vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
First Battle of the Marne
On 10 September , Joffre ordered the French armies and the BEF to advance and for four days , the Armies on the left flank moved forward and gathered up German stragglers , wounded and equipment , opposed only by rearguards . On 11 and 12 September , Joffre ordered outflanking manoeuvres by the armies on the left flank but the advance was too slow to catch the Germans , who ended their withdrawal on 14 September , on high ground on the north bank of the Aisne and began to dig in . Frontal attacks by the Ninth , Fifth , and Sixth Armies were repulsed from 15 -- 16 September . This led Joffre to transfer the Second Army west to the left flank of the Sixth Army , the first phase of Allied attempts to outflank the German armies in `` The Race to the Sea '' .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The French pursued Brunswick slowly , capturing the strategic town of Minden which could potentially be used to stage an invasion of Hanover . Brunswick was pressured into action by this threat ; the French command was also eager to end the campaign with a swift victory to free up troops which would allow them to take part in the proposed invasion of Britain . On the night of 31 July , both commanders simultaneously decided to attack the other outside Minden . The French forces reacted hesitantly when faced with Germans in front of them as dawn broke , allowing the Allies to seize the initiative and counter-attack . However , one column of British troops advanced too quickly and soon found itself attacked on all sides by a mixture of cavalry , artillery and infantry which vastly outnumbered them . The British managed to hold them off , sustaining casualties of a third . When they were reinforced with other troops , the Allies broke through the French lines and forced them to retreat . The British cavalry under Sackville were ordered to advance , but he refused -- apparently in indignation at his treatment by Brunswick , though this was at the time popularly attributed to cowardice on his part . In the confusion , the French were allowed to escape the battlefield and avoid total disaster .
The Man in the High Castle
Baynes and Tagomi finally meet their Japanese contact as two agents of the Nazi secret police , the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) , close in to arrest Baynes , who is actually revealed to be a Nazi defector named Rudolf Wegener . Wegener warns his contact , a famed Japanese general , of Operation Dandelion , an upcoming Goebbels - approved plan for the Nazis to surprise - attack the Japanese Home Islands , in order to obliterate them in one swift stroke . As Frink is elsewhere exposed as a Jew and arrested , Wegener and Tagomi are confronted by the SD agents , both of whom Tagomi shoots dead with an antique American pistol . Back in Colorado , Joe abruptly changes his appearance and mannerisms before the trip to the High Castle , leading Juliana to deduce that he intends to actually murder Abendsen . Joe confirms this , revealing himself to be an undercover Swiss Nazi assassin . Juliana mortally wounds Joe and drives off to warn Abendsen of the threat to his life .
World War I
The final assault on the Hindenburg Line began with the Meuse - Argonne Offensive , launched by French and American troops on 26 September . The following week , cooperating French and American units broke through in Champagne at the Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge , forcing the Germans off the commanding heights , and closing towards the Belgian frontier . On 8 October the line was pierced again by British and Dominion troops at the Battle of Cambrai . The German army had to shorten its front and use the Dutch frontier as an anchor to fight rear - guard actions as it fell back towards Germany .
Spice trade
This trade , which drove the world economy from the end of the Middle Ages well into the modern times , ushered in an age of European domination in the East . Channels , such as the Bay of Bengal , served as bridges for cultural and commercial exchanges between diverse cultures as nations struggled to gain control of the trade along the many spice routes . European dominance was slow to develop . The Portuguese trade routes were mainly restricted and limited by the use of ancient routes , ports , and nations that were difficult to dominate . The Dutch were later able to bypass many of these problems by pioneering a direct ocean route from the Cape of Good Hope to the Sunda Strait in Indonesia .
The Man in the High Castle
Nathanael West 's Miss Lonelyhearts ( 1933 ) is also mentioned in the text , written before the Roosevelt assassination divergence point that separates the world of The Man in the High Castle from ours . In this novella , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' is a male newspaper journalist who writes anonymous advice as an agony aunt to forlorn readers during the height of the Great Depression ; hence , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' tries to find consolation in religion , casual sex , rural vacations , and work , none of which provide him with the sense of authenticity and engagement with the outside world that he needs . West 's book is about the elusive quality of interpersonal relationships and quest for personal meaning at a time of political turmoil within the United States .
