vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Migration in China
China 's government influences the pattern of urbanization through the Hukou permanent residence registration system , land - sale policies , infrastructure investment and the incentives offered to local government officials . The other factors influencing migration of people from rural provincial areas to large cities are employment , education , business opportunities and higher standard of living .
Congressional oversight
The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 ( P.L. 79 - 601 ) , for the first time , explicitly called for `` legislative oversight '' in public law . It directed House and Senate standing committees `` to exercise continuous watchfulness '' over programs and agencies under their jurisdiction ; authorized professional staff for them ; and enhanced the powers of the Comptroller General , the head of Congress 's investigative and audit arm , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 ( P.L. 91 - 510 ) authorized each standing committee to `` review and study , on a continuing basis , the application , administration and execution '' of laws under its jurisdiction ; increased the professional staff of committees ; expanded the assistance provided by the Congressional Research Service ; and strengthened the program evaluation responsibilities of GAO . The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 ( P.L. 93 - 344 ) allowed committees to conduct program evaluation themselves or contract out for it ; strengthened GAO 's role in acquiring fiscal , budgetary , and program - related information ; and upgraded GAO 's review capabilities .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Economy of Nazi Germany Hitler at a ground breaking ceremony for the completed Reichsautobahn highway section Prisoner work -- force in the construction of the Valentin submarine pens for U-boats , 1944 Location The Third Reich and German - occupied Europe ; forced labour predominantly from Nazi occupied Poland and the Soviet Union Period Great Depression and World War II ( 1933 -- 1945 )
Cali Cartel
Later in the conversation Derkach states that `` they 've bought up all these documents throughout Europe and only the rest are in our hands '' .
Migration in China
The Chinese government has committed to eliminating institutional discrimination of migrant workers on the grounds of hukou system . But the reform is complicated since it involves restructuring political and social systems , which will impact every aspect including employment , social security and property rights .
Education reform
`` ( T ) he federal government and virtually all state governments , teacher training institutions , teachers ' unions , major foundations , and the mass media have all pushed strenuously for higher standards , greater accountability , more `` time on task , '' and more impressive academic results `` .
Public administration
In the United States , civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted civil service reform in the 1880s , moving public administration into academia . However , `` until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Weber 's theory of bureaucracy '' there was not `` much interest in a theory of public administration '' . The field is multidisciplinary in character ; one of the various proposals for public administration 's sub-fields sets out six pillars , including human resources , organizational theory , policy analysis , statistics , budgeting , and ethics .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Brest - Litovsk was a dead letter after Germany lost the war in November 1918 , but it was still an immense shock to the Bolsheviks . They changed to a new policy of both seeking pragmatic co-operation with the Western powers when it suited Soviet interests while at the same time trying to promote a Communist revolution whenever possible . They Soviets encouraged Communist uprisings in Germany and saw Béla Kun briefly establish the Hungarian Soviet Republic . After the failure of these efforts , Lenin , assuming that capitalism was not going to collapse at once as he had hoped , made a major effort in the early 1920s to lure German corporations into investing in the Soviet Union as a way of modernizing the country . Lenin 's Germanophilia was controversial within the Bolsheviks , with many of his colleagues complaining that he went too far with his liking for all things German .
Dada
Janco recalled , `` We had lost confidence in our culture . Everything had to be demolished . We would begin again after the tabula rasa . At the Cabaret Voltaire we began by shocking common sense , public opinion , education , institutions , museums , good taste , in short , the whole prevailing order . ''
Colombo
Much of the old buildings of the fort area and in other parts of the city date back to the British times , these include governmental , commercial buildings and private houses . Some of the notable government building of British colonial architecture includes ; the old Parliament building which is now the Presidential Secretariat , the Republic Building which houses the Ministry of Foreign affairs , but once housed the Ceylon Legislative council , the General Treasury Building , the old General Post Office an Edwardian style building opposite the President 's House , the Prime Minister 's Office , the Central Telegraph Office , the Mathematics department of the University of Colombo ( formally the Royal College , Colombo ) . Notable commercial buildings of the British era include the Galle Face Hotel , Cargills & Millers ' complex , and Grand Oriental Hotel .
