vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Clint Eastwood
On August 22 , 1984 , Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman 's Chinese theater to record his hand and footprints in cement . Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996 , and received an honorary degree from AFI in 2009 . On December 6 , 2006 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Eastwood into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History , Women , and the Arts .
Cheka
Deych , Vikhman , Timofey , Vera ( Dora ) Grebenshchikova , Aleksandra ( ag Ashykin .
I'm Not a Robot
Ji - ah 's older brother who is the research team leader of KM Financial .
Battle of Long Tan
Amid the noise of machine - gun and rifle fire and the VC bugle calls , Stanley quickly brought the 161st Battery , Royal New Zealand Artillery into action to support the Australian infantry . Yet as he was unable to see them , for safety reasons the initial rounds were directed a distance from 11 Platoon 's known location , before `` walking '' the fire in to between 200 to 300 metres ( 220 to 330 yd ) of their position , aided by D Company 's favourable location between the VC and the gunline at Nui Dat , which allowed the rounds to pass over their heads and fall away from them . Landing beyond 11 Platoon , the rounds exploded amid the VC as they began to form up for an assault . But with 11 Platoon engaged from its left , front and right , it became clear the VC force was stronger than a platoon , and was probably at least company - sized . Supported by heavy machine - guns , they launched a series of assaults against 11 Platoon , only to be held off by small arms and artillery fire . As the fighting continued , Stanley realised a single artillery battery would be insufficient , and at 16 : 19 requested a regimental fire mission using all 24 guns of the 1st Field Regiment . The VC continued their assault regardless , surging around the flanks of 11 Platoon . The Australians responded with controlled small arms fire , picking off a number of VC soldiers as the rain and artillery continued to fall . After making the required corrections , Stanley requested another regimental fire mission at 16 : 22 , yet still unable to see the rounds land he had to work entirely from radio communications with 11 Platoon , adjusting the fire over an area of 200 metres ( 220 yd ) using just a map . Australian
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia , as shown by successive law codes , those of Urukagina , Lipit Ishtar and Hammurabi , across its history became more and more a patriarchal society , one in which the men were far more powerful than the women . For example , during the earliest Sumerian period , the `` en '' , or high priest of male gods was originally a woman , that of female goddesses , a man . Thorkild Jacobsen , as well as many others , has suggested that early Mesopotamian society was ruled by a `` council of elders '' in which men and women were equally represented , but that over time , as the status of women fell , that of men increased . As for schooling , only royal offspring and sons of the rich and professionals , such as scribes , physicians , temple administrators , went to school . Most boys were taught their father 's trade or were apprenticed out to learn a trade . Girls had to stay home with their mothers to learn housekeeping and cooking , and to look after the younger children . Some children would help with crushing grain or cleaning birds . Unusual for that time in history , women in Mesopotamia had rights . They could own property and , if they had good reason , get a divorce .
Las Meninas
Velázquez further emphasises the Infanta by his positioning and lighting of her maids of honour , whom he sets opposing one another : to left and right , before and behind the Infanta . The maid to the left faces the light , her brightly lit profile and sleeve creating a diagonal . Her opposite number creates a broader but less defined reflection of her attention , making a diagonal space between them , in which their charge stands protected .
Written Chinese
Chinese characters do not reliably indicate their pronunciation , even for one dialect . It is therefore useful to be able to transliterate a dialect of Chinese into the Latin alphabet or the Perso - Arabic script Xiao'erjing for those who can not read Chinese characters . However , transliteration was not always considered merely a way to record the sounds of any particular dialect of Chinese ; it was once also considered a potential replacement for the Chinese characters . This was first prominently proposed during the May Fourth Movement , and it gained further support with the victory of the Communists in 1949 . Immediately afterward , the mainland government began two parallel programs relating to written Chinese . One was the development of an alphabetic script for Mandarin , which was spoken by about two - thirds of the Chinese population ; the other was the simplification of the traditional characters -- a process that would eventually lead to simplified Chinese . The latter was not viewed as an impediment to the former ; rather , it would ease the transition toward the exclusive use of an alphabetic ( or at least phonetic ) script .
Quechuan languages
Mild Exhortation In these constructions the evidential works to reaffirm and encourage the addressee 's actions or thoughts .
Evidence of common descent
The biologist Ernst Mayer championed the concept of ring species , claiming that it unequivocally demonstrated the process of speciation . A ring species is an alternative model to allopatric speciation , `` illustrating how new species can arise through ' circular overlap ' , without interruption of gene flow through intervening populations ... ''
Joseph McCarthy
Senator McCarthy 's zeal to uncover subversion and espionage led to disturbing excesses . His browbeating tactics destroyed careers of people who were not involved in the infiltration of our government . His freewheeling style caused both the Senate and the Subcommittee to revise the rules governing future investigations , and prompted the courts to act to protect the Constitutional rights of witnesses at Congressional hearings ... These hearings are a part of our national past that we can neither afford to forget nor permit to reoccur .
