasions ( baptism , funeral , etc . ) . In the Slavic practice , the biblical books are reproduced in their entirety and arranged in the canonical order in which they appear in the Bible .
Vaishnavism
The Bhagavats were the early worshippers of Krishna , the followers of Bhagavat , the Lord , in the person of Krishna , Vasudeva , Vishnu or Bhagavan . The term bhagavata may have denoted a general religious tradition or attitude of theistic worship which prevailed until the 11th century , and not a specific sect , and is best known as a designation for Vishnu - devotees . The earliest scriptural evidence of Vaishnava bhagavats is an inscription from 115 BCE , in which Heliodoros , ambassador of the Greco - Bactrian king Amtalikita , says that he is a bhagavata of Vasudeva . It was supported by the Guptas , suggesting a widespread appeal , in contrast to specific sects . Pāñcarātra
Jacobin
The Jacobins were foes of both the Church and of atheism . They set up a new religious cult to replace Catholicism . They advocated deliberate government - organized terror as a substitute for both the rule of law and the more arbitrary terror of mob violence , inheritors of a war that , at the time of their rise to power , threatened the very existence of the Revolution . Once in power the Jacobins completed the overthrow of the Ancien Régime and successfully defended the Revolution from military defeat . However , to do so , they brought the Revolution to its bloodiest phase , and the one with least regard for just treatment of individuals . They consolidated republicanism in France and contributed greatly to the secularism and the sense of nationhood that have marked all French republican regimes to this day . However , their ruthless and unjudicial methods discredited the Revolution in the eyes of many . The resulting Thermidorian Reaction shuttered all of the Jacobin clubs , removed all Jacobins from power , and condemned many , well beyond the ranks of the Mountain , to death or exile .
Philosophical skepticism
Baruch Spinoza was among the first European philosophers who were religious skeptics . He was quite familiar with the philosophy of DesCartes and unprecedentedly extended the application of the Cartesian method to the religious context by analyzing religious texts with it . Spinoza sought to dispute the knowledge - claims of the Judeo - Charitian - Islamic religious system by examining its two foundations : the Scripture and the Miracles . He claimed that all Cartesian knowledge , or the rational knowledge should be accessible to the entire population . Therefore , the Scriptures , aside from those by Jesus , should not be considered the secret knowledge attained from God but just the imagination of the prophets . The Scriptures , as a result of this claim , could not serve as a base for knowledge and were reduced to simple ancient historical texts . Moreover , Spinoza also rejected the possibility for the Miracles by simply asserting that people only considered them miraculous due to their lack of understanding of the nature . By rejecting the validity of the Scriptures and the Miracles , Spinoza demolished the foundation for religious knowledge - claim and established his understanding of the Cartesian knowledge as the sole authority of knowledge - claims . Despite being deeply - skeptical of the religions , Spinoza was in fact exceedingly anti-skeptical towards reason and rationality . He steadfastly confirmed the legitimacy of reason by associating it with the acknowledgement of God , and thereby skepticism with the rational approach to knowledge was not due to problems with the rational knowledge but from the fundamental lack of understanding of God . Spinoza 's religious skepticism and anti-skepticism with reason thus helped him transform epistemology by separating the theological knowledge - claims and the rational knowledge - claims . Pierre
Vaishnavism
This complex history is reflected in the two main historical denominations of Vishnavism . The Bhagavats , worship Vasudeva - Krsna , and are followers of brahmanic Vaishnavism , while the Pacaratrins regard Narayana as their founder , and are followers of Tantric Vaishnavism . Southern
Gilded Age
Religious lines were sharply drawn . In the North , about 50 % of the voters were pietistic Protestants ( especially Methodists , Scandinavian Lutherans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists , Disciples of Christ ) who believed in using the government to reduce social sins , such as drinking . They strongly supported the GOP , as the table shows . In sharp contrast , liturgical groups , especially the Catholics , Episcopalians , and German Lutherans , voted for the Democrats . They saw the Democratic party as their best protection from the moralism of the pietists , and especially from the threat of prohibition . Both parties cut across the class structure , with the Democrats more bottom - heavy and the GOP better represented among businessmen and professionals in the North .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Radhakrishnan saw Hinduism as a scientific religion based on facts , apprehended via intuition or religious experience . According to Radhakrishnan , `` ( i ) f philosophy of religion is to become scientific , it must become empirical and found itself on religious experience '' . He saw this empiricism exemplified in the Vedas :
Old-Time Religion
Give me that old time religion Give me that old time religion Give me that old time religion It 's good enough for me Let us worship Zarathustra Just the way we used to I 'm a Zarathustra booster He 's good enough for me Let us worship Aphrodite She 's beautiful but flighty She does n't wear a nightie But she 's good enough for me
Dei verbum
Nevertheless , the Catechism clearly states that `` the Christian faith is not a ' religion of the book . ' Christianity is the religion of the ' Word ' of God , a word which is ' not a written and mute word , but the Word is incarnate and living ' . If the Scriptures are not to remain a dead letter , Christ , the eternal Word of the living God , must , through the Holy Spirit , ' open ( our ) minds to understand the Scriptures . ' ''
Sign of the cross
The Oriental Orthodox ( Armenians , Copts , Ethiopians etc . ) generally use the `` Western '' direction as well , though often with the Byzantine finger formation .
