vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Conquistador
Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas , Manuel I claimed territorial rights in the area visited by John Cabot in 1497 and 1498 . To that end , in 1499 and 1500 , the Portuguese mariner João Fernandes Lavrador visited the northeast Atlantic coast and Greenland and the north Atlantic coast of Canada , which accounts for the appearance of `` Labrador '' on topographical maps of the period . Subsequently , in 1501 and 1502 the Corte - Real brothers explored and charted Greenland and the coasts of present - day Newfoundland and Labrador , claiming these lands as part of the Portuguese Empire . Whether or not the Corte - Reals expeditions were also inspired by or continuing the alleged voyages of their father , João Vaz Corte - Real ( with other Europeans ) in 1473 , to Terra Nova do Bacalhau ( Newfoundland of the Codfish ) , remains controversial , as the 16th century accounts of the 1473 expedition differ considerably . In 1520 - 1521 , João Álvares Fagundes was granted donatary rights to the inner islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence . Accompanied by colonists from mainland Portugal and the Azores , he explored Newfoundland and Nova Scotia ( possibly reaching the Bay of Fundy on the Minas Basin ) , and established a fishing colony on Cape Breton Island , that would last some years or until at least 1570s , based on contemporary accounts .
History of Texas
The Paleo - Indians who lived in Texas between 9200 -- 6000 BC may have links to Clovis and Folsom cultures ; these nomadic people hunted mammoths and bison latifrons using atlatls . They extracted Alibates flint from quarries in the panhandle region .
Conquistador
Armed groups sought supplies and funds in various ways . Financing was requested from the King , delegates of the Crown , the nobility , rich merchants or the troops themselves . The more professional campaigns were funded by the Crown . Campaigns were sometimes initiated by inexperienced governors , because in Spanish Colonial America , offices were bought or handed to relatives or cronies . Sometimes , an expedition of conquistadors were a group of influential men who had recruited and equipped their fighters , by promising a share of the booty .
Roanoke Colony
On April 27 , 1584 , Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America . They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4 and soon established relations with the local natives , the Secotans and Croatans . Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese , who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh . Based on the information given , Raleigh organized a second expedition , to be led by Sir Richard Grenville . Sir
Italian Australians
This was the umpteenth episode that without doubt pushed the notable number of Italians now working and residing in Australia to sympathise with Fascism and devote to the narrow circle of the Italian associations and the close relations of the family . In the late 1930s , a Fascist traveller to Australia so describes the life and work of Italians in the Western Australian mines :
Renaissance
A suitable environment had developed to question scientific doctrine . The discovery in 1492 of the New World by Christopher Columbus challenged the classical worldview . The works of Ptolemy ( in geography ) and Galen ( in medicine ) were found to not always match everyday observations . As the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation clashed , the Northern Renaissance showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelean natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences ( botany , anatomy , and medicine ) . The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements .
Aihole
The Jain temples of Aihole are significant in helping decipher the spread , influence and interaction of Jainism and Hinduism traditions in the Deccan region . According to Lisa Owen , the comparison of the artwork in Aihole - Badami Jain monuments and other sites such as the Ellora Caves , particularly the attendants , deities and demons provides a means to decipher the development of Jain mythology and the significance of the shared iconography .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
William Brewster had been teaching English at the university , and Robinson enrolled in 1615 to pursue his doctorate . There he participated in a series of debates , particularly regarding the contentious issue of Calvinism versus Arminianism ( siding with the Calvinists against the Remonstrants ) . Brewster acquired typesetting equipment about 1616 in a venture financed by Thomas Brewer , and began publishing the debates through a local press .
Conquistador
From 1580 to 1670 mostly , the Bandeirantes in Brazil focused on slave hunting , then from 1670 to 1750 they focused on mineral wealth . Through these expeditions and the Dutch -- Portuguese War , Colonial Brazil expanded from the small limits of the Tordesilhas Line to roughly the same borders as current Brazil . The
Roanoke Colony
Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony . Earlier in the century , the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline , a French colony near present - day Jacksonville , Florida . However , a Spanish attack is unlikely , as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England 's failed colony as late as 1600 , ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing . Dare
Colony of Virginia
The largest and richest and most influential of the American colonies was Virginia , where conservatives were in full control of the colonial and local governments . At the local level , Church of England parishes handled many local affairs , and they in turn were controlled not by the minister , but rather by a closed circle of rich landowners who comprised the parish vestry . Ronald L. Heinemann emphasizes the ideological conservatism of Virginia , while noting there were also religious dissenters who were gaining strength by the 1760s :
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when silver and gold from American mines increasingly financed a long series of European and North African wars . Spanish wars of conquest included laying waste much of the Netherlands and a disastrous attempt to invade England .
