vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Edward Augustus Freeman
ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2517 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Here and there '' . The Week : a Canadian journal of politics , literature , science and arts . 1 ( 14 ) : 213 . 6 March 1884 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . Jump up ^ American Antiquarian Society Members Directory Jump up ^ Herbert Baxter Adams ( 1883 ) . The Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science . p. 12 . Jump up ^ J.W. Burrow , A Liberal Descent : Victorian Historians and the English Past ( Cambridge University Press , 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 24079 - 4 Jump up ^ Hart , Stephen , Medieval Church Window Tracery in England , pp. 1 -- 4 , 2010 , Boydell & Brewer Ltd , ISBN 1 - 84383 - 533 - 9 , 9781843835332 Jump up ^ Freeman , E.A. The history of Sicily from the earliest times ; 1891 -- 94 , 4 vols. , with the 4th volume edited by Sir Arthur Evans from Freeman 's posthumous manuscript Jump up ^ `` Review of The History of Sicily from the Earliest Times by E.A. Freeman ... '' . The Quarterly Review . 175 : 319 -- 347 . October 1892 . Jump up ^ See Freeman , Edward Augustus ( 1871 ) . Historical Essays . I ( 1 ed . ) . London : Macmillan . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . via Archive.org Jump up ^ Freeman , Edward Augustus ( 1873 ) . Historical Essays. II ( 1 ed . ) . London : Macmillan . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . via Archive.org Jump up ^ See Freeman , Edward Augustus ( 1879 ) . Historical Essays . III ( 1 ed . ) . London : Macmillan . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . via Archive.org Jump up ^ Freeman , Edward Augustus ( 1892 ) . Historical Essays. IV ( 1 ed . ) . London : Macmillan . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . via Archive.org Jump up ^ See Freeman , Edward Augustus ( 1863 ) .
Call of Duty: Black Ops III
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History of Vietnam
In the 17th century Vietnamese historians like Ngô Thì Sĩ and Jesuits like Martinio Martini studied texts on the Hồng Bàng Dynasty like Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and used mathematics to deduce that the information on them were nonsense given the impossible reign years of the monarchs . However , modern Vietnamese now believe that the information is true . Ngô Thì Sĩ used critical analysis of historical texts to question the relations between Zhao Tuo 's Nanyue Kingdom in Guangdong and the Vietnamese inhabited Red River Delta , concluding that the Red River Delta was a mere vassal to Nanyue and not an integral part of it in addition to criticizing the existence of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty .
Russian Blue
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Ashtray
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Monte Carlo
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Written Chinese
Chinese languages and dialects vary by not only pronunciation , but also , to a lesser extent , vocabulary and grammar . Modern written Chinese , which replaced Classical Chinese as the written standard as an indirect result of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 , is not technically bound to any single variety ; however , it most nearly represents the vocabulary and syntax of Mandarin , by far the most widespread Chinese dialectal family in terms of both geographical area and number of speakers . This version of written Chinese is called Vernacular Chinese , or 白話 / 白话 báihuà ( literally , `` plain speech '' ) . Despite its ties to the dominant Mandarin language , Vernacular Chinese also permits some communication between people of different dialects , limited by the fact that Vernacular Chinese expressions are often ungrammatical or unidiomatic in non-Mandarin dialects . This role may not differ substantially from the role of other linguae francae , such as Latin : For those trained in written Chinese , it serves as a common medium ; for those untrained in it , the graphic nature of the characters is in general no aid to common understanding ( characters such as `` one '' notwithstanding ) . In this regard , Chinese characters may be considered a large and inefficient phonetic script . However , Ghil'ad Zuckermann 's exploration of phono - semantic matching in Standard Chinese concludes that the Chinese writing system is multifunctional , conveying both semantic and phonetic content .
Written Chinese
Chinese characters are also used within China to write non-Han languages . The largest non-Han group in China , the Zhuang , have for over 1300 years used Chinese characters . Despite both the introduction of an official alphabetic script in 1957 and lack of a corresponding official set of Chinese characters , more Zhuang people can read the Zhuang logograms than the alphabetic script .
