vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Eukaryotic transcription
The regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes is achieved through the interaction of several levels of control that acts both locally to turn on or off individual genes in response to a specific cellular need and globally to maintain a chromatin - wide gene expression pattern that shapes cell identity . Because eukaryotic genome is wrapped around histones to form nucelosomes and higher - order chromatin structures , the substrates for transcriptional machinery are in general partially concealed . Without regulatory proteins , many genes are expressed at low level or not expressed at all . Transcription requires displacement of the positioned nucleosomes to enable the transcriptional machinery to gain access of the DNA .
Government of Australia
There are times when the government acts in a `` caretaker '' capacity , principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election .
Local government in the United States
Towns in the six New England states and townships in New Jersey and Pennsylvania are included in this category by the Census Bureau , despite the fact that they are legally municipal corporations , since their structure has no necessary relation to concentration of population , which is typical of municipalities elsewhere in the United States . In particular , towns in New England have considerably more power than most townships elsewhere and often function as legally equivalent to cities , typically exercising the full range of powers that are divided between counties , townships , and cities in other states .
Plant breeding
Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years , since near the beginning of human civilization . It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers , or by professional plant breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions , universities , crop - specific industry associations or research centers .
Justice of the peace
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it . This was replaced by the present system , where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice , for appointment by the Crown .
Electoral College (United States)
In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election .
The Giver
While critical reception of The Giver has been mixed , the novel has found a home in `` City Reads '' programs , library - sponsored reading clubs on citywide or larger scales .
Elections in the United States
Elections in the United States are held for government officials at the federal , state , and local levels . At the federal level , the nation 's head of state , the President , is elected indirectly by the people of each state , through an Electoral College . Today , these electors almost always vote with the popular vote of their state . All members of the federal legislature , the Congress , are directly elected by the people of each state . There are many elected offices at state level , each state having at least an elective Governor and legislature . There are also elected offices at the local level , in counties , cities , towns , townships , boroughs , and villages . According to a study by political scientist Jennifer Lawless , there were 519,682 elected officials in the United States as of 2012 .
Institution
The relationship of institutions to human nature is a foundational question for the social sciences . Institutions can be seen as `` naturally '' arising from , and conforming to , human nature -- a fundamentally conservative view -- or institutions can be seen as artificial , almost accidental , and in need of architectural redesign , informed by expert social analysis , to better serve human needs -- a fundamentally progressive view . Adam Smith anchored his economics in the supposed human `` propensity to truck , barter and exchange '' . Modern feminists have criticized traditional marriage and other institutions as element of an oppressive and obsolete patriarchy . The Marxist view -- which sees human nature as historically ' evolving ' towards voluntary social cooperation , shared by some anarchists -- is that supra - individual institutions such as the market and the state are incompatible with the individual liberty of a truly free society .
