vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
HMHS Britannic
At the same time , the hospital staff prepared to evacuate . Bartlett had given the order to prepare the lifeboats , but he did not allow them to be lowered into the water . Everyone took their most valuable belongings with them before they evacuated . The chaplain of the ship recovered his Bible . The few patients and nurses on board were assembled . Major Harold Priestley gathered his detachments from the Royal Army Medical Corps to the back of the A deck and inspected the cabins to ensure no one was left behind .
House of Lords
On 30 November 2009 , a Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords was agreed by them ; certain amendments were agreed by them on 30 March 2010 and on 12 June 2014 . The scandal over expenses in the Commons was at its highest pitch only six months before , and the Labourite leadership under Janet Royall determined that something sympathetic should be done .
English contract law
One it is established which terms are incorporated into an agreement , their meaning must be determined . Since the introduction of legislation regulating unfair terms , English courts have become firmer in their general guiding principle that agreements are construed to give effect to the intentions of the parties from the standpoint of a reasonable person . This changed significantly from the early 20th century , when English courts had become enamoured with a literalist theory of interpretation , championed in part by Lord Halsbury . As greater concern grew around the mid-20th century over unfair terms , and particularly exclusion clauses , the courts swung to the opposite position , utilising heavily the doctrine of contra proferentum . Ambiguities in clauses excluding or limiting one party 's liability would be construed against the person relying on it . In the leading case , Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R the Crown 's shed in Montreal harbour burnt down , destroying goods owned by Canada Steamship lines . Lord Morton held that a clause in the contract limiting the Crown 's excluding liability for `` damage ... to ... goods ... being ... in the said shed '' was not enough to excuse it from liability for negligence because the clause could also be construed as referring to strict liability under another contract clause . It would exclude that instead . Some judges , and in particular Lord Denning wished to go further by introducing a rule of `` fundamental breach of contract '' whereby no liability for very serious breaches of contract could be excluded at all . While the rules remain ready for application where statute may not help , such hostile approaches to interpretation were generally felt to run contrary to the plain meaning of language .
Whigs (British political party)
Although William 's successor Anne had considerable Tory sympathies and excluded the Junto Whigs from power , after a brief and unsuccessful experiment with an exclusively Tory government she generally continued William 's policy of balancing the parties , supported by her moderate Tory ministers , the Duke of Marlborough and Lord Godolphin . However , as the War of the Spanish Succession went on and became less and less popular with the Tories , Marlborough and Godolphin were forced to rely more and more on the Junto Whigs , so that by 1708 they headed an administration dominated by the Junto . Anne herself grew increasingly uncomfortable with this dependence on the Whigs , especially as her personal relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough deteriorated . This situation also became increasingly uncomfortable to many of the non-Junto Whigs , led by the Duke of Somerset and the Duke of Shrewsbury , who began to intrigue with Robert Harley 's Tories . In the spring of 1710 , Anne dismissed Godolphin and the Junto ministers , replacing them with Tories .
London Company
In 1622 , the Second Anglo - Powhatan War erupted . Its origins are disputed . English apologists for the company say that Opchanacanough initiated the war . Robert Williams , a 21st - century Native American Law Professor , argues that Opchanacanough had secured concessions from Governor Yeardley which the company would not accept . Thus , Opchanacanough 's attack , on 18 April 1622 , may have been a pre-emptive attempt to defeat the colony before reinforcements arrived .
Stamp Act 1765
They nourished by your indulgence ? They grew by your neglect of ' em . As soon as you began to care about ' em , that care was exercised in sending persons to rule over ' em , in one department and another , who were perhaps the deputies of deputies to some member of this house , sent to spy out their liberty , to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon ' em ; men whose behaviour on many occasions has caused the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them ... .
Lithuania
From the late 12th century , an organized Lithuanian military force existed ; it was used for external raids , plundering and the gathering of slaves . Such military and pecuniary activities fostered social differentiation and triggered a struggle for power in Lithuania . This initiated the formation of early statehood , from which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania developed .
London Bridge
From 1758 to 1762 , all houses and shops on the bridge were demolished through Act of Parliament . The two centre arches were replaced by a single wider span to improve navigation on the river . Drawing
Ellipsis
1 , 2 , 3 , ... , 100 ( \ displaystyle 1 , 2 , 3 , \ ldots , 100 )
Lake District
Forestry has also assumed greater importance over the course of the last century with the establishment of extensive conifer plantations around Whinlatter Pass , in Ennerdale and at Grizedale Forest amongst other places . There are extensive plantations of non-native pine trees .
