vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Partition of India
1050 CE Sena dynasty , c. 1070 - c. 1320 CE Deva dynasty , c. 1100 - c. 1250 CE Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1204 - c. 1338 CE Mamluk Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sonargaon Sultanate , c. 1338 - c. 1352 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1352 - c. 1576 CE Ilyas Shahi dynasty Hussain Shahi dynasty Karrani dynasty Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 - c. 1556 CE Twelve Bhuyans , c. 1550 - c. 1620 CE Porto Grande de Bengala , c. 1528 - c. 1666 CE Chittagong - Arakan Kingdom , c. 1530 - c. 1666 CE Mughal Empire , c. 1576 - c. 1717 CE Bengal Subah Modern ( show ) Nawabs of Bengal , c. 1717 - c. 1757 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 - c. 1858 CE Faraizi Movement , c. 1818 - c. 1884 CE The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 - c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 - c. 1947 CE Bengal Renaissance Eastern Bengal and Assam Prime Minister of Bengal East Bengal , c. 1947 - c. 1955 CE Bengali Language Movement East Pakistan , c. 1955 - c. 1971 CE Six Point Movement 1969 uprising in East Pakistan Pakistani general election , 1970 Bangladesh Liberation War , c. 1971 CE Declaration of Independence Provisional Government of Bangladesh 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Bangladesh Forces Bangladeshi Republic , c. 1972 CE - present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Bangladeshi history Bangladeshi art History of Bengali literature Bangladesh portal
Income inequality in the United States
The distribution of household incomes has become more unequal during the post-2008 economic recovery as the effects of the recession reversed . CBO reported in November 2014 that the share of pre-tax income received by the top 1 % had risen from 13.3 % in 2009 to 14.6 % in 2011 . During 2012 alone , incomes of the wealthiest 1 percent rose nearly 20 % , whereas the income of the remaining 99 percent rose 1 % in comparison . If
United Kingdom
Following a period of widespread economic slowdown and industrial strife in the 1970s , the Conservative government of the 1980s under Margaret Thatcher initiated a radical policy of monetarism , deregulation , particularly of the financial sector ( for example , Big Bang in 1986 ) and labour markets , the sale of state - owned companies ( privatisation ) , and the withdrawal of subsidies to others . This resulted in high unemployment and social unrest , but ultimately also economic growth , particularly in the services sector . From 1984 , the economy was helped by the inflow of substantial North Sea oil revenues .
Partition of India
Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 - c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE - c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 - c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 - c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE - c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 - c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 - c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 - c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 - c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 - c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 - c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 - c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 - c.
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
It has been suggested that Economy of the Netherlands from 1500 - 1700 be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2015 . English
Renaissance
The term Renaissance has also been used to define periods outside of the 15th and 16th centuries . Charles H. Haskins ( 1870 -- 1937 ) , for example , made a case for a Renaissance of the 12th century . Other historians have argued for a Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries , and still later for an Ottonian Renaissance in the 10th century . Other periods of cultural rebirth have also been termed `` renaissances '' , such as the Bengal Renaissance , Tamil Renaissance , Nepal Bhasa renaissance , al - Nahda or the Harlem Renaissance .
History of the United States (1945–64)
Despite overall prosperity during the 1950s , economic growth only averaged 2 % a year during Eisenhower 's administration , and Federal income taxes remained extremely high at over 90 % , although tax evasion was common with the porous tax code of the time . There were also three recessions , the first in 1953 - 54 following the end of the Korean War , the second in 1958 , and the third in 1960 - 61 . In each case , the Republican Party , which had begun the Eisenhower era with a plurality in Congress , suffered the consequences . In the 1954 midterms , the Democrats regained a solid majority of both houses and they would retain an unbroken control of the Senate until 1981 and the House until 1995 . The 1958 recession cost the GOP yet more seats , and the 1960 recession was used by John F. Kennedy as cannon fodder against the Republicans in his presidential run .
Economic history of Italy
The Italian Renaissance was remarkable in economic development . Venice and Genoa were the economic pioneers . Reasons for their early development are for example the relative military safety of Venetian lagoons , the high population density and the institutional structure which inspired entrepreneurs . The City State of Venice was the first real international financial center , which slowly emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century . Tradeable bonds as a commonly used type of security , were invented by the Italian city - states ( such as Venice and Genoa ) of the late medieval and early Renaissance periods .
