vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
LASIK
In 2006 , the British National Health Service 's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) considered evidence of the effectiveness and the potential risks of the laser surgery stating `` current evidence suggests that photorefractive ( laser ) surgery for the correction of refractive errors is safe and efficacious for use in appropriately selected patients . Clinicians undertaking photorefractive ( laser ) surgery for the correction of refractive errors should ensure that patients understand the benefits and potential risks of the procedure . Risks include failure to achieve the expected improvement in unaided vision , development of new visual disturbances , corneal infection and flap complications . These risks should be weighed against those of wearing spectacles or contact lenses . '' The FDA reports `` The safety and effectiveness of refractive procedures has not been determined in patients with some diseases . ''
Ear
Injuries to the external ear occur fairly frequently , and can leave minor to major deformity . Injuries include : laceration , avulsion injuries , burn and repeated twisting or pulling of an ear , for discipline or torture . Chronic damage to the ears can cause cauliflower ear , a common condition in boxers and wrestlers in which the cartilage around the ears becomes lumpy and distorted owing to persistence of a haematoma around the perichondrium , which can impair blood supply and healing . Owing to its exposed position , the external ear is susceptible to frostbite as well as skin cancers , including squamous - cell carcinoma and basal - cell carcinomas .
Working memory
Alcohol abuse can result in brain damage which impairs working memory . Alcohol has an effect on the blood - oxygen - level - dependent ( BOLD ) response . The BOLD response correlates increased blood oxygenation with brain activity , which makes this response a useful tool for measuring neuronal activity . The BOLD response affects regions of the brain such as the basal ganglia and thalamus when performing a working memory task . Adolescents who start drinking at a young age show a decreased BOLD response in these brain regions . Alcohol dependent young women in particular exhibit less of a BOLD response in parietal and frontal cortices when performing a spatial working memory task . Binge drinking , specifically , can also affect one 's performance on working memory tasks , particularly visual working memory . Additionally , there seems to be a gender difference in regards to how alcohol affects working memory . While women perform better on verbal working memory tasks after consuming alcohol compared to men , they appear to perform worse on spatial working memory tasks as indicated by less brain activity . Finally , age seems to be an additional factor . Older adults are more susceptible than others to the effects of alcohol on working memory .
Caesarean section
Birth by caesarean section also seems to be associated with worse health outcomes later in life , including overweight or obesity and problems in the immune system .
Nephron
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Tooth decay
It is estimated that untreated dental caries results in worldwide productivity losses in the size of about US $27 billion yearly .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
One of the major concerns following acute carbon monoxide poisoning is the severe delayed neurological manifestations that may occur . Problems may include difficulty with higher intellectual functions , short - term memory loss , dementia , amnesia , psychosis , irritability , a strange gait , speech disturbances , Parkinson 's disease - like syndromes , cortical blindness , and a depressed mood . Depression may occur in those who did not have pre-existing depression . These delayed neurological sequelae may occur in up to 50 % of poisoned people after 2 to 40 days . It is difficult to predict who will develop delayed sequelae ; however , advanced age , loss of consciousness while poisoned , and initial neurological abnormalities may increase the chance of developing delayed symptoms .
Collagen
An autoimmune disease such as lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis may attack healthy collagen fibers .
Ear
The ear drum may become perforated in the event of a large sound or explosion , when diving or flying ( called barotrauma ) , or by objects inserted into the ear . Another common cause of injury is due to an infection such as otitis media . These may cause a discharge from the ear called otorrhea , and are often investigated by otoscopy and audiometry . Treatment may include watchful waiting , antibiotics and possibly surgery , if the injury is prolonged or the position of the ossicles is affected . Skull fractures that go through the part of the skull containing the ear structures ( the temporal bone ) can also cause damage to the middle ear . A cholesteatoma is a cyst of squamous skin cells that may develop from birth or secondary to other causes such as chronic ear infections . It may impair hearing or cause dizziness or vertigo , and is usually investigated by otoscopy and may require a CT scan . The treatment for cholesteatoma is surgery .
Neuroanatomy of memory
Damage to the temporal lobe can affect an individual in a litany of ways ranging from : disturbance of auditory sensation and perception , disturbance of selective attention of auditory and visual input , disorders of visual perception , impaired organization and categorization of verbal material , disturbance of language comprehension , and altered personality .
