vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Vietnam War
During the first phase of the offensive , 1,100 Americans and other allied troops , 2,100 ARVN , 14,000 civilians , were killed with some U.S. authors claiming the NVA and Viet Cong suffered 17,000 KIA and 32,000 total casualties including wounded . A month later a second offensive known as the Phase II / May Offensive was launched , although less widespread , it had still demonstrated the Viet Cong were still capable of carrying out nationally orchestrated nationwide offensives . By the end of the first two offensives nearly 5,000 ARVN were killed , over 4,000 U.S. forces were killed , with total including wounded being 45,820 and an unknown number of PAVN casualties . Two months following the May Offensive , a third offensive was launched , the Phase III / August Offensive . The PAVN 's own official records of their losses across all three offensives was 45,267 killed and 111,179 total casualties . By then it had become the bloodiest year of the war up to that point . The failure to spark a general uprising , and the fact that no units within the ARVN defected meant both war goals of Hanoi had fallen flat at enormous costs . U.S.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
The Crime of Carelessness ( 1912 ) , 14 minute Thomas A. Edison , Inc. short inspired by the Triangle Factory fire , directed by James Oppenheim Children of Eve ( 1915 ) , written and directed by John H. Collins With These Hands ( 1950 ) , directed by Jack Arnold The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) , directed by Mel Stuart , produced by Mel Brez and Ethel Brez In the 1981 film American Pop , Zalmie 's mother dies in the fire . Those Who Know Do n't Tell : The Ongoing Battle for Workers ' Health ( 1990 ) , produced by Abby Ginzberg , narrated by Studs Terkel Episode 4 of Ric Burns ' 1999 PBS series New York : A Documentary Film , `` The Power and the People ( 1898 -- 1918 ) '' , extensively covered the fire . The Living Century : Three Miracles ( 2001 ) premiered on PBS , focusing on the life of 107 - year - old Rose Freedman ( died 2001 ) , who became the last living survivor of the fire . American Experience : Triangle Fire ( 2011 ) , documentary produced and directed by Jamila Wignot , narrated by Michael Murphy Triangle Remembering the Fire ( 2011 ) premiered on HBO on March 21 , four days short of the 100th anniversary . A door knob from the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory is an artifact in the TV series Warehouse 13 , making an appearance in episodes `` Past Imperfect '' and `` The 40th Floor '' ( 2011 ) . The character Millie in the Hulu TV series Deadbeat died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire . In Season 6 , Episode 1 of Veep , Selina Meyers calls her foundation offices the `` Triangle Shirtwaist offices '' .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Michael Spagat criticized the 2006 Lancet study in a 2010 article for the journal Defence and Peace Economics . Spagat wrote that he found `` some evidence relating to data fabrication and falsification '' and `` this evidence suggests that this survey can not be considered a reliable or valid contribution towards knowledge about the extent of mortality in Iraq since 2003 '' . Spagat also chided the Lancet study for `` ethical violations to the survey 's respondents including endangerment , privacy breaches and violations in obtaining informed consent '' . In a letter to the journal Science , Spagat said that the Lancet study had failed replication in a study by the WHO ( the Iraq Family Health Survey ) . Spagat noted that the lead author of the 2006 study had been censured by the American Association for Public Opinion Research for `` repeatedly refusing to disclose the corresponding information for his survey '' .
Famine
Various famines have occurred in Vietnam . Japanese occupation during World War II caused the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 , which caused 2 million deaths , or 10 % of the population then . Following the unification of the country after the Vietnam War , Vietnam experienced a food shortage in the 1980s , which prompted many people to flee the country .
Battle of Gettysburg
The two armies suffered between 46,000 and 51,000 casualties . Union casualties were 23,055 ( 3,155 killed , 14,531 wounded , 5,369 captured or missing ) , while Confederate casualties are more difficult to estimate . Many authors have referred to as many as 28,000 Confederate casualties , and Busey and Martin 's more recent 2005 work , Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg , documents 23,231 ( 4,708 killed , 12,693 wounded , 5,830 captured or missing ) . Nearly a third of Lee 's general officers were killed , wounded , or captured . The casualties for both sides during the entire campaign were 57,225 .
