vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Political campaign
Money is raised and spent not only by candidate 's campaign , but also by party committees , political action committees , and other groups ( in the 2004 election cycle , much controversy has focused on a new category of organization , 527 groups ) . This is sometimes done through independent expenditures made in support or opposition of specific candidates but without any candidate 's cooperation or approval . The lack of an overt connection between a candidate and third party groups allows one side of a campaign to attack the other side while avoiding criticism for going negative . A memorable example are the Swift Boat Veterans who criticized John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential campaign .
Electoral College (United States)
All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and not once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election .
Electoral College (United States)
For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government .
Child care
The most now common way to find a nanny is via the childcare website / care website or a nanny agency . Nanny agencies will thoroughly check an applicant 's references and run a criminal background check on the successful candidate . Having a nanny could be cheaper than putting multiple children in a daycare setting full - time . Nannies could provide stability for the child who gets to have a regular role model in their life . Nannies often work overtime and babysit , providing less stress for parents running late without being charged excessive late fees . They also care for sick children whereas nurseries do not . This enables the parents to continue working normally without being interrupted . All nannies have first aid and background checks which are either checked by the agency or the family themselves . They can be subject to visits from their local childcare regulatory bodies . Children with nannies could also be well socialized as nannies could be able to take them out and attend more playdates .
Lobbying in the United States
Lobbying firms . These firms usually have some lawyers in them , and are often founded by former congressional staffers , legislators , or other politicians . Some lobbying groups have been bought by large advertising conglomerates . Defense
Fair trade
Most fair trade import organizations are members of , or certified by one of several national or international federations . These federations coordinate , promote , and facilitate the work of fair trade organizations . The following are some of the largest :
Athenian democracy
The use of a lottery to select officeholders was regarded as the most democratic means : elections would favour those who were rich , noble , eloquent and well - known , while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body , engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of , to use Aristotle 's words , `` ruling and being ruled in turn '' ( Politics 1317b28 -- 30 ) . The allotment of an individual was based on citizenship rather than merit or any form of personal popularity which could be bought . Allotment therefore was seen as a means to prevent the corrupt purchase of votes and it gave citizens a unique form of political equality as all had an equal chance of obtaining government office . Samons writes that `` the system of selection by lottery for members of the Council of 500 and other officials ( like the treasurers of the sacred funds ) provided a potentially significant check on the dangers of demagoguery . '' However , this may not have been completely successful , as some `` increasingly pandered to the electorate and ... often told the people only what they wanted to hear . ''
Electoral College (United States)
According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below .
Medicare (United States)
There is some controversy over who exactly should take responsibility for coordinating the care of the dual eligibles . There have been some proposals to transfer dual eligibles into existing Medicaid managed care plans , which are controlled by individual states . But many states facing severe budget shortfalls might have some incentive to stint on necessary care or otherwise shift costs to enrollees and their families to capture some Medicaid savings . Medicare has more experience managing the care of older adults , and is already expanding coordinated care programs under the ACA , though there are some questions about private Medicare plans ' capacity to manage care and achieve meaningful cost savings .
Federalism in India
GoI is devolving central funds to the states under specifically identified schemes ( like NREGA , etc . ) whose implementation by the states is subject to the satisfaction of the GoI which is highly controversial and against Article 282 . The controversy arises from the fact that the grants for centrally sponsored schemes and central plan schemes are under complete control and discretion of the ruling party . The ruling party does not use it to help the states in need or where poor people are concentrated , but to pursue its own partisan and political goals . This distributive tendency of the ruling party is known as pork - barrel politics . The nomenclature of schemes is specifically designed to convey that the central government is the source of these progressive policies . This is done to prevent leakage of benefit to state governments .
Orchestra
In the Baroque era , orchestras performed in a range of venues , including at the fine houses of aristocrats , in opera halls and in churches . Some wealthy aristocrats had an orchestra in residence at their estate , to entertain them and their guests with performances . During the Classical era , as composers increasing sought out financial support from the general public , orchestra concerts were increasingly held in public concert halls , where music lovers could buy tickets to hear the orchestra . Of course , aristocratic patronage of orchestras continued during the Classical era , but this went on alongside public concerts . In the 20th and 21st century , orchestras found a new patron : governments . Many orchestras in North America and Europe receive part of their funding from national , regional level governments ( e.g. , state governments in the U.S. ) or city governments . These government subsidies make up part of orchestra revenue , along with ticket sales , charitable donations ( if the orchestra is a registered as a charity ) and other fundraising activities . With the invention of successive technologies , including sound recording , radio broadcasting , television broadcasting and Internet - based streaming and downloading of concert videos , orchestras have been able to find new revenue sources .