Economic history of Italy
On 15 May 1991 , Italy became the fourth worldwide economic power , overcoming France , called the `` secondo sorpasso '' with a GDP of US $1.268 trillion , compared to France 's GDP of US $1.209 trillion and Britain 's of US $1.087 trillion . Despite the alleged 1987 GDP growth of 18 % according to the Economist 's Italy was shortly re-overtaken by both France and the United Kingdom after Britain 's economic growth and the arrival of a new strong pound sterling .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
A determining trait of the 1585 through 1622 period was the rapid accumulation of trade capital . The seed money for this expansion was brought in by displaced Antwerp merchants and by other European merchants ( for instance the New Christians who were displaced from the Iberian lands by religious persecution ) that were quickly attracted by the new opportunities in Amsterdam . These merchants often invested in high - risk ventures like pioneering expeditions to the East Indies to engage in the spice trade . These ventures were soon consolidated in the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) . There were similar ventures in different fields , however , like the trade in Russia and the Levant . The profits of these ventures were ploughed back into financing new trade , which led to an exponential growth thereof . Merchant
Income inequality in the United States
During the 2009 - 2012 recovery period , the top 1 % captured 91 % of the real income growth per family with their pre-tax incomes growing 34.7 % adjusted for inflation while the pre-tax incomes of the bottom 99 % grew 0.8 % . Measured from 2009 -- 2015 , the top 1 % captured 52 % of the total real income growth per family , indicating the recovery was becoming less `` lopsided '' in favor of higher income families . By 2015 , the top 10 % ( top decile ) had a 50.5 % share of the pre-tax income , close its highest all - time level .
Partition of India
Part of a series on the History of Bangladesh Etymology Timeline Traditional Urheimat Ancient ( show ) Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bronze Age , c. 3300 -- c. 1200 BCE Iron Age , c. 1200 -- c. 200 BCE Janapada , c. 1200 - c. 600 BCE Northern Black Polished Ware , c. 700 - c. 200 BCE Pundra Kingdom , c. 700 - c. 200 BCE Bengal in Mahabharata , c. 400 - c. 325 BCE Gangaridai Kingdom , c. 350 - c. 325 BCE Mauryan Empire , c. 325 -- c. 185 BCE Samatata Kingdom , c. 232 BCE - c. 800 CE Shunga - Kushan Period , c. 185 BCE -- c. 75 CE Southwestern Silk Road , c. 114 BCE - c. 1450 CE Indo - Roman trade relations , c. 30 - BCE - c. 600 CE Classical ( show ) Gupta Empire , c. 240 - c. 550 CE Sylhet - Assam Varmans , c. 350 - c. 650 CE Gauda Kingdom , c. 590 - c. 626 CE Khadga dynasty , c. 650 - c. 750 CE Pala Empire , c. 750 - c. 1100 CE Arrival of Islam , c. 800 - c. 1050 CE Harikela Kingdom , c. 900 - c. 1050 CE Candra dynasty , c. 900 - c. 1050 CE Sena dynasty , c. 1070 - c. 1320 CE Deva dynasty , c. 1100 - c. 1250 CE Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1204 - c. 1338 CE Mamluk Dynasty Khilji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sonargaon Sultanate , c. 1338 - c. 1352 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1352 - c.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
( T ) he revised data ... showed that the economy was plunging even more rapidly than we had previously recognised in the two quarters following the collapse of Lehman . Yet , the plunge stopped in the second quarter of 2009 -- just as the stimulus came on line . This was followed by respectable growth over the next four quarters . Growth then weakened again as the impact of the stimulus began to fade at the end of 2010 and the start of this year . In other words , the growth pattern shown by the revised data sure makes it appear that the stimulus worked . The main problem would seem to be that the stimulus was not big enough and it was n't left in place long enough to lift the economy to anywhere near potential output .
Economy of Scotland
Growth was rapid after 1700 , as Scottish ports , especially those on the Clyde , began to import tobacco from the American colonies . Scottish industries , especially linen manufacturing , were developed . Scotland embraced the Industrial Revolution , becoming a small commercial and industrial powerhouse of the British Empire . Many young men built careers as imperial administrators . Many Scots became soldiers , returning home after 20 years with their pension and skills .
Drink can
Mikolaj Kondakow and James Wong of Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada invented the pull tab version for bottles in or before 1951 ( Canadian patent 476789 ) . Then , in 1962 , Ermal Cleon Fraze ( 1913 -- 1989 ) of Dayton , Ohio , United States , invented the similar integral rivet and pull - tab version ( also known as ring pull in British English ) , which had a ring attached at the rivet for pulling , and which would come off completely to be discarded . He received US Patent No. 3,349,949 for his pull - top can design in 1963 and licensed his invention to Alcoa and Pittsburgh Brewing Company , the latter of which first introduced the design on Iron City Beer cans . The first soft drinks to be sold in all - aluminium cans were R.C. Cola and Diet - Rite Cola , both made by the Royal Crown Cola company , in 1964 .
Tea culture
The British Empire spread its own interpretation of tea to its dominions and colonies , including regions that today comprise the states of Hong Kong , India , and Pakistan , which had pre-existing tea customs , as well as regions such as East Africa ( modern day Kenya , Tanzania , and Uganda ) and the Pacific ( Australia and New Zealand ) which did not have tea customs . The tea room is found in the US and UK .
