vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Standardized test
Sample scoring for the history question : What caused World War II ? Student answers Standardized grading Non-standardized grading Grading rubric : Answers must be marked correct if they mention at least one of the following : Germany 's invasion of Poland , Japan 's invasion of China , or economic issues . No grading standards . Each teacher grades however he or she wants to , considering whatever factors the teacher chooses , such as the answer , the amount of effort , the student 's academic background , language ability , or attitude . Student # 1 : WWII was caused by Hitler and Germany invading Poland . Teacher # 1 : This answer mentions one of the required items , so it is correct . Teacher # 2 : This answer is correct . Teacher # 1 : I feel like this answer is good enough , so I 'll mark it correct . Teacher # 2 : This answer is correct , but this good student should be able to do better than that , so I 'll only give partial credit . Student # 2 : WWII was caused by multiple factors , including the Great Depression and the general economic situation , the rise of national socialism , fascism , and imperialist expansionism , and unresolved resentments related to WWI . The war in Europe began with the German invasion of Poland . Teacher # 1 : This answer mentions one of the required items , so it is correct . Teacher # 2 : This answer is correct . Teacher # 1 : I feel like this answer is correct and complete , so I 'll give full credit . Teacher # 2 : This answer is correct , so I 'll give full points . Student # 3 : WWII was caused by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand . Teacher # 1 : This answer does not mention any of the required items . No points . Teacher # 2 : This answer is wrong . No credit . Teacher # 1 : This answer is wrong . No points . Teacher # 2 : This answer is wrong , but this student tried hard and the sentence is grammatically correct , so I 'll give one point for effort .
Axis powers
The possibility of Spanish intervention in World War II was of concern to the United States , which investigated the activities of Spain 's ruling Falange party in Latin America , especially Puerto Rico , where pro-Falange and pro-Franco sentiment was high , even amongst the ruling upper classes . The Falangists promoted the idea of supporting Spain 's former colonies in fighting against American domination . Prior to the outbreak of war , support for Franco and the Falange was high in the Philippines . The Falange Exterior , the international department of the Falange , collaborated with Japanese forces against U.S. and Filipino forces in the Philippines through the Philippine Falange .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) See
United States home front during World War II
The home front of the United States in World War II supported the war effort in many ways , including a wide range of volunteer efforts and submitting to government - managed rationing and price controls . There was a general feeling of agreement that the sacrifices were for the national good `` for the duration ( of the war ) . ''
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
In October 2013 , it was reported that TEPCO and eight other Japanese power companies were paying approximately 3.6 trillion yen ( 37 billion dollars ) more in combined imported fossil fuel costs compared to 2010 , before the accident , to make up for the missing power .
Allies of World War II
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an `` associated state '' of the United States . From late 1941 to 1944 , the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces , who established the Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country .
Latin America
In efforts to help regain global economic strength , the U.S. began to heavily assist countries involved in World War II at the expense of Latin America . Markets that were previously unopposed as a result of the war in Latin America grew stagnant as the rest of the world no longer needed their goods . Reforms
Causes of World War II
Militarism is the principle or policy of maintaining a strong military capability to use it aggressively to expand national interests and / or values , with the view that military efficiency is the supreme ideal of a state . A highly militaristic and aggressive national ideology prevailed in Germany , Japan and Italy . This attitude fueled advancements in military technology , subversive propaganda , and ultimately territorial expansion as well . The leaders of countries that have been militarized often feel a need to prove that their armies are important and formidable , and this was often a contributing factor in the start of conflicts in the interwar period such as the Second Italo - Abyssinian War and the Second Sino - Japanese War .
Truman Doctrine
At the conclusion of World War II , Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits , which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean . As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union 's requests , tensions arose in the region , leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets . Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947 , the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage . Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt . The postwar period from 1946 started with a `` multi-party period '' and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes .
Mr. Big (Sex and the City)
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Recursion (computer science)
Recurrence relation for greatest common divisor , where x % y ( \ displaystyle x \ % y ) expresses the remainder of x / y ( \ displaystyle x / y ) :
Sith
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Recursion (computer science)
The definition above translates straightforwardly to functional programming languages such as Scheme ; this is an example of iteration implemented recursively . Greatest
Big Apple
Fitz Gerald referred to the `` big apple '' frequently thereafter . He explained his use in a column dated February 18 , 1924 , under the headline `` Around the Big Apple '' :
Angel Batista
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Large denominations of United States currency
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Great Scott
The phrase also appears in a 3 May 1864 diary entry by Private Robert Knox Sneden ( later published as Eye of the Storm : a Civil War Odyssey ) :
Great Scott
It is frequently assumed that Great Scott ! is a minced oath of some sort , Scott replacing God . The 2010 edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English labels the expression as `` dated '' and simply identifies it as an `` arbitrary euphemism for Great God ! '' .
