vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Red Sea
Other marine habitats include sea grass beds , salt pans , mangroves and salt marshes .
Great Lakes
Eastern forest - boreal transition Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests Southern Great Lakes forests Central forest - grasslands transition Upper Midwest forest - savanna transition Western Great Lakes forests Central Canadian Shield forests Laurentian Mixed Forest Province Beech - maple forest Habitats of the Indiana Dunes
Boreal forest of Canada
There may be as many as five billion landbirds , including resident and migratory species . The Canadian boreal region contains the largest area of wetlands of any ecosystem of the world , serving as breeding ground for over 12 million waterbirds and millions of land birds , the latter including species as diverse as vultures , hawks , grouse , owls , hummingbirds , kingfishers , woodpeckers and passerines ( or perching birds , often referred to as songbirds ) . It is estimated that the avian population of the boreal represents 60 % of the landbirds in all of Canada and almost 30 % of all landbirds in the United States and Canada combined .
Virunga National Park
On March 13 , 2015 , BBC reported that the Democratic Republic of Congo wanted to redraw the boundaries of Virunga National Park to allow for oil exploration .
Uluru
Kuniya , the woma python , lived in the rocks at Uluru where she fought the Liru , the poisonous snake .
Nairobi
Many Nairobi non-slum - dwellers live in relatively good housing conditions . Large houses can be found in many of the upmarket neighbourhoods , especially to the west of Nairobi . Historically , British occupiers have settled in Gigiri , Muthaiga , Langata and Karen . Other middle and high income estates include Parklands , Westlands , Hurlingham , Kilimani , Milimani , Spring Valley , Lavington , Rosslyn , Kitisuru , and Nairobi Hill .
The Lion Guard
Dhahabu 's Herd -- A herd of plains zebras that resides in Dhahabu Grove in the Back Lands . Dhahabu ( voiced by Renée Elise Goldsberry ) -- A plains zebra with golden stripes who is the leader of the herd . Bunga admires her greatly . Dhahabu is modeled after the late Zoe the Golden Zebra who resided in Hawaii 's Three Ring Ranch . Raha ( voiced by Rico Rodriguez ) -- A plains zebra who is Starehe 's brother and part of Dhahabu 's herd . Starehe ( voiced by Raini Rodriguez ) -- A plains zebra who is Raha 's sister and part of Dhahabu 's herd . Other
Gobi Desert
Despite the harsh conditions , these deserts and the surrounding regions sustain many animals , including black - tailed gazelles , marbled polecats , wild Bactrian camels , Mongolian wild ass and sandplovers . They are occasionally visited by snow leopards , brown bears , and wolves . Lizards are especially well - adapted to the climate of the Gobi Desert , with approximately 30 species distributed across its southern Mongolian border . The most common vegetation in the Gobi desert are shrubs adapted to drought . These shrubs included gray sparrow 's saltwort ( Salsola passerina ) , gray sagebrush , and low grasses such as needle grass and bridlegrass . Due to livestock grazing , the amount of shrubs in the desert has decreased . Several large nature reserves have been established in the Gobi , including Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park , Great Gobi A and Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area .
Leopard
In South Africa , safaris are offered in the Sabi Sand Game Reserve . In Sri Lanka , wildlife tours are available in the Yala and Wilpattu National Parks . In India , safaris are offered in the Madhya Pradesh and Uttarakhand national parks as well as in the Pali district of western Rajasthan .
Boreal forest of Canada
Many of the wildlife species , are , like the forests , dependent upon natural disturbance from fire and insect outbreaks . For example , at least three species of warbler ( Cape May warbler , bay - breasted warbler and Tennessee warbler ) , have distributions and abundance related to spruce budworm outbreaks . The black - backed woodpecker shows a preference for burnt over forests , where it forages for insects burrowing in the dead trees that remain standing . Fireweed , as the name suggests , is a plant that similar thrives in recently burned areas . Blueberries and huckleberries are also stimulated by fires , probably benefiting from the removal of shade , and the nutrients released in ashes . The resulting berries are an important food source for boreal forest animals .
Grand Canyon
The Park contains several major ecosystems . Its great biological diversity can be attributed to the presence of five of the seven life zones and three of the four desert types in North America . The five life zones represented are the Lower Sonoran , Upper Sonoran , Transition , Canadian , and Hudsonian . This is equivalent to traveling from Mexico to Canada . Differences in elevation and the resulting variations in climate are the major factors that form the various life zones and communities in and around the canyon . Grand Canyon National Park contains 129 vegetation communities , and the composition and distribution of plant species is influenced by climate , geomorphology and geology . Lower
Jungle
As a metaphor , jungle often refers to situations that are unruly or lawless , or where the only law is perceived to be `` survival of the fittest '' . This reflects the view of `` city people '' that forests are such places . Upton Sinclair gave the title The Jungle ( 1906 ) to his famous book about the life of workers at the Chicago Stockyards portraying the workers as being mercilessly exploited with no legal or other lawful recourse .
