vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
Marshall had charm , humor , a quick intelligence , and the ability to bring men together . His sincerity and presence commanded attention . His opinions were workmanlike but not especially eloquent or subtle . His influence on learned men of the law came from the charismatic force of his personality , and his ability to seize upon the key elements of a case and make highly persuasive arguments . Together with his vision of the future greatness of the nation , these qualities are apparent in his historic decisions and gave him the sobriquet , The Great Chief Justice .
Articles of Confederation
The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
However , Rutledge , himself a former state governor , was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been , the national government 's power over the states should not be limitless ; and at Rutledge 's urging , the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed . As Stewart describes it , the committee `` hijacked '' and remade the Constitution , altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made , enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government , and adding several far - reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed . John
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
While Marshall was very good at listening to the oral briefs , and convincing the other justices of his interpretation of the law , he was not widely read in the law , and seldom cited precedents . After the Court came to a decision , he would usually write it up himself . Often he asked Justice Story , a renowned legal scholar , to do the chores of locating the precedents , saying , `` There , Story ; that is the law of this case ; now go and find the authorities . ''
List of The Land Before Time characters
Tickles is an arboreal Megazostrodon who appeared in The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists , to assist the protagonists . He was voiced by Frank Welker .
Napoleon
In the field of military organisation , Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as Jacques Antoine Hippolyte , Comte de Guibert , and from the reforms of preceding French governments , and then developed much of what was already in place . He continued the policy , which emerged from the Revolution , of promotion based primarily on merit .
Labor history of the United States
He was one of the most articulate and energetic leaders of the CIO , and of the merged AFL - CIO . Using brilliant negotiating tactics he leveraged high profits for the Big Three automakers into higher wages and superior benefits for UAW members .
Prometheus
The duality of the gods and of humans standing as polar opposites is also clearly identified in the earliest traditions of Greek mythology and its legends by Pindar . In the sixth Nemean Ode , Pindar states : `` There is one / race of men , one race of gods ; both have breath / of life from a single mother . But sundered power / holds us divided , so that one side is nothing , while on the other the brazen sky is established / a sure citadel forever . '' Although this duality is strikingly apparent in Pindar , it also has paradoxical elements where Pindar actually comes quite close to Hesiod who before him had said in his Works and Days ( 108 ) `` how the gods and mortal men sprang from one source . '' The understanding of Prometheus and his role in the creation of humans and the theft of fire for their benefit is therefore distinctly adapted within this distinguishable source for understanding the role of Prometheus within the mythology of the interaction of the Gods with humans . Pythagoras
Jury trial
To any man whom we have deprived or dispossessed of lands , castles , liberties , or rights , without the lawful judgement of his equals , we will at once restore these .
Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries)
Mikael was searching for Klaus and the rest of his family for a thousand years . He desired to kill Klaus , in order to get revenge for the murder of his wife and him being framed for it . He always had a bad relationship with Klaus , but caring enough to save him by turning him into a vampire but otherwise being hard on him when he was growing up . Unlike the rest of children who fell inline , Klaus was the black sheep of the family and acted differently , this was because he was the product of an affair Klaus ' mother had with a werewolf . As such , Mikael was condescending , cold and abusive towards Klaus for no apparent reason , though Mikael tried to justify this by claiming he was trying to toughen Klaus up . This treatment contributed greatly to Klaus ' narcissism , hunger for power , paranoia and psychosis .
List of The Big Bang Theory characters
He reappeared in `` The Fetal Kick Catalyst '' as a guest at Sheldon and Amy 's brunch in their apartment . He mentions that a girlfriend he was living with once moved out and took all his best rocks .