History of the United Kingdom
The Treaty of Lisbon introduced many changes to the treaties of the Union . Prominent changes included more qualified majority voting in the Council of Ministers , increased involvement of the European Parliament in the legislative process through extended codecision with the Council of Ministers , eliminating the pillar system and the creation of a President of the European Council with a term of two and a half years and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to present a united position on EU policies . The Treaty of Lisbon will also make the Union 's human rights charter , the Charter of Fundamental Rights , legally binding . The Lisbon Treaty also leads to an increase in the voting weight of the UK in the Council of the European Union from 8.4 % to 12.4 % . In July 2008 , the Labour government under Gordon Brown approved the treaty and the Queen ratified it .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
Whitfield concludes that the militant campaign had some positive effects in terms of attracting enormous publicity , and forcing the moderates to better organize themselves , while also stimulating the organization of the antis . He concludes :
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Millencolin Down By Law Pennywise Sick Of It All Limp Bizkit Royal Crown Revue Dance Hall Crashers Blink - 182 One Inch Punch
Tower of London
Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers , of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential . In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination . Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history , as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th - and 17th - century prisoners . Working on the suggestion , Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert . Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor . When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result , several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed . The
Scientific method
A linearized , pragmatic scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding :
William Tyndale
my brother 's keeper knock and it shall be opened unto you a moment in time fashion not yourselves to the world seek and ye shall find ask and it shall be given you judge not that ye be not judged the word of God which liveth and lasteth forever let there be light the powers that be the salt of the earth a law unto themselves it came to pass the signs of the times filthy lucre the spirit is willing , but the flesh is weak ( which is like Luther 's translation of Matthew 26 , 41 : der Geist ist willig , aber das Fleisch ist schwach ; Wycliffe for example translated it with : for the spirit is ready , but the flesh is sick . ) live , move and have our being Controversy
Elgin Marbles
Byron was not the only one to protest against the removal at the time :
English contract law
By way of exception , alternative remedies to compensatory damages are available depending on the contract 's nature . If damages would be an inadequate remedy , for instance , because the subject matter was a unique painting , or a piece of land , or was to deliver petrol during an oil crisis , a court may compel literal or specific performance of the contract 's terms . It can also compel a defendant to refrain from actions that would continue a breach of contract . Injunctions are discretionary remedies , and so they are not awarded in cases where it might cause hardship , like compelling conveyance of property when it would mean an unexpectedly disabled inhabitant would lose her home . Additionally , the courts have , at least since the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 , refused to grant specific performance of contracts involving personal services . This is part of a more general principle that two ( potentially hostile ) parties to litigation should not be made to work in a long term relationship . In Cooperative Insurance Ltd v Argyll Ltd although a shop broke its contract with a shopping centre to keep its business operating , and actual performance was important to keep flagship businesses and so attract more customers to the centre generally , specific performance was not granted because compelling a potentially loss making business to keep operating was draconian and probably not capable of being policed by the court . No award can be made which punishes , or makes an example of a defendant , even for a cynical and calculated breach of contract . However , in limited situations , a claimant may succeed in a claim for restitution of the contract breaker 's gains , as is routinely available in cases involving trustees or other fiduciaries who profit from transactions where they have a conflict of interest . In the leading case , Attorney General v Blake a former secret service agent 's profits from book sales , which recounted government information in breach of Blake 's employment contract , were stripped . While Lord Nicholls stated , other than compensatory damages are not an adequate remedy , that `` no fixed rules can be prescribed '' and their Lordships were eager to not hamper the development of the law , the cases where such awards have been made in contract have all involved some quasi-proprietary element .
House of Lords
The 19th century was marked by several changes to the House of Lords . The House , once a body of only about 50 members , had been greatly enlarged by the liberality of George III and his successors in creating peerages . The individual influence of a Lord of Parliament was thus diminished .
Internal energy
Substituting ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) in ( 1 ) gives the above expression .
