vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Thirteen Colonies
Protestantism was the predominant religious affiliation in the Thirteen Colonies , although there were also Catholics , Jews , and deists , and a large fraction had no religious connection . The Church of England was officially established in most of the South . The Puritan movement became the Congregational church , and it was the established religious affiliation in Massachusetts and Connecticut into the 18th century . In practice , this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses . The Anglican parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries and had public functions , such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor .
Oklahoma
Evangelical Protestant -- 53 % Mainline Protestant -- 16 % Roman Catholic -- 13 % Other -- 6 % Unaffiliated -- 12 %
Baja California
Religion in Baja California ( 2010 census ) Roman Catholicism 72.1 % Other Christian 15.1 % Other religion 0.1 % No religion 10.0 % Unspecified 2.7 % Los
Lithuania
In the 13th and 14th centuries Grand Dukes and warriors were practicing the Pagan faith as an official religion . It was largely affected by the war mythology and žyniai or kriviai ( priests ) caste existed . In the 15th century Lithuanian nobles and higher society layers were christianizated , however peasants continued the old traditions and worshiped the agro-cultural deities . Hypatian Codex around 1252 , documenting the baptizing of Mindaugas insists that the royal baptizing was feign and Mindaugas would continue present offerings to his old gods : to the chief Nunadievis and Teliavelis and Diviriks and to the God of Hares and to Medeina . Šventaragis ' Valley - close to current Vilnius Cathedral was a sacred place with the Temple of Perkūnas and eternal flame where cremation of Lithuanian rulers took place .
Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco - Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco - Macedonian settlers . Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system . Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution . Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field , along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends ( hetairoi , philoi ) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council . The monarch was also expected to serve as a charitable patron of the people ; this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion .
New Testament
In the famous words of Thomas Ken , Bishop of Bath and Wells : `` As for my religion , I dye in the holy catholic and apostolic faith professed by the whole Church before the disunion of East and West , more particularly in the communion of the Church of England , as it stands distinguished from all Papal and Puritan innovations , and as it adheres to the doctrine of the Cross . ''
Victorian morality
Religious morality changed drastically during the Victorian Era . When Victoria took the throne the Anglican Church was very powerful -- running schools and universities , and with high ranking churchmen holding offices in the House of Lords . The Church 's power continued to rule in rural areas throughout the Victorian Era ; however that was not the case in industrialised cities . In the cities those against the Church were many and dissent was rampant . However , dissent has been running its pressure since the onset of Puritanism in politics even before the Oliver Cromwell days . The dissenting sects were against what the Anglican church was using its power for . The Church demanded obedience to God , submissiveness and resignation with the goal of making people more malleable to the will of the Church . The Church was accused of appeasing the will of the elite , and of caring little if at all about the needs and wants of the lower , peasant class , from which dissent emerged Methodism , Congregationalism , The Society of Friends ( Quakers ) and Presbyterianism . The Methodists and Presbyterians in particular stressed personal salvation through direct individual faith in Jesus Christ 's sacrificial death and resurrection on the behalf of sinners , citing the New Testament Gospels and the writings of the Apostles Peter , James and Paul . This stress on individualism is seen throughout the Victorian Era and becomes even more developed in middle class life .
Mercantilism
Mercantilism functioned as the economic counterpart of the older version of political power : divine right of kings and absolute monarchy .
Cremation
Third . As to cremation . This is not a Biblical or Christian mode of disposing of the dead . The Old and New Testament agree and take for granted that as the body was taken originally from the earth , so it is to return to the earth again . Burial is the natural and Christian mode . There is a beautiful symbolism in it . The whole terminology of eschatology presupposes it . Cremation is purely heathenish . It was the practice among the Greeks and Romans . The mass of the Hindoos thus dispose of their dead . It is dishonoring to the body , intended for a temple of the Holy Ghost and to bear the image of God . It is an insidious denial of the doctrine of the resurrection .
Artemis
Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal
Parthenon
Restoration works in 2002 . Work in progress in 2007 . A reconstructed architrave block . Wide - scale restoration in 2010 . Western side works in 2014 .