Wicked (musical)
Sydney Capitol Theatre September 12 , 2009 September 26 , 2010 Transferred to Australian National Tour Osaka Osaka Shiki Theatre October 11 , 2009 February 13 , 2011 Transferred to Fukuoka Oberhausen Metronom Theater March 5 , 2010 September 2 , 2011 Helsinki Helsinki City Theatre August 26 , 2010 May 4 , 2011 First non-replica production Copenhagen Det Ny Teater January 12 , 2011 May 29 , 2011 Non-replica production Australian National Tour QPAC , Brisbane Festival Centre , Adelaide Burswood Theatre , Perth January 25 , 2011 September 11 , 2011 Opening night delayed due to the Queensland floods ; transferred to Asian National Tour Fukuoka Canal City Theatre April 3 , 2011 August 28 , 2011 Transferred to Nagoya Nagoya Shin Nagoya Musical Theater September 25 , 2011 September 2 , 2012 Asian National Tour Grand Theater , Singapore / Bluesquare Samsung Electronics Hall December 9 , 2011 October 7 , 2012 English - language production ; Transferred to Australasian National Tour Scheveningen AFAS Circus Theater November 6 , 2011 January 11 , 2013 First Dutch - language production Tokyo The Dentsu - Shiki Theatre August 3 , 2013 November 16 , 2014 First revival production UK / IRE National Tour Various September 17 , 2013 July 25 , 2015 First location : Manchester , England Final location : Salford , England Australasian National Tour The Civic , Auckland , New Zealand CCP Main Theater , Manila , Philippines Melbourne , Sydney , Brisbane , Perth ; Australia September 21 , 2013 June 28 , 2015 First location : Auckland , New Zealand . Mexico City Teatro Telcel October 17 , 2013 January 18 , 2015 First Spanish - language replica production . Seoul Charlotte Theater November 22 , 2013 October 5 , 2014 First Korean - language replica production São Paulo Teatro Renault March 4 , 2016 December 18 , 2016 First Portuguese - language , first South American replica production ; holds the record for largest stage ever used by a production of Wicked .
Written Chinese
Simplified Chinese is standard in the mainland of China , Singapore and Malaysia . Traditional Chinese is retained in Hong Kong , Macau , Taiwan and overseas Chinese communities ( except Singapore and Malaysia ) . Throughout this article , Chinese text is given in both simplified and traditional forms when they differ , with the traditional forms being given first .
Written Chinese
Chinese characters Scripts Precursors Oracle - bone Bronze Seal ( bird - worm large small ) Clerical Regular Semi-cursive Cursive Flat brush Simplified characters Type styles Imitation Song Ming Sans - serif Properties Strokes ( order ) Radicals Classification Variants Character - form standards Kangxi Dictionary Xin Zixing General Standard Chinese Characters ( PRC ) Graphemes of Commonly - used Chinese Characters ( Hong Kong ) Standard Typefaces for Chinese Characters ( ROC Taiwan ) Grapheme - usage standards Graphemic variants General Standard Characters ( PRC ) Jōyō kanji ( Japan ) Previous standards Commonly - used Characters ( PRC ) Frequently - used Characters ( PRC ) Tōyō kanji ( Japan ) Reforms Chinese Traditional characters Simplified characters ( first round second round ) Debate Japanese Old ( Kyūjitai ) New ( Shinjitai ) Ryakuji Sino - Japanese Differences in Shinjitai and Simplified characters Korean Yakja Singaporean Table of Simplified Characters Homographs Literary and colloquial readings Use in particular scripts Written Chinese Zetian characters Slavonic transcription Nü Shu Kanji ( Kokuji ) Kana ( Man'yōgana ) Idu Hanja ( Gukja ) Nom Sawndip
Written Chinese
Written Chinese is not based on an alphabet or syllabary , so Chinese dictionaries , as well as dictionaries that define Chinese characters in other languages , can not easily be alphabetized or otherwise lexically ordered , as English dictionaries are . The need to arrange Chinese characters in order to permit efficient lookup has given rise to a considerable variety of ways to organize and index the characters .
Tea culture
Due to the importance of tea in Chinese society and culture , tea houses can be found in most Chinese neighbourhoods and business districts . Chinese - style tea houses offer dozens of varieties of hot and cold tea concoctions . They also serve a variety of tea - friendly or tea - related snacks . Beginning in the late afternoon , the typical Chinese tea house quickly becomes packed with students and business people , and later at night plays host to insomniacs and night owls simply looking for a place to relax .