English contract law
The formal approach of English courts is that agreement exists when an offer is mirrored by an unequivocal acceptance of the terms on offer . Whether an offer has been made , or it has been accepted , is an issue courts determine by asking what a reasonable person would have thought was intended . Offers are distinguished from `` invitations to treat '' ( or an invitatio ad offerendum , the invitation of an offer ) which can not be simply accepted by the other party . Traditionally , English law has viewed the display of goods in a shop , even with a price tag , as an invitation to treat , so that when a customer takes the product to the till it is she who is making the offer , and the shopkeeper may refuse to sell . Similarly , and as a very general rule , an advertisement , the invitation to make a bid at an auction with a reserve price , or the invitation to submit a tender bid are not considered offers . On the other hand , a person inviting tenders may fall under a duty to consider the submissions if they arrive before the deadline , so the bidder ( even though there is no contract ) could sue for damages if his bid is never considered . An auctioneer who publicises an auction as being without a reserve price falls under a duty to accept the highest bid . An automated vending machine constitutes a standing offer , and a court may construe an advertisement , or something on display like a deckchair , to be a serious offer if a customer would be led to believe they were accepting its terms by performing an action . Statute imposes criminal penalties for businesses that engage in misleading advertising , or not selling products at the prices they display in store , or unlawfully discriminating against customers on grounds of race , gender , sexuality , disability , belief or age . The Principles of European Contract Law article 2 : 201 suggests that most EU member states count a proposal to supply any good or service by a professional as an offer . ``
History of the Church of England
Throughout the 19th century patronage continued to play a central role in Church affairs . Tory Prime Ministers appointed most of the bishops before 1830 , selecting men who had served the party , or had been college tutors of sponsoring politicians , or were near relations of noblemen . In 1815 , 11 bishops came from noble families ; 10 had been the tutors of a senior official . Theological achievement or personal piety were not critical factors in their selection . Indeed , the Church was often called the `` praying section of the Tory party . '' Not since Newcastle , over a century before , did a prime minister pay as much attention to church vacancies as William Ewart Gladstone . He annoyed Queen Victoria by making appointments she did not like . He worked to match the skills of candidates to the needs of specific church offices . He supported his party by favouring Liberals who would support his political positions . His counterpart , Disraeli , favoured Conservative bishops to a small extent , but took care to distribute bishoprics so as to balance various church factions . He occasionally sacrificed party advantage to choose a more qualified candidate . On most issues Disraeli and Queen Victoria were close , but they frequently clashed over church nominations because of her aversion to high churchmen .
Electoral College (United States)
According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation
Gene
Prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) typically store their genomes on a single large , circular chromosome . Similarly , some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes . Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids , which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals . For example , the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells , even those of different species , via horizontal gene transfer .
Labour Party (UK)
Despite mainstream Labour Party 's support for the coalition the Independent Labour Party was instrumental in opposing conscription through organisations such as the Non-Conscription Fellowship while a Labour Party affiliate , the British Socialist Party , organised a number of unofficial strikes .
Elections in the United States
Electoral College votes are cast by individual states by a group of electors ; each elector casts one electoral college vote . Until the Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution of 1961 the District of Columbia citizens did not have representation and / or electors in the electoral college . In modern times , with electors usually committed to vote for a party candidate in advance , electors that vote against the popular vote in their state are called faithless electors , and occurrences are rare . State law regulates how states cast their electoral college votes . In all states except Maine and Nebraska , the candidate that wins the most votes in the state receives all its electoral college votes ( a `` winner takes all '' system ) . From 1969 in Maine , and from 1991 in Nebraska , two electoral votes are awarded based on the winner of the statewide election , and the rest ( two in Maine , three in Nebraska ) go to the highest vote - winner in each of the state 's congressional districts .
Medicare (United States)
Accreditation is voluntary and an organization may choose to be evaluated by their State Survey Agency or by CMS directly .
Lobbying in the United States
States , in addition , are moving in the direction of greater disclosure and transparency regarding lobbying activities . California has an online database called Cal - Access although there were reports that it has been underfunded . Money collected from registration fees are often used to pay for the disclosure services such as Cal - Access . There were complaints in Illinois that the disclosure requirements were often not rigorous enough and allowed lobbyists to work `` without public notice '' and with possible `` conflicts of interest '' . Many local municipalities are requiring legislative agents register as lobbyists to represent the interests of clients to local city council members such as in the swing state of Ohio cities such as Columbus and Cincinnati .
Local government in the United States
`` Campaigning by candidates was different from today 's . There were no mass media or advertising . Candidates talked with voters in person , walking a line between undue familiarity and aloofness . Prospective officeholders were expected to be at the polls on election day and made a point to greet all voters . Failure to appear or to be civil to all could be disastrous . In some areas , candidates offered voters food and drink , evenhandedly giving `` treats '' to opponents as well as supporters. -- -- Ed Crews . '' Rules
Electoral College (United States)
The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president .