History of coal mining
In South Wales , the miners showed a high degree of solidarity . They lived in isolated villages where the miners comprised the great majority of workers . There was a high degree of equality in life style ; combined with an evangelical religious style based on Methodism this led to an ideology of egalitarianism . They forged a `` community of solidarity '' - under the leadership of the Miners Federation . The union supported first the Liberal Party , then after 1918 Labour , with some Communist Party activism at the fringes .
Roanoke Colony
In her 2000 book Roanoke : Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony , historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke , who were attacked by another tribe , identified by the Jamestown Colony as the `` Mandoag '' ( an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations ) . The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora , an Iroquois - speaking tribe , or the Eno , also known as the Wainoke .
History of Manila
The cultural heritage uncovered by this recent scholarship explains why Filipino cultures , as pointed out by writers such as Nick Joaquin ( in his 1988 book , `` Culture and History '' ) , seem even more similar to Micronesian and Polynesian cultures than they are to continental Asian and Maritime Southeast Asian cultures .
Australia–Canada relations
The rebels from Lower Canada were French Canadians known as les patriotes . Like their Upper Canada counterparts , they rebelled against the appointed oligarchy that administered the colony and les patriotes , along with their English - speaking neighbours , clamoured for responsible government . As with the Upper Canada rebellions , the armed insurrections in Lower Canada also failed and 58 French Canadians were sentenced to transportation to New South Wales . Thanks to the intervention of John Bede Polding , Bishop of Sydney , they avoided the horrors of Norfolk Island and were allowed to serve their sentences in Sydney . They were eventually assigned as labourers to free settlers , contributing to the development of the colony , including the building of Parramatta Road . Place names like Canada Bay and Exile Bay and a monument at Cabarita Park in Concord , Sydney ( unveiled in May 1970 , by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau ) , attest to their presence in Australia .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
Natural history at that time was dominated by clerical naturalists who saw their science as revealing God 's plan , and whose income came from the Established Church of England . Darwin found three close allies . The eminent geologist Charles Lyell , whose books had influenced the young Darwin during the Voyage of the Beagle , befriended Darwin who he saw as a supporter of his ideas of gradual geological processes with continuing divine Creation of species . By the 1840s Darwin became friends with the young botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker who had followed his father into the science , and after going on a survey voyage used his contacts to eventually find a position . In the 1850s Darwin met Thomas Huxley , an ambitious naturalist who had returned from a long survey trip but lacked the family wealth or contacts to find a career and who joined the progressive group around Herbert Spencer looking to make science a profession , freed from the clerics .
Godparent
In some Catholic and Orthodox countries , particularly in southern Europe , Latin America , and the Philippines , the relationship between parents and godparents or co-godparents has been seen as particularly important and distinctive . These relationships create mutual obligations and responsibilities that may be socially useful for participants . The Portuguese and Spanish compadre ( literally , `` co-father '' ) and comadre ( `` co-mother '' ) , the French marraine and parrain , and the archaic meaning of the English word gossip ( from godsib , `` godsibling '' ) , describe these relationships . By extension , they can also be used to describe a friendship .
Conquistador
Castilian law prohibited foreigners and non-Catholics from settling in the New World . However , not all conquistadors were Castilian . Many foreigners Hispanicised their names and / or converted to Catholicism to serve the Castilian Crown . For example , Ioánnis Fokás ( known as Juan de Fuca ) was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the strait that bears his name between Vancouver Island and Washington State in 1592 . German - born Nikolaus Federmann , Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán , was a conquistador in Venezuela and Colombia . The Venetian Sebastiano Caboto was Sebastián Caboto , Georg von Speyer Hispanicised as Jorge de la Espira , Eusebio Francesco Chini Hispanicised as Eusebio Kino , Wenceslaus Linck was Wenceslao Linck , Ferdinand Konščak , was Fernando Consag , Amerigo Vespucci was Américo Vespucio , and the Portuguese Aleixo Garcia was known as Alejo García in the Castilian army .
