vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran 's large youth demographic ( by 1995 , about half of the country 's 60.5 million people had not been born after the Islamic Revolution ) is one of Khatami 's bases of support . See
List of U.S. states and territories by population
15.5 % 22 ! South 42 ! Tennessee 17 ! 17 31 ! 6,495,978 17 ! 17 31 ! 6,346,105 16 ! 16 30 ! 5,689,283 19 ! 19 24 ! 11.5 % 23 ! ESC 01 ! Alabama 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,833,722 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,779,736 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,447,100 27 ! 27 35 ! 7.5 % 24 ! ESC 17 ! Kentucky 26 ! 26 40 ! 4,395,295 26 ! 26 40 ! 4,339,367 25 ! 25 40 ! 4,041,769 28 ! 28 36 ! 7.4 % 25 ! ESC 24 ! Mississippi 31 ! 31 46 ! 2,991,207 31 ! 31 47 ! 2,967,297 31 ! 31 47 ! 2,844,658 38 ! 38 48 ! 4.3 % 26 ! ESC 52 ! East South Central 58 ! 8 17 ! 19,029,020 58 ! 8 17 ! 18,432,505 58 ! 8 16 ! 17,022,810 55 ! 5 32 ! 8.3 % 27 ! South 43 ! Texas 02 ! 2 12 ! 26,448,193 02 ! 2 12 ! 25,145,561 02 ! 2 12 ! 20,851,820 05 ! 5 06 ! 20.6 % 28 ! WSC 18 ! Louisiana 25 ! 25 39 ! 4,625,470 25 ! 25 39 ! 4,533,372 22 ! 22 36 ! 4,468,976 48 ! 48 64 ! 1.4 % 29 !
List of U.S. states and territories by population
5 Illinois 12,802,023 12,831,549 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 711,224 712,864 3.93 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ohio 11,658,609 11,536,725 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 728,663 721,032 3.58 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 9 Georgia 10,429,379 9,688,681 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 744,956 691,975 3.20 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 10 North Carolina 10,273,419 9,535,692 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 790,263 733,498 3.15 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 8 Michigan 9,962,311 9,884,129 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 711,594 705,974 3.06 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The rebellion transformed both the native and European armies of British India . Of the 74 regular Bengal Native Infantry regiments in existence at the beginning of 1857 , only twelve escaped mutiny or disbandment . All ten of the Bengal Light Cavalry regiments were lost . The old Bengal Army had accordingly almost completely vanished from the order of battle . These troops were replaced by new units recruited from castes hitherto under - utilised by the British and from the minority so - called `` Martial Races '' , such as the Sikhs and the Gurkhas .
Reservation in India
Terrorist victims from Kashmir , e.g. in Punjab Single girl child ( in Punjab ) Migrants from the state of Jammu and Kashmir Sons / daughters / grandsons / granddaughters of Freedom Fighters Physically handicapped Sports personalities Non-Resident Indians ( NRIs ) have a small percentage of reserved seats in educational institutions . ( Note : NRI reservations were removed from IIT in 2003 ) Candidates sponsored by various organisations Those who have served in the armed forces ( ' ex-serviceman ' quota -- because the age of superannuation in the military is much shorter than that in the civil posts ; more so , certain intakes are tenure - based , e.g. the contract for Short - Service Commission is eight years ) Dependents of armed forces personnel killed - in - action Repatriates Reservation in special schools of Government Undertakings / PSUs , for the children of their own employees ( e.g. Army schools , PSU schools , etc . ) Paid pathway reservations in places of worship ( e.g. , Tirumala Venkateswara Temple , Tiruthani Murugan temple ) Seat reservation for Senior citizens and physically handicapped in public ( bus ) transport .
Indian general election, 2014
The 8th phase saw voting for 64 Lok Sabha seats in 7 states with 897 candidates competing . Along with the general elections , polls were also held for the first Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh excluding Telangana region . The voter turnout was high , with West Bengal , Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh each setting their respective general election voter turnout records . West Bengal recorded 81 % polling compared to 78 % for 2009 . Andhra Pradesh recorded nearly 76 % voter turnout . Himachal Pradesh saw about 66 % turnout compared to 58 % for 2009 . Uttarakhand also set a new voter turnout record with 62 % compared to 53 % in 2009 . The 2 constituencies of Jammu & Kashmir that voted witnessed a 49.9 % turnout , while constituencies of Bihar saw 58 % compared to 45 % in 2009 . Uttar Pradesh experienced a 55.5 % turnout compared to 43.4 % in 2009 .
