vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the harpsichord
It is possible that the standard harpsichord mechanism , with jacks holding plectra mounted on retractable tongues , may only gradually have won out over alternatives . A Latin manuscript work on musical instruments by Henri Arnault de Zwolle from about 1440 includes detailed diagrams of three types of jack action , as well as a mechanism describable as a crude ( and premature ) predecessor of the piano action . See also : Clavicymbalum .
Themistocles
However , he took care to ensure that he did not alienate the nobility of Athens . He began to practice law , the first person in Athens to prepare for public life in this way . His ability as attorney and arbitrator , used in the service of the common people , gained him further popularity .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Red Claw , voiced by Pete Sepenuk , is a Tyrannosaurus . He has a distinctive scar extending from his left eye to his left hand , with the blood apparently coloring one of his claws bright red . He appears in various episodes of the show , but survives its events .
Apollo
ɪjuːs / ə - JY - i - yoos ; Ἀγυιεύς , Aguīeus ) , from ἄγυια , `` street '' , for his role in protecting roads and homes Alexicacus ( / əˌlɛksɪˈkeɪkəs / ə - LEK - si - KAY - kəs ; Ἀλεξίκακος , Alexikakos ) , literally `` warding off evil '' Apotropaeus ( / əˌpɒtrəˈpiːəs / ə - POT - rə - PEE - əs ; Ἀποτρόπαιος , Apotropaios ) , from ἀποτρέπειν , `` to avert '' Archegetes ( / ɑːr ˈkɛdʒətiːz / ar - KEJ - ə - teez ; Ἀρχηγέτης , Arkhēgetēs ) , literally `` founder '' Averruncus ( Roman ) ( / ˌævəˈrʌŋkəs / AV - ə - RUNG - kəs ; from Latin āverruncare ) , `` to avert '' Clarius ( / ˈklæriəs / KLARR - ee - əs ; Κλάριος , Klārios ) , from Doric κλάρος , `` allotted lot '' Epicurius ( / ˌɛpɪˈkjʊriəs / EP - i - KEWR - ee - əs ; Ἐπικούριος , Epikourios ) , from ἐπικουρέειν , `` to aid '' Genetor ( / ˈdʒɛnɪtər / JEN - i - tər ; Γενέτωρ , Genetōr ) , literally `` ancestor '' Nomius ( / ˈnoʊmiəs / NOH - mee - əs ; Νόμιος , Nomios ) , literally `` pastoral '' Nymphegetes ( / nɪmˈfɛdʒɪtiːz / nim - FEJ - i - teez ; Νυμφηγέτης , Numphēgetēs ) , from Νύμφη , `` Nymph '' , and ἡγέτης , `` leader '' , for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life Prophecy
Tom Bombadil
Gandalf calls Tom Bombadil the eldest being in existence ; this is evidenced by his Sindarin name Iarwain Ben - adar ( Eldest and Fatherless ) . Dwarves called him Forn ( Old Norse , meaning `` Ancient '' or `` Belonging to the distant past '' ; in Icelandic it can also mean that he has magical abilities ) , Men Orald ( compare to Dutch oeroud and German uralt , `` ancient , very old '' ) . All these names apparently mean `` Eldest '' . Treebeard calls himself the eldest living being of Middle - earth and says that he was there before anyone else . However , Tolkien remarked in another context : `` Treebeard is a character in my story , not me ; and though he has a great memory and some earthy wisdom , he is not one of the Wise , and there is quite a lot he does not know or understand . '' The apparent discrepancy has also been explained by Tolkien deliberately mirroring the self - contradictory textual traditions of real - world medieval texts .
Law
The etymology of `` bureaucracy '' derives from the French word for `` office '' ( bureau ) and the Ancient Greek for word `` power '' ( kratos ) . Like the military and police , a legal system 's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive . One of the earliest references to the concept was made by Baron de Grimm , a German author who lived in France . In 1765 he wrote ,
Prometheus
For Plato , only the virtues of `` reverence and justice can provide for the maintenance of a civilized society -- and these virtues are the highest gift finally bestowed on men in equal measure . '' The ancients by way of Plato believed that the name Prometheus derived from the Greek prefix pro - ( before ) + manthano ( intelligence ) and the agent suffix - eus , thus meaning `` Forethinker '' .