Lexicographical order
a 1 + ⋯ + a n = b 1 + ⋯ + b n and a i > b i for the largest i for which a i ≠ b i . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + a_ ( n ) = b_ ( 1 ) + \ cdots + b_ ( n ) \ quad ( \ text ( and ) ) \ quad a_ ( i ) > b_ ( i ) ( \ text ( for the largest ) ) i ( \ text ( for which ) ) a_ ( i ) \ neq b_ ( i ) . )
Big Apple
Tucker had also earlier used `` big apple '' as a reference to Los Angeles . It is possible that he simply understood `` big apple '' as a nickname for any large city :
Great Scott
In keeping with the Victorian - era origin of the phrase , it is sometimes anecdotally associated with Albert , Prince Consort .
Major and minor
9 / 8 5 / 4 4 / 3 3 / 2 5 / 3 15 / 8
Worcester v. Georgia
The Court did not ask federal marshals to carry out the decision , as had become standard . Worcester thus imposed no obligations on Jackson ; there was nothing for him to enforce . This may be seen as a prudential decision , for avoiding the possibility of political conflict between the Court and the Executive , while still delivering what appeared to be a pro-Indian decision .
Grand juries in the United States
The prosecutor is not obliged to present evidence in favor of those being investigated .
National Convention
From the opening of the Convention the Girondins showed no inclination to bring the king to trial . They were more interested in discrediting Paris and its deputies . Their decision to hound the Jacobins was not merely a choice of priorities ; they genuinely wanted to spare the king . But in reality the Convention had to declare him guilty if it wanted to avoid damning 10 August 1792 , its own existence , and the proclamation of the Republic . `` If the king is not guilty , then those who have dethroned him are '' , as Robespierre remarked on 2 December . Once the Convention recognized Louis 's guilt it could hardly refuse to pronounce the death penalty against a person who had summoned the aid of foreign powers and whom the sans - culottes considered responsible for the ambush at the Tuileries .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
The circumstantial evidence against Ciganović includes his sinecure government job , his protection by the Chief of Police and Serbia 's failure to arrest him ( Austria - Hungary demanded Serbia arrest Major Vojislav Tankosić and Ciganović , but Serbia arrested only Tankosić and lied saying that Ciganović could not be found ) , Serbia 's protection of Ciganović during the war , and the government 's provision for Ciganović after it . In 1917 , all of the Sarajevo conspirators within Serbia 's control were tried at Salonika on false charges , except Ciganović , who even gave evidence against his comrades at the trial .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Behan testified that when he searched Tom McLaury for a weapon prior to the gunfight , he was not thorough , and that Tom might have had a pistol hidden in his waistband . Behan 's testimony was significant , since he was a prime witness for the prosecution but had equivocated on this point . Behan 's sympathy to the Cowboys was well known , and during the trial he firmly denied he had contributed money to help Ike with his defense costs . However , documents were located in 1997 that showed Behan served as guarantor for a loan to Ike Clanton during the Spicer hearing . Since Wyatt planned to run against Behan for County Sheriff , Behan had an incentive to help convict Wyatt .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Witnesses differed about whether Tom McLaury was carrying a weapon during the shootout or not . No revolver or rifle was found near his body and he was not wearing a cartridge belt . Wyatt testified that he had arrested Tom earlier that day when he found him carrying a weapon earlier in violation of a city ordinance . He pistol - whipped him and took him to the courthouse where he was fined . Saloon - keeper Mehan testified that Tom had deposited his revolver at the Capital Saloon on 4th Street and Fremont after his arrest and before the fight , between 1 and 2 p.m. Several Cowboy witnesses testified that Tom was unarmed and claimed that the Earps had murdered a defenseless man .
McCulloch v. Maryland
James William McCulloch , head of the Baltimore Branch of the Second Bank of the United States , refused to pay the tax and the bank was represented by Daniel Webster . The lawsuit was filed by John James , an informer who sought to collect one half of the fine as provided for by the statute . The case was appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals where the state of Maryland argued that `` the Constitution is silent on the subject of banks . '' It was Maryland 's contention that because the Constitution did not specifically state that the federal government was authorized to charter a bank , the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional . The court upheld Maryland . The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court .