Casualties of the Iraq War
See the references for a breakdown of the wounded , injured , ill , those returned to duty ( RTD ) , those requiring medical air transport , non-hostile - related medical air transports , non-hostile injuries , diseases , or other medical reasons . Coalition deaths by hostile fire As of 23 October 2011 , hostile - fire deaths accounted for 3,777 of the 4,799 total coalition military deaths . Armed forces of other coalition countries See Multinational force in Iraq . As of 24 February 2009 , there were 318 deaths from the armed forces of other Coalition nations . 179 UK deaths and 139 deaths from other nations . Breakdown : Australia -- 2 Azerbaijan -- 1 Bulgaria -- 13 Czech Republic -- 1 Denmark -- 7 El Salvador -- 5 Estonia -- 2 Fiji -- 1 Georgia -- 5 Hungary -- 1 Italy -- 33 Kazakhstan -- 1 Latvia -- 3 Netherlands -- 2 Poland -- 30 Portugal -- 1 Romania -- 4 Slovakia -- 4 South Korea -- 1 Spain -- 11 Thailand -- 2 Ukraine -- 18 United Kingdom -- 179 Contractors Contractors . At least 1,487 deaths between March 2003 and June 2011 according to the list of private contractor deaths in Iraq . 245 of those are from the U.S. Contractors are `` Americans , Iraqis and workers from more than three dozen other countries . '' 10,569 wounded or injured . Contractors `` cook meals , do laundry , repair infrastructure , translate documents , analyze intelligence , guard prisoners , protect military convoys , deliver water in the heavily fortified Green Zone and stand sentry at buildings -- often highly dangerous duties almost identical to those performed by many U.S. troops . '' A July 4 , 2007 , Los Angeles Times article reported 182,000 employees of U.S. - government - funded contractors and subcontractors ( 118,000 Iraqi , 43,000 other , 21,000 U.S. ) .
Military history of Italy during World War II
Total military dead and missing from 1940 -- 45 : 291,376 Losses prior to the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943 : 204,346 ( 66,686 killed , 111,579 missing , 26,081 died of disease ) Losses after the Armistice : 87,030 ( 42,916 killed , 19,840 missing , 24,274 died of disease ) . Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice included 5,927 with the Allies , 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) Fascist forces . Losses by branch of service : Army 201,405 Navy 22,034 Air Force 9,096 Colonial Forces 354 Chaplains 91 Fascist militia 10,066 Paramilitary 3,252 Not indicated 45,078 Military losses by theatre of war : Italy 74,725 ( 37,573 post armistice ) France 2,060 ( 1,039 post armistice ) Germany 25,430 ( 24,020 post armistice ) Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia 49,459 ( 10,090 post armistice ) Soviet Union 82,079 ( 3,522 post armistice ) Africa 22,341 ( 1,565 post armistice ) At sea 28,438 ( 5,526 post armistice ) Other and unknown 6,844 ( 3,695 post armistice ) .
Liverpool F.C.
The second disaster took place during an FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield , on 15 April 1989 . Ninety - six Liverpool fans died as a consequence of overcrowding at the Leppings Lane end , in what became known as the Hillsborough disaster . In the following days The Sun newspaper published an article entitled `` The Truth '' , in which it claimed that Liverpool fans had robbed the dead and had urinated on and attacked the police . Subsequent investigations proved the allegations false , leading to a boycott of the newspaper by Liverpool fans across the city and elsewhere ; many still refuse to buy The Sun more than 20 years later . Many support organisations were set up in the wake of the disaster , such as the Hillsborough Justice Campaign , which represents bereaved families , survivors and supporters in their efforts to secure justice .
American Civil War
Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows :
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , and was screened at the United Nations .