Trent Affair
This aggressive decision making was typical of Wilkes ' command style . On one hand , he was recognized as `` a distinguished explorer , author , and naval officer . '' On the other , he `` had a reputation as a stubborn , overzealous , impulsive , and sometimes insubordinate officer . '' Treasury officer George Harrington had warned Seward about Wilkes : `` He will give us trouble . He has a superabundance of self - esteem and a deficiency of judgment . When he commanded his great exploring mission he court - martialed nearly all his officers ; he alone was right , everybody else was wrong . '' The
History of Australia (1788–1850)
While they entertain the idea of our having dispossessed them of their residences , they must always consider us as enemies ; and upon this principle they ( have ) made a point of attacking the white people whenever opportunity and safety concurred .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
He was central to the episode `` An Elephant Never Forgets '' , in which he leaves the zoo to locate a man who had irritated him as a boy by playing his kazoo at the zoo .
Themistocles
Yet , set against these negative traits , was an apparently natural brilliance and talent for leadership :
Supremacy Clause
In Federalist No. 44 , James Madison defends the Supremacy Clause as vital to the functioning of the nation . He noted that state legislatures were invested with all powers not specifically defined in the Constitution , but also said that having the federal government subservient to various state constitutions would be an inversion of the principles of government , concluding that if supremacy were not established `` it would have seen the authority of the whole society everywhere subordinate to the authority of the parts ; it would have seen a monster , in which the head was under the direction of the members '' .
Damocles
Damocles ( / ˈdæməkliːz / ; Greek : Δαμοκλῆς Dāmoklē̂s , literally : `` fame of the people '' ) is a figure featured in a single moral anecdote commonly referred to as `` the Sword of Damocles '' , an allusion to the imminent and ever - present peril faced by those in positions of power . Damocles was an obsequious courtier in the court of Dionysius II of Syracuse , a 4th - century BC tyrant of Syracuse , Sicily .
John C. Calhoun
His talent for public speaking required systematic self - discipline and practice . A later critic noted the sharp contrast between his hesitant conversations and his fluent speaking styles , adding that Calhoun `` had so carefully cultivated his naturally poor voice as to make his utterance clear , full , and distinct in speaking and while not at all musical it yet fell pleasantly on the ear '' . Calhoun was `` a high - strung man of ultra intellectual cast '' . As such , Calhoun was not known for charisma . He was often seen as harsh and aggressive with other representatives . But he was a brilliant intellectual orator and strong organizer . Historian Russell Kirk says , `` That zeal which flared like Greek fire in Randolph burned in Calhoun , too ; but it was contained in the Cast - iron Man as in a furnace , and Calhoun 's passion glowed out only through his eyes . No man was more stately , more reserved . ''
Missile gap
This article is part of a series about Dwight D. Eisenhower Early Life Military Career World War II Supreme Allied Commander in Europe D - Day Operation Overlord Surrender of Germany VE - Day Crusade in Europe President of the United States Presidency First Term Draft movement 1952 Campaign Election 1st Inauguration Korean War Atoms for Peace Cold War New Look Domino theory Interstate Highway System Second Term 1956 campaign Election 2nd Inauguration Eisenhower Doctrine Sputnik crisis Missile gap NDEA NASA DARPA Civil Rights Act of 1957 Little Rock Nine U-2 incident Farewell Address Post-Presidency Legacy Presidential library and museum Tributes and memorials
Containment
According to psychological analysis by Deborah Larson , Truman felt a need to prove his decisiveness and feared that aides would make unfavorable comparisons between him and his predecessor , Roosevelt . `` I am here to make decisions , and whether they prove right or wrong I am going to take them , '' he once said .
Lucky Spencer
`` I think that Lucky 's always been a paradox and a contradiction a little bit because he had the edge and the wildness and the rebellion of Luke but he also had the purity and the innocence of Laura . '' ``
Themistocles
Themistocles ( / θəˈmɪstəˌkliːz / ; Greek : Θεμιστοκλῆς Greek pronunciation : ( themistoklɛ̂ːs ) Themistoklẽs ; `` Glory of the Law '' ; c. 524 -- 459 BC ) was an Athenian politician and general . He was one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy . As a politician , Themistocles was a populist , having the support of lower - class Athenians , and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility . Elected archon in 493 BC , he convinced the polis to increase the naval power of Athens , a recurring theme in his political career . During the first Persian invasion of Greece he fought at the Battle of Marathon ( 490 BC ) and was possibly one of the ten Athenian strategoi ( generals ) in that battle .