French and Indian War
to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims
Hellenistic period
The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states , which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces . Settlements such as Ai - Khanoum , situated on trade routes , allowed Greek culture to mix and spread . The language of Philip II 's and Alexander 's court and army ( which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples ) was a version of Attic Greek , and over time this language developed into Koine , the lingua franca of the successor states .
Factor analysis
In geochemistry , different factors can correspond to different mineral associations , and thus to mineralisation .
Indigenous Australians
Another consequence of British colonisation was European seizure of land and water resources , with the decimation of kangaroo and other indigenous foodstuffs which continued throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries as rural lands were converted for sheep and cattle grazing . In 1819 , Governor Macquarrie declared total warfare against the Walpuri people of Western New South Wales , waging a war of extermination against them . Settlers also participated in the rape and forcible prostitution of Aboriginal women . Despite this a number of Europeans , including convicts , formed favourable impressions of Aboriginal life through living with Aboriginal Groups .
Crusades
Historical parallelism and the tradition of drawing inspiration from the Middle Ages have become keystones of Islamic ideology . Secular Arab Nationalism concentrates on the idea of Western Imperialism . Gamal Abdel Nasser likened himself to Saladin and imperialism to the Crusades . In his History of the Crusades Sa'id Ashur emphasised the similarity between the modern and medieval situation facing Muslims and the need to study the Crusades in depth . Sayyid Qutb declared there was an international Crusader conspiracy . The ideas of Jihad and a long struggle have developed some currency .
Texas annexation
Walker 's pamphlet brought forth strident demands for Texas from pro-slavery expansionists in the South ; in the North , it allowed anti-slavery expansionists to embrace Texas without appearing to be aligned with pro-slavery extremists . His assumptions and analysis `` shaped and framed the debates on annexation but his premises went largely unchallenged among the press and public .
Conquistador
In 1517 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba sailed from Cuba in search of slaves along the coast of Yucatán . The expedition returned to Cuba to report on the discovery of this new land .
Citizenship
During the European Middle Ages , citizenship was usually associated with cities and towns , and applied mainly to middle class folk . Titles such as burgher , grand burgher ( German Großbürger ) and bourgeoisie denoted political affiliation and identity in relation to a particular locality , as well as membership in a mercantile or trading class ; thus , individuals of respectable means and socioeconomic status were interchangeable with citizens .
Colonial history of the United States
The experiences of women varied greatly from colony to colony during the colonial era . In New England , the Puritan settlers brought their strong religious values with them to the New World , which dictated that a woman be submissive to her husband and dedicate herself to rearing God - fearing children to the best of her ability .
Relationship between religion and science
Oxford historian Peter Harrison is another who has argued that a biblical worldview was significant for the development of modern science . Harrison contends that Protestant approaches to the book of scripture had significant , if largely unintended , consequences for the interpretation of the book of nature . Harrison has also suggested that literal readings of the Genesis narratives of the Creation and Fall motivated and legitimated scientific activity in seventeenth - century England . For many of its seventeenth - century practitioners , science was imagined to be a means of restoring a human dominion over nature that had been lost as a consequence of the Fall .
Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)
The first use of the word `` pilgrims '' for the Mayflower passengers appeared in William Bradford 's Of Plymouth Plantation . As he finished recounting his group 's July 1620 departure from Leiden , he used the imagery of Hebrews 11 : 13 -- 16 about Old Testament `` strangers and pilgrims '' who had the opportunity to return to their old country but instead longed for a better , heavenly country .
Convicts in Australia
Alternatives to the American colonies were investigated and the newly discovered and mapped East Coast of New Holland was proposed . The details provided by James Cook during his expedition to the South Pacific in 1770 made it the most suitable .
Founding Fathers of the United States
The phrase `` Founding Fathers '' is a 20th - century appellation , coined by Warren G. Harding in 1916 . Prior to , and during the 19th century , they were referred to as simply the `` Fathers '' . The term has been used to describe the founders and first settlers of the original royal colonies .