Column
A column with a cross section that lacks symmetry may suffer torsional buckling ( sudden twisting ) before , or in combination with , lateral buckling . The presence of the twisting deformations renders both theoretical analyses and practical designs rather complex .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
Selective recovery -- one language remains impaired and the other recovers ; the activation threshold for the impaired language is permanently increased Parallel recovery of both languages ( i.e. , when both impaired languages improve to a similar extent and concurrently ) ; Successive recovery ( i.e. , when complete recovery of one language precedes the recovery of the other ) ; Differential recovery -- occurs when there is greater inhibition of one language than of another Alternating recovery ( i.e. , the language that was first recovered will be lost again due to the recovery of the language that was not first recovered ) ; Alternating antagonistic recovery -- in which the language that was not used for a time becomes the currently used language ( i.e. , on one day the patient is able to speak in one language while the next day only in the other ) ; and Blended recovery -- Pathological mixing of two languages ( i.e. , the elements of the two languages are involuntarily mixed during language production )
One-drop rule
If the law is made as it now stands respectable families in Aiken , Barnwell , Colleton , and Orangeburg will be denied the right to intermarry among people with whom they are now associated and identified . At least one hundred families would be affected to my knowledge . They have sent good soldiers to the Confederate Army , and are now landowners and taxpayers . Those men served creditably , and it would be unjust and disgraceful to embarrass them in this way . It is a scientific fact that there is not one full - blooded Caucasian on the floor of this convention . Every member has in him a certain mixture of ... colored blood . The pure - blooded white has needed and received a certain infusion of darker blood to give him readiness and purpose . It would be a cruel injustice and the source of endless litigation , of scandal , horror , feud , and bloodshed to undertake to annul or forbid marriage for a remote , perhaps obsolete trace of Negro blood . The doors would be open to scandal , malice , and greed ; to statements on the witness stand that the father or grandfather or grandmother had said that A or B had Negro blood in their veins . Any man who is half a man would be ready to blow up half the world with dynamite to prevent or avenge attacks upon the honor of his mother in the legitimacy or purity of the blood of his father .
Tooth decay
Tooth decay is caused by biofilm ( dental plaque ) lying on the teeth and maturing to become cariogenic ( causing decay ) . Certain bacteria in the biofilm produce acid in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose , fructose , and glucose .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible . Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working . Follow these steps when you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content :
Morality
Similarly VMPC - impaired persons will judge an action purely on its outcome and are unable to take into account the intent of that action .
Collagen
In addition to the above - mentioned disorders , excessive deposition of collagen occurs in scleroderma .
Flowers for Algernon
When not drinking at night , Charlie spends weeks continuing his mentors ' research and writing reports which include observations of Algernon , whom he keeps at his apartment . Charlie 's research discovers a flaw in the theory behind Nemur and Strauss 's intelligence - enhancing procedure that could cause him to revert to his original mental state . His conclusions prove true when Algernon starts behaving erratically , loses his own enhanced intelligence , and dies .
Hippocampus
The second major line of thought relates the hippocampus to memory . Although it had historical precursors , this idea derived its main impetus from a famous report by William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner describing the results of surgical destruction of the hippocampi ( in an attempt to relieve epileptic seizures ) , in Henry Molaison , known until his death in 2008 as `` Patient H.M. '' The unexpected outcome of the surgery was severe anterograde and partial retrograde amnesia ; Molaison was unable to form new episodic memories after his surgery and could not remember any events that occurred just before his surgery , but he did retain memories of events that occurred many years earlier extending back into his childhood . This case attracted such widespread professional interest that Molaison became the most intensively studied subject in medical history . In the ensuing years , other patients with similar levels of hippocampal damage and amnesia ( caused by accident or disease ) have also been studied , and thousands of experiments have studied the physiology of activity - driven changes in synaptic connections in the hippocampus . There is now universal agreement that the hippocampi play some sort of important role in memory ; however , the precise nature of this role remains widely debated .
Biomass
Inefficiencies of the conversion processes Storage methods for seasonal availability Complex multi-component constituents incompatible with maximizing efficiency of single purpose use High water content of many biomass feedstock Conflicting decisions ( technologies , locations , and routes ) Complex location analysis ( source points , inventory facilities , and production plants )
Column
Mechanical failure modes Buckling Corrosion Corrosion fatigue Creep Fatigue Fouling Fracture Hydrogen embrittlement Impact Mechanical overload Stress corrosion cracking Thermal shock Wear Yielding Table
Tooth decay
The differential diagnosis for dental caries includes dental fluorosis and developmental defects of the tooth including hypomineralization of the tooth and hypoplasia of the tooth .