Public administration
Dating back to Antiquity , Pharaohs , kings and emperors have required pages , treasurers , and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government . Prior to the 19th century , staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism , favouritism , and political patronage , which was often referred to as a `` spoils system '' . Public administrators have long been the `` eyes and ears '' of rulers . In medieval times , the abilities to read and write , add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment . Consequently , the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal record - keeping , paying and feeding armies and levying taxes . As the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people , the need for a sophisticated public administration grew .
Impeachment
Parliament has held the power of impeachment since medieval times . Originally , the House of Lords held that impeachment could only apply to members of the peerage , as the nobility ( the Lords ) would try their own peers , while commoners ought to try their peers ( other commoners ) in a jury . However , in 1681 , the Commons declared that they had the right to impeach whomsoever they pleased , and the Lords have respected this resolution . Offices held `` during good behaviour '' are terminable by the writ of either quo warranto or scire facias , which has even been employed by and against well - placed judges .
United States Declaration of Independence
But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers .
Cole Turner
Cole Turner Charmed character Julian McMahon as Cole Turner First appearance October 5 , 2000 ( episode 3.01 ; `` The Honeymoon 's Over '' ) Last appearance April 10 , 2005 ( episode 7.16 ; `` The Seven Year Witch '' ) Created by Brad Kern Portrayed by Julian McMahon ( human form ) Michael Bailey Smith ( demon form ) Information Aliases Belthazor and The Source of All Evil Species Human Demon Occupation Lawyer Family Benjamin Turner ( father ; deceased ) Elizabeth Turner ( mother ; deceased ) Penny ' Grams ' Halliwell ( ex-grandmother - in - law ; deceased ) Allen Halliwell ( ex-grandfather - in - law ; deceased ) Patricia ' Patty ' Halliwell ( ex-mother - in - law ; deceased ) Victor Bennett ( ex-father - in - law ) Prue Halliwell ( ex-sister - in - law ; deceased ) Piper Halliwell ( ex-sister - in - law ) Paige Matthews ( ex-sister - in - law ) Leo Wyatt ( ex-brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Phoebe Halliwell ( ex-wife )
United States presidential line of succession
This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation 's central government . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress , which was empowered to make war and peace , negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and to resolve disputes between the states . The document also stipulates that its provisions `` shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and that `` the Union shall be perpetual '' .
Potentiality and actuality
Aristotle invents the word by combining entelēs ( ἐντελής , `` complete , full - grown '' ) with echein ( = hexis , to be a certain way by the continuing effort of holding on in that condition ) , while at the same time punning on endelecheia ( ἐνδελέχεια , `` persistence '' ) by inserting `` telos '' ( τέλος , `` completion '' ) . This is a three - ring circus of a word , at the heart of everything in Aristotle 's thinking , including the definition of motion .
Apollo
Apollo 's most common attributes were the bow and arrow . Other attributes of his included the kithara ( an advanced version of the common lyre ) , the plectrum and the sword . Another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod , representing his prophetic powers . The Pythian Games were held in Apollo 's honor every four years at Delphi . The bay laurel plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games . Gold
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The classic view of Cabinet Government was laid out by Walter Bagehot in The English Constitution ( 1867 ) in which he described the prime minister as the primus ‐ inter ‐ pares ( `` first among equals '' ) . The view was questioned by Richard Crossman in The Myths of Cabinet Government ( 1972 ) and by Tony Benn . They were both members of the Labour governments of the 1960s and thought that the position of the Prime Minister had acquired more power so that Prime Ministerial Government was a more apt description . Crossman stated that the increase the power of the prime minister resulted from power of centralised political parties , the development of a unified civil service , and the grown of the Prime Minister 's private office and Cabinet secretariat . Graham Allen ( a Government Whip during Tony Blair 's first government ) made the case in The Last Prime Minister : Being Honest About the UK Presidency ( 2003 ) that in fact the office of prime minister has presidential powers , as did the political scientist Michael Foley in The British Presidency ( 2000 ) .