Primus inter pares
The phrase `` first among equals '' has also been used to describe the Chief Justice of the United States . The Chief Justice has considerable administrative powers , and can assign the writing of decisions in cases in which he is in the majority , but has no direct control over the decisions of his colleagues on the Supreme Court of the United States . This situation is often found in supreme courts around the world .
Primus inter pares
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom has frequently been described as `` first among equals '' . In the UK , the executive is the Cabinet , and during Hanoverian times a minister had the role of informing the monarch about proposed legislation in the House of Commons and other matters . In modern times , however , although the phrase is still occasionally used , it understates the powers of the Prime Minister , which now include many broad , exclusive , executive powers over which cabinet members have little influence .
Cogito, ergo sum
The proposition is sometimes given as dubito , ergo cogito , ergo sum . This fuller form was penned by the eloquent French literary critic , Antoine Léonard Thomas , in an award - winning 1765 essay in praise of Descartes , where it appeared as `` Puisque je doute , je pense ; puisque je pense , j'existe . '' In English , this is `` Since I doubt , I think ; since I think , I exist '' ; with rearrangement and compaction , `` I doubt , therefore I think , therefore I am '' , or in Latin , `` dubito , ergo cogito , ergo sum '' .
Anthony Eden
Recent biographies put more emphasis on Eden 's achievements in foreign policy and perceive him to have held deep convictions regarding world peace and security as well as a strong social conscience . Rhodes James applies to Eden Churchill 's famous verdict on Lord Curzon ( in Great Contemporaries ) : `` The morning had been golden ; the noontime was bronze ; and the evening lead . But all was solid , and each was polished until it shone after its fashion '' .
Aragorn
The development of Aragorn 's connection to Gondor was long and complex , as was his association with Boromir . Initially it is said that Aragorn 's forefathers were the exiles of Númenor who ruled over the people of Ond ( the early name of Gondor ) but were driven out by the Witch King `` when Sauron raised a rebellion '' . The story of the two branches of Elendil 's descendants ruling over two kingdoms of Men through many generations only emerged gradually ; at one time , Tolkien even seems to have conceived only three generations between Isildur and Aragorn .
Aragorn
He was the founder of the House of Telcontar ( Telcontar is `` Strider '' in Quenya , after the nickname given him by the rustics of the North ) , which ruled Gondor well into the Fourth Age of Middle - earth ; in records , his full regnal name is given as Elessar Telcontar ( `` Elfstone Strider '' ) . In the Houses of Healing , he called himself Envinyatar , the renewer .
History of Mexico
They consolidated power and exercised influence in matters of trade , art , politics , technology , and religion . Over a span of 3,000 years , other regional powers made economic and political alliances with them ; many made war on them . But almost all found themselves within their spheres of influence .
Carthage
Mago ( 6th century ) was King of Carthage ; the head of state , war leader , and religious figurehead . His family was considered to possess a sacred quality . Mago 's office was somewhat similar to that of a pharaoh , but although kept in a family it was not hereditary , it was limited by legal consent . Picard , accordingly , believes that the council of elders and the popular assembly are late institutions . Carthage was founded by the king of Tyre who had a royal monopoly on this trading venture . Thus it was the royal authority stemming from this traditional source of power that the King of Carthage possessed . Later , as other Phoenician ship companies entered the trading region , and so associated with the city - state , the King of Carthage had to keep order among a rich variety of powerful merchants in their negotiations among themselves and over risky commerce across the Mediterranean . Under these circumstance , the office of king began to be transformed . Yet it was not until the aristocrats of Carthage became wealthy owners of agricultural lands in Africa that a council of elders was institutionalized at Carthage .