GoFundMe
000000002016 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2016 Support Victims of Pulse Shooting $7,853,140 This fundraiser was created by Equality Florida to help the victims of a nightclub shooting in Orlando , Florida . This Campaign has raised five million dollars more than the next largest campaign . Over 90,000 people have contributed to this campaign . GoFundMe headquarters donated 100,000 dollars and waived every transaction fee for this campaign . currently holds the record for the largest amount raised for a single cause on GoFundMe . 000000002016 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 2016
Casualties of the Iraq War
2011 -- 451 ( not including February & August ) 2010 -- 676 2009 -- 488 ( not including June ) 2008 -- 2,028 2007 -- 6,747 ( U.S. military ) , 4,544 ( Iraqi Defence Ministry ) 2006 -- 3,902 2005 -- 3,247 ( U.S. military ) , 1,734 ( Iraqi Defence Ministry ) 2004 -- 6,801 2003 -- 603
Serial killer
H.H. Holmes was one of the first documented modern serial killers in America , responsible for the death of at least 27 victims at his hotel in Chicago in the early 1890s . Here as well , the case gained notoriety and wide publicity through William Randolph Hearst 's newspapers . At the same time in France , Joseph Vacher became known as `` The French Ripper '' after killing and mutilating 11 women and children . He was executed in 1898 after confessing to his crimes .
Telephone numbers in India
Kanpur and Lucknow were the two cities between which the first STD call of the country was made .
Quakers
Quakerism started in England and Wales , and quickly spread to Ireland , the Netherlands , Barbados and North America . Today Kenya is , by far , the country with the most Quakers . Other countries with over 5,000 Quakers are Burundi , Bolivia , Canada , Guatemala , Nepal , Taiwan , Uganda , United Kingdom , and the United States . Although the total number of Quakers is around 377,000 worldwide , Quaker influence is concentrated in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Kaimosi , Kenya ; Newberg , Oregon ; Greenleaf , Idaho ; Whittier , California ; Richmond , Indiana ; Friendswood , Texas ; Birmingham , England ; Ramallah , Palestine , and Greensboro , North Carolina .
Original sin
Soon after the Second Vatican Council , biblical theologian Herbert Haag raised the question : Is original sin in Scripture ? According to his exegesis , Genesis 2 : 25 indicates that Adam and Eve were created from the beginning naked of the divine grace , an originary grace that , then , they would never have had and even less would have lost due to the subsequent events narrated . On the other hand , while supporting a continuity in the Bible about the absence of preternatural gifts ( Latin : dona praeternaturalia ) with regard to the ophitic event , Haag never makes any reference to the discontinuity of the loss of access to the tree of life .
First they came ...
At the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D.C. , the quotation is on display in a variation that substitutes `` Socialists '' for `` Communists '' . The Holocaust Museum website has a discussion of the history of the quotation .
Philippines
The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia . These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies . By 1000 BC , the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four kinds of social groups : hunter - gatherer tribes , warrior societies , highland plutocracies , and port principalities .
History of insurance
The Greeks and Romans introduced the origins of health and life insurance c. 600 BC when they created guilds called `` benevolent societies '' , which cared for the families of deceased members , as well as paying funeral expenses of members . Guilds in the Middle Ages served a similar purpose . The Jewish Talmud also deals with several aspects of insuring goods . Before insurance was established in the late 17th century , `` friendly societies '' existed in England , in which people donated amounts of money to a general sum that could be used for emergencies .
Jane Eyre
The early sequences , in which Jane is sent to Lowood , a harsh boarding school , are derived from the author 's own experiences . Helen Burns 's death from tuberculosis ( referred to as consumption ) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë 's sisters Elizabeth and Maria , who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school , the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge , near Tunstall , Lancashire . Mr. Brocklehurst is based on Rev. William Carus Wilson ( 1791 -- 1859 ) , the Evangelical minister who ran the school . Additionally , John Reed 's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte 's brother Branwell , who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death . Finally , like Jane , Charlotte became a governess . These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë ( 1857 ) by Charlotte 's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell .
Spanish Inquisition
The first sodomite was burned by the Inquisition in Valencia in 1572 , and those accused included 19 % clergy , 6 % nobles , 37 % workers , 19 % servants , and 18 % soldiers and sailors .
Early world maps
The medieval T and O maps originate with the description of the world in the Etymologiae of Isidore of Sevilla ( died 636 ) . This qualitative and conceptual type of medieval cartography represents only the top - half of a spherical Earth . It was presumably tacitly considered a convenient projection of the inhabited portion of the world known in Roman and Medieval times ( that is , the northern temperate half of the globe ) . The T is the Mediterranean , dividing the three continents , Asia , Europe and Africa , and the O is the surrounding Ocean . Jerusalem was generally represented in the center of the map . Asia was typically the size of the other two continents combined . Because the sun rose in the east , Paradise ( the Garden of Eden ) was generally depicted as being in Asia , and Asia was situated at the top portion of the map . World
Watchman (law enforcement)
The first form of societal protection in the United States was based on practices developed in England . The City of Boston was the first settlement in the 13 colonies to establish a night watch in 1631. ( 2 ) New York ( then New Amsterdam ) and Jamestown followed in 1658 .
Fingerprint
In 1880 , Dr. Henry Faulds , a Scottish surgeon in a Tokyo hospital , published his first paper on the subject in the scientific journal Nature , discussing the usefulness of fingerprints for identification and proposing a method to record them with printing ink . He also established their first classification and was also the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial . Returning to the UK in 1886 , he offered the concept to the Metropolitan Police in London but it was dismissed at that time . Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin with a description of his method but , too old and ill to work on it , Darwin gave the information to his cousin , Francis Galton , who was interested in anthropology . Having been thus inspired to study fingerprints for ten years , Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his book Finger Prints . He had calculated that the chance of a `` false positive '' ( two different individuals having the same fingerprints ) was about 1 in 64 billion .
Lion
The lion evolved in Africa between 1 million and 800,000 years ago , from where it spread throughout the Holarctic region . The earliest fossil record in Europe was found near Pakefield in the United Kingdom and is about 680,000 years old . From this lion the late Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion probably derived about 300,000 years ago . Fossil remains found in the Cromer Forest Bed suggest that it was of a gigantic size and represented a lineage that was genetically isolated and highly distinct from lions in Africa and Asia . It was distributed throughout Europe , across Siberia and into western Alaska , via the Beringian landmass . The gradual formation of dense forest likely caused the decline of its geographic range near the end of the Late Pleistocene . Frequently encountered lion bones in cave deposits from Eemian times suggest that the cave lion survived in the Balkans and Asia Minor . There was probably a continuous population extending into India . Fossil lion remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in West Bengal . It became extinct about 10,000 years ago at the end of the last glacial period without mitochondrial descendants on other continents .
History of women in the United States
In 1655 Elizabeth Key Grinstead , who was a slave in Virginia , won her freedom in a lawsuit based on her father 's status as a free Englishman ( her mother was a slave and her father was her mother 's owner ) , helped by the fact that her father had baptized her as Christian in the Church of England . However , in 1662 the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a law stating that any child born in the colony would follow the status of its mother , slave or free . This was an overturn of a longheld principle of English Common Law , whereby a child 's status followed that of the father ; it enabled white men who raped slave women to hide the mixed - race children born as a result and removed their responsibility to acknowledge , support , or emancipate those children . When Europeans began to arrive in the New World , many indigenous people converted . As a result , religion was less useful as a way to differentiate and skin color became more important . Many elite men had children with slaves . Pregnancy out of wedlock was encouraged among nonwhite women as the children would become workers / slaves . The number of births out of wedlock in Latin America was much higher than in Europe . On the other hand , unmarried white women who had mixed - race children were treated worse than those who had white children . Despite the expectation of men to father mixed - raced children with nonwhite women , rape of a woman by a black man could lead to castration and European women who married indigenous men lost their `` European '' status . As more white women moved to the new colonies , interracial sex became less common since Europeans became concerned with `` racial survival '' . Witches
Spanish Inquisition
The first auto - da - fé was held in Seville on 6 February 1481 : six people were burned alive . From there , the Inquisition grew rapidly in the Kingdom of Castile . By 1492 , tribunals existed in eight Castilian cities : Ávila , Córdoba , Jaén , Medina del Campo , Segovia , Sigüenza , Toledo , and Valladolid . Sixtus IV promulgated a new bull categorically prohibiting the Inquisition 's extension to Aragón , affirming that :
Ojibwe
The first historical mention of the Ojibwe occurs in the French Jesuit Relation of 1640 , a report by the missionary priests to their superiors in France . Through their friendship with the French traders ( coureurs des bois and voyageurs ) , the Ojibwe gained guns , began to use European goods , and began to dominate their traditional enemies , the Lakota and Fox to their west and south . They drove the Sioux from the Upper Mississippi region to the area of the present - day Dakotas , and forced the Fox down from northern Wisconsin . The latter allied with the Sauk for protection .