Mother Box
Mother Boxes have sacrificed themselves for causes they have believed in and are greatly respected by the people of New Genesis . In physical appearance they are most often in the shape of a small box , but they can also be much larger ( as is the one carried by the Forever People ) , and do not always need to be in the shape of a box at all ( Mr. Miracle had Mother Box circuitry woven into the hood of his costume ) . They usually communicate with a repetitive `` ping ! '' which can be understood by their users .
Headquarters of the United Nations
For award purposes , amateur radio operators consider the UN headquarters a separate `` entity '' under some award programs such as DXCC . For communications , UN organizations have their own internationally recognized ITU prefix , 4U . However , only contacts made with the UN Headquarters in New York , and the ITU count as separate entities . Other UN organizations such as the World Bank count for the state or country they are located in . The UN Staff Recreation Council operates amateur radio station 4U1UN , and occasionally use special callsigns with prefix 4U and ending in UN to commemorate various events at the UN .
Conscription in the United States
The problem of Confederate desertion was aggravated by the inequitable inclinations of conscription officers and local judges . The three conscription acts of the Confederacy exempted certain categories , most notably the planter class , and enrolling officers and local judges often practiced favoritism , sometimes accepting bribes . Attempts to effectively deal with the issue were frustrated by conflict between state and local governments on the one hand and the national government of the Confederacy .
UNICEF
In the United States , Canada and some other countries , UNICEF is known for its `` Trick - Or - Treat for UNICEF '' program in which children collect money for UNICEF from the houses they trick - or - treat on Halloween night , sometimes instead of candy .
Right-to-work law
Right - to - work proponents , including the Center for Union Facts , contend that political contributions made by unions are not representative of the union workers . The agency shop portion of this had previously been contested with support of National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation in Communications Workers of America v. Beck , resulting in `` Beck rights '' preventing agency fees from being used for expenses outside of collective bargaining if the non-union worker notifies the union of their objection .
Electoral College (United States)
* The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method .
HTTPS
Organizations may also run their own certificate authority , particularly if they are responsible for setting up browsers to access their own sites ( for example , sites on a company intranet , or major universities ) . They can easily add copies of their own signing certificate to the trusted certificates distributed with the browser .
Operon
Operons occur primarily in prokaryotes but also in some eukaryotes , including nematodes such as C. elegans and the fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster . rRNA genes often exist in operons that have been found in a range of eukaryotes including chordates . An operon is made up of several structural genes arranged under a common promoter and regulated by a common operator . It is defined as a set of adjacent structural genes , plus the adjacent regulatory signals that affect transcription of the structural genes . The regulators of a given operon , including repressors , corepressors , and activators , are not necessarily coded for by that operon . The location and condition of the regulators , promoter , operator and structural DNA sequences can determine the effects of common mutations .
Secretary
The work of an executive assistant differs a great deal from that of an administrative assistant . In many organizations , an executive assistant is a high - ranking position in the administrative hierarchy . Executive assistants work for a company officer or executive ( at both private and public institutions ) , and possess the authority to make crucial decisions affecting the direction of such organizations . As such , executive assistants play a role in decision - making and policy setting . The executive assistant performs the usual roles of managing correspondence , preparing research , and communication , often with one or more administrative assistants or scheduling assistants who report to him or her . The executive assistant also acts as the `` gatekeeper '' , understanding in varying degree the requirements of the executive , and with an ability through this understanding to decide which scheduled events , meetings , teleconferences , or e-mails are most appropriate for allocation of the executive 's time .
Primary election
In the past , Canadian political parties chose party leaders through the votes of delegates to a Leadership Convention . Local riding associations would choose delegates , usually in a manner similar to how they would choose a candidate for election . These delegates typically said explicitly which leadership candidate they would support . Those delegates , as well as other delegates ( e.g. sitting party members of Parliament or the legislature , or delegates from party - affiliated organizations such as labor unions in the case of the New Democratic Party ) , would then vote , again using the exhaustive ballot method , until a leader was chosen .
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptional activators have separate DNA - binding and activating functions . Upon binding to its cis - element , an activator can recruit polymerase directly or recruit other factors needed by the transcriptional machinery . An activator can also recruit nucleosome modifiers that alter chromatin in the vicinity of the promoter and thereby help initiation . Multiple activators can work together , either by recruiting a common or two mutually dependent components of the transcriptional machinery , or by helping each other bind to their DNA sites . These interactions can synergize multiple signaling inputs and produce intricate transcriptional responses to address cellular needs .