Iliad
( i ) that he is eminently rapid ; ( ii ) that he is eminently plain and direct , both in the evolution of his thought and in the expression of it , that is , both in his syntax and in his words ; ( iii ) that he is eminently plain and direct in the substance of his thought , that is , in his matter and ideas ; and , finally , ( iv ) that he is eminently noble .
Napoleon
A keen observer of Bonaparte 's rise to absolute power , Madame de Rémusat , explains that `` men worn out by the turmoil of the Revolution ... looked for the domination of an able ruler '' and that `` people believed quite sincerely that Bonaparte , whether as consul or emperor , would exert his authority and save ( them ) from the perils of anarchy . ''
Great Scott
`` Great -- Scott ! '' he gasped in his stupefaction , using the name of the then commander - in - chief for an oath , as officers sometimes did in those days .
Carol Danvers
Ms. Marvel 's uniform and abilities , however , were derived from the character 's then - contemporary male counterpart : Captain Marvel . The Ms. Marvel letters page ( `` Ms. Prints '' ) featured letters debating whether or not the character was feminist . Reader ( and frequent letterhack ) Jana C. Hollingsworth took issue with Ms. Marvel 's entire origin :
List of The Land Before Time characters
Saro is an Alamosaurus . He is an old friend of Grandpa Longneck , who has been interested in the stories of the Longnecks all his life . He appears in the episode of the TV series , `` The Legend of the Story Speaker . '' He is voiced by Pete Sepenuk .
Enoch (ancestor of Noah)
( The Prophets , 21 : 85 ) : `` And the same blessing was bestowed upon Ismail and Idris and Zul - Kifl , because they all practised fortitude . '' ( Mary 19 : 56 - 57 ) : `` And remember Idris in the Book ; he was indeed very truthful , a Prophet . And We lifted him to a lofty station '' .
Usual beginning
Blessed is our God , always now and ever , and unto the ages of ages .
Pluto (mythology)
In his central myth , Orpheus visits the underworld in the hope of retrieving his bride , Eurydice , relying on the power of his music to charm the king and queen of Hades . Greek narratives of Orpheus 's descent and performance typically name the ruler of the underworld as Plouton , as for instance in the Bibliotheca . The myth demonstrates the importance of Pluto `` the Rich '' as the possessor of a quest - object . Orpheus performing before Pluto and Persephone was a common subject of ancient and later Western literature and art , and one of the most significant mythological themes of the classical tradition .
Sputnik crisis
This article is part of a series about Dwight D. Eisenhower Early Life Military Career World War II Supreme Allied Commander in Europe D - Day Operation Overlord Surrender of Germany VE - Day Crusade in Europe President of the United States Presidency First Term Draft movement 1952 Campaign Election 1st Inauguration Korean War Atoms for Peace Cold War New Look Domino theory Interstate Highway System Second Term 1956 campaign Election 2nd Inauguration Eisenhower Doctrine Sputnik crisis Missile gap NDEA NASA DARPA Civil Rights Act of 1957 Little Rock Nine U-2 incident Farewell Address Post-Presidency Legacy Presidential library and museum Tributes and memorials
History of the Supreme Court of the United States
In the midst of the Civil War , Abraham Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase to be Chief Justice . Chase had strong anti-slavery credentials and had previously served Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury . His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibility of the Union . Chase was considered highly ambitious , even for a politician . In 1872 , Chase , while serving on the Supreme Court , ran for the Presidency , but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful . Chase continued to serve as Chief Justice until his death in 1873 .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
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