vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lectionary
After the Second Vatican Council of 1962 -- 1965 , the Holy See , even before producing an actual lectionary ( in Latin ) , promulgated the Ordo Lectionum Missae ( Order of the Readings for Mass ) , giving indications of the revised structure and the references to the passages chosen for inclusion in the new official lectionary of the Roman Rite of Mass . It introduced an arrangement by which the readings on Sundays and on some principal feasts recur in a three - year cycle , with four passages from Scripture ( including one from the Psalms ) being used in each celebration , while on weekdays only three passages ( again including one from the Psalms ) are used , with the first reading and the psalm recurring in a two - year cycle , while the Gospel reading recurs after a single year . This revised Mass Lectionary , covering much more of the Bible than the readings in the Tridentine Roman Missal , which recurred after a single year , has been translated into the many languages in which the Roman Rite Mass is now celebrated , incorporating existing or specially prepared translations of the Bible and with readings for national celebrations added either as an appendix or , in some cases , incorporated into the main part of the lectionary .
Ancient Greece
The weakened state of the heartland of Greece coincided with the Rise of Macedon , led by Philip II . In twenty years , Philip had unified his kingdom , expanded it north and west at the expense of Illyrian tribes , and then conquered Thessaly and Thrace . His success stemmed from his innovative reforms to the Macedonian army . Phillip intervened repeatedly in the affairs of the southern city - states , culminating in his invasion of 338 BC .
British Empire
Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon , in a struggle that , unlike previous wars , represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations . It was not only Britain 's position on the world stage that was at risk : Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself , just as his armies had overrun many countries of continental Europe . The
Israel (name)
Israel is a Biblical given name . The patriarch Jacob was given the name Israel ( Hebrew : יִשְׂרָאֵל , Standard Yisraʾel Tiberian Yiśrāʾēl ) after he `` wrestled with the angel '' ( Genesis 32 : 28 and 35 : 10 ) . The given name is already attested in Eblaite ( 𒅖𒊏𒅋 , išrail ) and Ugaritic ( 𐎊𐎌𐎗𐎛𐎍 , yšrʾil ) . Commentators differ on the original literal interpretation . The text of Genesis etymologizes the name with the root śarah `` to rule , contend , have power , prevail over '' : שָׂרִיתָ עִם ־ אֱלֹהִים ( KJV : `` a prince hast thou power with God '' ) , but modern suggestions read the el as the subject , for a translation of `` El / God rules / judges / struggles '' , `` El fights / struggles '' .
Peloponnesian War
As the preeminent Athenian historian , Thucydides , wrote in his influential History of the Peloponnesian War , `` The growth of the power of Athens , and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon , made war inevitable . '' Indeed , the nearly fifty years of Greek history that preceded the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War had been marked by the development of Athens as a major power in the Mediterranean world . Its empire began as a small group of city - states , called the Delian League -- from the island of Delos , on which they kept their treasury -- that came together to ensure that the Greco - Persian Wars were truly over . After defeating the Persian invasion of Greece in the year 480 BC , Athens led the coalition of Greek city - states that continued the Greco - Persian Wars with attacks on Persian territories in the Aegean and Ionia . What then ensued was a period , referred to as the Pentecontaetia ( the name given by Thucydides ) , in which Athens increasingly became in fact an empire , carrying out an aggressive war against Persia and increasingly dominating other city - states . Athens proceeded to bring under its control all of Greece except for Sparta and its allies , ushering in a period which is known to history as the Athenian Empire . By the middle of the century , the Persians had been driven from the Aegean and forced to cede control of a vast range of territories to Athens . At the same time , Athens greatly increased its own power ; a number of its formerly independent allies were reduced , over the course of the century , to the status of tribute - paying subject states of the Delian League . This tribute was used to support a powerful fleet and , after the middle of the century , to fund massive public works programs in Athens , causing resentment .
History of the Jews in Egypt
The Book of Genesis and Book of Exodus describe a period of Hebrew servitude in ancient Egypt , during decades of sojourn in Egypt , the escape of well over a million Israelites from the Delta , and the three - month journey through the wilderness to Sinai . The historical evidence does not support this account . Israelites first appear in the archeological record on the Merneptah Stele from between 1208 - 3 BCE at the end of the Bronze Age . A reasonably Bible - friendly interpretation is that they were a federation of Habiru tribes of the hill - country around the Jordan River . Presumably , this federation consolidated into the kingdom of Israel , and Judah split from that , during the dark age that followed the Bronze . The Bronze Age term `` Habiru '' was less specific than the Biblical `` Hebrew '' . The term referred simply to Levantine nomads , of any religion or ethnicity . Mesopotamian , Hittite , Canaanite , and Egyptian sources describe them largely as bandits , mercenaries , and slaves . Certainly , there were some Habiru slaves in ancient Egypt , but native Egyptian kingdoms were not heavily slave - based .
