vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Southwestern United States
Hispanic Americans ( mostly Mexican Americans , with large populations of Spanish Americans ) can be found in large numbers in every major city in the Southwest such as El Paso ( 80 % ) , Albuquerque ( 47 % ) , Phoenix ( 43 % ) , Tucson ( 41 % ) , Las Vegas ( 32 % ) .
Midwestern United States
The majority of Midwesterners are Protestants , with rates from 48 percent in Illinois to 63 percent in Iowa . However , the Roman Catholic Church is the largest single denomination , varying between 18 percent and 34 percent of the state populations . Lutherans are prevalent in the Upper Midwest , especially in Minnesota and the Dakotas with their large Scandinavian and German populations . Southern Baptists compose about 15 percent of Missouri 's population , but much smaller percentages in other Midwestern states .
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Pro Football Hall of Fame Location of Pro Football Hall of Fame Established 1963 Location 2121 George Halas Dr NW , Canton , Ohio Coordinates 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W ﻿ / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W ﻿ / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Type Professional sports hall of fame Visitors 191,943 ( 2010 ) President C. David Baker Website profootballhof.com
List of Rugby World Cup finals
England reached the final again in 2007 , where they faced South Africa , who had won 36 -- 0 when the two teams met during the pool stage . South African full - back Percy Montgomery scored three penalties to Wilkinson 's one to give South Africa a 9 -- 3 lead at half - time . England had a try disallowed in the first minutes of the second half , when Mark Cueto was adjudged to be in touch before scoring . A penalty from Wilkinson and a further two from Montgomery reduced the gap but did not prevent South Africa from winning 15 -- 6 and secure their second World Cup victory . The 2011 final pitted hosts New Zealand against France for the second time in the tournament , after their first encounter in the pool stage resulted in a 37 -- 17 win for New Zealand . The host team scored the first points of the match , with a try in the 15th minute through prop Tony Woodcock . Nine minutes later , New Zealand 's third - choice fly - half Aaron Cruden went off injured and was replaced by Stephen Donald , who had only been called into the squad following injuries to first - choice fly - halves Dan Carter and Colin Slade . Donald extended New Zealand 's lead in the second half with a penalty ; a minute later , French captain Thierry Dusautoir scored a try , which was converted by François Trinh - Duc to leave France one point behind New Zealand . Despite constant pressure from the French for the remainder of the final , they were unable to score more points and New Zealand won the match 8 -- 7 to lift their second World Cup trophy .
U.S. national anthem protests (2016–present)
'' We watched , even this weekend , the Russians and their troll farms , their internet folks , start hashtagging out # TakeAKnee and also hashtagging out # BoycottNFL , '' he said during a hearing on threats faced by the United States. `` They were taking both sides of the argument this weekend ... to try to raise the noise level of America and make a big issue seem like an even bigger issue as they are trying to push divisiveness in this country . ''
Replay review in gridiron football
The current replay system replaced a previous system used from 1986 through 1991 , when a procedure similar to that of college football was used . In 1987 commissioner Pete Rozelle saved the system for another season ; in 1988 Pittsburgh Steelers owner Dan Rooney saved it . From before 1986 , and from 1992 to 1998 , no replay system was used . While there is occasional controversy over the appropriateness of overturned calls , the system is generally accepted as an effective and necessary way to ensure a fair game . By consensus , the tipping point for replay being fully and permanently accepted by NFL owners came late in the 1998 season . The Seattle Seahawks were leading the New York Jets with time running out and the Jets facing a 4th - and - goal situation , when QB Vinny Testaverde evaded a pass rush and ran towards the end zone before diving near the goal line . The referee near the play called it a touchdown , giving the Jets a critical 32 - 31 win . However , replays showed very clearly that while Testaverde 's helmet had crossed the goal line , the football never came close to breaking the plane of the goal line as required by the rules . If Seattle had won this game and the rest of their schedule played out as it ended up doing , they would have earned a wild card spot , but instead they missed the playoffs and coach Dennis Erickson and his entire staff were fired after the season . Owners could no longer claim that the inability to address such a massive error was tenable and brought replay back for the 1999 season . Replay has remained ( with numerous adjustments ) part of the NFL since then .
Penn State Nittany Lions football
1994 ( Billingsley Report , DeVold , Foundation for the Analysis of Competitions and Tournaments , Massey Ratings , Matthews Grid Ratings , National Championship Foundation , New York Times , Sagarin Ratings ) The
Flag of the United States
The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and the Star - Spangled Banner .