List of Sons of Anarchy characters
Piermont `` Piney '' Winston ( William Lucking ) was a co-founder of SAMCRO and father of Opie Winston . He was a veteran of the Vietnam War and must carry an oxygen tank with him at all times due to emphysema .
John C. Calhoun
Regarding his career in the House of Representatives , an observer commented that Calhoun was `` the most elegant speaker that sits in the House ... His gestures are easy and graceful , his manner forcible , and language elegant ; but above all , he confines himself closely to the subject , which he always understands , and enlightens everyone within hearing . ''
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
Like previous Star Wars films , The Phantom Menace makes several references to historical events and films that George Lucas watched in his youth . The Star Wars films typically mix several concepts from different mythologies together .
Damocles
The phrase has also come to be used in describing any situation infused with a sense of impending doom , especially when the peril is visible and close at hand -- regardless of whether the victim is in a position of power . The American president John F. Kennedy compared the omnipresent threat of nuclear annihilation to a sword of Damocles hanging over the people of the world . Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev wanted the Tsar Bomba to `` hang like the sword of Damocles over the imperialists ' heads '' .
History of the United States Constitution
`` Men of original principles '' Luther Martin , MD if not state equality create regional nations
Arthur Phillip
Steadfast in mind , modest , without self seeking , Phillip had imagination enough to conceive what the settlement might become , and the common sense to realize what at the moment was possible and expedient . When almost everyone was complaining he never himself complained , when all feared disaster he could still hopefully go on with his work . He was sent out to found a convict settlement , he laid the foundations of a great dominion .
Kingdom of England
Unlike the partly self - governing boroughs that covered urban areas , the counties of medieval England existed primarily as a means of enforcing central government power , enabling monarchs to exercise control over local areas through their chosen representatives -- originally Sheriffs and later the Lord Lieutenants -- and their subordinate Justices of the Peace . Counties were used initially for the administration of justice , collection of taxes and organisation of the military , and later for local government and electing parliamentary representation . Some outlying counties were from time to time accorded palatine status with some military and central government functions vested in a local noble or bishop . The last such , the County Palatine of Durham , did not lose this special status until the 19th century .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
William Seward ( left ) and Gideon Wells ( right ) served in Lincoln 's cabinet throughout his presidency .
Pluto (mythology)
Pluto ( Greek : Πλούτων , Ploutōn ) was the ruler of the underworld in classical mythology . The earlier name for the god was Hades , which became more common as the name of the underworld itself . In ancient Greek religion and mythology , Pluto represents a more positive concept of the god who presides over the afterlife . Ploutōn was frequently conflated with Ploutos ( Πλοῦτος , Plutus ) , a god of wealth , because mineral wealth was found underground , and because as a chthonic god Pluto ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for a bountiful harvest . The name Ploutōn came into widespread usage with the Eleusinian Mysteries , in which Pluto was venerated as a stern ruler but the loving husband of Persephone . The couple received souls in the afterlife , and are invoked together in religious inscriptions . Hades , by contrast , had few temples and religious practices associated with him , and he is portrayed as the dark and violent abductor of Persephone .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Mo , voiced by Rob Paulsen , is a colorful Ophthalmosaurus who first appeared in The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water . The character is bilingual , speaking a broken form of the herbivore language , as well as his native dolphin - like language . He is very playful , and becomes popular with the main characters aside from Cera , who is at first annoyed by his playful antics .
Prometheus
The Prometheus myth first appeared in the late 8th - century BCE Greek epic poet Hesiod 's Theogony ( 507 -- 616 ) . He was a son of the Titan Iapetus by Clymene , one of the Oceanids . He was brother to Menoetius , Atlas , and Epimetheus . Hesiod , in Theogony , introduces Prometheus as a lowly challenger to Zeus 's omniscience and omnipotence .
