vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the Knights Templar
The Knights ' involvement in banking grew over time into a new basis for money , as Templars became increasingly involved in banking activities . One indication of their powerful political connections is that the Templars ' involvement in usury did not lead to more controversy within the Order and the church at large . Officially the idea of lending money in return for interest was forbidden by the church , but the Order sidestepped this with clever loopholes , such as a stipulation that the Templars retained the rights to the production of mortgaged property . Or as one Templar researcher put it , `` Since they were n't allowed to charge interest , they charged rent instead . ''
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Defense accounts contradicted the testimony of Behan , Claiborne and Allen , who all said that a man had fired a nickel - plated pistol first . Claiborne and Allen both said it was Holliday . Virgil , Wyatt and other witnesses testified that Holliday was carrying a shotgun . ( Morgan remained bedridden throughout the trial and did not testify . ) The prosecution 's scenario would have required Holliday to fire with his pistol first , switch to the shotgun to shoot Tom McLaury , then switch back again to his pistol to continue firing .
Grand jury
In that era most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties , either a law enforcement officer , a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family , or even by laymen . A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury ; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial , that the act was a crime under law , and that the court had jurisdiction , it would return the indictment to the complainant . The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise the authority of an attorney general , that is , one having a general power of attorney to represent the state in the case .
Appeasement
In 1961 this view of appeasement as avoidable error and cowardice was set on its head by A.J.P. Taylor in his book The Origins of the Second World War . Taylor argued that Hitler did not have a blueprint for war and was behaving much as any other German leader might have done . Appeasement was an active policy , and not a passive one ; allowing Hitler to consolidate was a policy implemented by `` men confronted with real problems , doing their best in the circumstances of their time '' . Taylor said that appeasement ought to be seen as a rational response to an unpredictable leader , appropriate to the time both diplomatically and politically .
Ash Wednesday
The article on Ash Wednesday in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says that , after the Protestant Reformation , the ashes ceremony was not forbidden in the Church of England , a statement that may explain the research by Blair Meeks that the Anglican tradition `` never lapsed in this observance '' . It was even prescribed under King Henry VIII in 1538 and under King Edward VI in 1550 , but it fell out of use in many areas after 1600 . In 1536 , the Ten Articles issued by authority of Henry VIII commended `` the observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable , such as clerical vestments , sprinkling of holy water , bearing of candles on Candlemas - day , giving of ashes on Ash - Wednesday '' . After Henry 's death in January 1547 , Thomas Cranmer , within the same year , `` procured an order from the Council to forbid the carrying of candles on Candlemas - day , and the use of ashes on Ash - Wednesday , and of palms on Palm - Sunday , as superstitious ceremonies '' , an order that was issued only for the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury , of which Cranmer was archbishop . The Church Cyclopædia states that the `` English office had adapted the very old Salisbury service for Ash - Wednesday , prefacing it with an address and a recital of the curses of Mount Ebal , and then with an exhortation uses the older service very nearly as it stood . '' The new Commination Office had no blessing of ashes and therefore , in England as a whole , `` soon after the Reformation , the use of ashes was discontinued as a ' vain show ' and Ash Wednesday then became only a day of marked solemnity , with a memorial of its original character in a reading of the curses denounced against impenitent sinners '' . The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America , in the 19th century , observed Ash Wednesday : `` as a day of fasting and humiliation , wherein we are publicly to confess our sins , meekly to implore God 's mercy and forgiveness , and humbly to intercede for the continuance of his favour '' . In the 20th century , the Book of Common Prayer provided prayers for the imposition of ashes . An
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
A 2003 episode of Discovery Channel 's Unsolved History used modern technology to attempt to re-enact the gunfight . They utilized a movie set to recreate a space similar to the lot where the original gun fight took place . They confirmed that the front - to - back wrist wound suffered by Billy Clanton could only have occurred if his arm was raised in the manner of one holding a pistol , and that the black powder may have obscured the shooters ' view of each other . The episode concluded that the three eyewitnesses for the prosecution ( Sheriff Behan , Ike Clanton , and Billy Claiborne ) likely offered perjured testimony . They found that Tom McLaury may have been hit by the shotgun round under his armpit as he reached over his horse for a rifle in his scabbard , as the horse turned away from him at the same time .
Spanish Inquisition
The denunciations were anonymous , and the defendants had no way of knowing the identities of their accusers . This was one of the points most criticized by those who opposed the Inquisition ( for example , the Cortes of Castile , in 1518 ) . In practice , false denunciations were frequent . Denunciations were made for a variety of reasons , from genuine concern , to rivalries and personal jealousies .