Friedrich Engels
Once Engels made it to Britain , he decided to re-enter the Manchester company in which his father held shares , in order to be able to support Marx financially , so that Marx could work on his masterpiece Das Kapital . Engels did n't like the work but did it for the good of the cause .
Battle of Long Tan
By 16 August , the communist force was positioned east of the Long Tân rubber plantation , just outside the range of the artillery at Nui Dat . The operation was thought to have been planned by Colonel Nguyen Thanh Hong , a staff officer from the VC 5th Division who was likely in overall control . Although VC intentions have been debated in the years since , the aim was likely both a political and military victory , resolving to prove their strength to the local population and undermine Australian public support for the war . They would probably have known one of 1 ATF 's battalions was involved in the search of Bình Ba and may have considered Nui Dat weakly defended as a result . Undetected , it likely consisted of three battalions of the 275th Regiment with approximately 1,400 men , possibly reinforced by at least one regular PAVN battalion , and D445 Battalion with up to 350 men . Well armed , they were equipped with AK - 47 and SKS assault rifles , RPG - 2 rocket - propelled grenades , light machine - guns , mortars and RCLs . Large quantities of ammunition were carried , with each man issued two or three grenades , and grenadiers up to 10 or 12 , as well as a reserve of small arms , mortar bombs and rounds for their crew - served weapons . Meanwhile , the 274th Regiment was probably located 15 to 20 kilometres ( 9.3 to 12.4 mi ) north - west , occupying a position on Route 2 to ambush a squadron of the US 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment which they anticipated would move down the inter-provincial highway from Long Khánh to support the Australians .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
After spending years as a political hostage in Thebes , Philip II sought to imitate the Greek example of martial exercises and the issuing of standard equipment for citizen soldiery , and succeeded in transforming the Macedonian army from a levied force of unprofessional farmers into a well - trained , professional army . Philip II adopted some of the military tactics of his enemies , such as the embolon ( flying wedge ) cavalry formation of the Scythians . His infantry wielded peltai shields that replaced the earlier hoplon - style shield , were equipped with protective helmets , greaves , and either cuirass breastplates or kotthybos stomach bands , and armed with sarissa pikes and a dagger as a secondary weapon . The elite hypaspistai infantry , composed of handpicked men from the ranks of the pezhetairoi , were formed during the reign of Philip II and saw continued use during the reign of Alexander the Great . Philip II was also responsible for the establishment of the royal bodyguards ( somatophylakes ) . An
Battle of Long Tan
For several weeks Australian signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) had tracked a radio transmitter from the headquarters of the 275th Regiment moving westwards to a position just north of Long Tan ; however , extensive patrolling failed to find the unit . By 16 August the communist force was positioned east of the Long Tan rubber plantation , just outside the range of the artillery at Nui Dat . On the night of 16 / 17 August , VC mortars , recoilless rifles ( RCLs ) and artillery heavily bombarded Nui Dat from a position 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) to the east , damaging the base and wounding 24 men , one of whom later died . The VC positions were then engaged by counter-battery fire and the mortaring ceased . The following morning , B Company , 6th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 6 RAR ) departed Nui Dat to locate the firing points and the direction of the VC withdrawal . A number of weapon pits were subsequently found , as were the positions of the mortars and RCLs .
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
The WON 's earlier years were also marked by revealing insider news and various behind - the - scenes happenings in the industry , a groundbreaking approach in a kayfabe - heavy era . Meltzer 's approach benefitted from professional contacts , a historic perspective , and his own analysis of trends , data , and events . The WWE 's 1997 `` Montreal Screwjob '' was exhaustively covered by the WON , which featured accounts from within the backstage rooms where some of the interaction occurred , including from Bret Hart himself . Meltzer published data - based evidence suggesting inflated `` record '' attendance figures for WrestleManias III and 23 . He gave extensive space to various wrestling scandals , including Vince McMahon 's 1990s steroid trial , the Chris Benoit murder investigation , and the high drug - fueled death rate within the wrestling ranks . His newsletter was also known for its lengthy obituaries of deceased wrestling figures , as well as a desire to chronicle the deaths of every wrestling figure possible , no matter how minor .