Pencil
The usefulness of graphite for pencils was discovered as well , but graphite for pencils had to be smuggled . The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide , attracting the attention of artists all over the known world . Because graphite is soft , it requires some form of encasement . Graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or sheepskin for stability . England would enjoy a monopoly on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found in 1662 in Italy . However , the distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s . The town of Keswick , near the original findings of block graphite , still manufactures pencils , the factory also being the location of the Cumberland Pencil Museum . The meaning of `` graphite writing implement '' apparently evolved late in the 16th century .
Knock, Knock, Ginger
The name knock down ginger or knocky door ginger , used in Britain , comes from a British poem :
Buckfast Tonic Wine
The wine , which is still manufactured using many of the same ingredients , is based on a traditional recipe from France . The Benedictine monks at Buckfast Abbey first made the tonic wine in the 1890s . It was originally sold in small quantities as a medicine using the slogan `` Three small glasses a day , for good health and lively blood '' .
Drink can
Press button cans were used by Pepsi in Canada from the 1970s to 1980s and Coors in the 1970s . They have since been replaced with pull tabs . Used in Australia , locally known as `` pop - tops '' , for soft drinks during the early 1980s .
Knock, Knock, Ginger
Ding dong ditch , ( United States , Canada ) Chicky melly , chap - door - run ( Scotland ) Knock and run Cherry knocking ( United Kingdom , late 20th century ) Nicky nicky nine doors ( Canada , United States ) Ring and run ( United States ) Belletje trekken ( Netherlands ) , belleke trek ( Flanders ) Knock and nash ( Cumbria , United Kingdom )
History of coal mining
In Roman Britain , the Romans were exploiting all major coalfields ( save those of North and South Staffordshire ) by the late 2nd century AD . While much of its use remained local , a lively trade developed along the North Sea coast supplying coal to Yorkshire and London . This also extended to the continental Rhineland , where bituminous coal was already used for the smelting of iron ore . It was used in hypocausts to heat public baths , the baths in military forts , and the villas of wealthy individuals . Excavation has revealed coal stores at many forts along Hadrian 's Wall as well as the remains of a smelting industry at forts such as Longovicium nearby .
Talk:Wifebeater (shirt)
Note that I live in Kansas City , MO and before that I lived in Kansas . Other comments on here seem to suggest that wife beater was used more in other parts of the country . -- Gbleem 15 : 13 , 29 April 2006 ( UTC )
Pencil
Prior to 1565 ( some sources say as early as 1500 ) , a large deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish , Cumbria , England . This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid , and it could easily be sawn into sticks . It remains the only large - scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form . Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead . Consequently , it was called plumbago ( Latin for `` lead ore '' ) . Because the pencil core is still referred to as `` lead '' , or a `` lead '' , many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead , and the black core of pencils is still referred to as lead , even though it never contained the element lead . The words for pencil in German ( bleistift ) , Irish ( peann luaidhe ) , Arabic ( قلم رصاص qalam raṣāṣ ) , and some other languages literally mean lead pen .
Pencil
English and German pencils were not available to the French during the Napoleonic Wars ; France , under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain , was unable to import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines -- the only known source in the world . France was also unable to import the inferior German graphite pencil substitute . It took the efforts of an officer in Napoleon 's army to change this . In 1795 , Nicolas - Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln . By varying the ratio of graphite to clay , the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied . This method of manufacture , which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth , the founder of the Koh - I - Noor in 1790 , remains in use . In 1802 , the production of graphite leads from graphite and clay was patented by the Koh - I - Noor company in Vienna .
History of coal mining
Canadian coal mining started in New Brunswick and also occurred in Alberta , British Columbia , Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan . The United States has been a major supplier for the industrial regions of Ontario . By 2000 about 19 % of Canada 's energy was supplied by coal , much of it imported from the U.S while Eastern Canadian ports import considerable coal from Venezuela .
History of coal mining
Anthracite ( or `` hard '' coal ) , clean and smokeless , became the preferred fuel in cities , replacing wood by about 1850 . Bituminous ( or `` soft coal '' ) mining came later . In the mid-century Pittsburgh was the principal market . After 1850 soft coal , which is cheaper but dirtier , came into demand for railway locomotives and stationary steam engines , and was used to make coke for steel after 1870 .