Gatekeeping (communication)
Formally , gatekeeping was identified in Lewin 's ( 1943 ) publication Forces Behind Food Habits and Methods of Change . Working during World War II , Kurt Lewin conducted field research initially among Midwestern housewives to determine how to effectively change their families ' food consumption during this time of war . Lewin recognized that for food to go from a store or a garden to the dining table , there were various decision - making processes it had to pass on the way there . At a time when men were thought to control all household decisions , Lewin found that `` food does not move by its own impetus . Entering or not entering a channel and moving from one section of a channel to another is affected by a ' gatekeeper ' '' ( p. 37 ) . The gatekeeper , in this case , was typically the housewife , or sometimes a maid in more affluent households . Lewin 's research demonstrated that not all members of a family have equal weight in making household food decisions and that the wife , who typically shops for and prepares the food controls the gates , based on a variety of considerations . Lewin 's study published in 1943 became the impetus for another article in 1947 in which he introduces the idea of feedback in group decision making , which complicates the role of the gatekeeper . Feedback acknowledges that the set of considerations a gatekeeper uses in making decisions may vary depending on considerations of the group .
Telephone exchange
Long distance switches may use a slower , more efficient switch - allocation algorithm than local central offices , because they have near 100 % utilization of their input and output channels . Central offices have more than 90 % of their channel capacity unused .
Elections in the United States
At the local level , county and city government positions are usually filled by election , especially within the legislative branch . The extent to which offices in the executive or judicial branches are elected vary from county - to - county or city - to - city . Some examples of local elected positions include sheriffs at the county level and mayors and school board members at the city level . Like state elections , an election for a specific local office may be held at the same time as either the presidential , midterm , or off - year elections .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Furthermore , in the English tradition , judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court , who represented him throughout his realm . Madison believed that in the American states , this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two , thus creating the `` third branch '' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point . Madison , however , did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent , but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive . At the Convention , some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges , while others believed the president should choose judges . A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them .
Electoral College (United States)
Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate .
Education in Bangladesh
Different NGOs pursue different policies regarding recruitment of teachers . Some prepare a panel of prospective teachers on the basis of a rigorous test and recruit teachers from this panel . Other NGOs recruit teachers rather informally from locally available interested persons .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
On Thursday , June 7 , it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures , instead of by popular vote , as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes . Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders , is not provided for in any mode of election - they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch . '' The proposal was carried unanimously . In
When the Saints Go Marching In
Some traditional arrangements often have ensemble rather than individual vocals . It is also common as an audience sing - along number . Versions using call and response are often heard , e.g. :
Health care in the United States
In the U.S. , ownership of the health care system is mainly in private hands , though federal , state , county , and city governments also own certain facilities .
Right-to-work law
The unions also contend that the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation and National Right to Work Committee have received millions of dollars in grants from foundations controlled by major U.S. industrialists like the New York - based Olin Foundation , Inc. , which grew out of a family manufacturing business , but now funds primarily conservative think tanks , media outlets , and university law programs .
Electoral College (United States)
Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect .
Natural selection
Finally , selection can be classified according to the resource being competed for . Sexual selection results from competition for mates . Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection , sometimes at the expense of viability . Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection , such as kin selection , competition , and infanticide . Following Darwin , natural selection is sometimes defined as ecological selection , in which case sexual selection is considered a separate mechanism . Sexual
Electoral college
Countries with complex regional electorates may elect a head of state by means of an electoral college rather than a direct popular election .
Constitution of the United Kingdom
Unlike many states in continental Europe , the United Kingdom does not directly fund the established church with public money ( although many publicly funded voluntary aided schools are run by religious foundations , including those of the Church of England ) . Instead , the Church of England relies on donations , land and investments .
Gerontocracy
Gerontocracy is also common in religious theocratic states and organizations such as Iran , the Vatican and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , in which leadership is concentrated in the hands of religious elders . Despite the age of the senior religious leaders , however , parliamentary candidates in Iran must be under 75 .
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie 's personal papers are at the Library of Congress Manuscript Division . The Carnegie Collections of the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library consist of the archives of the following organizations founded by Carnegie : The Carnegie Corporation of New York ( CCNY ) ; The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ( CEIP ) ; the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching ( CFAT ) ; The Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs ( CCEIA ) . These collections deal primarily with Carnegie philanthropy and have very little personal material related to Carnegie . Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh jointly administer the Andrew Carnegie Collection of digitized archives on Carnegie 's life .
Medicare (United States)
In most states the Joint Commission , a private , non-profit organization for accrediting hospitals , decides whether or not a hospital is able to participate in Medicare , as currently there are no competitor organizations recognized by CMS .
Queen's Counsel
The selection process varies from state to state . In New South Wales , the process involves a committee made up of senior members of each State 's bar , and usually a non-practising former barrister such as a retired judge . The committee then consults with judges , peers , and law firms on the applicant 's suitability for the position . The selection committees deliberate in private , and reasons for the decisions are not published .