New Spain
Regional characteristics of colonial Mexico have been the focus of considerable study within the vast scholarship on centers and peripheries . For those based in the vice-regal capital of Mexico City itself , everywhere else were the `` provinces . '' Even in the modern era , `` Mexico '' for many refers solely to Mexico City , with the pejorative view of anywhere but the capital is a hopeless backwater . `` Fuera de México , todo es Cuauhtitlán '' ( `` outside of Mexico City , it 's all Podunk '' ) , that is , poor , marginal , and backward , in short , the periphery . The picture is far more complex , however ; while the capital is enormously important as the center of power of various kinds ( institutional , economic , social ) , the provinces played a significant role in colonial Mexico . Regions ( provinces ) developed and thrived to the extent that they were sites of economic production and tied into networks of trade . `` Spanish society in the Indies was import - export oriented at the very base and in every aspect , '' and the development of many regional economies was usually centered on support of that export sector .
Influence of the French Revolution
The greatest impact came in France itself . In addition to effects similar to those in Italy and Switzerland , France saw the introduction of the principle of legal equality , and the downgrading of the once powerful and rich Catholic Church to just a bureau controlled by the government . Power became centralized in Paris , with its strong bureaucracy and an army supplied by conscripting all young men . French politics were permanently polarized -- new names were given , ' left ' and ' right ' for the supporters and opponents of the principles of the Revolution .
Public administration
Comparative public administration emerged during the post-World War II period in order to seek international developmental strategies which aided in the containment of communism during the Cold War . ( Riggs 1954 , Heady 1960 ) The developers of this field expanded on a general theory , a research agenda , and generalized `` lessons learned '' . ( Riggs 1954 , Heady 1960 ) A prominent figure of Public Administration , Woodrow Wilson , commented on the study by saying , `` Like principles of civil liberty are everywhere fostering like methods of government ; and if comparative studies of the ways and means of government should enable us to offer suggestions which will practicably combine openness and vigor in the administration of such governments with ready docility to all serious , well - sustained public criticism , they will have approved themselves worthy to be ranked among the highest and most fruitful of the great departments of political study '' . As the financial state of the powering countries began to stabilize toward the decline of the Cold War , the field of CPA began to diminish . The resulting decline caused the lack of further expansion of this study making it irrelevant .
Buckingham Palace
Buckingham Palace ( UK : / ˈbʌkɪŋəm ˈpælɪs / ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom . Located in the City of Westminster , the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality . It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning .
Bauhaus
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar , Dessau and Bernau UNESCO World Heritage Site ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau Location Germany Criteria Cultural : ii , iv , vi Reference 729 Inscription 1996 ( 20th Session ) Extensions 2017 Area 8.1614 ha Buffer zone 59.26 ha Weimar Dessau Bernau 1921
Belvedere, Vienna
Shortly after the end of the war in November 1918 , the art historian Franz Haberditzl submitted a request to the Ministry of Education , asking for the palaces to be left to the Staatsgalerie . This application was granted the very next year . The nationalization of the Belvedere palace complex was also laid down in the draft document to reorganize the former imperial collections drawn up by Hans Tietze in 1920 -- 21 . In addition to the museums that still exist today , it also included plans to set up an Österreichische Galerie ( Austrian Gallery ) and a Moderne Galerie . During the 1921 -- 23 reorganization the Baroque Museum in the Lower Belvedere was added to the existing museum ensemble . The Moderne Galerie was opened in the Orangery in 1929 .
Trent Affair
Relevant information from Europe flowed to Washington right up to the time of the cabinet meeting . On December 25 a letter written on December 6 by Adams was received in Washington . Adams wrote :
Codetermination in Germany
Operational codetermination ( Betriebliche Mitbestimmung ) concerns the organisation of the business , job arrangements , personal planning , guidelines for hiring , social services , time registration and performance assessments . This is found in the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz ( BetrVG , Industrial Relations Law ) .