Roman calendar
The Pontifex Maximus determined when an intercalary month was to be inserted . On average , this happened in alternate years . The system of aligning the year through intercalary months broke down at least twice : the first time was during and after the Second Punic War . It led to the reform of the 191 BC Acilian Law on Intercalation , the details of which are unclear , but it appears to have successfully regulated intercalation for over a century . The second breakdown was in the middle of the first century BC and may have been related to the increasingly chaotic and adversarial nature of Roman politics at the time . The position of Pontifex Maximus was not a full - time job ; it was held by a member of the Roman elite , who would almost invariably be involved in the machinations of Roman politics . Because the term of office of elected Roman magistrates was defined in terms of a Roman calendar year , a Pontifex Maximus would have reason to lengthen a year in which he or his allies were in power or shorten a year in which his political opponents held office .
Hellenistic period
Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city - states . After the Peloponnesian War ( 431 -- 404 BC ) , Greece had fallen under a Spartan hegemony , in which Sparta was pre-eminent but not all - powerful . Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban one after the Battle of Leuctra ( 371 BC ) , but after the Battle of Mantinea ( 362 BC ) , all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence . It was against this backdrop that the ascendancy of Macedon began , under king Philip II . Macedon was located at the periphery of the Greek world , and although its royal family claimed Greek descent , the Macedonians themselves were looked down upon as semi-barbaric by the rest of the Greeks . However , Macedon had a relatively strong and centralised government , and compared to most Greek states , directly controlled a large area .
Ancient Greece
The emigration process also determined a long series of conflicts between the Greek cities of Sicily , especially Syracuse , and the Carthaginians . These conflicts lasted from 600 BC to 265 BC when the Roman Republic entered into an alliance with the Mamertines to fend off the hostilities by the new tyrant of Syracuse , Hiero II and then the Carthaginians . This way Rome became the new dominant power against the fading strength of the Sicilian Greek cities and the Carthaginian supremacy in the region . One year later the First Punic War erupted .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
After Alexander 's death in 323 BC , the ensuing wars of the Diadochi , and the partitioning of Alexander 's short - lived empire , Macedonia remained a Greek cultural and political center in the Mediterranean region along with Ptolemaic Egypt , the Seleucid Empire , and the Kingdom of Pergamon . Important cities such as Pella , Pydna , and Amphipolis were involved in power struggles for control of the territory . New cities were founded , such as Thessalonica by the usurper Cassander ( named after his wife Thessalonike of Macedon ) . Macedonia 's decline began with the Macedonian Wars and the rise of Rome as the leading Mediterranean power . At the end of the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC , the Macedonian monarchy was abolished and replaced by Roman client states . A short - lived revival of the monarchy during the Fourth Macedonian War in 150 -- 148 BC ended with the establishment of the Roman province of Macedonia .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
While Athens was preoccupied with the Social War ( 357 -- 355 BC ) , Philip II retook Amphipolis from them in 357 BC and the following year recaptured Pydna and Potidaea , the latter of which he handed over to the Chalcidian League as promised in a treaty . In 356 BC , he took Crenides , refounding it as Philippi , while his general Parmenion defeated the Illyrian king Grabos of the Grabaei . During the 355 -- 354 BC siege of Methone , Philip II lost his right eye to an arrow wound , but managed to capture the city and treated the inhabitants cordially , unlike the Potidaeans , who had been enslaved .
Carthage
The ancient city was destroyed by the Roman Republic in the Third Punic War in 146 BC then re-developed as Roman Carthage , which became the major city of the Roman Empire in the province of Africa . The Roman city was again occupied by the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 698 . The site remained uninhabited , the regional power shifting to the Medina of Tunis in the medieval period , until the early 20th century , when it began to develop into a coastal suburb of Tunis , incorporated as Carthage municipality in 1919 .
Ancient Egypt
Free from their loyalties to the pharaoh , local rulers began competing with each other for territorial control and political power . By 2160 BC , rulers in Herakleopolis controlled Lower Egypt in the north , while a rival clan based in Thebes , the Intef family , took control of Upper Egypt in the south . As the Intefs grew in power and expanded their control northward , a clash between the two rival dynasties became inevitable . Around 2055 BC the northern Theban forces under Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II finally defeated the Herakleopolitan rulers , reuniting the Two Lands . They inaugurated a period of economic and cultural renaissance known as the Middle Kingdom .