London Bridge (Lake Havasu City)
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English contract law
Cases on undue influence Allcard v Skinner ( 1887 ) LR 36 Ch D 145 Williams v Bayley ( 1866 ) LR 1 HL 200 Tate v Williamson ( 1886 ) LR 2 Ch App 55 Bank of Montreal v Stuart ( 1911 ) AC 120 Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy ( 1974 ) EWCA Civ 8 National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan ( 1985 ) UKHL 2 BCCI v Aboody ( 1992 ) 4 All ER 955 CIBC Mortgages plc v Pitt ( 1993 ) UKHL 7 Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien ( 1993 ) 4 All ER 417 Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge ( No 2 ) ( 2001 ) UKHL 41 National Westminster Bank plc v Amin ( 2002 ) UKHL 9 Hammond v Osborn ( 2002 ) EWCA Civ 885 National Commercial Bank of Jamaica v Hew ( 2003 ) UKPC 51 Pesticcio v Huet ( 2004 ) EWCA Civ 372 Thompson v Foy ( 2009 ) EWHC 1076 ( Ch ) see Undue influence in English law
English contract law
Performance and breach cases Cutter v Powell ( 1795 ) EWHC KB J 13 Sumpter v Hedges ( 1898 ) 1 QB 673 Hoenig v Isaacs ( 1952 ) EWCA Civ 6 Bolton v Mahadeva ( 1972 ) EWCA Civ 5 Workers Trust v Dojap Investments Ltd ( 1993 ) UKPC 7 Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd ( 1997 ) UKPC 5 Dunlop Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage Co Ltd ( 1914 ) UKHL 1 Murray v Leisureplay plc ( 2005 ) EWCA Civ 963 UTCCR 1999 ( SI 1999 / 2083 ) Sch 2 ( 1 ) ( d ) - ( e ) Southcott Estates Inc. v. Toronto Catholic District School Board 2012 SCC 51 , ( 2012 ) 2 SCR 675 see Remedies in English law See
Glasgow School of Art
A careful restoration process began soon after the fire ; work on restoring and recreating the Mackintosh design , including the famous library interior , started in 2016 . The restoration was performed with historical accuracy , including the use of original wood species such as longleaf pine and tulipwood .
English contract law
Unconscionability cases Allcard v Skinner ( 1887 ) 36 Ch D 145 Williams v. Walker - Thomas Furniture Co. , 350 F. 2d 445 ( DC 1965 ) D & C Builders Ltd v Rees ( 1965 ) EWCA Civ 3 Barton v Armstrong ( 1973 ) UKPC 2 Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy ( 1974 ) EWCA Civ 8 Cresswell v Potter ( 1978 ) 1 WLR 255 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long ( 1979 ) UKPC 2 O'Connor v Hart ( 1985 ) 1 NZLR 159 Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien ( 1993 ) UKHL 6 Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge ( No 2 ) ( 2001 ) UKHL 44 R v Attorney General for England and Wales ( 2003 ) UKPC 22 Unconscionability in English law
Clan Munro
In 1452 there was a rebellion by a force of tribes loyal to Mackenzie of Kintail who had taken as hostage the Earl of Ross 's nephew . This resulted in the Battle of Bealach nam Broig , fought north - west of Ben Wyvis , where the Munros and Dingwalls rescued the Ross hostage and exterminated their enemies but with a great loss of their own men . Two years later in 1454 John Munro , 1st of Milntown , uncle of the next chief , led the Clan Munro on a raid into Perthshire ; on their return they were ambushed by the Clan Mackintosh which resulted in the Battle of Clachnaharry .
Nine Years' War
On 6 September 1688 , Leopold I 's forces under the Elector of Bavaria secured Belgrade for the Empire . With the Ottomans appearing close to collapse Louis XIV 's ministers , Louvois and Colbert de Croissy , felt it essential to have a quick resolution along the German frontier before the Emperor turned from the Balkans to lead a comparatively united German Empire against France on the Rhine and reverse the Ratisbon settlement . On 24 September Louis published his manifesto , his Mémoire de raisons , listing his grievances : he demanded that the Truce of Ratisbon be turned into a permanent resolution , and that Fürstenburg be appointed Archbishop - Elector of Cologne . He also proposed to occupy the territories that he believed belonged to his sister - in - law regarding the Palatinate succession . The Emperor and the German princes , the Pope , and William of Orange were quite unwilling to grant these demands . For the Dutch in particular , Louis 's control of Cologne and Liège would be strategically unacceptable , for with these territories in French hands the Spanish Netherlands ' buffer - zone ' would be effectively bypassed . The day after Louis issued his manifesto -- well before his enemies could have known its details -- the main French army crossed the Rhine as a prelude to investing Philippsburg , the key post between Luxembourg ( annexed in 1684 ) and Strasbourg ( seized in 1681 ) , and other Rhineland towns . This pre-emptive strike was intended to intimidate the German states into accepting his conditions , while encouraging the Ottoman Turks to continue their own struggle with the Emperor in the east .
London Company
The instructions issued to Sir Thomas Gates , on 20 November 1608 , called for a forcible conversion of Native Americans to Anglicanism and their subordination to the colonial administration . The records of the company record a discussion during one of its first meetings about publishing a justification of their business enterprise methods to `` give adventurers , a clearness and satisfaction , a public debate where Catholics and neutrals might attack them . Whereas Catholic arguments would be in support of Spanish legal claims to the New World under the Treaty of Tordesillas , it was feared that the neutral `` pen - adversaries '' might `` cast scruples into our conscience '' by criticising the lawfulness of the plantation . '' It was decided to forego such a publication of a justification .