Battle of Long Tan
In early August 5 RAR continued operations along Route 2 , including the cordon and search of Bình Ba which had been postponed in late July . The village was considered key to opening the north of the province and linking Bà Rịa to Xuân Lộc in Long Khánh Province , yet it was dominated by the VC , and with a population of 2,100 the operation would be complex . 5 RAR sealed off Bình Ba before first light on 9 August , supported by two companies from 6 RAR , as well as APCs , engineers and artillery . Accompanied by South Vietnamese police , they methodically searched the area while the inhabitants were provided with food and medical aid , followed by further searches of Dục Mỹ and Dục Trung . By 10 August Bình Ba and its approaches had been cleared and the Australians commenced searching the areas east and west of Route 2 . Although little contact occurred , one Australian was killed on 14 August during a brief fire - fight after a group of VC approached their harbour . Route 2 was opened to civilian traffic on 18 August . By the conclusion of the operation , 17 VC had been apprehended and a further 77 suspects detained , destroying the Bình Ba guerrilla platoon , crippling the infrastructure of the insurgency and bringing the village under government influence , with an ARVN Ranger company later stationed there to maintain control . Achieved at little cost , it was believed a significant success . Warr in particular considered such operations vital to the pacification of Phước Tuy , arguing they were the only way to neutralise the VC infrastructure and were an essential first step in defeating the VC main forces , even if their effectiveness relied on the questionable ability of the government to rapidly establish competent administration and security .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán , then president of the first Audiencia decided , to march on northwestern Mexico with a force of 5,000 -- 8,000 men in search for new populations to subdue , and when he arrived in Michoacán and found out that Tangaxuan was still de facto ruler of his empire he allied himself with a Tarascan noble Don Pedro Panza Cuinierángari against the Cazonci . The Cazonci was tried with plotting a rebellion , withholding tribute , sodomy and heresy , and he was tortured and executed . His ashes were thrown into the Lerma river . A period of violence and turbulence began . During the next decades , Tarascan puppet rulers were installed by the Spanish government .
Battle of Long Tan
D Company took over the pursuit around midday on 18 August . After clashing with a VC squad in the afternoon and forcing them to withdraw , the Australians were engaged by small - arms and rocket - propelled grenade fire from a flank . Numbering only 108 men , D Company was facing a much larger force . Pinned down , they called for artillery as a monsoon rain began , reducing visibility . Heavy fighting ensued as the advancing battalions of the VC 275th Regiment and D445 Battalion attempted to encircle and destroy the Australians . After several hours D Company was nearly out of ammunition , when two UH - 1B Iroquois from No. 9 Squadron RAAF arrived overhead to resupply them . Heavily outnumbered but supported by strong artillery fire , D Company held off a regimental assault before a relief force of cavalry and infantry from Nui Dat fought their way through as darkness fell and forced the VC to withdraw just as they appeared to be preparing for a final assault . Withdrawing to establish a landing zone to evacuate their casualties , the Australians formed a defensive position overnight . Returning in strength the next day , the Australians swept the area and located a large number of VC dead . Although the Australians initially believed they had suffered a major defeat , the scale of the VC 's losses revealed that they had actually won a significant victory . Over the next two days , they continued to clear the battlefield , uncovering more dead as they did so . An Australian victory , Long Tan proved a major local setback for the VC , indefinitely forestalling an imminent movement against Nui Dat . Although there were other large - scale encounters in later years , 1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again . The battle established the task force 's dominance over the province and allowed it to pursue operations to restore government authority .
Friedrich Engels
Paul Thomas , of the University of California , Berkeley , claims that while Engels had been the most important and dedicated facilitator and diffuser of Marx 's writings , he significantly altered Marx 's intents as he held , edited and released them in a finished form , and commentated on them . Engels attempted to fill gaps in Marx 's system and extend it to other fields . He stressed historical materialism in particular , assigning it a character of scientific discovery and a doctrine , indeed forming Marxism as such . A case in point is Anti-Dühring , which supporters of socialism , like its detractors , treated as an encompassing presentation of Marx 's thought . And while in his extensive correspondence with German socialists Engels modestly presented his own secondary place in the couple 's intellectual relationship and always emphasised Marx 's outstanding role , Russian communists like Lenin raised Engels up with Marx and conflated their thoughts as if they were necessarily congruous . Soviet Marxists then developed this tendency to the state doctrine of Dialectical Materialism .
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet
The boys then move on to Laos and later Thailand , where Barry 's Russian ex-wife , Tatiana turns up to announce that she is carrying his child following a brief `` reconciliation '' back in UK . After working for the Australian embassy Neville accompanies Barry and Tatiana for a journey upon the Eastern and Oriental Express in which they meet , by coincidence , Tarquin Pearce . During a stopover on this trip , Barry is kidnapped and held by guerrillas in a village in the jungle . When the others find out and follow they are also captured . They end up being imprisoned in a bamboo hut but are treated kindly by the local villagers . Eventually , Dennis has an idea ( inspired by the film The Bridge on the River Kwai ) to build a washhouse for the villagers to keep their minds occupied during their ordeal . After obtaining the guerrilla leader 's satellite phone while he is asleep Neville manages to send a call for help to Brenda , his wife and as a result the army and the Australian embassy locate them . It turns out that the man who arranged their hostage taking by the guerrillas was Neville 's corrupt handler , Tarquin Pearce ( from Series 4 ) . Deprived of their hostages , the guerrillas decide to take Tarquin hostage instead .