Renaissance
Renaissance humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini sought out in Europe 's monastic libraries the Latin literary , historical , and oratorical texts of Antiquity , while the Fall of Constantinople ( 1453 ) generated a wave of émigré Greek scholars bringing precious manuscripts in ancient Greek , many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West . It is in their new focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the Renaissance of the 12th century , who had focused on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural sciences , philosophy and mathematics , rather than on such cultural texts . Portrait
Balkans
City Country Population Agglomeration Year Istanbul * Turkey 9,000,000 10,000,000 2014 Bucharest Romania 1,883,425 2,272,163 2011 Sofia Bulgaria 1,260,120 1,681,666 2014 Belgrade Serbia 1,233,796 1,659,440 2011 Zagreb Croatia 792,875 1,113,111 2011 Athens Greece 664,046 3,753,783 2011 Skopje Macedonia 444,800 506,926 2014 Tirana Albania 418,495 800,986 2011 Plovdiv Bulgaria 341,567 396,092 2014 Varna Bulgaria 335,949 383,075 2014 Thessaloniki Greece 325,182 1,012,297 2011 Cluj - Napoca Romania 324,576 411,379 2011 Timișoara Romania 319,279 356,443 2011 Iași Romania 290,422 382,484 2011 Constanța Romania 283,872 425,916 2011 Ljubljana Slovenia 279,756 279,756 2016 Novi Sad Serbia 277,522 341,625 2011 Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 275.524 413,593 2013 Craiova Romania 269,506 420,000 2011 Çorlu Turkey 253,500 273,362 2014 Brașov Romania 253,200 369,896 2011
Roman calendar
Julius Caesar , following his victory in his civil war and in his role as pontifex maximus , ordered a reformation of the calendar in 46 BC . This was undertaken by a group of scholars apparently including the Alexandrian Sosigenes and the Roman M. Flavius . Its main lines involved the insertion of ten additional days throughout the calendar and regular intercalation of a single leap day every fourth year in order to bring the Roman calendar into close agreement with the solar year . The year 46 BC was the last of the old system and included 3 intercalary months , the first inserted in February and two more -- Intercalaris Prior and Posterior -- before the kalends of December .
Carthage
In 196 , following the Second Punic War ( 218 -- 201 ) , Hannibal Barca , still greatly admired as a Barcid military leader , was elected suffet . When his reforms were blocked by a financial official about to become a judge for life , Hannibal rallied the populace against the 104 judges . He proposed a one - year term for the 104 , as part of a major civic overhaul . Additionally , the reform included a restructuring of the city 's revenues , and the fostering of trade and agriculture . The changes rather quickly resulted in a noticeable increase in prosperity . Yet his incorrigible political opponents cravenly went to Rome , to charge Hannibal with conspiracy , namely , plotting war against Rome in league with Antiochus the Hellenic ruler of Syria . Although the Roman Scipio Africanus resisted such manoeuvre , eventually intervention by Rome forced Hannibal to leave Carthage . Thus , corrupt city officials efficiently blocked Hannibal Barca in his efforts to reform the government of Carthage .
New Testament
A Bohairic translation was made later , but existed already in the 4th century . Though the translation makes less use of Greek words than the Sahidic , it does employ some Greek grammar ( e.g. , in word - order and the use of particles such as the syntactic construction μεν -- δε ) . For this reason , the Bohairic translation can be helpful in the reconstruction of the early Greek text of the New Testament .
Hellenistic period
Once the Second Punic War had been resolved , and the Romans had begun to regather their strength , they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans , and to curb the expansion of Philip . A pretext for war was provided by Philip 's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes , both Roman allies . The Romans , also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city - states ( which resented Philip 's power ) , thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC , starting the Second Macedonian War . This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae ( 197 BC ) . Like most Roman peace treaties of the period , the resultant ' Peace of Flaminius ' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party ; a massive indemnity was levied , Philip 's fleet was surrendered to Rome , and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries , losing influence over the city - states of southern Greece , and land in Thrace and Asia Minor . The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean .
Triple Alliance (1882)
On the heels of the Great Balkan Crisis , Austro - Hungarian forces occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina in August 1878 and the empire eventually annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in October 1908 as a common holding under the control of the finance ministry , rather than attaching it to either Austria or Hungary . The occupation of Bosnia - Herzegovina was a step taken in response to Russian advances into Bessarabia . Unable to mediate between Turkey and Russia over the control of Serbia , Austria -- Hungary declared neutrality when the conflict between the two powers escalated into the Russo - Turkish War ( 1877 -- 1878 ) . To counter Russian and French interests in Europe , an alliance was concluded with Germany in October 1879 and with Italy in May 1882 . World War I started in 1914 .