Lebanon
A demographic study conducted by the research firm Statistics Lebanon found that approximately 27 % of the population was Shia , 27 % Sunni , 21 % Maronite , 8 % Greek Orthodox , 5 % Druze , 5 % Melkite , and 1 % Protestant , with the remaining 6 % mostly belonging to smaller non-native to Lebanon Christian denominations .
Lithuania
Lithuanians were the last European pagans , practicing the Indo - European origin polytheistic religion that was the official cause for the Lithuanian Crusade campaigns . This ancient religion rituals , beliefs were still widely practiced after the Christianization of Lithuania and have survived even till the nowadays . For example , Užgavėnės is a pagan origin festival that was adapted to the Christianity , which takes place during the seventh week before Easter ( Ash Wednesday ) . During it , Lithuanians dances around bonfire and burns Morė , which symbolises Marzanna , believing that it will help bring spring faster .
Akbar
During Akbar 's reign , the ongoing process of inter-religious discourse and syncretism resulted in a series of religious attributions to him in terms of positions of assimilation , doubt or uncertainty , which he either assisted himself or left unchallenged . Such hagiographical accounts of Akbar traversed a wide range of denominational and sectarian spaces , including several accounts by Parsis , Jains and Jesuit missionaries , apart from contemporary accounts by Brahminical and Muslim orthodoxy . Existing sects and denominations , as well as various religious figures who represented popular worship felt they had a claim to him . The diversity of these accounts is attributed to the fact that his reign resulted in the formation of a flexible centralised state accompanied by personal authority and cultural heterogeneity .
Akira Haraguchi
Haraguchi views the memorization of pi as `` the religion of the universe '' , and as an expression of his lifelong quest for eternal truth .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Radhakrishnan saw other religions , `` including what Radhakrishnan understands as lower forms of Hinduism , '' as interpretations of Advaita Vedanta , thereby Hinduizing all religions .
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church , in understanding itself to be the Body of Christ , and similarly in understanding the Christian life to lead to the unification in Christ of all members of his body , views the church as embracing all Christ 's members , those now living on earth , and also all those through the ages who have passed on to the heavenly life . The church includes the Christian saints from all times , and also judges , prophets and righteous Jews of the first covenant , Adam and Eve , even the angels and heavenly hosts . In Orthodox services , the earthly members together with the heavenly members worship God as one community in Christ , in a union that transcends time and space and joins heaven to earth . This unity of the Church is sometimes called the communion of the saints .
Ancient Egypt
With the pharaohs ' having secured military and political security and vast agricultural and mineral wealth , the nation 's population , arts , and religion flourished . In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods , the Middle Kingdom experienced an increase in expressions of personal piety and what could be called a democratization of the afterlife , in which all people possessed a soul and could be welcomed into the company of the gods after death . Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters written in a confident , eloquent style . The relief and portrait sculpture of the period captured subtle , individual details that reached new heights of technical perfection .
English Reformation
Following Mary 's childless death , her half - sister Elizabeth inherited the throne . One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth 's early reign was religion . Elizabeth could not be Roman Catholic , as that church considered her illegitimate . At the same time , she had observed the turmoil brought about by Edward 's introduction of radical Protestant reforms . Communion with the Roman Catholic Church was again severed by Elizabeth . She relied primarily on her chief advisors , Sir William Cecil , as her Secretary of State , and Sir Nicholas Bacon , as the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal , for direction on the matter . Chiefly she supported her father 's idea of reforming the church but made some minor adjustments . In this way , Elizabeth and her advisors aimed at a church that included most opinions .
Zimbabwe
Religion in Zimbabwe religion percent Protestantism 63 % Roman Catholicism 17 % Ethnic religion 11 % Irreligion 7 % Others 2 %
Hellenistic period
Hellenistic monarchies were closely associated with the religious life of the kingdoms they ruled . This had already been a feature of Macedonian kingship , which had priestly duties . Hellenestic kings adopted patron deities as protectors of their house and sometimes claimed descent from them . The Seleucids for example took on Apollo as patron , the Antigonids had Herakles , and the Ptolemies claimed Dionysus among others .