Tina Turner
Turner has collaborated with Tibetan Buddhists and met with the 14th Dalai Lama , Tenzin Gyatso in Einsiedeln , Switzerland in 2005 , citing this as an inspiration for a spiritual music project she later co-founded called Beyond . In a 2011 public interview with Shambala Sun , Turner indicated that she no longer follows the morning and evening Gongyo practice in a regimented schedule and hosts various types of Buddhist statues in her home altar located in the upper attic of one of her guesthouses in Switzerland .
Trent Affair
In order to counter their weaknesses to an American offensive , the idea of a Canadian invasion of the United States was proposed . It was hoped that a successful invasion would occupy Portland and large sections of Maine , requiring the U.S. to divert troops that would otherwise be occupied with an invasion of Canada directed at its east - west communication and transportation lines . Burgoyne , Seaton , and MacDougall all supported the plan and Lewis recommended it to Palmerston on December 3 . However no preparations for this attack were ever made , and success depended on the attack being initiated at the very beginning of the war . MacDougall believed that `` a strong party is believed to exist in Maine in favor of annexation to Canada '' ( a belief that Bourne characterizes as `` dubious '' ) , and that this party would assist a British invasion . The Admiralty hydrographer , Captain Washington , and Milne both felt that if such a party existed that it would be best to postpone an attack and wait until it became apparent that `` the state was inclined to change masters . '' Naval
Parens patriae
In Pennsylvania v. Mid-Atlantic Toyota Distributors , Inc. , the Fourth Circuit held that several state attorney generals were proper parens patriae plaintiffs to sue a group of car dealers for price fixing , in order to recover damages for their citizen injured by overcharges . The court held that because plaintiffs were authorized to pursue antitrust litigation against defendants on behalf of their states ' natural - person residents under both 15 U.S.C. § § 15c - 15h and state laws and constitutions , they could sue on behalf of their citizens .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Durant manipulated market prices on his stocks by spreading rumors about which railroads he had an interest in were being considered for connection with the Union Pacific . First he touted rumors that his fledgling M&M Railroad had a deal in the works , while secretly buying stock in the depressed Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad . Then he circulated rumors that the CR&M had plans to connect to the Union Pacific , at which point he began buying back the M&M stock at depressed prices . It 's estimated his scams produced over $5 million in profits for him and his cohorts .
Mali Empire
There was no standard currency throughout the realm , but several forms were prominent by region . The Sahelian and Saharan towns of the Mali Empire were organised as both staging posts in the long - distance caravan trade and trading centres for the various West African products . At Taghaza , for example , salt was exchanged ; at Takedda , copper . Ibn Battuta observed the employment of servants in both towns . During most of his journey , Ibn Battuta travelled with a retinue that included servants , most of whom carried goods for trade . On the return from Takedda to Morocco , his caravan transported 600 female servants , suggesting that indentured servitude was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire . Gold
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
Weber 's choice of topics and analysis inspired further attention and critique . The sociologist of Chinese religion C.K. Yang , for instance , wrote that Weber 's interpretation is `` largely the result of viewing the religious situation in Chinese culture from the view of the Christian world , where religion has a formal organizational system and has occupied a prominent structural position in the organizational scheme of Western society . ''
Australia–Canada relations
When reviewing the matter with Arthur Menzies , Canada 's long - serving and trusted high commissioner in Canberra , Australian politicians complained loudly that Trudeau had made no effort to understand Australia 's perspective on Indo - China . Menzies ' conclusion was disturbing : `` Until circumstances arise in which some effective Canadian initiative can be taken in helping to end the hostilities in Indochina , I think that we will find ourselves still rather far apart from the Australians . '' Indeed , when Trudeau declared that the plug could be pulled on the Indian Ocean for all he cared , Australian officials made it clear that they `` now wished that ( Trudeau ) had never concerned himself with them . ''
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Clippers were built for seasonal trades such as tea , where an early cargo was more valuable , or for passenger routes . The small , fast ships were ideally suited to low - volume , high - profit goods , such as spices , tea , people , and mail . The values could be spectacular . The Challenger returned from Shanghai with `` the most valuable cargo of tea and silk ever to be laden in one bottom . '' The competition among the clippers was public and fierce , with their times recorded in the newspapers . The ships had low expected lifetimes and rarely outlasted two decades of use before they were broken up for salvage . Given their speed and maneuverability , clippers frequently mounted cannon or carronade and were often employed as pirate vessels , privateers , smuggling vessels , and in interdiction service . 1815