LASIK
Some people with poor outcomes from LASIK surgical procedures report a significantly reduced quality of life because of vision problems or physical pain associated with the surgery . A small percentage of patients may need to have another surgery because their condition is over-corrected or under - corrected . Some patients need to wear contact lenses or glasses even after treatment .
Hippocampus
In Alzheimer 's disease ( and other forms of dementia ) , the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage ; short - term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms . Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation ( hypoxia ) , encephalitis , or medial temporal lobe epilepsy . People with extensive , bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia ( the inability to form and retain new memories ) .
White matter
Alcohol use disorders are associated with decrease in white matter volume . Animal studies suggest that alcohol may cause loss of white matter by damaging oligodendrocytes , the glial cell responsible for maintaining myelin .
Magnetic field
If there are no magnetic materials around then μ can be replaced by μ . The above equation can not be used for nonlinear materials , though ; a more general expression given below must be used .
Southern Ocean
Increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced marine primary productivity ( phytoplankton ) by as much as 15 % and has started damaging the DNA of some fish . Illegal , unreported , and unregulated fishing , especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery , likely affects the sustainability of the stock . Long - line fishing for toothfish causes a high incidence of seabird mortality .
Vitiligo
Pityriasis alba Tuberculoid leprosy Postinflammatory hypopigmentation Tinea versicolor Albinism Piebaldism Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis Progressive macular hypomelanosis Primary adrenal insufficiency
Neuron
Although most injury responses include a calcium influx signaling to promote resealing of severed parts , axonal injuries initially lead to acute axonal degeneration , which is rapid separation of the proximal and distal ends within 30 minutes of injury . Degeneration follows with swelling of the axolemma , and eventually leads to bead like formation . Granular disintegration of the axonal cytoskeleton and inner organelles occurs after axolemma degradation . Early changes include accumulation of mitochondria in the paranodal regions at the site of injury . Endoplasmic reticulum degrades and mitochondria swell up and eventually disintegrate . The disintegration is dependent on ubiquitin and calpain proteases ( caused by influx of calcium ion ) , suggesting that axonal degeneration is an active process . Thus the axon undergoes complete fragmentation . The process takes about roughly 24 hrs in the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , and longer in the CNS . The signaling pathways leading to axolemma degeneration are currently unknown .
Neuroanatomy of memory
In regard to memory , temporal lobe damage can impair long - term memory . Thus , general semantic knowledge or more personal episodic memories of one 's childhood could be affected .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
If America 's soul becomes totally poisoned , part of the autopsy must read `` Vietnam . '' --
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Actionable words , such as those imputing the injured party : is guilty of some offense , suffers from a contagious disease or psychological disorder , is unfit for public office because of moral failings or an inability to discharge his or her duties , or lacks integrity in profession , trade or business ; That the charge must be false ; That the charge must be articulated to a third person , verbally or in writing ; That the words are not subject to legal protection , such as those uttered in Congress ; and That the charge must be motivated by malice .
Amy Winehouse
On 23 June 2008 , Winehouse 's publicist corrected earlier misstatements by Mitch Winehouse that his daughter had early stage emphysema , instead claiming she had signs of what could lead to early - stage emphysema . Mitch Winehouse had also stated that his daughter 's lungs were operating at 70 percent capacity and that she had an irregular heartbeat . He said that these problems had been caused by her chain smoking crack cocaine . The singer 's father also reported that doctors had warned Winehouse that , if she continued smoking crack cocaine , she would have to wear an oxygen mask and would eventually die . In a radio interview , Mitch Winehouse said the singer was responding `` fabulously '' to treatment , which included being covered with nicotine patches . British Lung Foundation spokesman Keith Prowse noted this type of condition could be managed with treatment . Prowse also said the condition was not normal for a person her age but `` heavy smoking and inhaling other substances like drugs can age the lungs prematurely . '' Norman H. Edelman of the American Lung Association explained that if she stopped smoking , her lung functions would decline at the rate of a normal person , but continued smoking would lead to a more rapid decline in lung function .
Emotional lateralization
Damage to the left hemisphere in patients results in a marked increase in depression . Valence asymmetry may be due to more cholinergic and dopaminergic on the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere being more noradrenergic . Patients with right hemisphere damage had reduced arousal response to painful stimuli .
Epiphyseal plate
Salter -- Harris fractures are fractures involving epiphyseal plates and hence tend to interfere with growth , height or physiologic functions .