Greco-Persian Wars
In the years following their conquest , the Persians found the Ionians difficult to rule . Elsewhere in the empire , Cyrus identified elite native groups such as the priesthood of Judea -- to help him rule his new subjects . No such group existed in Greek cities at this time ; while there was usually an aristocracy , this was inevitably divided into feuding factions . The Persians thus settled for sponsoring a tyrant in each Ionian city , even though this drew them into the Ionians ' internal conflicts . Furthermore , certain tyrants might develop an independent streak and have to be replaced . The tyrants themselves faced a difficult task ; they had to deflect the worst of their fellow citizens ' hatred , while staying in the favour of the Persians . In the past , Greek states had often been ruled by tyrants , but that form of government was on the decline . Past tyrants had also tended and needed to be strong and able leaders , whereas the rulers appointed by the Persians were simply place - men . Backed by Persian military might , these tyrants did not need the support of the population , and could thus rule absolutely . On the eve of the Greco - Persian wars , it is probable that the Ionian population had become discontented and was ready for rebellion .
Balkan Wars
With the initial encouragement of Russian agents , a series of agreements was concluded between Serbia and Bulgaria in March 1912 . Military victory against the Ottoman Empire would not be possible while it could bring reinforcements from Asia . The condition of the Ottoman railways of the time was not advanced , so most reinforcements would have to come by sea through the Aegean Sea . Greece was the only Balkan country with a navy powerful enough to deny use of the Aegean to the Ottoman Empire , thus a treaty between Greece and Bulgaria became necessary ; it was signed in May 1912 .
Balkan Wars
Seeing the military position of the Bulgarian army the Ottomans decided to intervene . They attacked and finding no opposition , managed to recover eastern Thrace with its fortified city of Adrianople , regaining an area in Europe which was only slightly larger than the present - day European territory of the Republic of Turkey .
Punic Wars
The ' Barcid Empire ' consisted of the Punic territories in Iberia . According to the historian Pedro Barceló , it can be described as a private military - economic hegemony backed by the two independent powers , Carthage and Gades ( modern Cádiz ) . These shared the profits of the silver mines in southern Iberia with the Barcas family and closely followed Hellenistic diplomatic customs . Gades played a supporting role in this field , but Hannibal visited the local temple to conduct ceremonies before launching his campaign against Rome . The Barcid Empire was strongly influenced by the Hellenistic kingdoms of the time and for example , contrary to Carthage , it minted silver coins in its short time of existence .
Hellenistic period
According to Strabo , the Greco - Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes ( Strabo , XI. XI. I ) . Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks , and some Greco - Bactrians did convert to Buddhism . Demetrius , son and successor of Euthydemus , invaded north - western India in 180 BC , after the destruction of the Mauryan Empire there ; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians ( and Seleucids ) . The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear , but by about 175 BC , the Greeks ruled over parts of north - western India . This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco - Bactrian history . Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC ; numismatic evidence suggests the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter . It is probable that at this point the Greco - Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years , often warring amongst themselves . Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria , his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions ( Scythian and Yuezhi ) , by about 130 BC . However , Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom , having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek rule . The Kushan Empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire .
Italian Empire
In October 1940 , Mussolini ordered the invasion of Greece from Albania , but the operation was unsuccessful . In April 1941 , Germany launched an invasion of Yugoslavia and then attacked Greece . Italy and other German allies supported both actions . The German and Italian armies overran Yugoslavia in about two weeks and , despite British support in Greece , the Axis troops overran that country by the end of April . The Italians gained control over portions of both occupied Yugoslavia and occupied Greece . A member of the House of Savoy , Prince Aimone , 4th Duke of Aosta , was appointed king of the newly created Independent State of Croatia .
Hellenistic period
Antigonus II , a student of Zeno of Citium , spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece , first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War , and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon . Under the Antigonids , Macedonia was often short on funds , the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II , the wealth from Alexander 's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion . A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities . Up to two thirds of the population emigrated , and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men , a significantly smaller force than under Philip II .