River Thames
Molesey faces Hampton , London , and in Greater London the Thames passes Hampton Court Palace , Surbiton , Kingston upon Thames , Teddington , Twickenham , Richmond ( with a famous view of the Thames from Richmond Hill ) , Syon House , Kew , Brentford , Chiswick , Barnes , Hammersmith , Fulham , Putney , Wandsworth , Battersea and Chelsea . In central London , the river passes Pimlico and Vauxhall , and then forms one of the principal axes of the city , from the Palace of Westminster to the Tower of London . At this point , it historically formed the southern boundary of the medieval city , with Southwark , on the opposite bank , then being part of Surrey .
France–United Kingdom relations
and Marcq - en - Barœul , Nord - Pas - de-Calais East Preston , West Sussex and Brou , Eure - et - Loir , Centre Edinburgh and Nice , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Epsom , Surrey and Chantilly , Picardy Exeter , Devon and Rennes , Brittany Exmouth , Devon and Dinan , Brittany Farnborough , Hampshire and Meudon , Île - de-France Glasgow and Marseille , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Gloucester , Gloucestershire and Metz , Lorraine Godalming , Surrey and Joigny , Yonne Hammersmith and Fulham , London and Boulogne - Billancourt , Île - de-France Harrogate , Yorkshire and Luchon , Haute - Garonne Harrow , London and Douai , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Hastings , East Sussex and Béthune , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Havering , London and Hesdin , Nord - Pas - de-Calais Hillingdon , London and Mantes - la - Jolie , Île - de-France Horsham , West Sussex and St Maixent L'Ecole , Poitou - Charentes Hounslow , London and Issy - les - Moulineaux , Île - de-France Inverness and Saint - Valery - en - Caux , Upper Normandy Ipswich , Suffolk and Arras , Pas - de-Calais Kensington and Chelsea , London and Cannes , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur
River Thames
The Thames , from Middle English Temese , is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river , Tamesas ( from * tamēssa ) , recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys `` Thames '' . The name may have meant `` dark '' and can be compared to other cognates such as Russian темно ( Proto - Slavic * tĭmĭnŭ ) , Latvian tumsa `` darkness '' , Sanskrit tamas , Irish teimheal and Welsh tywyll `` darkness '' ( Proto - Celtic * temeslos ) and Middle Irish teimen `` dark grey '' . The same origin is shared by countless other river names , spread across Britain , such as the River Tamar at the border of Devon and Cornwall , several rivers named Tame in the Midlands and North Yorkshire , the Tavy on Dartmoor , the Team of the North East , the Teifi and Teme of Wales , the Teviot in the Scottish Borders , as well as one of the Thames ' tributaries called the Thame .
France–United Kingdom relations
The busiest seaway in the world , the English Channel , connects ports in Great Britain such as Dover , Newhaven , Poole , Weymouth , Portsmouth and Plymouth to ports such as Roscoff , Calais , Boulogne , Dunkerque , Dieppe , Cherbourg - Octeville , Caen , St Malo and Le Havre in mainland France . Companies such as Brittany Ferries , P&O Ferries , DFDS Seaways and LD Lines operate ferry services across the Channel .
Prague
Prague is situated on the Vltava river , at 50 ° 05 `` N and 14 ° 27 '' E. in the centre of the Bohemian Basin . Prague is approximately at the same latitude as Frankfurt , Germany ; Paris , France ; and Vancouver , Canada .
Peninsular War
When operations recommenced in February 1814 the French line extended from Bayonne up the north bank of the Adour to the Pau , thence bending south along the Bidouze to Saint - Palais , with advanced posts on the Joyeuse and at Saint - Jean - Pied - de-Port . Wellington 's left , under Hope , watched Bayonne , while Beresford , with Hill , observed the Adour and the Joyeuse , the right trending back until it reached Urcuray on the Saint - Jean - Pied - de-Port road .