Thirteen Colonies
Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French , Spanish , or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts , which Americans avoided as often as they could . The royal officials responded to smuggling with open - ended search warrants ( Writs of Assistance ) . In 1761 , Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists . He lost the case , but John Adams later wrote , `` Then and there the child Independence was born . ''
Anthony Eden
In his view , American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , whom he particularly disliked , was responsible for the ill fate of the Suez adventure . In an October press conference , barely three weeks before the fighting began , Dulles had coupled the Suez Canal issue with colonialism , and his statement infuriated Eden and much of the UK as well . `` The dispute over Nasser 's seizure of the canal , '' wrote Eden , `` had , of course , nothing to do with colonialism , but was concerned with international rights . '' He added that `` if the United States had to defend her treaty rights in the Panama Canal , she would not regard such action as colonialism . '' His lack of candour further diminished his standing and a principal concern in his later years was trying to rebuild his reputation that was severely damaged by Suez , sometimes taking legal action to protect his viewpoint .
Race and ethnicity in the United States
Czech ancestry Danish ancestry Dutch ancestry English ancestry Finnish ancestry French ancestry French Canadian ancestry German ancestry Greek ancestry Hungarian ancestry Icelandic ancestry Irish ancestry Italian ancestry Lithuanian ancestry Norwegian ancestry Polish ancestry Portuguese ancestry Romanian ancestry Russian ancestry Scots - Irish ancestry Scottish ancestry Slovak ancestry Swedish ancestry Ukrainian ancestry Welsh ancestry
Central Powers
Allied and Central Powers during World War I Allied Powers Allied colonies , dominions , territories or occupations Central Powers Central Powers ' colonies or occupations Neutral countries Europe
Cherokee
This includes only Cherokee documented in history . Contemporary notable Cherokee people are listed in the articles for the appropriate tribe . For self - identified people of Cherokee heritage , see List of Self - identified people of Cherokee ancestry .
Cultural impact of the Beatles
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History of the Church of England
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European exploration of Africa
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Cultural identity
Cultural identity search : `` is the process of exploration and questioning about one 's culture in order to learn more about it and to understand the implications of membership in that culture . '' During this stage a person will begin to question why they hold their beliefs and compare it to the beliefs of other cultures . For some this stage may arise from a turning point in their life or from a growing awareness of other cultures . This stage is characterized by growing awareness in social and political forums and a desire to learn more about culture . This can be expressed by asking family members questions about heritage , visiting museums , reading of relevant cultural sources , enrolling in school courses , or attendance at cultural events . This stage might have an emotional component as well .
History of the Church of England
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Mark and recapture
A derivation is found here : Talk : Mark and recapture # Statistical treatment .
Indigenous Australians
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Roanoke Colony
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Secession in the United States
The final report addressed issues related to the war and state defense ; and it recommended several amendments to the Constitution dealing with `` the overrepresentation of white southerners in Congress , the growing power of the West , the trade restrictions and the war , the influence of foreigners ( like Albert Gallatin ) , and the Virginia dynasty 's domination of national politics . ''
Hoarders
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Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
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History of Antarctica
Aristotle speculated , `` Now since there must be a region bearing the same relation to the southern pole as the place we live in bears to our pole ... '' .
Encyclopédie
The encyclopedians successfully argued and marketed their belief in the potential of reason and unified knowledge to empower human will and thus helped to shape the social issues that the French Revolution would address . Although it is doubtful whether the many artisans , technicians , or laborers whose work and presence and interspersed throughout the Encyclopédie actually read it , the recognition of their work as equal to that of intellectuals , clerics , and rulers prepared the terrain for demands for increased representation . Thus the Encyclopédie served to recognize and galvanize a new power base , ultimately contributing to the destruction of old values and the creation of new ones ( 12 ) .
Evidence of common descent
Since metabolic processes do not leave fossils , research into the evolution of the basic cellular processes is done largely by comparison of existing organisms . Many lineages diverged when new metabolic processes appeared , and it is theoretically possible to determine when certain metabolic processes appeared by comparing the traits of the descendants of a common ancestor or by detecting their physical manifestations . As an example , the appearance of oxygen in the earth 's atmosphere is linked to the evolution of photosynthesis .
Gerardus Mercator
1585 Atlas Galliae , Belgii Inferioris , Germaniae . ( To view see 1595 Atlas ) .