Whigs (British political party)
The British whig march for piano was written by Oscar Telgmann in Kingston , Ontario , c. 1900 . The colours of the Whig party were particularly associated with Charles James Fox . Poet Robert Burns in `` Here 's a health to them that 's awa '' wrote : It 's guid to support Caledonia 's cause And bide by the Buff and the Blue .
English Reformation
By 1546 the conservatives , the Duke of Norfolk , Wriothesly , Gardiner and Tunstall were in the ascendent . They were , by the king 's will , to be members of the regency council on his death . However , by the time he died in 1547 , Edward Seymour , Earl of Hertford , brother of Jane Seymour , Henry 's third wife ( and therefore uncle to the future Edward VI ) , managed -- by a number of alliances with influential Protestants such as Lisle -- to gain control over the Privy Council . He persuaded Henry to change his will to replace Norfolk , Wriothesly , Gardiner and Tunstall as executors with Seymour 's supporters .
Cornwallis in India
The armies of Purseram Bhow and Teige Wunt then left the grand army to pursue territorial gains in Mysore 's northern territories . Whereas the earl 's younger brother , Commodore William Cornwallis , was engaged in the naval Battle of Tellicherry , Cornwallis spent the remainder of 1791 securing his supply lines to Madras and clearing the way to Seringapatam . To this end he laid siege to Nundydroog in November and Savendroog in December , both of which fell after unexpectedly modest efforts . He also ordered a massive supply operation to ensure that adequate supplies and pay for his army and those of the allies would be available . Spies were sent to infiltrate Tipu 's camps , and he began to receive more reliable reports of the latter 's troop strengths and disposition .
Lego Mindstorms
This makes it very useful for various mobile platforms and performing advanced motion / positioning tasks .
Restoration (England)
The Church of England was restored as the national Church in England , backed by the Clarendon Code and the Act of Uniformity 1662 . People reportedly `` pranced around May poles as a way of taunting the Presbyterians and Independents '' and `` burned copies of the Solemn League and Covenant '' .
Trent Affair
Should Mr. Mason , Mr. Slidell , Mr. Eustice ( sic ) and Mr. McFarland be on board make them prisoners and send them on board this ship and take possession of her ( the Trent ) as a prize. ... They must be brought on board .
Sundial
Chaucer evokes this method a few times in his Canterbury Tales , as in his Parson 's Tale .
Siege
An attacker 's first act in a siege might be a surprise attack , attempting to overwhelm the defenders before they were ready or were even aware there was a threat . This was how William de Forz captured Fotheringhay Castle in 1221 .
Page (servant)
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American Revolution
The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party . The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner .
Lithuania
After the deaths of Jogaila and Vytautas , the Lithuanian nobility attempted to break the union between Poland and Lithuania , independently selecting Grand Dukes from the Jagiellon dynasty . But , at the end of the 15th century , Lithuania was forced to seek a closer alliance with Poland when the growing power of the Grand Duchy of Moscow threatened Lithuania 's Russian principalities and sparked the Muscovite -- Lithuanian Wars and the Livonian War . During
Townshend Acts
Dickinson sent a copy of his `` Letters '' to James Otis of Massachusetts , informing Otis that `` whenever the Cause of American Freedom is to be vindicated , I look towards the Province of Massachusetts Bay '' . The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by first sending a petition to King George asking for the repeal of the Revenue Act , and then sending a letter to the other colonial assemblies , asking them to join the resistance movement . Upon receipt of the Massachusetts Circular Letter , other colonies also sent petitions to the king . Virginia and Pennsylvania also sent petitions to Parliament , but the other colonies did not , believing that it might have been interpreted as an admission of Parliament 's sovereignty over them . Parliament refused to consider the petitions of Virginia and Pennsylvania .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
The Filipino committees in London , Paris and Madrid about this time telegraphed to President McKinley as follows : American
English Reformation
Elizabeth 's reign saw the emergence of Puritanism , which encompassed those Protestants who , whilst they agreed that there should be one national church , felt that the church had been but partially reformed . Puritanism ranged from hostility to the content of the Prayer Book and `` popish '' ceremony , to a desire that church governance be radically reformed . Grindal was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1575 and chose to oppose even the Queen in his desire to forward the Puritan agenda . He ended a 6,000 - word reproach to her with , `` Bear with me , I beseech you Madam , if I choose rather to offend your earthly majesty than to offend the heavenly majesty of God . '' He was placed under house arrest for his trouble and though he was not deprived , his death in 1583 put an end to the hopes of his supporters .