War of the Austrian Succession
Velletri Madonna dell'Olmo Bassignano Piacenza Rottofreddo Genoa ( 1st ) Genoa ( 2nd ) Assietta War of the Austrian Succession Sea battles Toulon 8 May 1744 Anguilla Lorient 1st Finisterre Glorioso campaign 2nd Finisterre 31 January 1748 18 March 1748 Saint - Louis - du - Sud War of Jenkins ' Ear Americas Portobello Fort Mose St. Augustine Anson expedition Cartagena de Indias 1st Santiago de Cuba Georgia Bloody Marsh Gully Hole Creek La Guaira Puerto Cabello 2nd Santiago de Cuba Havana European Waters Fuerteventura 8 April 1740 Saint Tropez Cape Sicie Voyage of the Glorioso 18 March 1748 Part of the War of the Austrian Succession King George 's War Planned French invasion Canso Newfoundland Annapolis Royal 1st Annapolis Royal 2nd Port Toulouse 1st Louisbourg 2nd Louisbourg Tatamagouche 1st Northeast Coast Saratoga 2nd Northeast Coast Ile Saint - Jean d'Anville Expedition Fort Massachusetts Grand Pré Fort at Number 4 3rd Northeast Coast Part of the War of the Austrian Succession First Carnatic War Negapatam Madras Adyar Cuddalore Pondicherry Part of the War of the Austrian Succession Anglo - French wars 1202 -- 04 1213 -- 14 1215 -- 17 1242 -- 43 1294 -- 1303 1337 -- 1453 ( 1337 -- 60 , 1369 -- 89 , 1415 -- 53 ) 1496 - 98 1512 -- 14 1522 -- 26 1542 -- 46 1557 -- 59 1627 -- 29 1666 -- 67 1689 -- 97 1702 -- 13 1744 -- 48 1754 -- 63 1778 -- 83 Fourth Anglo - Dutch War 1793 -- 1802 1803 -- 14 1815
Hammersmith & City line
51 ° 31 ′ 19 '' N 000 ° 09 ′ 25 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 51.52194 ° N 0.15694 ° W ﻿ / 51.52194 ; - 0.15694 ﻿ ( 11 - Baker Street tube station ) Great Portland Street 10 January 1863 Opened as Portland Road , renamed Great Portland Street in 1917 . Named Great Portland Street & Regent 's Park 1923 -- 33 . 51 ° 31 ′ 26 '' N 000 ° 08 ′ 38 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 51.52389 ° N 0.14389 ° W ﻿ / 51.52389 ; - 0.14389 ﻿ ( 12 - Great Portland Street tube station ) Euston Square 10 January 1863 Opened as Gower Street and renamed in 1909 . Connects with Euston main - line station . 51 ° 31 ′ 33 '' N 000 ° 08 ′ 09 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 51.52583 ° N 0.13583 ° W ﻿ / 51.52583 ; - 0.13583 ﻿ ( 13 - Euston Square tube station ) King 's Cross St Pancras 10 January 1863 Opened as King 's Cross , renamed King 's Cross & St. Pancras in 1925 and King 's Cross St. Pancras in 1933 . Moved to current position in 1941 . Connects with Northern , Piccadilly and Victoria lines St Pancras and King 's Cross main - line stations . 51 ° 31 ′ 49 '' N 000 ° 07 ′ 27 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 51.53028 ° N 0.12417 ° W ﻿ / 51.53028 ; - 0.12417 ﻿ ( 14 - King 's Cross St. Pancras tube station ) Farringdon 10 January 1863 Opened as Farringdon Street , and moved to current position in 1865 . Renamed Farringdon & High Holborn in 1922 and Farringdon in 1936 . Connects with Thameslink services . 51 ° 31 ′ 12 '' N 000 ° 06 ′ 19 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 51.52000 ° N 0.10528 ° W ﻿ / 51.52000 ; - 0.10528 ﻿ ( 15 - Farringdon station ) Barbican 23 December 1865 Opened as Aldersgate Street , then Aldersgate in 1910 , Aldersgate & Barbican in 1923 and Barbican in 1968 .