Southern Ocean
The Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition of 1914 , led by Ernest Shackleton , set out to cross the continent via the pole , but their ship , the Endurance , was trapped and crushed by pack ice before they even landed . The expedition members survived after an epic journey on sledges over pack ice to Elephant Island . Then Shackleton and five others crossed the Southern Ocean , in an open boat called James Caird , and then trekked over South Georgia to raise the alarm at the whaling station Grytviken .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Several ships were torpedoed within sight of East Coast cities such as New York and Boston ; indeed , some civilians sat on beaches and watched battles between U.S. and German ships . MS
Friedrich Engels
From 1845 to 1848 , Engels and Marx lived in Brussels , spending much of their time organising the city 's German workers . Shortly after their arrival , they contacted and joined the underground German Communist League . The Communist League was the successor organisation to the old League of the Just which had been founded in 1837 , but had recently disbanded . Influenced by Wilhelm Weitling , the Communist League was an international society of proletarian revolutionaries with branches in various European cities . The Communist League also had contacts with the underground conspiratorial organisation of Louis Auguste Blanqui . Many of Marx 's and Engels 's current friends became members of the Communist League . Old friends like Georg Friedrich Herwegh , who had worked with Marx on the Rheinsche Zeitung , Heinrich Heine , the famous poet , a young doctor by the name of Roland Daniels , Heinrich Bürgers and August Herman Ewerbeck all maintained their contacts with Marx and Engels in Brussels . Georg Weerth , who had become a friend of Engels in England in 1843 , now settled in Brussels . Karl Wallau and Stephen Born ( real name Simon Buttermilch ) were both German immigrant typesetters who settled in Brussels to help Marx and Engels with their Communist League work . Marx and Engels made many new important contacts through the Communist League . One of the first was Wilhelm Wolff , who was soon to become one of Marx 's and Engels 's closest collaborators . Others were Joseph Weydemeyer and Ferdinand Freiligrath , a famous revolutionary poet . While most of the associates of Marx and Engels were German immigrants living in Brussels , some of their new associates were Belgians . Phillipe Gigot , a Belgian philosopher and Victor Tedesco , a lawyer from Liège , both joined the Communist League . Joachim Lelewel a prominent Polish historian and participant in the Polish uprising of 1830 -- 1831 was also a frequent associate . The Communist League commissioned Marx and Engels to write a pamphlet explaining the principles of communism . This became The Manifesto of the Communist Party , better known as the Communist Manifesto . It was first published on 21 February 1848 and ends with the world - famous phrase : `` Let the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution . The proletariat have nothing to lose but their chains . They have a world to win ... Working Men of All Countries , Unite ! ''
Causes of World War II
The Treaty of Versailles was neither lenient enough to appease Germany , nor harsh enough to prevent it from becoming the dominant continental power again . Germans largely saw the treaty place the blame , or `` war guilt , '' on Germany and Austria - Hungary and punish them for their `` responsibility '' rather than working out an agreement that would assure long - term peace . The treaty provided for harsh monetary reparations , separated millions of ethnic Germans into neighboring countries , territorial dismemberment , and caused mass ethnic resettlement . In an effort to pay war reparations to Britain and France , the Weimar Republic printed trillions of marks , causing extremely high inflation of the German currency ( see Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic ) .
War of the Austrian Succession
In May 1745 , The main Prussian army was stationed at Frankenstein . This army consisted of 59,000 soldiers and was fitted with 54 heavy cannon . Frederick learned that a combined Austrian - Saxon army of about 70,000 troops under the command of Prince Charles , was on the march to the northeast towards Landeshut . To meet this threat to Silesia , Frederick II marched north toward Reichenbach . Before he reached Reichenbach , Frederick learned that Prince Charles was crossing the mountains from the west to the east side and that Prince Charles planned to occupy the town of Hohenfriedberg . Accordingly , Frederick encamped his army at Schweidwitz and waited for Prince Charles to come to him . At this site , Frederick laid a trap for the superior Austrian - Saxon forces . Indeed , Frederick was operating on the theory that `` to catch a mouse , leave the trap open . '' At 6 : 30 AM on 4 June 1745 , while the Austrian - Saxon troops were still recovering from their long march , the trap was sprung on them in the Battle of Hohenfriedberg . The Austrian - Saxon forces were no match for Frederick 's army and especially his cavalry , and they lost half their artillery and almost a quarter of their men . At 9 : 00 AM , Prince Charles ordered a full retreat back toward Reichenberg .