New Jersey
The United States Census Bureau , as of July 1 , 2015 , estimated New Jersey 's population at 8,958,013 , which represents an increase of 166,119 , or 1.89 % , since the last census in 2010 . This includes a natural increase since the last census of 343,965 people ( that is , 933,185 births minus 589,220 deaths ) and a decrease due to net migration of 53,930 people out of the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 384,687 people , and migration within the country produced a net loss of 438,617 people . As of 2005 , there were 1.6 million foreign - born living in the state ( accounting for 19.2 % of the population ) .
Migration in China
In 2015 a total of 277.5 million migrant workers ( 36 % of the total workforce of 770 million ) existed in China . Out of these , migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted for 158.63 million ( an increase of 3.4 % compared to 2010 ) and migrant workers who worked within their home provinces reached 94.15 million ( an increase of 5.9 % compared to 2010 ) . The balance of gender for migrant workers was two - thirds male to one - third female in 2015 . Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025 , taking the urban population up to nearly 1 billion people . This population of migrants would represent `` almost 40 percent of the total urban population , '' a number which is almost three times the current level . While it is often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations , the number of migrants is undoubtedly quite large . `` In China 's largest cities , for instance , it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant . ''
Decline of Detroit
Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census at over 1.8 million people , and decreased in population with each subsequent census ; as of the 2010 census , the city has just over 700,000 residents , adding up to a total loss of 61 % of the population .
California Gold Rush
A 2017 study attributes the record - long economic expansion of the United States in the recession - free period of 1841 - 1856 primarily to `` a boom in transportation - goods investment following the discovery of gold in California . ''
Causes of the Great Depression
Jerome ( 1934 ) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period :
History of India
Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen . They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya . Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I , Rajadhiraja Chola , Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military , economic and cultural power in South Asia and South - East Asia . Rajendra Chola I 's navies went even further , occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam , the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Lakshadweep ( Laccadive ) islands , Sumatra , and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands . The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia , as well as by the repeated embassies to China .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Wars with Great Britain and France at the end of the 18th century , and attendant political upheavals , caused a financial and economic crisis from which the economy was unable to recover . After the successors of the Republic ( the Batavian Republic and the Kingdom of Holland ) were forced to engage in policies of economic warfare against the French Empire , which proved disastrous for Dutch trade and industry ; most of the gains of the previous two centuries were rapidly lost . The newly independent Kingdom of the Netherlands was faced in 1815 with an economy that was largely deindustrialized and deurbanized , but still saddled with a crippling public debt , which it was forced to repudiate ( the first time that the Dutch state defaulted since the dark pre-independence days of the Revolt ) .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
One could even say that in the years before 1780 the prospects of the economy were improving : because of the economic growth in the German hinterland there were possibilities of growth in distributional trade in colonial commodities , and industrial products ( Dutch or other European ) . Such possibilities were indeed realized in the 20th century , when the Netherlands again became a major distributional hub . The agricultural sector still enjoyed high productivity , whereas the nearby British markets for dairy products and produce offered opportunities for increased exports ( which were indeed soon realized ) . Only , the high - cost structure of the labor market , high taxes , structural overvaluation of the guilder , all militated against most forms of industrial production , let alone export industries . Without the necessary reforms to remedy these problems the Netherlands were unlikely to participate in the industrial renaissance that Great Britain , and later other neighboring countries , started to experience in the latter part of the 18th century .
United States
The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed .
Venezuela
The discovery of massive oil deposits in Lake Maracaibo during World War I proved to be pivotal for Venezuela and transformed the basis of its economy from a heavy dependence on agricultural exports . It prompted an economic boom that lasted into the 1980s ; by 1935 , Venezuela 's per capita gross domestic product was Latin America 's highest . Gómez benefited handsomely from this , as corruption thrived , but at the same time , the new source of income helped him centralize the Venezuelan state and develop its authority .