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
Marshall ran a congenial court ; there was seldom any bickering . The Court met in Washington only two months a year , from the first Monday in February through the second or third week in March . Six months of the year the justices were doing circuit duty in the various states . Marshall was therefore based in Richmond , his hometown , for most of the year . When the Court was in session in Washington , the justices boarded together in the same rooming house , avoided outside socializing , and discussed each case intently among themselves . Decisions were quickly made usually in a matter of days . Marshall wrote nearly half the decisions during his 33 years in office . Lawyers appearing before the court , including the most brilliant in the United States , typically gave oral arguments and did not present written briefs . The justices did not have clerks , so they listened closely to the oral arguments , and decided among themselves what the decision should be . The court issued only one decision ; the occasional dissenter did not issue a separate opinion .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Near midnight , Holliday saw Clanton in the Alhambra Saloon and confronted Ike , accusing him of lying about their previous conversations . They got into a heated argument . Wyatt Earp ( who was not wearing a badge ) encouraged his brother Morgan to intervene . Morgan took Holliday out onto the street and Ike , who had been drinking steadily , followed them . City Marshal Virgil Earp arrived a few minutes later and threatened to arrest both Holliday and Clanton if they did not stop arguing . Wyatt Earp walked over to the Oriental Saloon and Ike followed him . They talked again , and Ike threatened to confront Holliday in the morning . Ike told Earp that the fighting talk had been going on for a long time and that he intended to put an end to it . Ike told Earp , `` I will be ready for you in the morning . '' Wyatt told Ike to go home `` because there was no money in it . '' Ike sat down near Wyatt , his revolver in plain sight , and told Earp `` You must not think I wo n't be after you all in the morning . '' Virgil Earp went to the Occidental Saloon across the street .
History of Mexico
From an economic point of view , New Spain was administered principally for the benefit of the Empire and its military and defensive efforts . Mexico provided more than half of the Empire taxes and supported the administration of all North and Central America . Competition with the metropolis was discouraged ; for example cultivation of grapes and olives , introduced by Cortez himself , was banned out of fear that these crops would compete with Spain 's . Fort
John C. Calhoun
Jackson sided with the Eatons . He and his late wife Rachel Donelson had undergone similar political attacks stemming from their marriage in 1791 . The two had married in 1791 not knowing that Rachel 's first husband , Lewis Robards , had failed to finalize the expected divorce . Once the divorce was finalized , they married legally in 1794 , but the episode caused a major controversy , and was used against him in the 1828 campaign . Jackson saw attacks on Eaton stemming ultimately from the political opposition of Calhoun , who had failed to silence his wife 's criticisms . The Calhouns were widely regarded as the chief instigators .
Antonin Scalia
With Justice Scalia breathing down the necks of anyone who peeks into the Congressional Record or Senate reports , the other members of the Court may have concluded that the benefit of citing legislative history does not outweigh its costs . It is likely for this reason that the percentage of cases citing it has decreased dramatically . No one likes an unnecessary fight , especially not one with as formidable an opponent as Justice Scalia .
Trent Affair
The Union 's main focus in foreign affairs was just the opposite : to prevent any British recognition of the Confederacy . Notwithstanding a relatively minor border incident in the Pacific Northwest , Anglo - American relations had steadily improved throughout the 1850s . The issues of the Oregon territory , British involvement in Texas , and the Canada -- US border dispute had all been resolved in the 1840s . Secretary of State William H. Seward , the primary architect of American foreign policy during the war , intended to maintain the policy principles that had served the country well since the American Revolution : non-intervention by the United States in the affairs of other countries and resistance to foreign intervention in the affairs of the United States and other countries in the Western Hemisphere .
Joseph McCarthy
After his censure , McCarthy continued senatorial duties for another two and a half years , but his career as a major public figure had been unmistakably ruined . His colleagues in the Senate avoided him ; his speeches on the Senate floor were delivered to a near - empty chamber or were received with conspicuous displays of inattention . The press that had once recorded his every public statement now ignored him , and outside speaking engagements dwindled almost to nothing . President Eisenhower , finally freed of McCarthy 's political intimidation , quipped to his Cabinet that McCarthyism was now `` McCarthywasm '' .
History of the United Kingdom
There was a spirit of libertarianism , says Porter , as people felt they were free . Taxes were very low , and government restrictions were minimal . There were still problem areas , such as occasional riots , especially those motivated by anti-Catholicism . Society was still ruled by the aristocracy and the gentry , which controlled high government offices , both houses of Parliament , the church , and the military . Becoming a rich businessman was not as prestigious as inheriting a title and owning a landed estate . Literature was doing well , but the fine arts languished as the Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased Britain 's industrial prowess rather than its sculpture , painting or music . The educational system was mediocre ; the capstone universities ( outside Scotland ) were likewise mediocre . Historian Llewellyn Woodward has concluded :
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
In an agreement signed on 23 October 1518 , Governor Velázquez restricted the expedition led by Cortés to exploration and trade , so that conquest and settlement of the mainland might occur under his own command , once he had received the permission necessary to do so which he had already requested from the Crown . In this way , Velázquez sought to ensure title to the riches and laborers discovered . However , armed with the knowledge of Castilian law that he had likely gained as a notary in Valladolid , Cortés managed to free himself of Velázquez 's authority by presenting Velázquez as a tyrant acting in his own self - interest , and not in the interest of the Crown . Cortés also contrived to have his men name him military leader and chief magistrate ( judge ) of the expedition .
