vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Missouri
The state is named for the Missouri River , which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians , a Siouan - language tribe . It is said that they were called the ouemessourita ( wimihsoorita ) , meaning `` those who have dugout canoes '' , by the Miami - Illinois language speakers . This appears to be Folk Etymology . The Illinois spoke an Algonquian language and the closest approximation that can be made in that of their close neighbors , the Ojibwe , is `` You Ought to Go Downriver & Visit Those People . '' This would be an odd occurrence , as the French who first explored & attempted to settle the Mississippi River usually got their translations during that time fairly accurate , often giving things French names that were exact translations of the native tongue ( s ) .
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club , which has been blamed for the Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889 .
Seine
At the 1900 Summer Olympics , the river hosted the rowing , swimming , and water polo events . Twenty - four years later , it hosted the rowing events again at Bassin d'Argenteuil , along the Seine north of Paris .
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
After more than thirty days journey , Vázquez de Coronado found a river larger than any he had seen before . This was the Arkansas , probably a few miles east of present - day Dodge City , Kansas . The Spaniards and their Indian allies followed the Arkansas northeast for three days and found Quivirans hunting buffalo . The Indians greeted the Spanish with wonderment and fear but calmed down when one of Vázquez de Coronado 's guides addressed them in their own language .
Sapper
Sapper Island , St. Joseph Channel , Algoma District , Ontario was named in honour of sappers , especially those who graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada . 46 ° 18 ′ 56 '' N 83 ° 57 ′ 29 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 46.31556 ° N 83.95806 ° W ﻿ / 46.31556 ; - 83.95806
America's Cup
To challenge again , Sopwith prepared himself a year early . In 1936 Nicholson designed and built the Endeavour II to the maximum waterline length allowed , and numerous updates to the rig made her even faster than her predecessor . A change in the America 's Cup rules now allowed a contending yacht to be declared 30 days before the races , so both the Endeavour and Endeavour II were shipped to Newport , where the RYS held selection series before declaring Endeavour II as the challenger . Meanwhile , Harold S. Vanderbilt , taking all syndicate defense costs to himself , commissioned Starling Burgess and the young designer Olin Stephens to provide designs . They anonymously produced three designs each , and thoroughly tank - tested boat models of the six designs , until model 77 - C was selected for its projected performance in light airs . The resulting defender Ranger was even more accomplished than her challenger , and Vanderbilt steered his last J - Class boat to a straight victory .
Mato Grosso
Bird watching : with the more than 570 species of catalogued birds and new species being discovered every year , the region of Alta Floresta , Cristalino and Azul River Basin receives constant visits from famous ornithologists and bird watchers .
Vermont
There is ferry service to New York State from Burlington , Charlotte , Grand Isle , and Shoreham . All but the Shoreham ferry are operated by the LCTC ( Lake Champlain Transportation Company ) .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Traditional Newfoundland heritage enjoyed a renaissance in the arts and crafts . Celebrations of outport life have been combined with a long - standing sense of victimization , offering a parade of historical scapegoats from the fishing admirals to powerful merchants used to explain relative backwardness and failure . Atlantic Canadians increasingly share an angle of vision derived in large part from the unpleasant fact that , compared to the mainland , the Atlantic region is both economically poor and politically weak , and growing more so . Nevertheless , Atlantic Canadians have so far rejected political union .
Lake of the Ozarks
During the process of land acquisition for the lake during the 1920s , 17,500 acres ( 71 km ) of land were set aside for a national park along the Grand Glaize Arm of the lake . In 1946 , this land was acquired by the State of Missouri for Lake of the Ozarks State Park , the largest State Park in Missouri . Lake of the Ozarks State Park is home to Party Cove , a rowdy gathering spot that a New York Times writer called the `` oldest established permanent floating bacchanal in the country . '' The Missouri State Water Patrol has estimated that the cove attracts up to 3,000 boats during the Fourth of July weekend .