Age of Enlightenment
Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe , especially the Thirty Years ' War . Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God . For moderate Christians , this meant a return to simple Scripture . John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an `` unprejudiced examination '' of the Word of God alone . He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate . In the Jefferson Bible , Thomas Jefferson went further and dropped any passages dealing with miracles , visitations of angels and the resurrection of Jesus after his death , as he tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament .
Santería
Santería , also known as Regla de Ochá , La Regla de Ifá , or Lucumí , is an Afro - American religion of Caribbean origin that developed in the Spanish Empire among West African descendants . Santería is a Spanish word that means the `` worship of saints '' . Santería is influenced by and syncretized with Roman Catholicism . Its sacred language is the Lucumí language , a variety of Yoruba .
Society of the United States
Historically , the United States ' religious tradition has been dominated by Protestant Christianity . Today over three quarters of Americans identify as Christian with a slight majority identifying as Protestant ( 56 % ) . Catholicism ( 27 % ) is the largest Christian denomination , as Protestants belong to a variety of denominations . Also practiced in the United States are many other religions , such as Judaism , Hinduism , Islam , Buddhism , Mormonism and neo-pagan religions , ( most prominently Wicca ) among others . Approximately 16 % of American citizens identify as atheist , agnostic , or having no religion .
Silk Road
Richard Foltz , Xinru Liu , and others have described how trading activities along the Silk Road over many centuries facilitated the transmission not just of goods but also ideas and culture , notably in the area of religions . Zoroastrianism , Judaism , Buddhism , Christianity , Manichaeism , and Islam all spread across Eurasia through trade networks that were tied to specific religious communities and their institutions . Notably , established Buddhist monasteries along the Silk Road offered a haven , as well as a new religion for foreigners .
Whigs (British political party)
The Whigs primarily advocated the supremacy of Parliament , while calling for the toleration for Protestant dissenters . They adamantly opposed a Catholic as king . They opposed the Catholic Church because they saw it as a threat to liberty , or as the elder Pitt stated : `` The errors of Rome are rank idolatry , a subversion of all civil as well as religious liberty , and the utter disgrace of reason and of human nature '' .
United States
According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults in the United States identified themselves as Christians ; Protestants accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholics , at 20.8 % , formed the largest single denomination . In 2014 , 5.9 % of the U.S. adult population claimed a non-Christian religion . These include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Hinduism ( 1.2 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.9 % ) , and Islam ( 0.9 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion -- up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Scientologist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities .
Forbidden City
Another prevalent form of religion in the Qing dynasty palace was Buddhism . A number of temples and shrines were scattered throughout the Inner Court , including that of Tibetan Buddhism or Lamaism . Buddhist iconography also proliferated in the interior decorations of many buildings . Of these , the Pavilion of the Rain of Flowers is one of the most important . It housed a large number of Buddhist statues , icons , and mandalas , placed in ritualistic arrangements .
Apollo
Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal
Ancient Egyptian deities
In the reign of Akhenaten ( c. 1353 -- 1336 BC ) in the mid-New Kingdom , a single solar deity , the Aten , became the major focus of the state religion . Akhenaten ceased to fund the temples of other deities and erased their names and images on some monuments . This new religious system , sometimes called Atenism , differed dramatically from the polytheistic worship of many deities in all other periods . Whereas , in earlier times , newly important deities were integrated into existing religious beliefs , Atenism stressed a single understanding of the divine that excluded the traditional multiplicity of perspectives . Yet Atenism was not full monotheism , which totally excludes belief in other deities . There is evidence suggesting that the general populace was still allowed to worship other deities . The picture is further complicated by Atenism 's apparent tolerance for some other deities , such as Shu and the retention of the patronage of Wadjet and Nekhbet . For these reasons , the Egyptologist Dominic Montserrat suggested that Akhenaten may have been monolatrous , worshipping a single deity while acknowledging the existence of others . In any case , Atenism 's aberrant theology did not take root among the Egyptian populace , and Akhenaten 's successors returned to traditional beliefs .
Lebanon
Lebanon is the most religiously diverse country in the Middle East . As of 2014 the CIA World Factbook estimates the following : Muslim 54 % ( 27 % Shia Islam , 27 % Sunni Islam ) , Christian 40.5 % ( includes 21 % Maronite Catholic , 8 % Greek Orthodox , 5 % Melkite Catholic , 1 % Protestant , 5.5 % other Christian ) , Druze 5.6 % , very small numbers of Jews , Baha'is , Buddhists , Hindus and Mormons . A study conducted by the Lebanese Information Center and based on voter registration numbers shows that by 2011 the Christian population was stable compared to that of previous years , making up 34.35 % of the population ; Muslims , the Druze included , were 65.47 % of the population . The World Values Survey of 2014 put the percentage of atheists in Lebanon at 3.3 % .