Leopard
Usually when a tiger began to kill baits at sites formerly frequented by leopards , the leopards would no longer come and hunt there . In the tropical forests of India 's Nagarhole National Park , tigers selected prey weighing more than 176 kg ( 388 lb ) , whereas leopards selected prey in the 30 -- 175 kg ( 66 -- 386 lb ) range . In tropical forest they do not always avoid the larger cats by hunting at different times . With relatively abundant prey and differences in the size of prey selected , tigers and leopards seem to successfully coexist without competitive exclusion or inter-species dominance hierarchies that may be more common to the leopard 's co-existence with the lion in savanna habitats . In areas with high tiger populations , such as in the central parts of India 's Kanha National Park , leopards are not permanent residents , but transients . They were common near villages at the periphery of the park and outside the park .
The Lion Guard
Big Baboon 's Troop -- A troop of olive baboons that resides in Nyani Grove . Big Baboon ( voiced by Ford Riley in Return of the Roar , Dee Bradley Baker in later appearances ) -- An olive baboon who is the leader his troop . Gumba ( voiced by Jacquez Swanigan ) -- A young olive baboon who is a part of Big Baboon 's troop .
Taiga
A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands . White
Grand Canyon
Some of the common insects found at elevations above 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) are orange paper wasps , honey bees , black flies , tarantula hawks , stink bugs , beetles , black ants , and monarch and swallowtail butterflies . Solifugids , wood spiders , garden spiders , black widow spiders and tarantulas can be found in the desert scrub and higher elevations . Upper
Lion
Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa , and their numbers are rapidly decreasing , with an estimated 30 -- 50 % decline per 20 years in the late half of the 20th century . Therefore , the species is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List . In 1975 , it was estimated that since the 1950s , lion numbers decreased by half to 200,000 and perhaps even less . Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002 -- 2004 . Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference . Habitat loss and conflicts with humans are considered the most significant threats to the species .
House sparrow
Most house sparrow vocalisations are variations on its short and incessant chirping call . Transcribed as chirrup , tschilp , or philip , this note is made as a contact call by flocking or resting birds , or by males to proclaim nest ownership and invite pairing . In the breeding season , the male gives this call repetitively , with emphasis and speed , but not much rhythm , forming what is described either as a song or an `` ecstatic call '' similar to a song . Young birds also give a true song , especially in captivity , a warbling similar to that of the European greenfinch .
Popeye
Playground song parodies of the theme have become part of children 's street culture around the world , usually interpolating `` frying pan '' or `` garbage can '' into the lyrics as Popeye 's dwelling place and ascribing to the character various unsavory actions or habits that transform the character into an `` Anti-Popeye '' , and changing his exemplary spinach - based diet into an inedible morass of worms , onions , flies , tortillas and snot .
Carthage
Phoenician and Punic merchant ventures were often run as a family enterprise , putting to work its members and its subordinate clients . Such family - run businesses might perform a variety of tasks : ( a ) own and maintain the ships , providing the captain and crew ; ( b ) do the negotiations overseas , either by barter or buy and sell , of ( i ) their own manufactured commodities and trade goods , and ( ii ) native products ( metals , foodstuffs , etc . ) to carry and trade elsewhere ; and ( c ) send their agents to stay at distant outposts in order to make lasting local contacts , and later to establish a warehouse of shipped goods for exchange , and eventually perhaps a settlement . Over generations , such activity might result in the creation of a wide - ranging network of trading operations . Ancillary would be the growth of reciprocity between different family firms , foreign and domestic .
Favela
Explanations regarding the mechanisms of socio - geographic differentiation and spatial disparities within a favela ( especially rent and property market , unemployment ) Information regarding modern infrastructural equipment ( such as wireless LAN , health services ) and up - to - date shopping and services infrastructures ( e.g. fashion stores , banks , cafés ) Meetings with voluntary workers on social or cultural projects and / or visits to such projects Visit to or tours of schools , kindergartens or other institutions serving children and adolescents Impressions of private residences , communication with their inhabitants Visit to a restaurant or café
Local government in the United States
The following sections provide details of the operation of local government in a selection of states , by way of example of the variety that exists across the country .
Income inequality in the United States
This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal
Osage Nation
The Osage held high rank among the old hunting tribes of the Great Plains . From their traditional homes in the woodlands of present - day Missouri and Arkansas , the Osage would make semi-annual buffalo hunting forays into the Great Plains to the west . They also hunted deer , rabbit , and other wild game in the central and eastern parts of their domain . The women cultivated varieties of corn , squash , and other vegetables near their villages , which they processed for food . They also harvested and processed nuts and wild berries . In their years of transition , the Osage had cultural practices that had elements of the cultures of both Woodland Native Americans and the Great Plains peoples .
