vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of tennis
Tennis comes from the French tenez , the plural imperative form of the verb tenir , to hold , meaning `` hold ! '' , `` receive ! '' or `` take ! '' , an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent to indicate that he is about to serve . Racket derives from the Arabic rakhat , meaning the palm of the hand . Deuce comes from à deux le jeu , meaning `` to both is the game '' ( that is , the two players have equal scores ) . The origin of the use of Love for zero is disputed . It is possible that it derives from `` l'oeuf '' , the French word for `` egg '' , representing the shape of a zero . Another possibility is that it derives from the Dutch expression `` iets voor lof doen '' , which means to do something for praise , implying no monetary stakes . The reason for the numbering of scores being `` 15 '' , `` 30 '' and `` 40 '' is unknown . Historical sources suggest the system was originally 15 , 30 , 45 with the 45 simplified to 40 over time . Common theories are that it originated from the quarters of a clock , or from gambling stakes .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
The results of Donike 's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols . The first documented case of `` blood doping '' occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m . Polish gold medallist pole vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene bras d'honneur gesture in all four directions to the jeering Soviet public , causing an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result . There were numerous incidents and accusations of Soviet officials using their authority to negate marks by opponents to the point that IAAF officials found the need to look over the officials ' shoulders to try to keep the events fair . There were also accusations of opening stadium gates to advantage Soviet athletes , and causing other disturbances to opposing athletes .
Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings
Teams had to add their names to the trophy at their own expense . Initially , there was only one ring , the one added by the first Cup champion Montreal HC . Clubs then engraved their team names , usually in the form `` ( TEAM NAME ) ( YEAR WON ) '' , on that one ring until it was full in 1902 . With no room to engrave their names ( perhaps unwilling to pay for a second band to the Cup ) , teams started leaving their mark on the bowl itself . A second ring was finally added by the Ottawa Senators in 1909 . As mentioned earlier in this article , some teams during this era did not engrave their names on the Cup .
America's Cup
After Société Nautique de Genève successfully defended the trophy in the 32nd America 's Cup , they accepted a challenge from Club Náutico Español de Vela , a Spanish yacht club formed expressly for the purpose of challenging for the cup and keeping the regatta in Valencia . When SNG and CNEV published their protocol for the 33rd America 's Cup , there was criticism over its terms , with some teams and yacht clubs calling it the worst protocol in the history of the event . Golden Gate Yacht Club ( GGYC ) then filed its own challenge for the cup and also filed a court case asking that CNEV be removed as being unqualified under the deed of gift , and that GGYC be named the challenger , being the first club to file a conforming challenge .
Masters Tournament
By tradition , the winner of the previous year 's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament . In 1966 , Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself . When Nick Faldo ( in 1990 ) and Tiger Woods ( in 2002 ) repeated as champions , the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them .
Masters Tournament
The tournament has a number of traditions . Since 1949 , a green jacket has been awarded to the champion , who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory , although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions ' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom . In most instances , only a first - time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds . A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win ( unless he needs to be re-fitted with a new jacket ) . The Champions Dinner , inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952 , is held on the Tuesday before each tournament , and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club . Beginning in 1963 , legendary golfers , usually past champions , have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play . These have included Fred McLeod , Jock Hutchinson , Gene Sarazen , Sam Snead , Byron Nelson , Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , and Gary Player . Since 1960 , a semi-social contest at the par - 3 course has been played on Wednesday , the day before the first round .
America's Cup
New York Yacht Club : 25 -- 1 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron : 3 -- 3 San Diego Yacht Club : 3 -- 1 Société Nautique de Genève : 2 -- 1 Golden Gate Yacht Club : 2 -- 1 Royal Perth Yacht Club : 1 -- 3
No-hitter
The longest current streak is held by the Oakland Athletics at 25 years , 241 days ( 4103 games , including 44 postseason games ) as of March 11 , 2017 . They were last held hitless on July 13 , 1991 , when four Baltimore Orioles pitchers combined to shut down the A 's offense .
Crab
Numbers of extant and extinct ( † ) species are given in brackets . The superfamily Eocarcinoidea , containing Eocarcinus and Platykotta , was formerly thought to contain the oldest crabs ; it is now considered part of the Anomura . Examples
Tennis court
Of the current four Grand Slam tournaments , the Australian and US Open use hard courts , French Open is played on clay , and Wimbledon , the only Grand Slam to have always been played on the same surface , is played on grass . The Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988 and in its early years the French championship alternated between clay and sand / rubble courts . The US Open is the only major to have been played on three surfaces ; it was played on grass from its inception until 1974 , clay from 1975 until 1977 and hard courts since it moved from the West Side Tennis Club to the National Tennis Center in 1978 .
