vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Samurai
Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them . A notable part of their code is seppuku ( 切腹 , seppuku ) or hara kiri , which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death , where samurai were still beholden to social rules . Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido ( 武士道 , Bushidō ) in 1905 , studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warriors .
Appeasement
Appeasement was accepted by most of those responsible for British foreign policy in the 1930s , by leading journalists and academics and by members of the royal family , such as Edward VIII and his successor , George VI . Anti-communism was sometimes acknowledged as a deciding factor , as mass labor unrest resurfaced in Britain , and news of Stalin 's bloody purges disturbed the West . A common upper - class slogan was `` better Hitlerism than Communism . '' ( In France , rightists were sometimes heard to chant `` Better Hitler than Blum , '' referring to their Socialist president at the time. )
Republic (Plato)
At the end of Book I , Socrates agrees with Polemarchus that justice includes helping friends , but says the just man would never do harm to anybody . Thrasymachus believes that Socrates has done the men present an injustice by saying this and attacks his character and reputation in front of the group , partly because he suspects that Socrates himself does not even believe harming enemies is unjust . Thrasymachus gives his understanding of justice and injustice as `` justice is what is advantageous to the stronger , while injustice is to one 's own profit and advantage '' . Socrates finds this definition unclear and begins to question Thrasymachus . Socrates then asks whether the ruler who makes a mistake by making a law that lessens their well - being , is still a ruler according to that definition . Thrasymachus agrees that no true ruler would make such an error . This agreement allows Socrates to undermine Thrasymachus ' strict definition of justice by comparing rulers to people of various professions . Thrasymachus consents to Socrates ' assertion that an artist is someone who does his job well , and is a knower of some art , which allows him to complete the job well . In so doing Socrates gets Thrasymachus to admit that rulers who enact a law that does not benefit them firstly , are in the precise sense not rulers . Thrasymachus gives up , and is silent from then on . Socrates has trapped Thrasymachus into admitting the strong man who makes a mistake is not the strong man in the precise sense , and that some type of knowledge is required to rule perfectly . However , it is far from a satisfactory definition of justice .
Westminster system
In the book The English Constitution , Walter Bagehot emphasised the divide of the constitution into two components , the Dignified ( that part which is symbolic ) and the Efficient ( the way things actually work and get done ) , and called the Efficient `` Cabinet Government '' . Although there have been many works since emphasising different aspects of the `` Efficient '' , no one has seriously questioned Bagehot 's premise that the divide exists in the Westminster system , though Israel and Japan operates without the `` Dignified '' part of government .
Samurai
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher - ranked samurai . In many cases , taking a concubine was akin to a marriage . Kidnapping a concubine , although common in fiction , would have been shameful , if not criminal . If the concubine was a commoner , a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents ' acceptance . Even though the woman would not be a legal wife , a situation normally considered a demotion , many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner . When a merchant 's daughter married a samurai , her family 's money erased the samurai 's debts , and the samurai 's social status improved the standing of the merchant family . If a samurai 's commoner concubine gave birth to a son , the son could inherit his father 's social status .
Japanese honorifics
No kimi ( の 君 ) is another suffix coming from Japanese history . It was used to denominate Lords and Ladies in the Court , especially during the Heian period . The most famous example is the Prince Hikaru Genji , protagonist of The Tale of Genji who was called `` Hikaru no Kimi `` ( 光 の 君 ) . Nowadays , this suffix can be used as a metaphor for someone who behaves like a prince or princess from ancient times , but its use is very rare . Its main usage remains in historical dramas .
Trent Affair
People also started to realize that the issue might be resolved less on legalities and more on the necessity of avoiding a serious conflict with Britain . Elder statesmen James Buchanan , Thomas Ewing , Lewis Cass , and Robert J. Walker all publicly came out for the necessity of releasing them . By the third week of December much of the editorial opinion started to mirror these opinions and prepare the American citizens for the release of the prisoners . The opinion that Wilkes had operated without orders and had erred by , in effect , holding a prize court on the deck of the San Jacinto was being spread .
Sanctuary city
According to a study by Tom K. Wong , associate professor of political science at the University of California , San Diego , published by the Center for American Progress , a progressive think tank : `` Crime is statistically significantly lower in sanctuary counties compared to nonsanctuary counties . Moreover , economies are stronger in sanctuary counties -- from higher median household income , less poverty , and less reliance on public assistance to higher labor force participation , higher employment - to - population ratios , and lower unemployment . '' The study also concluded that sanctuary cities build trust between local law enforcement and the community , which enhances public safety overall . The study evaluated sanctuary and non-sanctuary cities while controlling for differences in population , the foreign - born percentage of the population , and the percentage of the population that is Latino . '' Economy
Influence of the French Revolution
For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law , a fair system of taxation , a better economic situation , and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries ... Everywhere old physical , economic , and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality .
Samurai
After the Genpei war , Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jitō , and was allowed to organize soldiers and police , and to collect a certain amount of tax . Initially , their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi officials , but their responsibility gradually expanded . Thus , the samurai - class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan .
Welcome Back, Kotter
Censor sentiments of Juvenile delinquency faded after the Sweathogs ' antics proved to be silly rather than criminal . Like Kaplan , Hegyes was a fan of the Marx Brothers . Hegyes claimed that he suggested that the Sweathogs be modeled after the Marx Brothers in order to reduce tension .
Samurai
In his book `` Ideals of the Samurai '' translator William Scott Wilson states : `` The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations , and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach . Rather , these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms . With the Heike Monogatari , the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity . '' Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow .
Justice of the peace
In the centuries from the Tudor period until the onset of the Industrial Revolution , the JPs constituted a major element of the English ( later British ) governmental system , which had been termed sometimes squirearchy ( i.e. , dominance of the land - owning gentry ) . For example , historian Tim Blanning notes that while in Britain the royal prerogative was decisively curbed by the Bill of Rights 1689 , in practice the central government in London had a greater ability to get its policies implemented in the rural outlying regions than could contemporary absolute monarchies such as France -- a paradox due especially to JPs belonging to the same social class as the Members of Parliament and thus having a direct interest in getting laws actually enforced and implemented on the ground .
Japanese cuisine
This section is written like a travel guide rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . If a travel guide is intended , use of Wikivoyage is strongly suggested . ( September 2015 ) See
Korea under Japanese rule
Korea under Japanese rule Japanese name Kanji 日本 統治 時代 の 朝鮮 Hiragana に ほんと うち じ だい の ちょう せん ( show ) Transcriptions Romanization Nihon Tōchijidai no Chōsen Korean name Hangul 일제 강점기 Hanja 日 帝 强占 期 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Ilje gangjeomgi McCune -- Reischauer Ilche kangjŏmgi
History of Palau
The Japanese had perhaps the most profound impact on Palauan society . Under the Japanese government , Palau underwent extreme social , economic , and political changes . Unlike other parts of the Japanese Empire , the local Japanese administration recognized the benefits of utilizing the traditional government to their advantage , given the extreme adherence the natives followed towards their clans and traditions . Under the Japanese government , heads of the Palauan traditional government were replaced by more `` Japanese '' natives , as a way of securing the obedience of the Palauan people . This proved rather successful , as more and more Palauans saw the benefits the Japanese government was providing . Under the Japanese administration , all Palauan children were required to attend school , and by the 1930s , nearly all Palauan children were literate in Japanese , with the exception of children in outlier islands , specifically the Southwest Islands .
History of the United States (1945–64)
With the prosperity of the era , the prevailing social attitude was one of belief in science , technology , progress , and futurism , although there had been signs of this trend since the 1930s . There was comparatively little nostalgia for the prewar era and the overall emphasis was on having everything new and more advanced than before . Nonetheless , the social conformity and consumerism of the 1950s often came under attack from intellectuals ( e.g. Henry Miller 's books The Air - Conditioned Nightmare and Sunday After The War ) and there was a good deal of unrest fermenting under the surface of American society that would erupt during the following decade .
Space Race
The Soviet success raised a great deal of concern in the United States . For example , economist Bernard Baruch wrote in an open letter titled `` The Lessons of Defeat '' to the New York Herald Tribune : `` While we devote our industrial and technological power to producing new model automobiles and more gadgets , the Soviet Union is conquering space ... It is Russia , not the United States , who has had the imagination to hitch its wagon to the stars and the skill to reach for the moon and all but grasp it . America is worried . It should be . ''
History of the United States (1945–64)
`` In the postwar period , the majority of Americans were affluent in the sense that they were in a position to spend money on many things they wanted , desired , or chose to have , rather than on necessities alone . ''
History of the United States (1945–64)
`` By the mid-1960's , the majority of America 's organized working class who were not victims of the second Red Scare embraced , or at least tolerated , anti-communism because it was an integral part of the New American Dream to which they had committed their lives . Theirs was not an unobtainable dream ; nor were their lives empty because of it . Indeed , for at least a quarter of century , the material promises of consumer - oriented Americanism were fulfilled in improvements in everyday life that made them the most affluent working class in American history . ''
Modern history
In Asia , various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere . In Japan , the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period . And in Korea , from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period . In the Americas , Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization , including the Aztec Empire and alliance , the Inca civilization , the Mayan Empire and cities , and the Chibcha Confederation . In the west , the European kingdoms and movements were in a movement of reformation and expansion . Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century .