Gingerbread house
Gingerbread houses Gingerbread house with candy A gingerbread house with clock and candy decorations Gingerbread house with double doors Gingerbread house with steps and trees Gingerbread house with path Gingerbread house with lighting Gingerbread house with snowman Gingerbread boat Gingerbread house as a Christmas Eve decoration Gingerbread houses with Christmas tree Gingerbread village with model trains Gingerbread house and Elizabeth Tower in London , United Kingdom
Elk
Elk range in forest and forest - edge habitat , feeding on grasses , plants , leaves , and bark . Male elk have large antlers which are shed each year . Males also engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the rut , including posturing , antler wrestling ( sparring ) , and bugling , a loud series of vocalizations that establishes dominance over other males and attracts females .
Origin of the domestic dog
Convergent evolution is when distantly related species independently evolve similar solutions to the same problem . For example , fish , penguins and dolphins have each separately evolved flippers as a solution to the problem of moving through the water . What has been found between dogs and humans is something less frequently demonstrated : psychological convergence . Dogs have independently evolved to be cognitively more similar to humans than we are to our closest genetic relatives . Dogs have evolved specialized skills for reading human social and communicative behavior . These skills seem more flexible -- and possibly more human - like -- than those of other animals more closely related to humans phylogenetically , such as chimpanzees , bonobos and other great apes . This raises the possibility that convergent evolution has occurred : both Canis familiaris and Homo sapiens might have evolved some similar ( although obviously not identical ) social - communicative skills -- in both cases adapted for certain kinds of social and communicative interactions with human beings .
Native Son
Peggy : Peggy is the Daltons ' Irish - American housekeeper and , like Max , can empathize with Bigger 's status as an `` outsider '' . However , she is more typical of poor whites who are sure to invest in racism if only to keep someone / anyone below themselves . Peggy hides her dislike for blacks and treats Bigger nicely .
Bobcat
The bobcat prey base overlaps with that of other midsized predators of a similar ecological niche . Research in Maine has shown little evidence of competitive relationships between the bobcat and coyote or red fox ; separation distances and territory overlap appeared random among simultaneously monitored animals . However , other studies have found bobcat populations may decrease in areas with high coyote populations , with the more social inclination of the canid giving them a possible competitive advantage . With the Canada lynx , however , the interspecific relationship affects distribution patterns ; competitive exclusion by the bobcat is likely to have prevented any further southward expansion of the range of its felid relative .
Origin of the domestic dog
In 2003 , a study compared the behavior and ethics of chimpanzees , wolves and humans . Cooperation among humans ' closest genetic relative is limited to occasional hunting episodes or the persecution of a competitor for personal advantage , which had to be tempered if humans were to become domesticated . The closest approximation to human morality that can be found in nature is that of the gray wolf , Canis lupus . Wolves are among the most gregarious and cooperative of animals on the planet , and their ability to cooperate in well - coordinated drives to hunt prey , carry items too heavy for an individual , provisioning not only their own young but also the other pack members , babysitting etc. are rivaled only by that of human societies . Similar forms of cooperation are observed in two closely related canids , the African wild dog and the Asian dhole , therefore it is reasonable to assume that canid sociality and cooperation are old traits that in terms of evolution predate human sociality and cooperation . Today 's wolves may even be less social than their ancestors , as they have lost access to big herds of ungulates and now tend more toward a lifestyle similar to coyotes , jackals , and even foxes . Social sharing within families may be a trait that early humans learned from wolves , and with wolves digging dens long before humans constructed huts it is not clear who domesticated whom . Bison
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
District 11 specializes in agriculture . It is located somewhere in the South and is very large , possibly occupying nearly all of the Deep South . The people are housed in small shacks and there is a harsh force of Peacekeepers . Common traits are dark skin and brown eyes . According to Rue , many tracker jacker nests were left there , leading the workers to keep medicinal leaves on hand . In the orchards , small children were sent into the branches to pick the highest fruit . Sometimes during the height of the harvest they were given night - vision goggles to allow them to work after dark . The district also contained fields of vegetables . Electric fences are set up 24 hours a day , in contrast to District 12 . The inhabitants apparently have extensive knowledge of herbs . Overall , the condition of the district is worse than District 12 , because , as the food - producing district , security is enforced greatly and harsh measures , including summary execution , are implemented to keep people from stealing anything meant for the Capitol .