Republic of Ireland
The economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the Fianna Fáil government 's budget , the abolition of the car tax , excessive borrowing , and global economic instability including the 1979 oil crisis . There were significant policy changes from 1989 onwards , with economic reform , tax cuts , welfare reform , an increase in competition , and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending . This policy began in 1989 -- 1992 by the Fianna Fáil / Progressive Democrat government , and continued by the subsequent Fianna Fáil / Labour government and Fine Gael / Labour / Democratic Left government . Ireland became one of the world 's fastest growing economies by the late 1990s in what was known as the Celtic Tiger period , which lasted until the global Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . However , since 2014 , Ireland has experienced strong economic growth .
Dutch East India Company
In the first place , there was a revolutionary change in the tastes affecting European demand for Asian textiles , coffee and tea , around the turn of the 18th century . Secondly , a new era of an abundant supply of capital at low interest rates suddenly opened around this time . The second factor enabled the Company easily to finance its expansion in the new areas of commerce . Between the 1680s and 1720s , the VOC was therefore able to equip and man an appreciable expansion of its fleet , and acquire a large amount of precious metals to finance the purchase of large amounts of Asian commodities , for shipment to Europe . The overall effect was approximately to double the size of the company .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Though it is difficult to quantify concepts such as Gross domestic product and per - capita GDP in an age when reliable economic statistics were not gathered , De Vries and Van der Woude have nevertheless ventured to make a number of informed estimates , justified in their view , by the `` modern '' character of the Dutch economy in this period . They arrive at a size of the economy around 1660 that was approximately 45 per cent of that of Britain ( with two - and - a-half times the Dutch population ) . This works out at a per capita income that is 30 to 40 percent higher than that of Great Britain ( admittedly still a premodern economy at the time ) .
History of India
The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 3300 BCE with the early Indus Valley Civilisation . It was centred on the Indus River and its tributaries which extended into the Ghaggar - Hakra River valley , the Ganges - Yamuna Doab , Gujarat , and south - eastern Afghanistan . The Indus civilisation is one of three in the ' Ancient East ' that , along with Mesopotamia and Pharonic Egypt , was a cradle of civilisation in the Old World . It is also the most expansive in area and population .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c.
Education in India
Since 1947 the Indian government has tried to provide incentives for girls ' school attendance through programmes for midday meals , free books , and uniforms . This welfare thrust raised primary enrollment between 1951 and 1981 . In 1986 the National Policy on Education decided to restructure education in tune with the social framework of each state , and with larger national goals . It emphasised that education was necessary for democracy , and central to the improvement of women 's condition . The new policy aimed at social change through revised texts , curricula , increased funding for schools , expansion in the numbers of schools , and policy improvements . Emphasis was placed on expanding girls ' occupational centres and primary education ; secondary and higher education ; and rural and urban institutions . The report tried to connect problems like low school attendance with poverty , and the dependence on girls for housework and sibling day care . The National Literacy Mission also worked through female tutors in villages . Although the minimum marriage age is now eighteen for girls , many continue to be married much earlier . Therefore , at the secondary level , female drop - out rates are high .
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Despite the `` economy first '' focus , Iran suffered serious economic problems during the Rafsanjani era . According to economist Bijan Khajehpour , economic growth in Iran between 1989 and 1994 was `` mainly financed through the accumulation of some $30 billion in foreign debt . In 1993 , the ratio of Iran 's foreign debt to the country 's GDP reached 38 % , which was alarming . '' A lack of foreign investment along with a fall in oil prices from $20 to $12 per barrel added to this external debt , and triggered an economic recession . The Iranian rial plummeted from 1749 to 6400 to the dollar in 1995 . Unemployment reached 30 % . The price of sugar , rice , and butter rose threefold , and that of bread sixfold .
Income inequality in the United States
The return to high inequality , or to what Krugman and journalist Timothy Noah have referred as the `` Great Divergence '' , began in the 1970s . Studies have found income grew more unequal almost continuously except during the economic recessions in 1990 -- 91 , 2001 ( Dot - com bubble ) , and 2007 sub-prime bust .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
The economic history of the Netherlands ( 1500 -- 1815 ) is the history of an economy that scholar Jan de Vries calls the first `` modern '' economy . It covers the Netherlands as the Habsburg Netherlands , through the era of the Dutch Republic , the Batavian Republic and the Kingdom of Holland .