Working memory
The research described above on persistent firing of certain neurons in the delay period of working memory tasks shows that the brain has a mechanism of keeping representations active without external input . Keeping representations active , however , is not enough if the task demands maintaining more than one chunk of information . In addition , the components and features of each chunk must be bound together to prevent them from being mixed up . For example , if a red triangle and a green square must be remembered at the same time , one must make sure that `` red '' is bound to `` triangle '' and `` green '' is bound to `` square '' . One way of establishing such bindings is by having the neurons that represent features of the same chunk fire in synchrony , and those that represent features belonging to different chunks fire out of sync . In the example , neurons representing redness would fire in synchrony with neurons representing the triangular shape , but out of sync with those representing the square shape . So far , there is no direct evidence that working memory uses this binding mechanism , and other mechanisms have been proposed as well . It has been speculated that synchronous firing of neurons involved in working memory oscillate with frequencies in the theta band ( 4 to 8 Hz ) . Indeed , the power of theta frequency in the EEG increases with working memory load , and oscillations in the theta band measured over different parts of the skull become more coordinated when the person tries to remember the binding between two components of information .
Nephron
Diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules . Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy , glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy ; renal tubular diseases include acute tubular necrosis , renal tubular acidosis , and polycystic kidney disease .
Tooth decay
Intrauterine and neonatal lead exposure promote tooth decay . Besides lead , all atoms with electrical charge and ionic radius similar to bivalent calcium , such as cadmium , mimic the calcium ion and therefore exposure to them may promote tooth decay .
Moai
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : the section is not chronological with its exploration of different theories and the ongoing debate . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Reconstructive memory
Secondly , a large number of errors that occur during memory reconstruction are caused by faults in the criterion - setting and decision making processes used to direct attention towards retrieving a specific target memory . When there are lapses in recall of aspects of an episodic memory , the individual tends to supplement other aspects of knowledge that are unrelated to the actual episode in order to form a more cohesive and well - rounded reconstruction of the memory , regardless of whether or not the individual is aware of such supplemental processing . This process is known as confabulation . All of the supplemental processes occurring during the course of reconstruction rely on the use of schema , information networks that organize and store abstract knowledge in the brain .
Medicare (United States)
As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare 's unfunded obligation over the 75 year timeframe is $3.8 trillion for the Part A Trust Fund and $28.6 trillion for Part B. Over an infinite timeframe the combined unfunded liability for both programs combined is over $50 trillion , with the difference primarily in the Part B estimate . These estimates assume that CMS will pay full benefits as currently specified over those periods though that would be contrary to current United States law . In addition , as discussed throughout each annual Trustees ' report , `` the Medicare projections shown could be substantially understated as a result of other potentially unsustainable elements of current law . '' For example , current law effectively provides no raises for doctors after 2025 ; that is unlikely to happen . It is impossible for actuaries to estimate unfunded liability other than assuming current law is followed ( except relative to benefits as noted ) , the Trustees state `` that actual long - range present values for ( Part A ) expenditures and ( Part B / D ) expenditures and revenues could exceed the amounts estimated by a substantial margin . ''
Ryukyuan religion
Mabui can be lost as the result of fright , stress , loneliness , or helplessness , any circumstances in which a person suffers from a sudden shock or a lack of psychological / physical resources . A coma - like trance is one manifestation of the loss of mabui , but an extreme one . It seems that the loss of one 's mabui manifests itself first psychologically , as depression or anxiety , and then physically as general lethargy or actual illness . Poor relationships -- be they with the living , the dead , or incorporeal powers -- also may result in the loss of mabui .
Telangiectasia
Some telangiectasias are due to developmental abnormalities that can closely mimic the behaviour of benign vascular neoplasms . They may be composed of abnormal aggregations of arterioles , capillaries , or venules . Because telangiectasias are vascular lesions , they blanch when tested with diascopy .
Emotional lateralization
Subject SB - 2046 had part of his right , prefrontal lobe removed because of cancer . While his IQ and a majority of other normal functions were unharmed , he had severely impaired decision - making skills especially when he had to consider immediate vs. future reward and punishment . His decisions were almost always guided by immediate reward or punishment and disregarded any long - term consequences . Researchers were incapable of conditioning patient SB - 2046 to nonverbal stimuli containing emotional meaning ( reward or punishment ) , but were able to condition the patient to verbal stimuli containing emotional meaning .
List of The Big Bang Theory characters
In season seven , Mrs. Wolowitz breaks her leg and keeps driving away the nurses hired to care for her . Even Penny rejects the job of caregiver after a very short time . After Stuart 's comic - book store burns down , Howard invites Stuart to work for Mrs. Wolowitz ; however , they develop a strange relationship , much to Howard 's annoyance .