vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
The Red Badge of Courage
With its heavy use of irony , symbolism and metaphor , the novel also lends itself to less straightforward readings . As with many of Crane 's fictional works , the novel 's dialogue often uses distinctive local dialects , contributing to its apparent historicity ; for example , Jim Conklin muses at the beginning of the novel : `` I s'pose we must go reconnoiterin ' ' round th ' kentry jest t ' keep ' em from gittin ' too clost , or t'develope 'm , or something '' . The ironic tone increases in severity as the novel progresses , especially in terms of the ironic distance between the narrator and protagonist . The title of the work itself is ironic ; Henry wishes `` that he , too , had a wound , a red badge of courage '' , echoing a wish to have been wounded in battle . The wound he does receive ( from the rifle butt of a fleeing Union soldier ) , however , is not a badge of courage but a badge of shame .
Crusades
When Urban began preaching for the first campaign the word `` Crusade '' did not exist : instead , the terms iter , for journey , or peregrinatio , for pilgrimage , were used . Not until the word crucesignatus , for one who was signed with the cross , was adopted at the close of the 12th century was specific terminology developed . The Oxford English Dictionary links the etymology of the word `` crusade '' to the modern French croisade , Old French croisée , Provençal crozada , Spanish and Portuguese cruzada , Italian / medieval Latin crociata based on the verb `` to cross '' , `` a being crossed '' , `` a crossing '' or `` marking with the cross '' , or `` a taking the cross '' . The Middle English equivalents were derived from Old French ; croiserie in the 13th -- 15th centuries and croisée in the 15 -- 17th century . `` Croisade '' appeared in English c. 1575 , and continued to be the leading form until c. 1760 . Although the term `` Crusade '' has been adopted by historians to describe the Christian holy wars from 1095 , the range of events to which it has been applied is so great that its use can create a misleading impression of coherence , particularly regarding the early Crusades .
Spanish Inquisition
The Inquisition also appears in 20th - century literature . La Gesta del Marrano , by the Argentine author Marcos Aguinis , portrays the length of the Inquisition 's arm to reach people in Argentina during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Marvel Comics series Marvel 1602 shows the Inquisition targeting Mutants for `` blasphemy '' . The character Magneto also appears as the Grand Inquisitor . The Captain Alatriste novels by the Spanish writer Arturo Pérez - Reverte are set in the early 17th century . The second novel , Purity of Blood , has the narrator being tortured by the Inquisition and describes an auto - da - fé . Carme Riera 's novella , published in 1994 , Dins el Darrer Blau ( In the Last Blue ) is set during the repression of the chuetas ( conversos from Majorca ) at the end of the 17th century . In 1998 , the Spanish writer Miguel Delibes published the historical novel The Heretic , about the Protestants of Valladolid and their repression by the Inquisition . Samuel Shellabarger 's Captain from Castile deals directly with the Spanish Inquisition during the first part of the novel .
U.S. Marshals (film)
Gerard , out for revenge , abandons his team and takes Royce along while following up on a new lead . They track Sheridan to a loading dock , where he is stowing away on a freighter bound for Canada . Gerard confronts , fights and nearly kills Sheridan but lets his guard down , enabling Sheridan to get the upper hand . Royce unloads his Glock at Sheridan , hitting him in the shoulder , and the two men take him into custody .
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
The motto of the Grange is In necessariis unitas , in dubiis libertas , in omnibus caritas ( `` In essentials , unity ; in non-essentials , liberty ; in all things , charity '' ) . Indeed , the word `` grange '' comes from a Latin word for grain , and is related to a `` granary '' or , generically , a farm .
Bayonet
The bayonet has become a symbol of military power . The term `` at the point of a bayonet '' refers to using military force or action to accomplish , maintain , or defend something ( cf . Bayonet Constitution ) . Undertaking a task `` with fixed bayonets '' has this connotation of no room for compromise and is a phrase used particularly in politics .
Massiah v. United States
The definition of `` deliberate elicitation '' is not the same as the definition of `` interrogation '' under the Miranda rule . Miranda interrogation includes express questioning and any actions or statements that an officer would reasonably foresee as likely to cause an incriminating response . Massiah applies to express questioning and any attempt to deliberately and intentionally obtain incriminating information from the defendant regarding the crime charged . The difference is purposeful creation of an environment likely to produce incriminating information ( Massiah ) and action likely to induce an incriminating response even if that was not the officer 's purpose or intent ( Miranda ) .