Townshend Acts
Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts , Hillsborough instructed Governor Bernard to try to find evidence of treason in Boston . Parliament had determined that the Treason Act 1543 was still in force , which would allow Bostonians to be transported to England to stand trial for treason . Bernard could find no one who was willing to provide reliable evidence , however , and so there were no treason trials . The possibility that American colonists might be arrested and sent to England for trial produced alarm and outrage in the colonies .
Joseph McCarthy
During the hearings , McCarthy moved on from his original unnamed Lee list cases and used the hearings to make charges against nine specific people : Dorothy Kenyon , Esther Brunauer , Haldore Hanson , Gustavo Durán , Owen Lattimore , Harlow Shapley , Frederick Schuman , John S. Service , and Philip Jessup . Some of them no longer worked for the State Department , or never had ; all had previously been the subject of charges of varying worth and validity . Owen Lattimore became a particular focus of McCarthy 's , who at one point described him as a `` top Russian spy '' . Throughout the hearings , McCarthy employed colorful rhetoric , but produced no substantial evidence , to support his accusations .
McCulloch v. Maryland
Chief Justice Marshall also determined that Maryland may not tax the bank without violating the Constitution . The Court voided the tax on the grounds that it was unconstitutional . The opinion stated that Congress has implied powers that need to be related to the text of the Constitution , but need not be enumerated within the text . This case was a seminal moment in the formation of a balance between federalism , federal power , and states ' powers . Chief Justice Marshall also explained in this case that the Necessary and Proper Clause does not require that all federal laws be necessary and proper and that federal laws that are enacted directly pursuant to one of the express , enumerated powers granted by the Constitution need not comply with the Necessary and Proper Clause , holding that the clause `` purport ( s ) to enlarge , not to diminish the powers vested in the government . It purports to be an additional power , not a restriction on those already granted . ''
Trent Affair
illegal and unjustifiable by international law . The `` San Jacinto '' assumed to act as a belligerent , but the `` Trent '' was not captured or carried into a port of the United States for adjudication as a prize , and , under the circumstances , can not be considered as having acted in breach of international law . It follows , that from on board a merchant - ship of a neutral Power , pursuing a lawful and innocent voyage , certain individuals have been taken by force ... Her Majesty 's Government will , therefore , in our opinion , be justified in requiring reparation for the international wrong which has been on this occasion committed
Grand jury
If an indictment was found in the absence of the accused , and he / she was not in custody and had not been bound over to appear at assizes or sessions , then process was issued to bring that person into court , as it is contrary to the English law to `` try '' an indictment in the absence of the accused .
Precedent
Early English common law did not have or require the stare decisis doctrine for a range of legal and technological reasons :
History of Texas
Under Jim Hogg , the state turned its attention toward corporations violating the state monopoly laws . In 1894 , Texas filed a lawsuit against John D. Rockefeller 's Standard Oil Company and its Texas subsidiary , the Waters - Pierce Oil Company of Missouri . Hogg and his attorney - general argued that the companies were engaged in rebates , price fixing , consolidation , and other tactics prohibited by the state 's 1889 antitrust act . The investigation resulted in a number of indictments , including one for Rockefeller . Hogg requested that Rockefeller be extradited from New York , but the New York governor refused , as Rockefeller had not fled from Texas . Rockefeller was never tried , but other employees of the company were found guilty .
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
The Marshall Court also made several decisions restraining the actions of state governments . The notion that the Supreme Court could consider appeals from state courts was established in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . In several decisions , the Marshall Court confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws . For example , in McCulloch , the Court held that a state could not tax an agency of the federal government . At the same time , however , the Marshall Court held in the landmark case Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) that the Bill of Rights restricted the federal government alone , and did not apply to the states . Nonetheless , the Supreme Court would in later years hold that the Fourteenth Amendment had the effect of applying most provisions of the Bill of Rights to the states .