Political campaign
Some state and local offices are non-partisan - these often include judicial elections , special district elections ( the most common of which are elections to the school board , and elections to municipal ( town council , city commission , mayor ) and county ( county commission , district attorney , sheriff ) office . In some cases , candidates of the same political party challenging each other and in many cases without any campaign references to political parties , while in other cases , even non-partisan races may take on partisan overtones .
Local government in the United States
In most cases both counties and municipalities have a governing council , governing in conjunction with a mayor or president . Alternatively , the institution may be of the council -- manager government form , run by a city manager under direction of the city council . In the past the municipal commission was also common .
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
As a non-partisan organization , the Grange supports only policies , never political parties or candidates . Although the Grange was founded to serve the interests of farmers , because of the shrinking farm population the Grange has begun to broaden its range to include a wide variety of issues , and anyone is welcome to join the Grange .
Halloween
`` Trick - or - Treat for UNICEF '' is a fundraising program to support UNICEF , a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries . Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952 , the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools ( or in modern times , corporate sponsors like Hallmark , at their licensed stores ) to trick - or - treaters , in which they can solicit small - change donations from the houses they visit . It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception . In Canada , in 2006 , UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes , citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools , they instead redesigned the program .
Big Ben
The tower is designed in Pugin 's celebrated Gothic Revival style , and is 315 feet ( 96.0 m ) high . The bottom 200 feet ( 61.0 m ) of the tower 's structure consists of brickwork with sand - coloured Anston limestone cladding . The remainder of the tower 's height is a framed spire of cast iron . The tower is founded on a 50 feet ( 15.2 m ) square raft , made of 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) thick concrete , at a depth of 13 feet ( 4.0 m ) below ground level . The four clock dials are 180 feet ( 54.9 m ) above ground . The interior volume of the tower is 164,200 cubic feet ( 4,650 cubic metres ) . The
Movable type
The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper - block printing is a printed `` check '' of the Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable - type characters , each selected from 1,000 different characters , such that each printed paper note has a different combination of markers . A copper - block printed note dated between 1215 -- 1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu 's Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties , 1914 , shows two special characters -- one called Ziliao , the other called Zihao -- for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting ; over the Ziliao there is a small character ( 輶 ) printed with movable copper type , while over the Zihao there is an empty square hole -- apparently the associated copper metal type was lost . Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of the Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above Ziliao as well as Zihou , due to the loss of the two copper movable types . Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time .
Written Chinese
Chinese characters conform to a roughly square frame and are not usually linked to one another , so do not have a preferred direction of writing . Traditionally Chinese text was written in vertical columns which were read from top to bottom , right - to - left ; the first column being on the right side of the page , and the last column on the left . Text written in Classical Chinese also uses little or no punctuation , with sentence and phrase breaks being determined by context and rhythm . Vertical Chinese is still used for effect or where space requires it , such as signs or on spines of books .
Lighthouse of Alexandria
The Arab authors indicate that the lighthouse was constructed from large blocks of light - coloured stone , the tower was made up of three tapering tiers : a lower square section with a central core , a middle octagonal section , and , at the top , a circular section . At its apex was positioned a mirror which reflected sunlight during the day ; a fire was lit at night . Extant Roman coins struck by the Alexandrian mint show that a statue of Triton was positioned on each of the building 's four corners . A statue of Poseidon or Zeus stood atop the lighthouse . The Pharos 's masonry blocks were interlocked , sealed together using molten lead , to withstand the pounding of the waves .
Statue of Liberty
A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life .
Shofar
A small shofar made from a ram 's horn . A shofar made from the horn of a Greater kudu . A small shofar made from a ram 's horn .
Murti
A Murti is typically made by carving stone , wood working , metal casting or through pottery . Ancient era texts describing their proper proportions , positions and gestures include the Puranas , Agamas and Samhitas . The expressions in a Murti vary in diverse Hindu traditions , ranging from Ugra symbolism to express destruction , fear and violence ( Durga , Kali ) , as well as Saumya symbolism to express joy , knowledge and harmony ( Saraswati , Lakshmi ) . Saumya images are most common in Hindu temples . Other Murti forms found in Hinduism include the Linga .