History of the United States (1945–64)
`` the ordinary individual has access to amenities -- foods , entertainments , personal transportation , and plumbing -- in which not even the rich rejoiced a century ago . ''
Surrender of Japan
Allied civilians and servicemen alike rejoiced at the news of the end of the war . A photograph , V -- J day in Times Square , of an American sailor kissing a woman in New York , and a news film of the Dancing Man in Sydney have come to epitomize the immediate celebrations . August 14 and 15 are celebrated as Victory over Japan Day in many Allied countries . Allied
Foreign policy of the United States
In the 21st century , U.S. influence remains strong but , in relative terms , is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China , India , Russia , and the newly consolidated European Union . Substantial problems remain , such as climate change , nuclear proliferation , and the specter of nuclear terrorism . Foreign policy analysts Hachigian and Sutphen in their book The Next American Century suggest all five powers have similar vested interests in stability and terrorism prevention and trade ; if they can find common ground , then the next decades may be marked by peaceful growth and prosperity .
History of United States prison systems
Compared to contemporary non-leasing prison systems nationwide , which recouped only 32 percent of expenses on average , convict leasing systems earned average profits of 267 percent . Even in comparison to Northern factories , Edward L. Ayers writes , the lease system 's profitability was real and sustained in the post-war years and remained so into the twentieth century .
Gilded Age
By the beginning of the 20th century , gross domestic product and industrial production in the United States led the world . Kennedy reports that `` U.S. national income , in absolute figures in per capita , was so far above everybody else 's by 1914 . '' Per capita income in the United States was $377 in 1914 compared to Britain in second place at $244 , Germany at $184 , France at $153 , and Italy at $108 , while Russia and Japan trailed far behind at $41 and $36 .
Space Race
The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) developed between two former allies , the Soviet Union and the United States , soon after the end of the Second World War . It involved a continuing state of political conflict , military tension , proxy wars , and economic competition , primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states ( often referred to as the Eastern Bloc ) , and the powers of the Western world , particularly the United States . The primary participants ' military forces never clashed directly , but expressed this conflict through military coalitions , strategic conventional force deployments , extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable , proxy wars , espionage , propaganda , a nuclear arms race , and economic and technological competitions , such as the Space Race .
Canada–United States relations
Looking at television , Collins ( 1990 ) finds that it is in English Canada that fear of cultural Americanization is most powerful , for there the attractions of the U.S. are strongest . Meren ( 2009 ) argues that after 1945 , the emergence of Quebec nationalism and the desire to preserve French - Canadian cultural heritage led to growing anxiety regarding American cultural imperialism and Americanization . In 2006 surveys showed that 60 percent of Quebecers had a fear of Americanization , while other surveys showed they preferred their current situation to that of the Americans in the realms of health care , quality of life as seniors , environmental quality , poverty , educational system , racism and standard of living . While agreeing that job opportunities are greater in America , 89 percent disagreed with the notion that they would rather be in the United States , and they were more likely to feel closer to English Canadians than to Americans . However , there is evidence that the elites and Quebec are much less fearful of Americanization , and much more open to economic integration than the general public .