Stamp Act 1765
But it is clear that the crowd was giving vent to years of resentment at the accumulation of wealth and power by the haughty prerogative faction led by Hutchinson . Behind every swing of the ax and every hurled stone , behind every shattered crystal goblet and splintered mahogany chair , lay the fury of a plain Bostonian who had read or heard the repeated references to impoverished people as `` rable '' and to Boston 's popular caucus , led by Samuel Adams , as a `` herd of fools , tools , and synchophants . ''
Jurisdiction stripping
The judicial power shall extend to all the cases enumerated in the constitution . As the mode is not limited , it may extend to all such cases , in any form , in which judicial power may be exercised . It may , therefore , extend to them in the shape of original or appellate jurisdiction , or both ; for there is nothing in the nature of the cases which binds to the exercise of the one in preference to the other .
Habeas corpus
The writ of habeas corpus is one of what are called the `` extraordinary '' , `` common law '' , or `` prerogative writs '' , which were historically issued by the English courts in the name of the monarch to control inferior courts and public authorities within the kingdom . The most common of the other such prerogative writs are quo warranto , prohibito , mandamus , procedendo , and certiorari . The due process for such petitions is not simply civil or criminal , because they incorporate the presumption of non-authority . The official who is the respondent must prove his authority to do or not do something . Failing this , the court must decide for the petitioner , who may be any person , not just an interested party . This differs from a motion in a civil process in which the movant must have standing , and bears the burden of proof .
Hades
Epithets of Hades include Agesander ( Ἀγήσανδρος ) and Agesilaos ( Ἀγεσίλαος ) , both from ágō ( ἄγω , `` lead '' , `` carry '' or `` fetch '' ) and anḗr ( ἀνήρ , `` man '' ) or laos ( λαός , `` men '' or `` people '' ) , describing Hades as the god who carries away all . Nicander uses the form Hegesilaus ( Ἡγεσίλαος ) . He was also referred to as Zeus Katachthonios ( Ζευς καταχθονιος ) , meaning `` the Zeus of the Underworld '' , by those avoiding his actual name , as he had complete control over the Underworld .
Powers of the President of the United States
Pardons can be controversial when they appear to be politically motivated . President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of White House staffer Lewis `` Scooter '' Libby .
Grand jury
They were usually wealthy `` country gentlemen '' ( i.e. landowners , landed gentry , farmers and merchants ) :
Lighthouse of Alexandria
Julius Caesar , in his Civil Wars ( Part III , 111 -- 112 ) , describes the Pharos and its strategic importance . Gaining control of the lighthouse helped him subdue Ptolemy XIII 's armies ( 48 BC ) : Now because of the narrowness of the strait there can be no access by ship to the harbour without the consent of those who hold the Pharos . In view of this , Caesar took the precaution of landing his troops while the enemy was preoccupied with fighting , seized the Pharos and posted a garrison there . The result was that safe access was secured for his corn supplies and reinforcements . -- Caesar , b. civ. 3.112 ? ? ; or Anon. , b. Alex. ? ?
Cross of Gold speech
Historian James A. Barnes , in his historical journal article pointing out myths that have arisen about Bryan 's candidacy and campaign , stated that Bryan 's efforts bore fruit even before the convention :
Santa Claus
L. Frank Baum 's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus , a 1902 children 's book , further popularized Santa Claus . Much of Santa Claus 's mythos was not set in stone at the time , leaving Baum to give his `` Neclaus '' ( Necile 's Little One ) a wide variety of immortal support , a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho , and ten reindeer -- who could not fly , but leapt in enormous , flight - like bounds . Claus 's immortality was earned , much like his title ( `` Santa '' ) , decided by a vote of those naturally immortal . This work also established Claus 's motives : a happy childhood among immortals . When Ak , Master Woodsman of the World , exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world , Santa strives to find a way to bring joy into the lives of all children , and eventually invents toys as a principal means . Santa later appears in The Road to Oz as a honored guest at Ozma 's birthday party , stated to be famous and beloved enough for everyone to bow even before he is announced as `` The most Mighty and Loyal Friend of Children , His Supreme Highness - Santa Claus '' .