Coal
Outcrop coal was used in Britain during the Bronze Age ( 3000 -- 2000 BC ) , where it has been detected as forming part of the composition of funeral pyres . In Roman Britain , with the exception of two modern fields , `` the Romans were exploiting coals in all the major coalfields in England and Wales by the end of the second century AD '' . Evidence of trade in coal ( dated to about AD 200 ) has been found at the Roman settlement at Heronbridge , near Chester , and in the Fenlands of East Anglia , where coal from the Midlands was transported via the Car Dyke for use in drying grain . Coal cinders have been found in the hearths of villas and Roman forts , particularly in Northumberland , dated to around AD 400 . In the west of England , contemporary writers described the wonder of a permanent brazier of coal on the altar of Minerva at Aquae Sulis ( modern day Bath ) , although in fact easily accessible surface coal from what became the Somerset coalfield was in common use in quite lowly dwellings locally . Evidence of coal 's use for iron - working in the city during the Roman period has been found . In Eschweiler , Rhineland , deposits of bituminous coal were used by the Romans for the smelting of iron ore . Coal
Spice trade
The spice trade refers to the trade between historical civilizations in Asia , Northeast Africa and Europe . Spices such as cinnamon , cassia , cardamom , ginger , pepper , and turmeric were known and used in antiquity for commerce in the Eastern World . Opium was a part of the spice trade and some people involved in the spice trade were driven by opium addiction . These spices found their way into the Middle East before the beginning of the Christian era , where the true sources of these spices were withheld by the traders and associated with fantastic tales . Early writings and stone age carvings of neolithic age obtained indicates that India 's southwest coastal port Muziris , in Kerala , had established itself as a major spice trade centre from as early as 3000 BC , which marked the beginning of the spice trade . Kerala , referred to as the land of spices or as the `` Spice Garden of India '' , was the place traders and explorers wanted to reach , including Christopher Columbus , Vasco da Gama , and others .
Join, or Die
Join , or Die is a political cartoon , drawn by Benjamin Franklin and first published in his Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9 , 1754 . The original publication by the Gazette is the earliest known pictorial representation of colonial union produced by a British colonist in America . It is a woodcut showing a snake cut into eighths , with each segment labeled with the initials of one of the American colonies or regions . New England was represented as one segment , rather than the four colonies it was at that time . Delaware was not listed separately as it was part of Pennsylvania . Georgia , however , was omitted completely . Thus , it has eight segments of snake rather than the traditional 13 colonies . The two northernmost British American colonies at the time , Nova Scotia and Newfoundland , were not represented , nor were any British Caribbean possessions . The cartoon appeared along with Franklin 's editorial about the `` disunited state '' of the colonies , and helped make his point about the importance of colonial unity . This cartoon was used in the French and Indian War to symbolize that the colonies needed to join together with the Kingdom of Great Britain to defeat the French and Indians . It became a symbol of colonial freedom during the American Revolutionary War .
Drink can
Another variation on the drink can is to have a resealable lid . A version patented by Cogito Can in France has been used by Groupe Casino , the French grocery chain for its private label energy drink .
Oak (wine)
The Russian oak from the Adygey region along the Black Sea is being explored by French winemakers as a cheaper alternative to French and Hungarian oak . Canadian wineries have been experimenting with the use of Canadian oak , which proponents describe as a middle ground between American and French oak even though it is the same species as American oak .
Hair of the dog
An early example of modern usage ( poil de ce chien ) can be found in Rabelais ' 16th century pentology Gargantua and Pantagruel , literally translated by Motteux in the late 17th century .
Chow mein
In 1946 , one of the first companies to market `` chow mein '' in a can was Chun King . The product 's creator was Jeno Paulucci , the son of Italian immigrants , who developed a recipe based mostly upon Italian spices that would be better catered to the food preferences of European immigrants and some Americans of similar ethnic origins . To keep cost down , Paulucci ingeniously substituted expensive water chestnuts with lower cost celery stalks that were originally destined for cattle feed . Paulucci 's company became so successful selling canned chow mein and chop suey that President Gerald Ford quipped `` What could be more American than a business built on a good Italian recipe for chop suey ? '' when praising Paulucci accomplishments with Chun King . After Paulucci sold Chun King in 1966 , the company would be sold several more times more until it was dissolved in 1995 .
Vinegar
Sugarcane sirka is made from sugarcane juice in Punjab , India . During summer people put cane juice in earthenware pots with iron nails . The fermentation takes place due to the action of wild yeast . The cane juice is converted to vinegar having a blackish color . The sirka is used to preserve pickles and for flavoring curries .
Drink can
As early as 1922 , inventors were applying for patents on cans with tab tops , but the technology of the time made these inventions impractical . Later advancements saw the ends of the can made out of aluminium instead of steel .
Natural gas
Natural gas is also used in the manufacture of fabrics , glass , steel , plastics , paint , and other products .
Moss
There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild . The uses for intact moss are principally in the florist trade and for home decoration . Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat , which is `` mined '' for use as a fuel , as a horticultural soil additive , and in smoking malt in the production of Scotch whisky .
Coffee
John Evelyn recorded tasting the drink at Oxford in England in a diary entry of May 1637 to where it had been brought by an Ottoman student of Balliol College from Crete named Nathaniel Conopios of Crete .