Pantheon, Rome
The building is circular with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns ( eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind ) under a pediment . A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda , which is under a coffered concrete dome , with a central opening ( oculus ) to the sky . Almost two thousand years after it was built , the Pantheon 's dome is still the world 's largest unreinforced concrete dome . The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same , 142 feet ( 43 m ) .
Construction of the World Trade Center
Sprayed - fire resistant materials ( SFRMs ) were used to protect some structural steel elements in the towers , including all floor trusses and beams . Gypsum wallboard in combination with SFRMs , or in some cases gypsum wallboard alone , was used to protect core columns . Vermiculite plaster was used on the interior - side and SFRMs on the other three sides of the perimeter columns for fire protection . The 1968 New York City building codes were more lenient in some aspects of fire protection , such as allowing three exit stairwells in the World Trade Center towers , instead of six as required under older building codes .
Solar cell
By far , the most prevalent bulk material for solar cells is crystalline silicon ( c - Si ) , also known as `` solar grade silicon '' . Bulk silicon is separated into multiple categories according to crystallinity and crystal size in the resulting ingot , ribbon or wafer . These cells are entirely based around the concept of a p-n junction . Solar cells made of c - Si are made from wafers between 160 and 240 micrometers thick . Monocrystalline
Peninsular War
This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 102 kilobytes . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( February 2015 )
Ring size
1⁄2 15 15.75 0.706 17.93 2.22 56.3 73⁄4 16 16.25 0.714 18.14 2.24 57 8 P1⁄2 16 17 17 0.722 18.34 2.27 57.6 81⁄4 Q 17.5 0.73 18.54 2.29 58.3 81⁄2 Q1⁄2 17 18 18.25 0.738 18.75 2.32 58.9 83⁄4 19 19 0.746 18.95 2.34 59.5 9 R1⁄2 18 19.5 0.754 19.15 2.37 60.2 91⁄4 20 20.25 0.762 19.35 2.39 60.8 91⁄2 S1⁄2 19 21 20.75 0.77 19.56 2.42 61.4 93⁄4 21.5 0.778 19.76 2.44 62.1 10 T1⁄2 20 22 22 0.786 19.96 2.47 62.7 101⁄4 U 21 23 22.75 0.794 20.17 2.49 63.4 101⁄2 U1⁄2 22 23.25 0.802 20.37 2.52 64 103⁄4 V 24 24 0.81 20.57 2.54 64.6 11 V1⁄2 23 25 24.75 0.818 20.78 2.57 65.3 111⁄4 25.25 0.826 20.98 2.59 65.9 111⁄2 W
Freedom of speech by country
Article 35 of the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China claims that :
Ring size
1⁄2 24 26 26 0.834 21.18 2.62 66.6 113⁄4 X 26.5 0.842 21.39 2.65 67.2 12 X1⁄2 25 27 27.25 0.85 21.59 2.67 67.8 121⁄4 Y 28 27.75 0.858 21.79 2.7 68.5 121⁄2 Z 26 28.5 0.866 22 2.72 69.1 123⁄4 Z1⁄2 29 29 0.874 22.2 2.75 69.7 13 27 30 29.75 0.882 22.4 2.77 70.4 131⁄4 Z1 30.5 0.89 22.61 2.8 71 131⁄2 31 31 0.898 22.81 2.82 71.7 133⁄4 Z2 32 31.75 0.906 23.01 2.85 72.3 14 Z3 32.25 0.914 23.22 2.87 72.9 141⁄4 33 33 0.922 23.42 2.9 73.6 141⁄2 Z4 33.5 0.93 23.62 2.92 74.2 143⁄4 34 34.25 0.938 23.83 2.95 74.8 15 35 34.75 0.946 24.03 2.97 75.5 151⁄4 35.5 0.954 24.23 76.1 151⁄2 36 36.25 0.962 24.43 3.02 76.8 153⁄4 36.75 0.97 24.64 3.05 77.4 16 37 37.5