History of United States prison systems
But convict leasing in the post-war South came to play a more central role in crime and punishment than in the North , and it continued to do so with the approbation of the South 's leading men until well into the twentieth century . For over a half - century following the Civil War , convict camps dotted the Southern landscape , and thousands of men and women -- most of them former slaves -- passed years of their lives within the system . Men with capital , from the North and the South , bought years of these convicts ' lives and put them to work in large mining and railroad operations , as well as smaller everyday businesses . On average , the death rate in Southern leasing arrangements exceeded that in Northern prisons three-fold .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater . Further losses compounded the alarming setback . Japan attacked the Philippines hours later ( because of the time difference , it was December 8 in the Philippines ) . Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya , causing British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later to recollect `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked '' . Remember
Ryukyu Islands
Some articles of 1187 of the Azuma Kagami state that Ata Tadakage of Satsuma Province fled to Kikai Island ( 貴 海島 , Kikaishima ) sometime around 1160 . The Azuma Kagami also states that in 1188 Minamoto no Yoritomo , who soon became the shōgun , dispatched troops to pacify Kikai Island ( 貴 賀 井島 , Kikaishima ) . It was noted that the imperial court objected the military expedition claiming that it was beyond Japan 's administration . The Tale of the Heike ( 13th century ) depicted Kikai Island ( 鬼 界 島 , Kikaishima ) , where Shunkan , Taira no Yasuyori , and Fujiwara no Naritsune were exiled following the Shishigatani Incident of 1177 . The island depicted , characterized by sulfur , is identified as Iōjima of the Ōsumi Islands , which is part of Kikai Caldera . Since China 's invention of gunpowder made sulfur Japan 's major export , Sulfur Island or Iōgashima became another representative of the southern islands . It is noted by scholars that the character representing the first syllable of Kikai changed from ki ( 貴 , noble ) to ki ( 鬼 , ogre ) from the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Although the Japanese government still uses the term `` China Incident '' in formal documents , the word Shina is considered derogatory by China and therefore the media in Japan often paraphrase with other expressions like `` The Japan -- China Incident '' ( Japanese : 日 華 事變 , Hepburn : Nikka Jiken , 日 支 事變 Nisshi Jiken ) , which were used by media as early as the 1930s .
Ryukyu Islands
The Amami Islands were a focal point for dispute between the southward - expanding Satsuma Domain and the northward - expanding Ryukyu Kingdom . In 1453 , a group of Koreans were shipwrecked on Gaja Island , where they found the island half under the control of Satsuma and half under the control of Ryukyu . Gaja Island is only 80 miles from Satsuma 's capital at Kagoshima City . The Koreans noted that the Ryukyuans used guns `` as advanced as in ( Korea ) '' . Other records of activity in the Amami Islands show Shō Toku 's conquest of Kikai Island in 1466 , a failed Satsuma invasion of Amami Ōshima in 1493 , and two rebellions on Amami Ōshima during the 16th century . The islands were finally conquered by Satsuma during the 1609 Invasion of Ryukyu . The Tokugawa shogunate granted Satsuma the islands in 1624 . During the Edo Period , Ryukyuans referred to Satsuma 's ships as `` Tokara ships '' .
Spratly Islands dispute
The editorial of the Taiwanese news website `` Want China Times '' accused America for being behind the May 2014 flareup in the South China Sea , saying that Vietnam rammed a Chinese vessel on 2 May over an oil rig drilling platform and the Philippines detained 11 Chinese fishermens occurred because of Obama 's visit to the region and that they were incited by America `` behind the scenes '' . `` Want China Times '' claimed America ordered Vietnam on 7 May to complain about the drilling platform , and noted that a joint military exercise was happening at this time between the Philippines and America , and also noted that the American `` New York Times '' newspaper supported Vietnam .
Ryukyu Islands
The southern islands reappeared in written history at the end of the 10th century . According to the Nihongi ryaku ( c. 11th -- 12th centuries ) , Dazaifu , the administrative center of Kyushu , reported that the Nanban ( southern barbarians ) pirates , who were identified as Amami islanders by the Shōyūki ( 982 -- 1032 for the extant portion ) , pillaged a wide area of Kyūshū in 997 . In response , Dazaifu ordered `` Kika Island '' ( 貴 駕 島 , Kikashima ) to arrest the Nanban . This is the first attested use of Kikaigashima , which is often used in subsequent sources .
Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote
In The Reluctant Admiral , Hiroyuki Agawa gives a quotation from a reply by Admiral Yamamoto to Ogata Taketora on January 9 , 1942 , which is similar to the famous version : `` A military man can scarcely pride himself on having ' smitten a sleeping enemy ' ; it is more a matter of shame , simply , for the one smitten . I would rather you made your appraisal after seeing what the enemy does , since it is certain that , angered and outraged , he will soon launch a determined counterattack . ''
Korean War
The UN Command , however , were unconvinced that the Chinese had openly intervened because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal . On 24 November , the Home - by - Christmas Offensive was launched with the U.S. Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea , while the US X Corps attacked along the Korean east coast . But the PVA were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive which they executed at two sectors : the Eastern one at the Chosin Reservoir and the Western sector at Ch'ongch'on River .