Evolution of fish
The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air - breathing would have been an advantage : leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation ; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them ; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish ; air - breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen , since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
( a ) A vessel engaged in fishing , whether underway or at anchor , shall exhibit only the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule . ( b ) A vessel when engaged in trawling , by which is meant the dragging through the water of a dredge net or other apparatus used as a fishing appliance , shall exhibit : two all - round lights in a vertical line , the upper being green and the lower white , or a shape consisting of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other ; a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all - round green light ; a vessel of less than 50 metres ( 164 ft ) in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so ; when making way through the water , in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph , sidelights and a sternlight . ( c ) A vessel engaged in fishing , other than trawling , shall exhibit : two all - round lights in a vertical line , the upper being red and the lower white , or a shape consisting of two cones with apexes together in a vertical line one above the other ; when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel , an all - round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear ; when making way through the water , in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph , sidelights and a sternlight . ( d ) The additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations apply to a vessel engaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing . ( e ) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this Rule , but only those prescribed for a vessel of her length . 27 . Lights for vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to manoeuvre
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
While at Hawikuh , Vázquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado River , led by Don Garcia López de Cárdenas . The expedition returned to Hopi territory to acquire scouts and supplies . Members of Cárdenas 's party eventually reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon , where they could see the Colorado River thousands of feet below , becoming the first Europeans to do so . After trying and failing to climb down into the canyon to reach the river , the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado River to link up with Hernando de Alarcón 's fleet . After this , the main body of the expedition began its journey to the next populated center of pueblos , along another large river to the east , the Rio Grande in New Mexico . The
Bullhead City, Arizona
Located in Bullhead City , just north of the Laughlin Bridge , the Colorado River Museum includes replicas of area landmarks , Native American artifacts and displays of historical items , from early settlers to the first slot machines . The museum is operated by the non-profit Colorado River Historical Society . It is open from September thorough May .
Alice Springs
A unique sporting event , held annually , is the Henley - on - Todd Regatta , also known as the Todd River Race . It is a sand river race with bottomless boats and it remains the only dry river regatta in the world . Another unusual sporting event is the Camel Cup . The annual Camel Cup is held in July at Blatherskite Park , part of the Central Australian Show Society grounds . It is a full day event featuring a series of races using camels instead of horses .
River Thames
In good conditions , barges travelled daily from Oxford to London carrying timber , wool , foodstuffs and livestock . The stone from the Cotswolds used to rebuild St Paul 's Cathedral after the Great Fire in 1666 was brought all the way down from Radcot . The Thames provided the major route between the City of London and Westminster in the 16th and 17th centuries ; the clannish guild of watermen ferried Londoners from landing to landing and tolerated no outside interference . In 1715 , Thomas Doggett was so grateful to a local waterman for his efforts in ferrying him home , pulling against the tide , that he set up a rowing race for professional watermen known as `` Doggett 's Coat and Badge '' . Michael
Evolution of fish
However many , particularly the arthrodires , were active midwater predators . Dunkleosteus , which appeared later in the Devonian below , was the largest and most famous of these . The upper jaw was firmly fused to the skull , but there was a hinge joint between the skull and the bony plating of the trunk region . This allowed the upper part of the head to be thrown back and , in arthrodires , allowed them to take larger bites . Guiyu oneiros Guiyu oneiros , the earliest known bony fish . It has the combination of both ray - finned and lobe - finned features , although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe - finned fish . Andreolepis The extinct genus Andreolepis includes the earliest known ray finned fish Andreolepis hedei , which appeared in the late Silurian , around 420 Ma .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
In 2003 , the federal government declared a moratorium on the last remaining cod fishery in Atlantic Canada , in the Gulf of St. Lawrence . While Newfoundland was again the most directly affected province by this decision , communities on Quebec 's North Shore and in other parts of Atlantic Canada also faced difficulties . Premier Grimes , facing a pending election that fall , used the Gulf cod decision and perceived federal bias against the province as a catalyst to try to rally citizens around his administration . Grimes called for a review of the Act of Union by which the province had become a part of Canada . On 2 July 2003 , the findings of the Royal Commission on Renewing and Strengthening Our Place in Canada , which Grimes had created in 2002 , were released . It noted the following stressors in the relationship between the province and Canada :
Great Barrier Reef
The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef , controlled by the Queensland Government , is worth A $ 1 billion annually . It employs approximately 2000 people , and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially , for recreation , and as a traditional means for feeding one 's family .