Primate
Primate species move by brachiation , bipedalism , leaping , arboreal and terrestrial quadrupedalism , climbing , knuckle - walking or by a combination of these methods . Several prosimians are primarily vertical clingers and leapers . These include many bushbabies , all indriids ( i.e. , sifakas , avahis and indris ) , sportive lemurs , and all tarsiers . Other prosimians are arboreal quadrupeds and climbers . Some are also terrestrial quadrupeds , while some are leapers . Most monkeys are both arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds and climbers . Gibbons , muriquis and spider monkeys all brachiate extensively , with gibbons sometimes doing so in remarkably acrobatic fashion . Woolly monkeys also brachiate at times . Orangutans use a similar form of locomotion called quadramanous climbing , in which they use their arms and legs to carry their heavy bodies through the trees . Chimpanzees and gorillas knuckle walk , and can move bipedally for short distances . Although numerous species , such as australopithecines and early hominids , have exhibited fully bipedal locomotion , humans are the only extant species with this trait .
Red deer
Red deer Mature male ( stag ) Two males roaring , UK Female ( hind ) Glen Garry , Highland , Scotland Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Subfamily : Cervinae Genus : Cervus Species : C. elaphus Binomial name Cervus elaphus Linnaeus , 1758 Subspecies C. e. elaphus C. e. bactrianus C. e. atlanticus C. e. barbarus C. e. brauneri C. e. corsicanus C. e. hispanicus C. e. maral C. e. pannoniensis C. e. scoticus C. e. songaricus C. e. yarkandensis Reconstructed ( light green ) and recent ( dark green ) range of the red deer ( Cervus elaphus )
Northern cardinal
Northern cardinal Male in Ohio , US Female in Florida , US Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Cardinalidae Genus : Cardinalis Species : C. cardinalis Binomial name Cardinalis cardinalis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies 19 sspp. , see text Range of C. cardinalis
The Gambia
Serekunda market Brightly - painted fishing boats are common in Bakau Gambia 's wildlife , like this green monkey , attracts tourists
Barn swallow
Barn swallow H. r . rustica Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Hirundinidae Genus : Hirundo Species : H. rustica Binomial name Hirundo rustica ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies 6 , see text Range of H. rustica Breeding range Resident year - round Non-breeding range Synonyms Hirundo erythrogaster
Socioeconomic status
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Lion
Both males and females may interact homosexually . Lions are shown to be involved in group homosexual and courtship activities . Male lions will also head rub and roll around with each other before simulating sex together .
Primate
Primates have advanced cognitive abilities : some make tools and use them to acquire food and for social displays ; some have sophisticated hunting strategies requiring cooperation , influence and rank ; they are status conscious , manipulative and capable of deception ; they can recognise kin and conspecifics ; and they can learn to use symbols and understand aspects of human language including some relational syntax and concepts of number and numerical sequence . Research in primate cognition explores problem solving , memory , social interaction , a theory of mind , and numerical , spatial , and abstract concepts . Comparative studies show a trend towards higher intelligence going from prosimians to New World monkeys to Old World monkeys , and significantly higher average cognitive abilities in the great apes . However , there is a great deal of variation in each group ( e.g. , among New World monkeys , both spider and capuchin monkeys have scored highly by some measures ) , as well as in the results of different studies .
Ear
The pinna helps direct sound through the ear canal to the eardrum . The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of some mammalian ears helps to sharply focus sounds produced by prey , using echolocation signals . These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a fresnel lens , and may be seen in a wide range of animals , including the bat , aye - aye , lesser galago , bat - eared fox , mouse lemur and others .
Bobcat
The sizes of bobcats ' home ranges vary significantly ; a World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) summary of research suggests ranges from 0.23 to 126 sq mi ( 0.60 to 326.34 km ) . One study in Kansas found resident males to have ranges of roughly 8 sq mi ( 21 km ) , and females less than half that area . Transient bobcats were found to have both larger ( roughly 22 sq mi ( 57 km ) ) and less well - defined home ranges . Kittens had the smallest range at about 3 sq mi ( 7.8 km ) . Dispersal from the natal range is most pronounced with males .
Brittany
A variety of seabirds can be seen close to the seaside , which is home to colonies of cormorants , gulls , razorbills , northern gannets , common murres and Atlantic puffins . Most of these birds breed on isolated islands and rocks and thus are hard to observe . The inland is home to common European species : pheasants , swallows , woodcocks , common swifts , partridges ... A
Florida Keys
The Florida Keys have distinctive plant and animals species , some found nowhere else in the United States , as the Keys define the northern extent of their ranges . The climate also allows many imported plants to thrive . Nearly any houseplant known to commerce , and most landscape plants of the South , can thrive in the Keys climate . Some exotic species which arrived as landscape plants now invade and threaten natural areas .