Western Front (World War I)
In June , the British launched an offensive in Flanders , in part to take pressure off the French armies on the Aisne , after the French part of the Nivelle Offensive failed to achieve the strategic victory that had been planned and French troops began to mutiny . The offensive began on 7 June , with a British attack on Messines Ridge , south of Ypres , to retake the ground lost in the First and Second battles in 1914 . Since 1915 specialist Royal Engineer tunnelling companies had been digging tunnels under the ridge , and about 500 t ( 490 long tons ) of explosives had been planted in 21 mines under the German defences . Following several weeks of bombardment , the explosives in 19 of these mines were detonated , killing up to 7,000 German troops . The infantry advance that followed relied on three creeping barrages which the British infantry followed to capture the plateau and the east side of the ridge in one day . German counter-attacks were defeated and the southern flank of the Gheluvelt plateau was protected from German observation .
World War I
The rise of Nazism and Fascism included a revival of the nationalist spirit and a rejection of many post-war changes . Similarly , the popularity of the stab - in - the - back legend ( German : Dolchstoßlegende ) was a testament to the psychological state of defeated Germany and was a rejection of responsibility for the conflict . This conspiracy theory of betrayal became common , and the German populace came to see themselves as victims . The widespread acceptance of the `` stab - in - the - back '' theory delegitimized the Weimar government and destabilized the system , opening it to extremes of right and left .
Western Front (World War I)
In September 1915 the Entente allies launched another offensive , with the French Third Battle of Artois , Second Battle of Champagne and the British at Loos . The French had spent the summer preparing for this action , with the British assuming control of more of the front to release French troops for the attack . The bombardment , which had been carefully targeted by means of aerial photography , began on 22 September . The main French assault was launched on 25 September and , at first , made good progress in spite of surviving wire entanglements and machine gun posts . Rather than retreating , the Germans adopted a new defence - in - depth scheme that consisted of a series of defensive zones and positions with a depth of up to 8.0 km ( 5 mi ) .
Military history of the United States during World War II
The Colmar Pocket ( French : Poche de Colmar ; German : Brückenkopf Elsaß ) was the area held in central Alsace , France by the German Nineteenth Army from November 1944 -- February 1945 , against the U.S. 6th Army Group during World War II . It was formed when 6th AG liberated southern and northern Alsace and adjacent eastern Lorraine , but could not clear central Alsace . During Operation Nordwind in December 1944 , the 19th Army attacked north out of the Pocket in support of other German forces attacking south from the Saar into northern Alsace . In late January and early February 1945 , the French First Army ( reinforced by the U.S. XXI Corps ) cleared the Pocket of German forces .
Causes of World War II
As Nazi attentions turned towards resolving the `` Polish Corridor Question '' during the summer of 1939 , Britain and France committed themselves to an alliance with Poland , threatening Germany with a two - front war . On their side , the Germans assured themselves of the support of the USSR by signing a non-aggression pact with them in August , secretly dividing Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence .
Gilligan's Island
The shipwrecked castaways desperately want to leave the remote island , and various opportunities are frequently presenting themselves . They typically fail owing to some bumbling error committed by Gilligan ( with the notable exception of `` The Big Gold Strike '' , where everyone except Gilligan is responsible for their failed escape ) . Sometimes this would result in Gilligan saving the others from some unforeseen flaw in their plan .
Congress of Vienna
Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna -- more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress . In addition , there were representatives of cities , corporations , religious organizations ( for instance , abbeys ) and special interest groups -- e.g. , a delegation representing German publishers , demanding a copyright law and freedom of the press . The Congress was noted for its lavish entertainment : according to a famous joke it did not move , but danced .
Senate
The Senate of Finland was , until 1919 , the executive branch and the supreme court . The Senate of Latvia ( lv ) fulfilled a similar judicial function during the interbellum ( 1918 - 1940 ) . In German politics :
Government of the Soviet Union
Government of the Union of Socialist Republics Правительство СССР Formation 1922 Extinction 1991 Legislative branch Legislature Supreme Soviet Meeting place State Kremlin Palace Executive branch Leader Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Headquarters Kremlin Senate Main organ State Committee of the Soviet Union Judicial branch Court Supreme Court of the Soviet Union Seat Moscow
Warsaw
The Germans then razed Warsaw to the ground . Hitler , ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation , ordered the entire city to be razed to the ground and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned . Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known as Verbrennungs - und Vernichtungskommando ( `` Burning and Destruction Detachments '' ) . About 85 % of the city had been destroyed , including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle .
Women's March on Versailles
The King 's court and the deputies of the National Constituent Assembly were all in comfortable residence at the royal city of Versailles , where they were considering momentous changes to the French political system . Reformist deputies had managed to pass sweeping legislation in the weeks after the Bastille 's fall , including the revolutionary August Decrees ( which formally abolished most noble and clerical privileges ) and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . Now their attention was turned to the creation of a permanent constitution . Monarchists and conservatives of all degrees had thus far been unable to resist the surging strength of the reformers , but by September their positions were beginning , however slightly , to improve . In constitutional negotiations they were able to secure a legislative veto power for the king . Many of the reformers were left aghast by this , and further negotiations were hobbled by contentiousness .
Appeasement
During the Cold War , the `` lessons '' of appeasement were cited by prominent conservative allies of Reagan , who urged Reagan to be assertive in `` rolling back '' Soviet - backed regimes throughout the world . The Heritage Foundation 's Michael Johns , for instance , wrote in 1987 that `` seven years after Ronald Reagan 's arrival in Washington , the United States government and its allies are still dominated by the culture of appeasement that drove Neville Chamberlain to Munich in 1938 . ''
Public administration
In the late 1980s , yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last . The new theory , which came to be called New Public Management , was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book Reinventing Government . The new model advocated the use of private sector - style models , organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency and service - orientation of the public sector . During the Clinton Administration ( 1993 -- 2001 ) , Vice President Al Gore adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches . In the 1990s , new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US , the UK and , to a lesser extent , in Canada . The original public management theories have roots attributed to policy analysis , according to Richard Elmore in his 1986 article published in the `` Journal of Policy Analysis and Management '' .
Allies of World War II
Before the war , Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . During the ensuing fighting , Belgian forces fought alongside French and British forces against the invaders . While the British and French were struggling against the fast German advance elsewhere on the front , the Belgian forces were pushed into a pocket to the north . Finally , on 28 May , the King Leopold III surrendered himself and his military to the Germans , having decided the Allied cause was lost . The legal Belgian government was reformed as a government in exile in London . Belgian troops and pilots continued to fight on the Allied side as the Free Belgian Forces . Belgium itself was occupied , but a sizeable Resistance was formed and was loosely coordinated by the government in exile and other Allied powers .
Helsinki
Official Finnish Government documents and Finnish language newspapers have used the name Helsinki since 1819 , when the Senate of Finland moved itself into the city from Turku . The decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue . This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish . As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire , Helsinki was known as Gelsingfors in Russian .
Public administration
There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective , wasteful bureaucracy . Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective . Elected officials supported these reforms . The Hoover Commission , chaired by University of Chicago professor Louis Brownlow , to examine reorganization of government . Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service ( PAS ) at the university , an organization which has provided consulting services to all levels of government until the 1970s .
Government of the Soviet Union
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Articles of Confederation
As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers .
Mexico City
In 1941 , the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department , which was then renamed `` Mexico City '' ( thus reviving the name , but not the autonomous municipality ) . From 1941 to 1970 , the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City . In 1970 , Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones : Cuauhtémoc , Miguel Hidalgo , Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez , increasing the number of delegaciones to 16 . Since then , the whole Federal District , whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area , began to be considered de facto a synonym of Mexico City .
One World Trade Center
On November 1 , 2014 , moving trucks started moving items for the tower 's first occupying tenant , magazine publisher Condé Nast , from its old headquarters in Times Square to One World Trade Center . The New York Times noted that the area around the World Trade Center had transitioned from a financial area to one with technology firms , residences , and luxury shops , coincident with the building of the new tower .
Prague
Prague is also the site of some of the most important offices and institutions of the Czech Republic .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Antwerp - as - entrepôt was already in decline before the Revolt , and before the Fall of Antwerp that sealed its fate as a major commercial center . But its demise started a scramble of other ports that wanted to take over its essential economic function , and Amsterdam ( and to a lesser extent other major Dutch ports like Rotterdam and Enkhuizen ) succeeded in doing so , though it was not a foregone conclusion that this prize would not go to London , Bremen or Hamburg . However , the political circumstances of the Revolt probably helped the displaced Calvinist merchants of Antwerp settle near their northern coreligionists , and bring their money with them . More important , however , must have been the advantages of Amsterdam , which already gave it a strong position in the Baltic trades : elastic supplies of shipping and labor , low transaction costs , and efficient markets .