Bible translations into Latin
The large Jewish diaspora in the Second Temple period made use of vernacular translations of the Hebrew Bible ; including the Aramaic Targum and Greek Septuagint . Though there is no certain evidence of a pre-Christian Latin translation of the Hebrew Bible , some scholars have suggested that Jewish congregations in Rome and the Western part of the Roman Empire may have used Latin translations of fragments of the Hebrew Bible .
History of India
By 326 BCE , Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent . There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes ( near modern - day Jhelum , Pakistan ) and conquered much of the Punjab . Alexander 's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai of Bengal . His army , exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River , mutinied at the Hyphasis ( modern Beas River ) and refused to march further East . Alexander , after the meeting with his officer , Coenus , and after learning about the might of the Nanda Empire , was convinced that it was better to return .
Solomon's Temple
According to the Hebrew Bible , Solomon 's Temple , also known as the First Temple , was the Holy Temple ( Hebrew : בֵּית ־ הַמִּקְדָּשׁ ‬ : Beit HaMikdash ) in ancient Jerusalem before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE and its subsequent replacement with the Second Temple in the 6th century BCE .
Hellenistic period
In 281 Pyrrhus ( nicknamed `` the eagle '' , aetos ) invaded southern Italy to aid the city state of Tarentum . Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea and at the Battle of Asculum . Though victorious , he was forced to retreat due to heavy losses , hence the term `` Pyrrhic victory '' . Pyrrhus then turned south and invaded Sicily but was unsuccessful and returned to Italy . After the Battle of Beneventum ( 275 BC ) Pyrrhus lost all his Italian holdings and left for Epirus .
Hellenistic period
It can be argued that some of the changes across the Macedonian Empire after Alexander 's conquests and during the rule of the Diadochi would have occurred without the influence of Greek rule . As mentioned by Peter Green , numerous factors of conquest have been merged under the term Hellenistic Period . Specific areas conquered by Alexander 's invading army , including Egypt and areas of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia `` fell '' willingly to conquest and viewed Alexander as more of a liberator than a conqueror .
Consciousness
Here for example is a passage from Joyce 's Ulysses about the thoughts of Molly Bloom :
Book of Revelation
Christina Rossetti was a Victorian poet who believed the sensual excitement of the natural world found its meaningful purpose in death and in God . Her The Face of the Deep is a meditation upon the Apocalypse . In her view , what Revelation has to teach is patience . Patience is the closest to perfection the human condition allows . Her book , which is largely written in prose , frequently breaks into poetry or jubilation , much like Revelation itself . The relevance of John 's visions belongs to Christians of all times as a continuous present meditation . Such matters are eternal and outside of normal human reckoning . `` That winter which will be the death of Time has no promise of termination . Winter that returns not to spring ... -- who can bear it ? '' She dealt deftly with the vengeful aspects of John 's message . `` A few are charged to do judgment ; everyone without exception is charged to show mercy . '' Her conclusion is that Christians should see John as `` representative of all his brethren '' so they should `` hope as he hoped , love as he loved . ''
Strawberry Fields Forever
Strawberry Field became a popular visiting place for fans of Lennon and the Beatles as a result of the song . By 2011 , the level of graffiti left by visitors had forced the Salvation Army to have the entrance gates removed and later relocated to the Beatles Experience centre in Liverpool . In July 2017 , the Salvation Army began raising funds -- through the sale of T - shirts and mugs emblazoned with `` Nothing is real '' and other lines from Lennon 's lyrics -- to help finance the construction of a new building at Strawberry Field . The purpose of the building is to help provide job opportunities for young adults with learning difficulties , and to commemorate Lennon , in both an indoor exhibition and a `` garden of spiritual reflection '' .
Ring Out, Wild Bells
Percy Fletcher 's 1914 SATB setting uses all but the fifth stanza of the poem , using the second stanza as a recurring refrain
I Am the Walrus
The walrus refers to Lewis Carroll 's poem `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' ( from the book Through the Looking - Glass ) . Lennon later expressed dismay upon belatedly realising that the walrus was a villain in the poem .
I Am the Walrus
John Lennon received a letter from a pupil at Quarry Bank High School , which he had attended . The writer mentioned that the English master was making his class analyse Beatles ' lyrics . ( Lennon wrote an answer , dated 1 September 1967 , which was auctioned by Christie 's of London in 1992 . ) Lennon , amused that a teacher was putting so much effort into understanding the Beatles ' lyrics , decided to write in his next song the most confusing lyrics that he could .