Cinderella
The oldest known oral version of the Cinderella story is the ancient Greek story of Rhodopis , a Greek courtesan living in the colony of Naucratis in Egypt , whose name means `` Rosy - Cheeks '' . The story is first recorded by the Greek geographer Strabo in his Geographica ( book 17 , 33 ) , probably written around 7 BC or thereabouts :
One Thousand and One Nights
One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria ( a few handwritten pages ) dating to the early 9th century . Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1948 , it bears the title Kitab Hadith Alf Layla ( `` The Book of the Tale of the Thousand Nights '' ) and the first few lines of the book in which Dinazad asks Shirazad ( Scheherazade ) to tell her stories . 10th century : Mention of Hazār Afsān in Ibn al - Nadim 's `` Fihrist '' ( Catalogue of books ) in Baghdad . He attributes a pre-Islamic Sassanian Persian origin to the collection and refers to the frame story of Scheherazade telling stories over a thousand nights to save her life . However , according to al - Nadim , the book contains only 200 stories . Curiously , al - Nadim also writes disparagingly of the collection 's literary quality , observing that `` it is truly a coarse book , without warmth in the telling '' . 10th century : Reference to The Thousand Nights , an Arabic translation of the Persian Hazār Afsān ( `` Thousand Stories '' ) , in Muruj Al - Dhahab ( The Meadows of Gold ) by Al - Masudi . 11th century : Mention of The Nights by Qatran Tabrizi in the following couplet in Persian :
First they came ...
Nonetheless , the wording remains controversial , both in terms of its provenance , and the substance and order of the groups that are mentioned in its many versions . While Niemöller 's published 1946 speeches mention Communists , the incurably ill , Jews or Jehovah 's Witnesses ( depending on which speech ) , and people in occupied countries , the 1955 text , a paraphrase by a German professor in an interview , lists communists , socialists , `` the schools , the press , the Jews , and so on '' , and ends with `` the Church '' . Based on the explanation given by Niemöller himself in 1976 , this refers to the German Protestant ( ' Evangelische ' ) Church , and not to the German Catholic Church .
Illinois
Hillary Rodham Clinton was born and raised in the suburbs of Chicago and became the first ( and only woman thus far ) to represent a major political party in the general election of the U.S. presidency . Clinton ran from a platform based in New York State .
Little Red Riding Hood
The origins of the Little Red Riding Hood story can be traced to versions from various European countries and more than likely preceding the 17th century , of which several exist , some significantly different from the currently known , Grimms - inspired version . It was told by French peasants in the 10th century and recorded by the cathedral schoolmaster Egbert of Liege . In Italy , the Little Red Riding Hood was told by peasants in the fourteenth century , where a number of versions exist , including La finta nonna ( The False Grandmother ) , written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection . It has also been called `` The Story of Grandmother '' . It is also possible that this early tale has roots in very similar East Asian tales ( e.g. `` Grandaunt Tiger '' ) .
Rhode Island
In the early 19th century , Rhode Island was subject to a tuberculosis outbreak which led to public hysteria about vampirism .