Finances of the British royal family
The Crown has a legal tax - exempt status because certain acts of parliament do not apply to it . Crown bodies such as The Duchy of Lancaster are not subject to legislation concerning income tax , capital gains tax or inheritance tax . Furthermore , the Sovereign has no legal liability to pay such taxes . The Duchy of Cornwall has a Crown exemption and the Prince of Wales is not legally liable to pay income tax on Duchy revenues .
USS Maine (ACR-1)
The conclusions of the report were not reported at that time by the American press . 1898
Tax protester statutory arguments
The argument that no tax is owed unless the tax is first officially assessed by the IRS was specifically rejected by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , which cited section 6151 ( a ) , in United States v. Ellett , citing United States v. Daniel , United States v. Hogan , and United States v. Dack .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
The prosecution was led by Republican District Attorney Lyttleton Price , assisted by John M. Murphy , James Robinson , and Benoodrich . They were joined by William McLaury , Frank and Tom 's older brother , he also being an able attorney , who played a key role on the prosecutor 's team . The Earp 's attorney Thomas Fitch was an experienced trial lawyer and had earned a reputation as the `` silver - tongued orator of the Pacific . ''
Grand jury
Further Acts of Parliament in the 19th century regarding treason did not specify this special procedure and the Grand Jury was used no longer .
Mali Empire
The Mali Empire covered a larger area for a longer period of time than any other West African state before or since . What made this possible was the decentralised nature of administration throughout the state . According to Burkinabé writer Joseph Ki - Zerbo , the farther a person travelled from Niani , the more decentralised the mansa 's power became . Nevertheless , the mansa managed to keep tax money and nominal control over the area without agitating his subjects into revolt . At the local level ( village , town and city ) , kun - tiguis elected a dougou - tigui ( village - master ) from a bloodline descended from that locality 's semi-mythical founder . The county level administrators called kafo - tigui ( county - master ) were appointed by the governor of the province from within his own circle . Only at the state or province level was there any palpable interference from the central authority in Niani . Provinces picked their own governors via their own custom ( election , inheritance , etc . ) . Regardless of their title in the province , they were recognised as dyamani - tigui ( province master ) by the mansa . Dyamani - tiguis had to be approved by the mansa and were subject to his oversight . If the mansa did n't believe the dyamani - tigui was capable or trustworthy , a farba might be installed to oversee the province or administer it outright .
History of Maryland
The armies met near the town of Sharpsburg by Antietam Creek . Although McClellan arrived in the area on September 16 , his trademark caution delayed his attack on Lee , which gave the Confederates more time to prepare defensive positions and allowed Longstreet 's corps to arrive from Hagerstown and Jackson 's corps , minus A.P. Hill 's division , to arrive from Harpers Ferry . McClellan 's two - to - one advantage in the battle was almost completely nullified by a lack of coordination and concentration of Union forces , which allowed Lee to shift his defensive forces to parry each thrust . Antietam
Spanish Inquisition
However , inquisitorial activity was impossible in the face of the information avalanche that crossed the border ; in 1792 , `` the multitude of seditious papers ... does not allow formalizing the files against those who introduce them '' .
Tax protester statutory arguments
The court was emphasizing that the law requires the IRS to use the judicial process to punish lack of compliance with an administrative summons ; the summons is not self - enforcing . This is true of any government request where the citizen is free to ignore the request until the government brings enforcement action . Courts adjudicate only actual controversies . In the Schulz case the court left open the possibility that the IRS might decide to drop the investigation and never enforce the summonses , or that the plaintiff might voluntarily comply with the request . Until the IRS took the taxpayer to court , the injury was merely `` hypothetical . ''
Agatha Christie
Christie allows some culprits to escape earthly justice for a variety of reasons , such as the passage of time ( retrospective cases ) , in which the most important characters have already died , or by active prescription . Such cases include The Witness for the Prosecution , Murder on the Orient Express , The Man in the Brown Suit , Elephants Can Remember , and The Unexpected Guest . There are instances in which a killer is not brought to justice in the legal sense but does die as a direct result of his plot , sometimes by his own hand at the direction or with the collusion of the detective ( usually Hercule Poirot ) . This occurs in The Murder of Roger Ackroyd , Death on the Nile , Dumb Witness , Crooked House , The Hollow , The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side , Cat Among the Pigeons , Peril at End House , Nemesis , Appointment with Death , The Secret Adversary , and Curtain . In the last of these ( Curtain ) , no fewer than three culprits die during the course of the story .