Chow mein
Chow mein ( / ˈtʃaʊ ˈmeɪn / ) and ( / ˈtʃaʊ ˈmiːn / ) 炒麵 in Chinese and Chinese English are stir - fried noodles , the name being the romanization of the Taishanese chāu - mèing . The dish is popular throughout the Chinese diaspora and appears on the menus of Chinese restaurants . It is particularly popular in the United States , UK , Nepal , and India .
Forbidden City
Forbidden City `` Forbidden City '' in Chinese characters Chinese name Chinese 紫禁城 Literal meaning `` Purple ( North Star ) Forbidden City '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zǐjìnchéng IPA ( tsɨ̀. tɕîn. ʈʂhə̌ŋ ) Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Jí - gam - sìhng IPA ( tsǐː. kɐ̄m. sȅŋ ) Jyutping Zi2 - gam3 - sing4 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chí - kìm - siân Tâi - lô Tsí - kìm - siânn Manchu name Manchu script Romanization Dabkūri dorgi hoton
Written Chinese
Pinyin uses the Latin alphabet , along with a few diacritical marks , to represent the sounds of Mandarin in standard pronunciation . For the most part , pinyin uses vowel and consonant letters as they are used in Romance languages ( and also in IPA ) . However , although ' b ' and ' p ' , for instance , represent the voice / unvoiced distinction in some languages , such as French , they represent the unaspirated / aspirated distinction in Mandarin ; Mandarin has few voiced consonants . Also , the pinyin spellings for a few consonant sounds are markedly different from their spellings in other languages that use the Latin alphabet ; for instance , pinyin ' q ' and ' x ' sound similar to English ' ch ' and ' sh ' , respectively . Pinyin is not the sole transliteration scheme for Mandarin -- there are also , for instance , the zhuyin fuhao , Wade - Giles , and Gwoyeu Romatzyh systems -- but it is dominant in the Chinese - speaking world . All transliterations in this article use the pinyin system .
East China Sea
East China Sea The East China Sea , showing surrounding regions , islands , cities , and seas Chinese name Simplified Chinese 1 . 东海 2 . 东 中国 海 Traditional Chinese 1 . 東海 2 . 東 中國 海 show Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin 1 . Dōng Hǎi 2 . Dōng Zhōngguó Hǎi Bopomofo 1 . ㄉ ㄨ ㄥ ㄏ ㄞ ˇ ㄉ ㄨ ㄥ ㄓ ㄨ ㄥ ㄍ ㄨ ㄛ ˊ ㄏ ㄞ ˇ Wu Romanization 1 . ton he 2 . ton tson koh he Hakka Romanization 1 . dung hoi 2 . dung dung gued hoi Yue : Cantonese Jyutping 1 . dung hoi 2 . dung zung gwok hoi Southern Min Hokkien POJ 1 . tong - hái 2 . tong tiong - kok hái Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC 1 . dĕ̤ng - hāi 2 . dĕ̤ng dṳ̆ng - guók hāi Korean name Hangul 동중국 해 Hanja 東 中國 海 show Transcriptions Revised Romanization dongjungguk - hae McCune -- Reischauer dongjungguk. hae Japanese name Kanji 東シナ海 ( 2004 -- ) 東 支那 海 ( 1913 -- 2004 ) ( literally `` East Shina Sea '' ) Kana ひがし シナ かい show Transcriptions Romanization Higashi Shina Kai
Musical theatre
A Trip to Chinatown ( 1891 ) was Broadway 's long - run champion ( until Irene in 1919 ) , running for 657 performances , but New York runs continued to be relatively short , with a few exceptions , compared with London runs , until the 1920s . Gilbert and Sullivan were both pirated and imitated in New York by productions such as Reginald de Koven 's Robin Hood ( 1891 ) and John Philip Sousa 's El Capitan ( 1896 ) . A Trip to Coontown ( 1898 ) was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans on Broadway ( largely inspired by the routines of the minstrel shows ) , followed by ragtime - tinged shows . Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 20th century , composed of songs written in New York 's Tin Pan Alley , including those by George M. Cohan , who worked to create an American style distinct from the Gilbert and Sullivan works . The most successful New York shows were often followed by extensive national tours .