Early 1980s recession
In the UK , economic growth was re-established by the end of 1982 , but the era of mass unemployment was far from over . By the summer of 1984 , unemployment had hit a new record of 3.3 million although the Great Depression had seen a higher percentage of the workforce unemployed . It remained above the 3 million mark until the spring of 1987 , when the Lawson Boom , seen as the consequence of tax cuts by Chancellor Nigel Lawson , sparked an economic boom that saw unemployment fall dramatically . By early 1988 , it was below 2.5 million ; by early 1989 , it fell below 2 million . By the end of 1989 , it was just over 1.6 million , almost half the figure of three years earlier . However , the unemployment figures did not include benefit claimants who were placed on Employment Training schemes , an adult variant of the controversial Youth Training Scheme , who were paid the same rate of benefit for working full - time hours . Other incentives that aided the British economic recovery after the early 1980s recession included the introduction of Enterprise Zones on deindustrialised land in which traditional industries were replaced by new industries as well as commercial developments . Businesses were given temporary tax breaks , and exemptions as incentives to set up base in such areas .
History of India
The Hindu Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan , northern Pakistan , and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century . While in Odisha , the Eastern Ganga Empire rose to power ; noted for the advancement of Hindu architecture , most notable being Jagannath Temple and Konark Sun Temple , as well as being patrons of art and literature . Chalukya
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
The Dutch economy established a leadership role in Europe that was widely admired , and copied in part in England .
History of the United Kingdom
Historians like Bernard Porter have characterized the mid-Victorian era , ( 1850 -- 1870 ) as Britain 's ' Golden Years . ' . There was peace and prosperity , as the national income per person grew by half . Much of the prosperity was due to the increasing industrialization , especially in textiles and machinery , as well as to the worldwide network of trade and engineering that produce profits for British merchants and experts from across the globe . There was peace abroad ( apart from the short Crimean war , 1854 -- 56 ) , and social peace at home . Opposition to the new order melted away , says Porter . The Chartist movement , peaked as a democratic movement among the working class in 1848 ; its leaders moved to other pursuits , such as trade unions and cooperative societies . The working class ignored foreign agitators like Karl Marx in their midst , and joined in celebrating the new prosperity . Employers typically were paternalistic , and generally recognized the trade unions . Companies provided their employees with welfare services ranging from housing , schools and churches , to libraries , baths , and gymnasia . Middle - class reformers did their best to assist the working classes aspire to middle - class norms of ' respectability . '
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
The final reaction of the Dutch economic elite ( which doubled as the political elite in this oligarchical Republic ) to these economic challenges lay in the political sphere . After the end of the Franco - Dutch War ( which , like the previous wars was mostly financed by floating bonds , instead of higher taxation ) the public debt had risen to an alarming size . The Regents at first tried to retire a significant part of this debt , and were successful in the years leading up to the Dutch invasion of England , known as the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . Though this episode is usually described as narrowly English , or at most Anglo - Dutch of significance , it was actually part of a strategic defense of the Dutch Republic against the aggressive encroachments of king Louis XIV of France . The ensuing Nine Years ' War and War of the Spanish Succession had for the Dutch also an economic aspect , as they were trying to revert French protectionist measures , which threatened to close the French and Spanish metropolitan and colonial markets to them ( both the Treaty of Ryswick and the Treaty of Utrecht contained provisions abrogating the draconian French tariff list of 1667 ) . The main effect of these wars , however , was that the Dutch public debt increased with 200 million guilders between 1688 and 1713 . In view of the meagre results of the 1713 peace treaty ( most advantages of the war that the Republic had helped to win went to Great Britain , thanks to the separate peace that country had concluded previously with France ) the gamble had not paid off .
Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War
The thirteen American states flourished economically at the beginning of the war . The colonies could trade freely with the West Indies and other European nations , instead of just Britain . Due to the abolition of the British Navigation Acts , American merchants could now transport their goods in European and American ships rather than only British ships . British taxes on expensive wares such as tea , glass , lead and paper were forfeit , and other taxes became cheaper . Plus , American privateering raids on British merchant ships provided more wealth for the Continental Army .