Habeas corpus
Then , as now , the writ of habeas corpus was issued by a superior court in the name of the Sovereign , and commanded the addressee ( a lower court , sheriff , or private subject ) to produce the prisoner before the royal courts of law . A habeas corpus petition could be made by the prisoner him or herself or by a third party on his or her behalf and , as a result of the Habeas Corpus Acts , could be made regardless of whether the court was in session , by presenting the petition to a judge . Since the 18th century the writ has also been used in cases of unlawful detention by private individuals , most famously in Somersett 's Case ( 1772 ) , where the black slave Somersett was ordered to be freed . In that case these famous words are said to have been uttered : `` The air of England has long been too pure for a slave , and every man is free who breathes it '' . During the Seven Years ' War and later conflicts , the Writ was used on behalf of soldiers and sailors pressed into military and naval service . The Habeas Corpus Act 1816 introduced some changes and expanded the territoriality of the legislation .
Nominative determinism
Those with fitting names give differing accounts of the effect of their name on their career choices . Igor Judge , former Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales , said he has no recollection of anyone commenting on his destined profession when he was a child , adding `` I 'm absolutely convinced in my case it is entirely coincidental and I ca n't think of any evidence in my life that suggests otherwise . '' James Counsell on the other hand , having chosen a career in law just like his father , his sibling , and two distant relatives , reported having been spurred on to join the bar from an early age and he can not remember ever wanting to do anything else . Sue Yoo , an American lawyer , said that when she was younger people urged her to become a lawyer because of her name , which she thinks may have helped her decision . Weather reporter Storm Field was not sure about the influence of his name ; his father , also a weather reporter , was his driving force . Psychology professor Lewis Lipsitt , a lifelong collector of aptronyms , was lecturing about nominative determinism in class when a student pointed out that Lipsitt himself was subject to the effect since he studied babies ' sucking behaviour . Lipsitt said `` That had never occurred to me . '' Church of England vicar Reverend Michael Vickers , who denied being a Vickers had anything to do with him becoming a vicar , suggesting instead that in some cases `` perhaps people are actually escaping from their name , rather than moving towards their job '' . I
Hellenistic period
Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks . The Mahabharata compliments them as `` the all - knowing Yavanas '' ( sarvajnaa yavanaa ) ; e.g. , `` The Yavanas , O king , are all - knowing ; the Suras are particularly so . The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy '' , such as flying machines that are generally called vimanas . The `` Brihat - Samhita '' of the mathematician Varahamihira says : `` The Greeks , though impure , must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein , excelled others ... '' .
Secretary
From the Renaissance until the late 19th century , men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful had assumed the title of secretary .
Founding Fathers of the United States
Subsequent events in the lives of the Founding Fathers after the adoption of the Constitution were characterized by success or failure , reflecting the abilities of these men as well as the vagaries of fate . Washington , Adams , Jefferson and Madison served in highest U.S. office of President . Jay would be appointed as Chief Justice of the United States and later elected to two terms as Governor of New York .
List of The Land Before Time characters
Littlefoot , voiced by Gabriel Damon ( I ) , Scott McAfee ( II - IV ) , Brandon LaCroix ( V ) , Thomas Dekker ( singing voice , V ; singing and speaking , VI - IX ) , Alec Medlock ( X ) , Aaron Spann ( XI ) , Nick Price ( XII ) , Cody Arens ( XIII - TV series ) , Anthony Skillman ( singing voice , XIII - TV series ) and Felix Avitia ( XIV ) , is a brown male Apatosaurus , or `` Longneck '' . His birth marked the beginning of the very first film . When his mother dies protecting him from a Sharptooth , he is forced to travel through the harsh wilderness alone to find his surviving grandparents . After meeting several young dinosaurs along the way who would become his best friends , they arrive in the verdant Great Valley where the series primarily takes place . In Journey Through the Mists , Littlefoot is introduced to his female cousin Ali , a member of another Longneck herd . He is eventually meets his father , Bron , in the film The Great Longneck Migration , who adopts an orphaned Brachiosaurus named Shorty who becomes his foster brother .