Nine Years' War
For their part , the Allied navy expended more shells on St Malo , Granville , Calais , and Dunkirk ; likewise on Palamos in Catalonia where Charles II had appointed the Marquis of Gastañaga as the governor - general . The Allies sent Austrian and German reinforcements under Prince George of Hesse - Darmstadt , a cousin of the Queen of Spain , while the French replaced the ailing Noailles with the Duke of Vendôme who would become one of Louis XIV 's best generals . But the balance of military power was turning dangerously against the French . In Spain , in the Rhineland , and in the Low Countries , Louis XIV 's forces only barely held their own : the bombardment of the French channel ports , the threats of invasion , and the loss of Namur were causes of great anxiety for the King at Versailles .
World War I
The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for `` all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by '' their aggression . In the Treaty of Versailles , this statement was Article 231 . This article became known as the War Guilt clause as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful . Overall the Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the `` diktat of Versailles '' . German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany `` under legal sanctions , deprived of military power , economically ruined , and politically humiliated . '' Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasizes the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s :
Western Front (World War I)
In July , Foch began the Second Battle of the Marne , a counter-offensive against the Marne salient which was eliminated by August . The Battle of Amiens began two days later , with Franco - British forces spearheaded by Australian and Canadian troops , along with 600 tanks and 800 aircraft . Hindenburg named 8 August as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . The Italian 2nd Corps , commanded by General Alberico Albricci , also participated in the operations around Reims . German manpower had been severely depleted after four years of war and its economy and society were under great internal strain . The Allies fielded 216 divisions against 197 German divisions . The Hundred Days Offensive beginning in August proved the final straw and following this string of military defeats , German troops began to surrender in large numbers . As the Allied forces advanced , Prince Maximilian of Baden was appointed as Chancellor of Germany in October to negotiate an armistice . Ludendorff was forced out and fled to Sweden . The German retreat continued and the German Revolution put a new government in power . The Armistice of Compiègne was quickly signed , stopping hostilities on the Western Front on 11 November 1918 , later known as Armistice Day . The German Imperial Monarchy collapsed when General Groener , the successor to Ludendorff , backed the moderate Social Democratic Government under Friedrich Ebert , to forestall a revolution like those in Russia the previous year .
Erwin Rommel
Montgomery , seeing his armoured brigades losing tanks at an alarming rate , stopped major attacks until the early hours of 2 November , when he opened `` Operation Supercharge '' with a massive artillery barrage . This was followed by penetration at the salient by two armoured and two infantry divisions . Rommel 's counterattack at 11 : 00 inflicted severe casualties on the Commonwealth troops , but by 20 : 00 , with only 35 tanks remaining , he ordered his forces to disengage and begin to withdraw . At midnight , he informed the OKW of his decision , and received a reply directly from Hitler the following afternoon : he ordered Rommel and his troops to hold their position to the last man . Rommel , who believed that the lives of his soldiers should never be squandered needlessly , was stunned . While he ( like all members of the Wehrmacht ) had pledged an oath of absolute obedience to Hitler , he thought this order was pointless , even madness , and had to be disobeyed . Rommel initially complied with the order , but after discussions with Kesselring and others , he issued orders for a retreat on 4 November . The delay proved costly in terms of his ability to get his forces out of Egypt . He later said the decision to delay was what he most regretted from his time in Africa . Meanwhile , the British 1st and 7th Armoured Division had broken through the German defences and were preparing to swing north and surround the Axis forces . On the evening of the 4th , Rommel finally received word from Hitler authorizing the withdrawal . By this time it was impossible for Rommel to save his non-motorized units . End
Central Powers
After pressure escalated from the German government demanding that the Ottoman Empire fulfill its treaty obligations , or else Germany would expel the country from the alliance and terminate economic and military assistance , the Ottoman government entered the war with the recently acquired cruisers from Germany , the Yavuz Sultan Selim ( formerly SMS Goeben ) and the Midilli ( formerly SMS Breslau ) launching a naval raid on the Russian port of Odessa , thus engaging in a military action in accordance with its alliance obligations with Germany . Russia and the Triple Entente declared war on the Ottoman Empire .