River Thames
Battersea Railway Bridge - 21.88 Battersea Bridge , ( A3220 ) -- Chelsea & Battersea - 23.66 Victoria Railway Bridge - 25.24 Vauxhall Bridge ( A202 ) -- Pimlico & Vauxhall - 26.01 Lambeth Bridge ( A3202 ) -- Millbank & Lambeth - 26.55 Westminster Bridge ( A302 ) -- Central London - 27.35 Charing Cross Bridge & Station ( S Coast ) - 28.01 Waterloo Bridge ( A301 ) -- Central London - 28.55 Blackfriars Bridge ( A201 ) -- Central London - 28.63 Blackfriars Rly Bridge / Station ( Thameslink ) Millennium Bridge ( London ) - 29.10 Southwark Bridge ( A300 ) -- Central London Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Cannon St. Station - 29.80 London Bridge ( A3 ) 8.7 m headway -- Central London - 30.69 Tower Bridge ( A100 ) 42.5 m headway -- City of London & Bermondsey Thames Tunnel on the East London Line - 32.83 Rotherhithe Tunnel ( A101 ) -- Limehouse & Rotherhithe - 33.65 Regent 's Canal - 40.08 Blackwall Tunnel ( A102 ) -- Blackwall & Greenwich Peninsula - 41.06 River Lea and its navigation : Bow Creek Blackwall & Canning Town - 43.51 Thames Barrier - 45.24 Woolwich Ferry ( links A406 with A205 ) -- North Woolwich & Woolwich - 48.55 Barking Creek / River Roding - 59.25 River Darent / Dartford Creek - 61.96 Dartford Crossing ( A282 ( N ) ) -- West Thurrock & Dartford - 62.04 Queen Elizabeth II Bridge ( A282 ( S ) ) 54.1 m headway -- West Thurrock & Dartford - 64.76 Channel Tunnel Rail Link - 69.66 Tilbury Docks - 87.72 Holehaven Creek - 99.42 Southend Pier , Southend - on - Sea - 103.9 River Medway & Sheerness Docks - 110.6 Foulness Point , Essex / Warden Point , Kent ( PLA limit ) End of Thames Estuary -- North Sea
Strait of Dover
The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait , historically known as the Dover Narrows ( French : Pas de Calais ( pɑ d ( ə ) ‿ kalɛ ) , `` Strait of Calais '' ; Dutch : Nauw van Kales ( nʌu̯ vɑn kaːˈlɛː ) or Straat van Dover ) , is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel , marking the boundary between the Channel and North Sea , separating Great Britain from continental Europe . The shortest distance across the strait , 33.3 kilometres ( 20.7 miles ; 18.0 nautical miles ) , is from the South Foreland , northeast of Dover in the English county of Kent , to Cap Gris Nez , a cape near to Calais in the French département of Pas - de-Calais . Between these points lies the most popular route for cross-channel swimmers . The entire strait is within the territorial waters of France and the United Kingdom , but a right of transit passage under the UNCLOS exists allowing unrestricted shipping .
France–United Kingdom relations
Aberdeen and Clermont - Ferrand , Auvergne Aylesbury , Buckinghamshire and Bourg - en - Bresse , Ain Aylsham , Norfolk and La Chaussée - Saint - Victor , Barnet , London and Le Raincy , Île - de-France Barrow upon Soar , Leicestershire and Marans , Poitou - Charentes Basingstoke , Hampshire and Alençon , Lower Normandy Bath , Bath and North East Somerset and Aix - en - Provence , Provence - Alpes - Côte d'Azur Beccles , Suffolk and Petit - Couronne , Normandy Birmingham , West Midlands and Lyon , Rhône - Alpes Bolton , Greater Manchester and Le Mans , Sarthe Bristol , City of Bristol and Bordeaux , Gironde Bury , Greater Manchester and Angoulême , Poitou - Charentes Canterbury , Kent and Reims , Champagne - Ardenne Cardiff and Nantes , Pays de la Loire Chelmsford , Essex and Annonay , Rhône - Alpes Chester , Cheshire and Sens , Burgundy Chichester , West Sussex and Chartres , Centre Chippenham , Wiltshire and La Flèche , Sarthe Chipping Ongar , Essex and Cerizay , Poitou - Charentes Cockermouth , Cumbria and Marvejols , Lozère Colchester , Essex and Avignon , Vaucluse Crewe , Cheshire and Mâcon , Burgundy Droylsden , Tameside and Villemomble , Île - de-France Dorchester , Dorset and Bayeux , Normandy Dundee and Orléans , Centre - Val de Loire Dukinfield , Cheshire and Champagnole , Jura Ealing , London
Evidence of common descent
The creation of a new allopolyploid species ( Mimulus peregrinus ) was observed on the banks of the Shortcleuch Water -- a river in Leadhills , South Lanarkshire , Scotland . Parented from the cross of the two species Mimulus guttatus ( containing 14 pairs of chromosomes ) and Mimulus luteus ( containing 30 - 31 pairs from a chromosome duplication ) , M. peregrinus has six copies of its chromosomes ( caused by the duplication of the sterile hybrid triploid ) . Due to the nature of these species , they have the ability to self - fertilize . Because of its number of chromosomes it is not able to pair with M. guttatus , M. luteus , or their sterile triploid offspring . M. peregrinus will either die , producing no offspring , or reproduce with itself effectively leading to a new species . Raphanobrassica
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia ( / ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiə / , Ancient Greek : Μεσοποταμία `` ( land ) between rivers '' ; Arabic : بلاد الرافدين ‎ ‎ bilād ar - rāfidayn ; Kurdish : میزۆپۆتامیا ‎ ; Persian : میان‌رودان ‎ ‎ miyān rudān ; Syriac : ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ ‎ Beth Nahrain `` land of rivers '' ) was a historical region situated within the Tigris -- Euphrates river system , in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait , the eastern parts of Syria , Southeastern Turkey , and regions along the Turkish - Syrian and Iran -- Iraq borders .