Parthenon
A major fire broke out in the Parthenon shortly after the middle of the third century AD which destroyed the Parthenon 's roof and much of the sanctuary 's interior . Heruli pirates are also credited with sacking Athens in 276 , and destroying most of the public buildings there , including the Parthenon . Repairs were made in the fourth century AD , possibly during the reign of Julian the Apostate . A new wooden roof overlaid with clay tiles was installed to cover the sanctuary . It sloped at a greater incline than the original roof and left the building 's wings exposed .
Balkan Wars
Battle Year Greece Commander Ottoman Empire Commander Result Battle of Sarantaporo 1912 Constantine I Hasan Pasha Greek Victory Battle of Yenidje 1912 Constantine I Hasan Pasha Greek Victory Battle of Pente Pigadia 1912 Sapountzakis Esat Pasha Greek Victory Battle of Sorovich 1912 Matthaiopoulos Hasan Pasha Ottoman Victory Revolt of Himara 1912 Sapountzakis Esat Pasha Greek Victory Battle of Dryskos 1912 Matthaiopoulos Esat Pasha Ottoman Victory Battle of Elli 1912 Kountouriotis Remzi Bey Greek Victory Capture of Korytsa 1912 Damianos Davit Pasha Greek Victory Battle of Lemnos 1913 Kountouriotis Remzi Bey Greek Victory Battle of Bizani 1913 Constantine I Esat Pasha Greek Victory Serbian
Mycenaean Greece
From the early 14th century BC , Mycenaean trade began to take advantage of the new trading opportunities in the Mediterranean after the Minoan collapse . The trade routes were expanded further , reaching Cyprus , Amman in the Near East , Apulia in Italy and Spain . From that time period ( c. 1400 BC ) , the palace of Knossos has yielded the earliest records of the Greek Linear B script , based on the previous Linear A of the Minoans . The use of the new script spread in mainland Greece and offers valuable insight into the administrative network of the palatial centers . However , the unearthed records are too fragmentary for a political reconstruction of Bronze Age Greece . Mycenaean
History of the Roman Empire
Octavian , the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar , had made himself a central military figure during the chaotic period following Caesar 's assassination . In 43 BC at the age of twenty he became one of the three members of the Second Triumvirate , a political alliance with Marcus Lepidus and Mark Antony . Octavian and Antony defeated the last of Caesar 's assassins in 42 BC at the Battle of Philippi , although after this point , tensions began to rise between the two . The triumvirate ended in 32 BC , torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members : Lepidus was forced into exile and Antony , who had allied himself with his lover Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt , committed suicide in 30 BC following his defeat at the Battle of Actium ( 31 BC ) by the fleet of Octavian . Octavian subsequently annexed Egypt to the empire .
Pantheon, Rome
Emp ( eror ) Caes ( ar ) L ( ucius ) Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax , victorious in Arabia , victor of Adiabene , the great victor in Parthia , Pontif ( ex ) Max ( imus ) , 10 times tribune , 11 times emperor , three times consul , P ( ater ) P ( atriae ) , proconsul , and Emp ( eror ) Caes ( ar ) M ( arcus ) Aurelius Antoninus Pius Felix Aug ( ustus ) , five times tribune , consul , proconsul , have carefully restored the Pantheon ruined by age .
Hellenistic period
Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia . Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network . While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language , they did adopt some Hellenistic ways , one of the most prominent of which was their military practices . In 550 BC , Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon , Tyrant of Syracuse . The core of Carthage 's military was the Greek - style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service , though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries . After their defeat in the First Punic War , Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain , Xanthippus of Carthage , to reform their military forces . Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines .
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
In ancient Athens , the Athenian democracy was restored on three separate occasions following the initial conquest of the city by Antipater in 322 BC . When it fell repeatedly under Macedonian rule it was governed by a Macedonian - imposed oligarchy composed of the wealthiest members of the city - state . Other city - states were handled quite differently and were allowed a greater degree of autonomy . After Philip II conquered Amphipolis in 357 BC , the city was allowed to retain its democracy , including its constitution , popular assembly , city council ( boule ) , and yearly elections for new officials , but a Macedonian garrison was housed within the city walls along with a Macedonian royal commissioner ( epistates ) to monitor the city 's political affairs . Philippi , the city founded by Philip II , was the only other city in the Macedonian commonwealth that had a democratic government with popular assemblies , since the assembly ( ecclesia ) of Thessaloniki seems to have had only a passive function in practice . Some cities also maintained their own municipal revenues . The Macedonian king and central government administered the revenues generated by temples and priesthoods .