World War I
Bismarck had especially worked to hold Russia at Germany 's side in an effort to avoid a two - front war with France and Russia . When Wilhelm II ascended to the throne as German Emperor ( Kaiser ) , Bismarck was compelled to retire and his system of alliances was gradually de-emphasised . For example , the Kaiser refused , in 1890 , to renew the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia . Two years later , the Franco - Russian Alliance was signed to counteract the force of the Triple Alliance . In 1904 , Britain signed a series of agreements with France , the Entente Cordiale , and in 1907 , Britain and Russia signed the Anglo - Russian Convention . While these agreements did not formally ally Britain with France or Russia , they made British entry into any future conflict involving France or Russia a possibility , and the system of interlocking bilateral agreements became known as the Triple Entente . SMS
Marshall Plan
In January 1947 , Truman appointed retired General George Marshall as Secretary of State . In July 1947 Marshall scrapped Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 implemented as part of the Morgenthau Plan under the personal supervision of Roosevelt 's treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau , Jr. , which had decreed `` take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany ( or ) designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy . '' Thereafter , JCS 1067 was supplanted by JCS 1779 , stating that `` an orderly and prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . '' The restrictions placed on German heavy industry production were partly ameliorated ; permitted steel production levels were raised from 25 % of pre-war capacity to a new limit placed at 50 % of pre-war capacity .
Military history of Italy during World War II
Following the German conquest of Poland , Mussolini hesitated to enter the war . The British commander for land forces in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean , General Sir Archibald Wavell , correctly predicted that Mussolini 's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war . Wavell would compare Mussolini 's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board : `` I think he must do something . If he can not make a graceful dive , he will at least have to jump in somehow ; he can hardly put on his dressing - gown and walk down the stairs again . ''
Peninsular War
In August 1813 , British headquarters still had misgivings about the eastern powers . Austria had now joined the Allies , but the Allied armies had suffered a significant defeat at the Battle of Dresden . They had recovered somewhat , but the situation was still precarious . Wellington 's brother - in - law Edward Pakenham wrote , `` I should think that much must depend upon proceedings in the north : I begin to apprehend ... that Boney may avail himself of the jealousy of the Allies to the material injury of the cause . '' But the defeat or defection of Austria , Russia and Prussia was not the only danger . It was also uncertain that Wellington could continue to count on Spanish support .
Military history of the United States during World War II
On 8 August , the Allied ground forces commander , General Bernard Montgomery , ordered the Allied armies to converge on the Falaise -- Chambois area to envelop Army Group B , the First U.S. Army forming the southern arm , the British Second Army the base and the First Canadian Army the northern arm of the encirclement . The Germans began to withdraw on 17 August and on 19 August , the Allies linked up in Chambois . Gaps were forced in the Allied lines by German counter-attacks , the biggest being a corridor forced past the 1st Polish Armoured Division on Hill 262 , a commanding position at the mouth of the pocket . By the evening of 21 August , the pocket had been sealed , with c . 50,000 Germans trapped inside . Many Germans escaped but losses in men and equipment were huge . Two days later the Allied Liberation of Paris was completed and on 30 August , the remnants of Army Group B retreated across the Seine , which ended Operation Overlord .
Free market
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Age of Enlightenment
Immanuel Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief , individual freedom and political authority , as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason . Kant 's work continued to shape German thought and indeed all of European philosophy , well into the 20th century . Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England 's earliest feminist philosophers . She argued for a society based on reason and that women as well as men should be treated as rational beings . She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1791 ) .