Promotion (chess)
dxc3 8. Be5 ? ? Rxa2 ! and now White could have resigned , since if 9. Rxa2 , c2 promotes the c - pawn ( Gallagher 1996 : 121 ) . Another example occurs after 1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Nf6 5. Ng3 h5 6. Bg5 ? ! h4 7. Bxf6 ? ? hxg3 8. Be5 Rxh2 ! 9. Rxh2 Qa5+ ! 10. c3 Qxe5+ ! 11. dxe5 gxh2 , with the dual threat of 12 ... hxg1 = Q and 12 ... h1 = Q , as in Schuster - Carls , Bremen 1914 and NN -- Torre , Mexico 1928 ( Burgess 1998 : 72 ) . Note that 10. Qd2 ( instead of 10. c3 ) would have been met by 10 ... exf2+ ! 11. Kd1 ( 11. Kxf2 Qxd2+ ) Qxd2+ 12. Kxd2 fxg1 = Q rather than 10 ... Qxe5 11. dxe5 gxh2 12. Nf3 h1 = Q 13.0 - 0 - 0 with a strong attack ( Neishtadt 1996 : 94 -- 96 ) . P.
Written Chinese
Other methods of organization exist , often in an attempt to address the shortcomings of the radical method , but are less common . For instance , it is common for a dictionary ordered principally by the Kangxi radicals to have an auxiliary index by pronunciation , expressed typically in either hanyu pinyin or zhuyin fuhao . This index points to the page in the main dictionary where the desired character can be found . Other methods use only the structure of the characters , such as the four - corner method , in which characters are indexed according to the kinds of strokes located nearest the four corners ( hence the name of the method ) , or the Cangjie method , in which characters are broken down into a set of 24 basic components . Neither the four - corner method nor the Cangjie method requires the user to identify the proper radical , although many strokes or components have alternate forms , which must be memorized in order to use these methods effectively .
Promotion (chess)
62 ... Qg8 63 . Bd5 Qf8 64 . Bf7 Kh8 65 . Qe8 Qxe8 66 . Bxe8 Kh7 67 . Bf7 Kh8
Cherry blossom
Longwangtang Cherry Blossom Park in Lushun , Dalian , Liaoning East Lake Cherry Blossom Park near Wuhan University , in Donghu District , Wuhan , Hubei Wuhan University , in Donghu District , Wuhan , Hubei Nanshan Botanical Garden in Nan'an District , Chongqing
Helsinki
Helsinki has three major theatres : The Finnish National Theatre , the Helsinki City Theatre , and the Swedish Theatre ( Svenska Teatern ) . Other notable theatres in the city include the Alexander Theatre , Q - teatteri , Savoy Theatre , KOM - theatre , and Teatteri Jurkka .
Goldilocks and the Three Bears
Kurt Schwertsik 's 35 - minute opera Roald Dahl 's Goldilocks premiered in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall . The opera 's setting is the Forest Assizes where Baby Bear stands accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks . The tables are turned when the defense limns the trauma suffered by the bears at the hands of that `` brazen little crook '' , Goldilocks . In Rooster Teeth Productions RWBY , Yang Xiao Long is a carefree , reckless yellow - haired girl . She is a `` rule - breaker '' who likes teddy bears . She is an allusion to Goldilocks which is reflected in her name , translated from Chinese as `` sun '' , referring to the color yellow . Also , in her trailer , Yang confronts Hei `` Junior '' Xiong , whose name is Chinese for `` black bear . '' Combining this with his nickname , he alludes to the Baby Bear . `` Goldilocks Eats Grits '' has the bears living in a cave in Georgia in the United States . In 2016 , professional wrestler Bray Wyatt read a dark version to Edge and Christian . A commercial for the 2005 Hummer portrayed the Three Bears returning from a family trip to their very upscale home to discover all the elements of the traditional story . They race to their garage to check on the status of the family Hummers . Mama Bear and Papa Bear are relieved that both vehicles are still in place , but Baby Bear is distraught to find his missing as the camera cuts away to Goldilocks ( in this version portrayed by a very attractive young woman ) rakishly smiling as she makes her getaway in Baby Bear 's Hummer down a scenic mountain road . Disney Junior 's Goldie & Bear premiered in 2016 . The tale is set after the events of the story where Goldilocks and little Bear eventually became best friends . In an episode of Sesame Street , a reversed version of the story titled Baby Bear and the Three Goldilocks was told ( and written ) by Telly and Elmo .