Joseph McCarthy
From 1950 onward , McCarthy continued to exploit the fear of Communism and to press his accusations that the government was failing to deal with Communism within its ranks . McCarthy also began investigations into the numerous homosexuals working in the foreign policy bureaucracy , who were considered prime candidates for blackmail by the Soviets . These accusations received wide publicity , increased his approval rating , and gained him a powerful national following .
Tax protester statutory arguments
Taxpayers have attempted to argue that the Cordner Doctrine ( see above ) should not apply where the coins remain in circulation , as the coins in the Cordner case ( gold coins ) had been withdrawn from circulation . This argument has been rejected . In the Stoecklin case , the court ruled that the taxpayer who receives coins ( in this case , silver dollar coins ) as compensation for services is taxed at the fair market value of the coins , not the lower face value , regardless of whether or not the coins have been withdrawn from circulation . Similarly , in the case of United States v. Kahre , the criminal defendants ' arguments -- that where gold or silver coins are currently circulating , the taxpayer may report the coins as income at their face value and not at the higher fair market value -- were rejected . The Kahre case also made news because although the defendants lost their argument that the receipt of circulating coins could be taxed at the lower face value , the defendants were not convicted of the criminal charges against them , with the main defendant drawing a hung jury . Kahre was later convicted and is currently serving a 15 - year sentence in a federal penitentiary .
John C. Calhoun
In advance of Calhoun 's arrival in Washington , D.C. , Tyler attempted to quickly finalize the treaty negotiations . Sam Houston , President of the Texas Republic , fearing Mexican retaliation , insisted on a tangible demonstration of U.S. commitments to the security of Texas . When key Texas diplomats failed to appear on schedule , the delay compelled Tyler to bring his new Secretary of State directly into negotiations . Secretary Calhoun was directed to honor former Secretary Upshur 's verbal assurances of protection now offered by Calhoun in writing , to provide for U.S. military intervention in the event that Mexico used force to hold Texas . Tyler deployed U.S. Navy vessels to the Gulf of Mexico and ordered army units mobilized , entirely paid for with $100,000 of executive branch contingency funds . The move side - stepped constitutional requirements that Congress authorize appropriations for war .
Miranda v. Arizona
I have no desire whatsoever to share the responsibility for any such impact on the present criminal process .
Joseph McCarthy
With the beginning of his second term as senator in 1953 , McCarthy was made chairman of the Senate Committee on Government Operations . According to some reports , Republican leaders were growing wary of McCarthy 's methods and gave him this relatively mundane panel rather than the Internal Security Subcommittee -- the committee normally involved with investigating Communists -- thus putting McCarthy `` where he ca n't do any harm , '' in the words of Senate Majority Leader Robert A. Taft . However , the Committee on Government Operations included the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations , and the mandate of this subcommittee was sufficiently flexible to allow McCarthy to use it for his own investigations of Communists in the government . McCarthy appointed Roy Cohn as chief counsel and 27 - year - old Robert F. Kennedy as an assistant counsel to the subcommittee . Cohn brought with him , as his assistant , Gerald David Schine , heir to a hotel - chain fortune , who would bear much responsibility for triggering McCarthy 's eventual downfall .
Republic (Plato)
Temptations create a confusion between economic status and honor which is responsible for the emergence of oligarchy . In Book VIII , Socrates suggests that wealth will not help a pilot to navigate his ship , as his concerns will be directed centrally toward increasing his wealth by whatever means , rather than seeking out wisdom or honor . The injustice of economic disparity divides the rich and the poor , thus creating an environment for criminals and beggars to emerge . The rich are constantly plotting against the poor and vice versa . The oligarchic constitution is based on property assessment and wealth qualification . Unlike the timocracy , oligarchs are also unable to fight war , since they do not wish to arm the majority for fear of their rising up against them ( even more so fearing the majority than their enemies ) , nor do they seem to pay mercenaries , since they are reluctant to spend money .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
Though saloon - keeper Andrew Mehan had seen Tom deposit his pistol after his beating by Earp and before the gunfight , none of the Earps had any way of knowing that Tom had left his revolver at the saloon . Hotel keeper Albert `` Chris '' Billickie , whose father Charles owned the Cosmopolitan Hotel , saw Tom McLaury enter Bauer 's butcher shop about 2 : 00 p.m. He testified that Tom 's right - hand pants pocket was flat when he went in but protruded , as if it contained a pistol ( so he thought ) , when he emerged . Retired army surgeon Dr. J.W. Gardiner also testified that he saw the bulge in Tom 's pants . However , the bulge in Tom 's pants pocket may have been the nearly $3,300 in cash and receipts found on his body , perhaps in payment for stolen Mexican beef purchased by the butcher .