The Players Championship
The win by Duval propels him to # 1 in the World rankings . 2000 : Hal Sutton wins at the TPC at Sawgrass for a second time . He edges Tiger Woods by one shot . 2002 : Playing for the first time ever in The Players Championship , Craig Perks finishes eagle - birdie - par to win by two shots over Stephen Ames . It is the only PGA Tour win for Perks . 2003 : Davis Love III wins The Players Championship for a second time . He shoots a final round 64 to win by six shots over Jay Haas and Pádraig Harrington . 2004 : In spite of hitting his 2nd shot at the 72nd hole into the water , Adam Scott is able to get it up and down for bogey to win by one shot over Pádraig Harrington . 2005 : Fred Funk becomes the tournament 's oldest champion by edging Tom Lehman , Luke Donald , and Scott Verplank by one shot . During the final round , Bob Tway hits four balls into the water surrounding the 17th green , scoring a twelve on the hole . 2010 : After 206 career PGA Tour starts , Tim Clark breaks through for his first Tour win . 2011 : K.J. Choi becomes the first Asian born golfer to win The Players Championship . He defeats David Toms on the first hole of a sudden death playoff . 2013 : Roberto Castro ties the course record with a 9 - under 63 in the opening round . Sergio García , tied for the lead with Tiger Woods at 13 - under par going to the par - 3 17th hole in the final round , puts two balls into the water . Tiger Woods wins the event for the first time since 2001 . It is his 78th career PGA Tour win in his 300th start . 2014 : Ongoing injuries prevent Tiger Woods from defending his title . In the first round , Martin Kaymer ties the course record with a 63 matching Fred Couples ( 1992 ) , Greg Norman ( 1994 ) and Roberto Castro ( 2013 ) . Kaymer goes on to win wire - to - wire . 2015 : Following a three - way tie at 12 - under par in regulation play , the tournament 's first aggregate three - hole playoff over holes 16 -- 18 is conducted between Rickie Fowler , Kevin Kisner and Sergio García .
Second line (parades)
The locally best known second line parades are held by clubs and benevolent organizations . Some have long histories ; the oldest such organization still holding regular parades is the Young Men Olympian Junior Benevolent Association , founded in 1884 . During the `` second line season '' , lasting most of the year with breaks for holidays ( including Mardi Gras ) and the hottest part of summer , there are second line parades most Sundays . Longer parades often make stops , commonly at bars , where refreshments have been arranged for members and those following the parade for fun can purchase something . There are often vendors selling soft drinks , beer , and street food , including barbecue and yaka mein .
Secession in the United States
Not a `` league '' , however firm ; not a `` confederacy '' or a `` confederation '' ; not a compact on among `` sovereign ' states '' -- all these high profile and legally freighted words from the Articles were conspicuously absent from the Preamble and every other operative part of the Constitution . The new text proposed a fundamentally different legal framework .
Separation of church and state in the United States
The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed :
Taxation in the United States
In the United States , taxable income is computed under rules that differ materially from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles . Since only publicly traded companies are required to prepare financial statements , many non-public companies opt to keep their financial records under tax rules . Corporations that present financial statements using other than tax rules must include a detailed reconciliation of their financial statement income to their taxable income as part of their tax returns . Key areas of difference include depreciation and amortization , timing of recognition of income or deductions , assumptions for cost of goods sold , and certain items ( such as meals and entertainment ) the tax deduction for which is limited .
Homonym
Similarly , a river bank , a savings bank , a bank of switches , and a bank shot in the game of pool share a common spelling and pronunciation , but differ in meaning .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
Boy beater redirects here , but the article gives no definition of it ( a female version of a wife beater ) . Someone should put a sentance or two in the article about it . -- CannedLizard 19 : 44 , 3 August 2006 ( UTC )
Jack-o'-lantern
Agnes Carr Sage , in the article , Halloween Sports and Customs '' ( Harper 's Young People ( 1885 ) :
Seventh-inning stretch
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Replay review in gridiron football
Plays involving the sideline , goal line , end zone and end line , as well as other detectable situations , are reviewable ( e.g. , fumble / no fumble , pass complete / incomplete , touchdown / no touchdown , runner down / not down , player or ball inbounds / out of bounds , clock adjustments ) . Most fouls ( e.g. , holding , offside , pass interference ) are not reviewable , except that in 2006 , illegal forward passes , handoffs and punts from beyond the line of scrimmage , and too many players on the field are reviewable and the foul may be called after replay review . Also , while the foul of pass interference is not reviewable , it can be overturned on review based on touching of the pass . By rule , pass interference can not apply if a pass has been touched by any player before the foul occurs , and the touching of a pass is a reviewable play at its conclusion from a secure booth in the press box . Most plays are routine and the game continues without interruption . If , however , the following criteria are met , the Replay Official may interrupt the contest by paging the game officials to stop the game before the next play starts . The criteria are :
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable , yet denied equal rights , declaring `` Women have the right to mount the scaffold , they must also have the right to mount the speaker 's rostrum '' .
Replay review in gridiron football
In 2005 , the Big Ten , MAC , and SEC only allowed broadcast video ( for games that are televised ) to be used to determine the correct call . The other conferences allowed broadcast video and scoreboard video . Most conferences provided video equipment for games that were not televised .
Hayling Island
Seacourt Tennis Club also hosts a weekly fencing club featuring all ages , levels and weapons .
Labor history of the United States
The unions of the AFL were composed primarily of skilled men ; unskilled workers , African - Americans , and women were generally excluded . The AFL saw women as threatening the jobs of men , since they often worked for lower wages . The AFL provided little to no support for women 's attempts to unionize .