Written Chinese
By 1958 , however , priority was given officially to simplified Chinese ; a phonetic script , hanyu pinyin , had been developed , but its deployment to the exclusion of simplified characters was pushed off to some distant future date . The association between pinyin and Mandarin , as opposed to other dialects , may have contributed to this deferment . It seems unlikely that pinyin will supplant Chinese characters anytime soon as the sole means of representing Chinese .
Warsaw
Varieties Warsaw in art Castle Square , Bernardo Bellotto , 1767 - 1768 Miodowa Street , Bernardo Bellotto , 1777 New Town Market Square , Bernardo Bellotto , 1778 Piarist church , Marcin Zaleski , 1830 Krakowskie Przedmieście , Marcin Zaleski , 1831 Łazienki Palace , Marcin Zaleski , 1836 - 38 Sand miners , Aleksander Gierymski , 1887 Nowy Świat Street , Władysław Podkowiński , 1900 Warsaw in literature `` City of menace , like a coffin lid thrown down an abyss as if by a tempest 's blow -- yet proud as a black lion who takes long to die '' -- Warsaw , Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński `` What are you doing here , poet , on the ruins Of St. John 's Cathedral this sunny Day in spring ? What are you thinking here , where the wind Blowing from the Vistula scatters The red dust of the rubble ? '' -- In Warsaw , Czesław Miłosz Before the war and today Marszałkowska Street 1912 Marszałkowska Street 2012 Great Synagogue 1910s Blue Skyscraper 2011 Vienna Railway Station the end of the nineteenth century Roman Dmowski Roundabout 2014 Saxon Square 1919 Piłsudski Square 2013 Warsaw Philharmonic Hall 1918 Warsaw Philharmonic Hall 2011 Brühl Palace 1939 Metropolitan building 2009 Sienna and Zgoda streets intersection 1917 Stefan Wiechecki `` Wiech '' Passage 2007 St. Alexander 's Church 1930s St. Alexander 's Church 2009 Vienna Railway Station platforms before 1939 Warszawa Śródmieście railway station St. Andreas and St. Albert Church before 1939 St. Andreas and St. Albert Church 2000s Warsaw in photochrome prints Adam Mickiewicz monument City Hall Grand Theatre St. Alexander 's Church Staszic Palace Greenery in the city Library Garden Royal Baths Park Botanical Garden Wilanów Palace Park Saxon Garden Krasiński Garden Mokotów Field Agrykola Park Ujazdów Park Skaryszewski Park Historical views 1573 1617 1656 1770
End of World War II in Europe
West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe
Tower of London
Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ) , the Second World War left a greater mark . On 23 September 1940 , during the Blitz , high - explosive bombs damaged the castle , destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower . After the war , the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public .
Timeline of World War I
August 4 -- 16 The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège , Belgium . Details August 5 First shot fired by Allied troops -- German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean , south of Melbourne , Australia Montenegro declares war on Austria - Hungary . The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles . August 6 Austria - Hungary declares war on Russia . Serbia declares war on Germany . August 7 The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France . Details August 7 -- September 13 Battle of the Frontiers . The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France 's Fifth Army . August 7 -- 10 Battle of Mulhouse , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 8 Montenegro declares war on Germany . August 9 The Togoland Campaign begins . August 11 France declares war on Austria - Hungary . August 12 The United Kingdom declares war on Austria - Hungary . Battle of Halen , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 14 -- 25 Battle of Lorraine , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 16 -- 20 The Serbs defeat the Austro - Hungarians at the Battle of Cer . Details August 17 The Russian army enters East Prussia . Battle of Stallupönen . Details August 20 The Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia , the Battle of Gumbinnen . The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan . Details The Germans occupy Brussels . Battle of Morhange , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . Battle of Sarrebourg , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 21 Battle of Charleroi , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 21 -- 23 Battle of the Ardennes , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 Japan declares war on Germany . Details Battle of Mons , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 -- 30 Battle of Tannenberg : the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans . Details August 23 -- September 11 Battle of Lemberg . The Russians capture Lviv .