Alaska
The state 's most populous city is Anchorage , home to 278,700 people in 2006 , 225,744 of whom live in the urbanized area . The richest location in Alaska by per capita income is Halibut Cove ( $89,895 ) . Yakutat City , Sitka , Juneau , and Anchorage are the four largest cities in the U.S. by area .
Alaska
Alaska has vast energy resources , although its oil reserves have been largely depleted . Major oil and gas reserves were found in the Alaska North Slope ( ANS ) and Cook Inlet basins , but according to the Energy Information Administration , by February 2014 Alaska had fallen to fourth place in the nation in crude oil production after Texas , North Dakota , and California . Prudhoe Bay on Alaska 's North Slope is still the second highest - yielding oil field in the United States , typically producing about 400,000 barrels per day ( 64,000 m / d ) , although by early 2014 North Dakota 's Bakken Formation was producing over 900,000 barrels per day ( 140,000 m / d ) . Prudhoe Bay was the largest conventional oil field ever discovered in North America , but was much smaller than Canada 's enormous Athabasca oil sands field , which by 2014 was producing about 1,500,000 barrels per day ( 240,000 m / d ) of unconventional oil , and had hundreds of years of producible reserves at that rate .
Fur trade
In 1668 the English fur trade entered a new phase . Two French citizens , Pierre - Esprit Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers , had traded with great success west of Lake Superior in 1659 -- 60 , but upon their return to Canada , most of their furs were seized by the authorities . Their trading voyage had convinced them that the best fur country was far to the north and west , and could best be reached by ships sailing into Hudson Bay . Their treatment in Canada suggested that they would not find support from France for their scheme . The pair went to New England , where they found local financial support for at least two attempts to reach Hudson Bay , both unsuccessful . Their ideas had reached the ears of English authorities , however , and in 1665 Radisson and Groseilliers were persuaded to go to London . After some setbacks , a number of English investors were found to back another attempt for Hudson Bay .
Evolution of fish
The second hypothesis is the `` inter-tidal hypothesis '' put forward in 2010 by a team of Polish paleontologists led by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki . They argued that sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from intertidal zones rather than inland bodies of water . Their hypothesis is based on the discovery of the 395 million - year - old Zachełmie tracks in Zachełmie , Poland , the oldest ever discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods .
Cnidaria
Coral reefs form some of the world 's most productive ecosystems . Common coral reef cnidarians include both Anthozoans ( hard corals , octocorals , anemones ) and Hydrozoans ( fire corals , lace corals ) . The endosymbiotic algae of many cnidarian species are very effective primary producers , in other words converters of inorganic chemicals into organic ones that other organisms can use , and their coral hosts use these organic chemicals very efficiently . In addition , reefs provide complex and varied habitats that support a wide range of other organisms . Fringing reefs just below low - tide level also have a mutually beneficial relationship with mangrove forests at high - tide level and sea grass meadows in between : the reefs protect the mangroves and seagrass from strong currents and waves that would damage them or erode the sediments in which they are rooted , while the mangroves and seagrass protect the coral from large influxes of silt , fresh water and pollutants . This additional level of variety in the environment is beneficial to many types of coral reef animals , which for example may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding .
Convicts in Australia
Here all regret arising from the former disappointments was at once obliterated ; and Governor Phillip had the satisfaction to find one of the finest harbours in the world , in which a thousand sail of the line might ride in perfect security . The different coves of this harbour were examined with all possible expedition , and the preference was given to one which had the finest spring of water , and in which ships can anchor so close to the shore , that at a very small expence quays may be constructed at which the largest vessels may unload . This cove is about half a mile in length , and a quarter of a mile across at the entrance . In honour of Lord Sydney , the Governor distinguished it by the name of Sydney Cove .
Ship
Fishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels , but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification . They can be categorized by several criteria : architecture , the type of fish they catch , the fishing method used , geographical origin , and technical features such as rigging . As of 2004 , the world 's fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels . Of these , 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas and the rest were open vessels . Most decked vessels were mechanized , but two - thirds of the open vessels were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars . More than 60 % of all existing large fishing vessels were built in Japan , Peru , the Russian Federation , Spain or the United States of America .
River Thames
Various species of birds feed off the river or nest on it , some being found both at sea and inland . These include cormorant , black - headed gull and herring gull . The mute swan is a familiar sight on the river but the escaped black swan is more rare . The annual ceremony of Swan Upping is an old tradition of counting stocks .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Fishing vessels with Basque , English , Portuguese , French and Spanish crews started to make seasonal expeditions .