Joseph McCarthy
Still , McCarthy continued to rail against Communism . He warned against attendance at summit conferences with `` the Reds '' , saying that `` you can not offer friendship to tyrants and murderers ... without advancing the cause of tyranny and murder . '' He declared that `` coexistence with Communists is neither possible nor honorable nor desirable . Our long - term objective must be the eradication of Communism from the face of the earth . '' In one of his final acts in the Senate , McCarthy opposed President Eisenhower 's nomination to the Supreme Court of William J. Brennan , after reading a speech Brennan had given shortly beforehand in which he characterized McCarthy 's anti-Communist investigations as `` witch hunts '' . McCarthy 's opposition failed to gain any traction , however , and he was the only Senator to vote against Brennan 's confirmation .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
After hearing all the evidence , Justice Spicer ruled on November 30 that Virgil , as the lawman in charge that day , had acted within his office and that there was not enough evidence to indict the men . He described Frank McLaury 's insistence that he would not give up his weapons unless the marshal and his deputies also gave up their arms as a `` proposition both monstrous and startling ! '' He noted that the prosecution claimed that the Cowboys ' purpose was to leave town , yet Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne did not have their weapons with them . Spicer noted that the doctor who examined the dead Cowboys established that the wounds they received could not have occurred if their hands and arms had been in the positions that prosecution witnesses described . Spicer did not condone all of the Earps ' actions and criticized Virgil Earp 's use of Wyatt and Holliday as deputies , but he concluded that no laws were broken . He said the evidence indicated that the Earps and Holliday acted within the law and that Holliday and Wyatt had been properly deputized by Virgil Earp .
Trent Affair
in his restraint , his avoidance of any outward expression of truculence , his early softening of State Department 's attitude toward Britain , his deference toward Seward and Sumner , his withholding of his own paper prepared for the occasion , his readiness to arbitrate , his golden silence in addressing Congress , his shrewdness in recognizing that war must be averted , and his clear perception that a point could be clinched for America 's true position at the same time that full satisfaction was given to a friendly country .
Trent Affair
The Royal Navy retained the appearance of maritime supremacy principally because it existed in a naval vacuum , with no serious rivals except for halfhearted and sporadic challenges by the French . At that , the British Navy would have had a difficult time making itself felt on the North American coast . The coming of steam power had destroyed the ability of its best warships to cruise indefinitely in American waters as the blockading squadrons had done in 1812 . Even with a major base at Halifax , or possible aid from Confederate ports , the British Navy would have found it a precarious venture to try to keep station on the U.S. Coast . No steam navy operated with success against any reasonably formidable enemy at the distances from its home ports that a trans - Atlantic war would have imposed on the British fleet until the U.S. Navy fought the Japanese in World War II .
Trent Affair
Seward had prepared a draft of his intended response to the British prior to the cabinet meeting and he was the only one present who had a detailed , organized position to present . His main point in the debate was that releasing the prisoners was consistent with the traditional American position on the right of neutrals , and the public would accept it as such . Both Chase and Attorney General Edward Bates were strongly influenced by the various messages from Europe , and Postmaster Montgomery Blair had been in favor of releasing the captives even before the meeting . Lincoln clung to arbitration but received no support , the primary objection being the time that would be involved and an impatient Britain . No decision was made at the meeting and a new meeting was scheduled for the next day . Lincoln indicated he wished to prepare his own paper for this meeting . The next day Seward 's proposal to release the prisoners was accepted without dissent . Lincoln did not submit a counter argument , indicating afterwards to Seward that he had found he was unable to draft a convincing rebuttal to Seward 's position .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan testified on the third day of the hearing . During two days on the stand , he gave strong testimony that the Cowboys had not resisted but either threw up their hands and turned out their coats to show they were not armed . Behan 's views turned public opinion against the Earps , who were free on bail . He and other prosecution witnesses testified that Tom McLaury was unarmed , that Billy Clanton had his hands in the air , and that neither of the McLaurys were troublemakers . They portrayed Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury as being unjustly bullied and beaten by the vengeful Earps on the day of the gunfight . On the strength of the prosecution case , Spicer revoked the bail for Doc and Wyatt Earp and had them jailed on November 7 . They spent the next 16 days in jail .
Joseph McCarthy
Unlike many Democrats , John F. Kennedy , who served in the Senate with McCarthy from 1953 until the latter 's death in 1957 , never attacked McCarthy . McCarthy had refused to campaign for Kennedy 's 1952 opponent , Republican incumbent Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , due to his friendship with the Kennedys . When a speaker at a February 1952 final club dinner stated that he was glad McCarthy had not attended Harvard College , an angry Kennedy jumped up , denounced the speaker , and left the event . Asked by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. why he avoided criticism of McCarthy , Kennedy said , `` Hell , half my voters in Massachusetts look on McCarthy as a hero . ''