Seneca Falls Convention
Resolved , that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
See also Roach v. State , 358 Md. 418 , 429 - 30 , 749 A. 2d 787 , 793 ( 2000 ) .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
A shirt of this type worn by women and often more fitted than the male version is sometimes referred to as a `` boy beater '' .
Republic (Plato)
Following Plato , Ibn Rushd accepts the principle of women 's equality . They should be educated and allowed to serve in the military ; the best among them might be tomorrow 's philosophers or rulers . He also accepts Plato 's illiberal measures such as the censorship of literature . He uses examples from Arab history to illustrate just and degenerate political orders .
Athena Parthenos
This statue is a depiction of Athena after winning a combat . With her left hand she supports a shield with carvings of an Athenian battle against the Amazons . On her right , rests the winged Goddess of victory Nike . Her left knee is slightly bent , her weight slightly shifted to her right leg . Her peplos is cinched at the waist by a pair of serpents , whose tails entwine at the back . Locks of hair trail onto the goddess 's breastplate . The Nike on her outstretched right hand is winged ; whether there was a support under it in Phidias ' original has been much discussed ; evidence in surviving versions is contradictory . The exact position of Athena 's spear , often omitted , is also not fully determined , whether held in the crook of Athena 's right arm or supported by one of the snakes in the aegis , as N. Leipen restores it , following the `` Aspasios '' gem .
Electric bicycle laws
( Source : P.A. 96 ‐ 125 , eff. 1 ‐ 1 ‐ 10 . )
Knock, Knock, Ginger
The game in various forms is known by different names geographically , including the following :
Seneca Falls Convention
At the afternoon session , the eleven resolutions were read again , and each one was voted on individually . The only one that was materially questioned was the ninth , the one Stanton had added regarding women 's right to vote . It read :
Ganesh Chaturthi
At public venues , along with the reading of texts and group feasting , athletic and martial arts competitions are also held .
1980 Summer Olympics boycott
This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ``
South Park: The Fractured but Whole
The player can modify the New Kid 's appearance , superpowers , gender , sexuality , race , and ethnicity at any time in the game . Gender choices include male , female , and trigender . Costume items can be collected , mixed together and recolored but have no influence on the New Kid 's abilities . The New Kid 's race selector is represented as a difficulty level slider , with lighter skin being easy and darker skin being harder . The slider does not affect combat but affects the amount of money the player can receive and the way some characters speak to the New Kid .
Statue of Liberty
Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem .
Nintendo 64 accessories
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Student's t-test
This article may not properly summarize its corresponding main article . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Smart city
This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2017 )
Tashan-e-Ishq
This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( May 2017 )
Mental calculation
This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( February 2017 )
Context effect
hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article uses first - person ( `` I '' ; `` we '' ) or second - person ( `` you '' ) inappropriately . Please rewrite it to use a more formal , encyclopedic tone . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains instructions , advice , or how - to content . The purpose of Wikipedia is to present facts , not to train . Please help improve this article either by rewriting the how - to content or by moving it to Wikiversity , Wikibooks or Wikivoyage . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ``
I'm going to Disney World!
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
The Great Courses
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some
Negative and positive rights
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)
This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( May 2017 )
Energy Performance Certificate
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Home
Logic
In languages , modality deals with the phenomenon that sub-parts of a sentence may have their semantics modified by special verbs or modal particles . For example , `` We go to the games '' can be modified to give `` We should go to the games '' , and `` We can go to the games '' and perhaps `` We will go to the games '' . More abstractly , we might say that modality affects the circumstances in which we take an assertion to be satisfied . Confusing modality is known as the modal fallacy .
Spanish language
This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( December 2014 ) Geographical
Guy's Grocery Games
Special Delivery : A mid-round game in which the chefs receive an unusual ingredient that they must use in their dishes .
Natural selection
The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of a population depends on the total number of replications of that variant . The mathematics of `` improvement in fitness was described by Kleinman . An empirical example of `` improvement in fitness '' is given by the Kishony Mega-plate experiment . In this experiment , `` improvement in fitness '' depends on the number of replications of the particular variant for a new variant to appear that is capable of growing in the next higher drug concentration region . Fixation or substitution is not required for this `` improvement in fitness '' . On the other hand , `` improvement in fitness '' can occur in an environment where `` survival of the fittest '' is also acting . The classic Lenski `` E. coli long - term evolution experiment '' is an example of adaptation in a competitive environment , ( `` improvement in fitness '' during `` survival of the fittest '' ) . The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of the lineage to give improved fitness is slowed by the competition . The variant which is a candidate for a beneficial mutation in this limited carrying capacity environment must first out - compete the `` less fit '' variants in order to accumulate the requisite number of replications for there to be a reasonable probability of that beneficial mutation occurring .
Food Network
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Forrest Gump
Gump 's core character and personality are also changed from the novel ; among other things his film character is less of a savant -- in the novel , while playing football at the university , he fails craft and gym , but receives a perfect score in an advanced physics class he is enrolled in by his coach to satisfy his college requirements . The novel also features Gump as an astronaut , a professional wrestler , and a chess player .