Rhode Island
Cartoonist Don Bousquet , a state icon , has made a career out of Rhode Island culture , drawing Rhode Island - themed gags in The Providence Journal and Yankee magazine . These cartoons have been reprinted in the Quahog series of paperbacks ( I Brake for Quahogs , Beware of the Quahog , and The Quahog Walks Among Us . ) Bousquet has also collaborated with humorist and Providence Journal columnist Mark Patinkin on two books : The Rhode Island Dictionary and The Rhode Island Handbook .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Before 1700 the `` admiral '' system provided the government . The first captain arriving in a particular bay was in charge of allocating suitable shoreline sites for curing fish . The system faded away after 1700 . Fishing - boat captains competed to arrive first from Europe in an attempt to become the admiral ; soon merchants left crewmen behind at the prime shoreline locations to lay claim to the sites . This led to `` bye - boat '' fishing : local , small - boat crews fished certain areas in the summer , claimed a strip of land as their own , and sold their catches to the migratory fishers . Bye - boat fishing thus became dominant , giving the island a semi-permanent population , and proved more profitable than migratory fishing .
Evolution of fish
Fossil fish collection Natural History Museum , Britain . Collection and expertise Museum für Naturkunde , Germany . Fossil fishes The Field Museum , United States .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Tombstone resident George Parson wrote in his diary , `` A Cowboy is a rustler at times , and a rustler is a synonym for desperado -- bandit , outlaw , and horse thief . '' The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial , `` Cowboys ( are ) the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country ... infinitely worse than the ordinary robber . '' At that time during the 1880s in Cochise County , it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a `` Cowboy '' . The Cowboys teamed up for various crimes and came to each other 's aid . Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston , Arizona , and taken `` an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Johnny Ringo , the leader , that they would kill us . ''
Long Island Sound
Animals that need moist woodlands are found in the coastal area ( and elsewhere ) , including the diamondback terrapin in salt marshes and brackish waters ( and deposits and hatches its eggs on nearby sandy beaches ) . Terrapin meat became such a popular delicacy in the early 1900s that the price for a dozen adult females reached as high as US $120 . Overhunting made the species uncommon and even rare through most of the Sound and completely eliminated at some places . After its popularity as food declined , the terrapin population started recovering .
South Africa
South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded on the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland ; and surrounds the kingdom of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 25th - largest country in the world by land area and , with close to 56 million people , is the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of African ( black ) , European ( white ) , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( coloured ) ancestry .
Salt Lake City
Other attractions in or near Salt Lake City include the Hogle Zoo , Timpanogos Cave National Monument , the Golden Spike National Historic Site ( where the world 's first transcontinental railroad was joined ) , the Lagoon ( amusement park ) , the Great Salt Lake , the Bonneville Salt Flats , Gardner Historic Village , one of the largest dinosaur museums in the U.S. at Thanksgiving Point in Lehi , and the world 's largest man - made excavation at Bingham Canyon Mine .
Ship
Lake freighters , also called lakers , are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes . The most well - known is SS Edmund Fitzgerald , the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes . These vessels are traditionally called boats , not ships . Visiting ocean - going vessels are called `` salties . '' Because of their additional beam , very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Because the smallest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock , salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes . Because of their deeper draft , salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes , `` topping off '' when they have exited the Seaway . Similarly , the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes ( Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie ) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks , beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River .
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman 's March to the Sea Savannah Campaign Griswoldville Buck Head Creek Honey Hill Waynesboro Tulifinny Fort McAllister Altamaha Bridge
Black Hills
Southwestern South Dakota Sculptures Mount Rushmore ( National Memorial ) Crazy Horse Geologic and natural history Badlands ( National Park ) Mammoth Site Needles Spearfish Canyon Mountains Black Hills Bear Butte ( National Historic Landmark ) Black Elk Peak Caves Wind Cave ( National Park ) Jewel Cave ( National Monument ) Forests and wildernesses Custer ( State Park ) Black Hills ( National Forest ) Black Elk ( Wilderness ) Buffalo Gap ( National Grassland ) Lakes Sylvan Pactola Scenic byways Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway Spearfish Canyon