History of Pennsylvania
Early on , a tribe known as the Trokwae were said to have settled among the western most Susquehannocks , along the Ohio River . They may be the same as the Tockwogh , a small Iroquoian tribe from the Delmarva Peninsula ( In many surviving Iroquoian languages , ' r ' is silent . ) . They , however , did not survive the Beaver Wars . During that time , the highly influential Mohawks seceded from the Iroquois Confederacy & the remaining four tribes -- Seneca , Cayuga , Onondaga & Oneida -- began attacking into Ohio , destroying the Petun & other tribes , then the Erie . Later , after their war with the Susquehannocks ended in the 1670s , they pushed straight south from New York and began attacking other tribes of Virginia . In the end , the French pushed the Iroquois back to the Ohio - PA border , where they were finally convinced to sign a peace treaty in 1701 . They sold off much of their remaining , extended lands to the English , but kept a large section along the Susquahanna River for themselves , which they allowed refugees of other tribes to settle in towns , such as Shamokin -- such as Lenape , Tutelo , Saponi , Piscataway & Nanticoke , to name but a few . Around the onset of the French - Indian War , the English Ambassador to the Iroquois , William Johnson , was able to repair relations between the Iroquois & Mohawk & the nation re-unified . In the 1750s , the refugee tribes were relocated to New York , where they were roughly reorganized along cultural lines into three new Tutelo , Delaware & Nanticoke tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy . In the 1680s , due to conflicts with the sons of William Penn resulted in the Walking Purchase & after the English conquered the colony of New Netherland , the majority of the Lenape were relocated to northeastern Ohio , immediately prior to that very region being conquered by the French .
History of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania 's borders took definitive shape in the decades before and after the Revolutionary War . The Mason -- Dixon line established the borders between Pennsylvania and Maryland , and was later extended to serve as the border between Pennsylvania and Virginia ( except for what is now West Virginia 's northern panhandle ) . Although some settlers proposed the creation of the state of Westsylvania in the area that now contains Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania retained control of the region . The first Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Fort McIntosh saw Native Americans relinquish claims on present - day southwestern Pennsylvania . The Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) granted the United States independence , and also saw Great Britain give up its land claims in the neighboring Ohio Country , although most these lands ultimately became new states under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 . In the second Treaty of Fort Stanwix , Pennsylvania gained control of northwestern Pennsylvania from the Iroquois League . The New York -- Pennsylvania border was established in 1787 . Pennsylvania purchased the Erie Triangle from the federal government in 1792 . In 1799 , the Pennamite -- Yankee War came to an end , as Pennsylvania kept control of the Wyoming Valley despite the presence of settlers from Connecticut . Pennsylvania
First voyage of James Cook
The landmark of this sighting is generally reckoned to be a point lying about half - way between the present - day towns of Orbost and Mallacoota on the south - eastern coast of the state of Victoria . A survey done in 1843 ignored or overlooked Cook 's earlier naming of the point , giving it the name Cape Everard . On the 200th anniversary of the sighting , the name was officially changed back to Point Hicks .
Crossing the Red Sea
The Israelites ' first journey is from Ramesses to Succoth . Ramesses is generally identified with modern Qantir , the site of the 19th dynasty capital Per - Ramesses , and Succoth with Tell el - Maskhuta in Wadi Tumilat , the biblical Land of Goshen . From Sukkoth the Israelites travel to Etham `` on the edge of the desert , '' then turn back to Pi - hahiroth , located between Migdol and the sea and directly opposite Baal Zephon . None of these have been identified with certainty . One theory with a wide following is that they refer collectively to the region of Lake Timsah , a salt lake north of the Gulf of Suez , and the nearest large body of water after Wadi Tumilat . Lake Timsah was connected to Pithom in Gesem at various times by a canal , and a late 1st millennium text refers to Migdol Baal Zephon as a fort on the canal .
Pennsylvania Dutch
From 1800 to the 1830s , some Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada , primarily to the area that would become Cambridge , Ontario , Kitchener , Ontario / Waterloo , Ontario and St. Jacobs , Ontario / Elmira , Ontario / Listowel , Ontario in Waterloo County , Ontario . Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner , Jr. ( brothers - in - law ) , Mennonites , from Franklin County , Pennsylvania . Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by Conestoga wagons . Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a 60,000 acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania , called the German Company Lands . Many
River Thames
Indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name ' Thames ' is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford , bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit ( Tamesubugus made ( this ) ) . It is believed that Tamesubugus ' name was derived from that of the river . Tamese was referred to as a place , not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography ( c.AD 700 ) .