The Rite of Spring
Stravinsky acknowledged that the work 's opening bassoon melody was derived from an anthology of Lithuanian folk songs , but maintained that this was his only borrowing from such sources ; if other elements sounded like aboriginal folk music , he said , it was due to `` some unconscious ' folk ' memory '' . However , Morton has identified several more melodies in Part I as having their origins in the Lithuanian collection . More recently Richard Taruskin has discovered in the score an adapted tune from one of Rimsky - Korsakov 's `` One Hundred Russian National Songs '' . Taruskin notes the paradox whereby The Rite , generally acknowledged as the most revolutionary of the composer 's early works , is in fact rooted in the traditions of Russian music .
Charles Dickens
When the warehouse was moved to Chandos Street in the smart , busy district of Covent Garden the boys worked in a room in which the window gave onto the street and little audiences gathered and watched them at work -- in Dickens biographer Simon Callow 's estimation , the public display was `` a new refinement added to his misery '' . The
Little Red Riding Hood
' I beseech you , open the door for me , father . Jingle your bracelets , oh my daughter Ghriba . I 'm afraid of the monster in the forest , father . I , too , am afraid , oh my daughter Ghriba . '
La traviata
In search of his son , Giorgio enters the hall and , knowing the real significance of the scene , denounces his son 's behavior ( Giorgio , Alfredo , Violetta , chorus : Di sprezzo degno sè stesso rende chi pur nell'ira la donna offende . -- `` A man , who even in anger , offends a woman renders himself deserving of contempt . '' ) .
While My Guitar Gently Weeps
A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse : `` I look at the trouble and see that it 's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version also includes the line `` The problems you sow are the troubles you 're reaping '' , which he similarly discarded . An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse : `` I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I 'm sitting here , doing nothing but ageing ... '' This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix , with a string arrangement by George Martin .
Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard
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John Steinbeck
Steinbeck 's boyhood home , a turreted Victorian building in downtown Salinas , has been preserved and restored by the Valley Guild , a nonprofit organization . Fixed menu lunches are served Monday through Saturday , and the house is open for tours during the summer on Sunday afternoons .
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson began reading at age ten ; the delayed start was possibly caused by dyslexia . He later blamed the lack of schools in the postbellum South . As a teen , he taught himself the Graham shorthand system to compensate , and achieved academically with self - discipline , studying at home with his father , then in classes at a small Augusta , Georgia school . During Reconstruction , Wilson lived in Columbia , South Carolina , from 1870 to 1874 , while his father was professor at the Columbia Theological Seminary .
The Rite of Spring
Jump up ^ Walsh , Stephen ( 2012 ) . `` Stravinsky , Igor , § 1 : Background and early years , 1882 -- 1905 '' . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Walsh , Stephen ( 2012 ) . `` Stravinsky , Igor , § 2 : Towards The Firebird , 1902 -- 09 '' . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Stravinsky , Igor , § 11 : Posthumous reputation and legacy : Works '' . Grove Music Online . 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : White 1961 , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ `` Diaghilev , Serge '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Music Online edition . 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Griffiths , Paul ( 2012 ) . `` Diaghilev ( Dyagilev ) , Sergey Pavlovich '' . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Stravinsky , pp. 24 -- 28 Jump up ^ Walsh , Stephen ( 2012 ) . `` Stravinsky , Igor , § 3 : The early Diaghilev ballets , 1910 -- 14 '' . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Van den Toorn , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Taruskin 1996 , p. 874 Jump up ^ Morton , Lawrence ( March 1979 ) . `` Footnotes to Stravinsky Studies : Le Sacre du printemps '' . Tempo ( New Series ) ( 128 ) : 9 -- 16 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Hill pp. 102 -- 104 Jump up ^ Hill , p. 3 Jump up ^ Stravinsky , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Hill , pp. 4 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : Van den Toorn , p. 2 Jump up ^ Stravinsky , pp.
Banksy
Banksy has published a `` manifesto '' on their website . The text of the manifesto is credited as the diary entry of British Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin , DSO , which is exhibited in the Imperial War Museum . It describes how a shipment of lipstick to the Bergen - Belsen concentration camp immediately after its liberation at the end of World War II helped the internees regain their humanity . However , as of 18 January 2008 , Banksy 's Manifesto has been substituted with Graffiti Heroes No. 03 that describes Peter Chappell 's graffiti quest of the 1970s that worked to free George Davis of his imprisonment . By 12 August 2009 Banksy was relying on Emo Philips ' `` When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new bicycle . Then I realised God does n't work that way , so I stole one and prayed for forgiveness . '' A small number of Banksy 's works can be seen in the movie Children of Men , including a stenciled image of two policemen kissing and another stencil of a child looking down a shop .