Missile gap
Missile Gap is also the title of a science fiction book by Charles Stross , which depicts an alternative resolution to the situation and the subsequent Cuban Missile Crisis .
The Red Badge of Courage
Crane drew from a variety of sources in order to realistically depict battle . Century 's `` Battles and Leaders '' series served as direct inspiration for the novel , and one story in particular ( Warren Lee Goss 's `` Recollections of a Private '' ) contains many parallels to Crane 's work . Thomas Beer wrote in his problematic 1923 biography that Crane was challenged by a friend to write The Red Badge of Courage after having announced that he could do better than Émile Zola 's La Débâcle . This anecdote , however , has not been substantiated . The metaphor of the `` red badge of courage '' itself may have been inspired by true events ; historian Cecil D. Eby , Jr. noted that Union officer Philip Kearny 's insisted his troops wear bright red unit insignia patches , which became known as marks of valor and bravery . While the 304th New York Volunteer Infantry is fictional , many strategies and occurrences in the novel echo actual events during the Civil War . Details concerning specific campaigns during the war , especially regarding battle formations and actions during the Battle of Chancellorsville , have been noted by critics .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
In addition to being referred to in several other notable works , due to the popularity of the poem the phrase `` albatross around one 's neck '' has become an English language idiom referring to `` a heavy burden of guilt that becomes an obstacle to success ''. . Monty Python 's `` Albatross Sketch '' in which an irascible movie - theatre refreshment vendor tries a sell a single albatross from a tray around his neck , is a parody of Coleridge 's description of the Mariner .
Bayonet
A bayonet ( from French baïonnette ) is a bladed weapon similar to a knife or short sword , or spike - shaped weapon designed to fit in , on , over or underneath the muzzle of a rifle , musket or similar firearm , augmenting the firearm to allow use as a pike . Starting in the 17th century , it was a weapon of primary importance for infantry attacks , even up to World War Two , but more a weapon of last resort since then . In this regard , it is an ancillary close - quarter combat weapon . When detached from the gun barrel , knife - like bayonets have long been utilized by soldiers in the field as a general - purpose tool . Some modern bayonets , such as the one used on the British SA80 assault rifle and the one used on the AK47 , are designed to be wire cutters when combined with their scabbards .
Second Battle of the Marne
The Second Battle of the Marne was an important victory . Ferdinand Foch received the baton of a Marshal of France . The Allies had taken 29,367 prisoners , 793 guns and 3,000 machine guns and inflicted 168,000 casualties on the Germans . The primary importance of the battle was its morale aspect : the strategic gains on the Marne marked the end of a string of German victories and the beginning of a series of Allied victories that would in three months bring the German Army to its knees .
USS Maine (ACR-1)
Pyrites , which derive their name from the Greek root word pyr , which means fire , can cause sparks when struck by steel or other sufficiently hard surfaces . Before the use of flintlock guns , for example , pyrites were used to strike sparks to ignite gunpowder in an earlier model type gun , known as a wheellock . In the presence of combustible gasses issuing from the bituminous coal , the pyrites could therefore have provided the ignition capability needed to create an explosion . A number of bunker fires of this type had , in fact , been reported aboard U.S. warships before Maine 's explosion , in several cases nearly sinking the ships . Wegner also cites a 1997 heat transfer study which concluded that a coal bunker fire , of the type suggested by Rickover , could have taken place and ignited the ship 's ammunition . 1998
French horn
The horn is most often used as an orchestral and concert band instrument , with its singular tone being employed by composers to achieve specific effects . Leopold Mozart , for example , used horns to signify the hunt , as in his Jagdsinfonie ( hunting symphony ) . Telemann wrote much for the horn , and it features prominently in the work of Handel and in Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto no . 1 . Once the technique of hand - stopping had been developed , allowing fully chromatic playing , composers began to write seriously for the horn . Gustav Mahler made great use of the horn 's uniquely haunting and distant sound in his symphonies , notably the famous Nachtmusik ( serenade ) section of his Symphony No. 7 .
U.S. Marshals (film)
At the hospital , Gerard recognizes the gun that killed Newman as Royce 's old firearm . He leaves Royce alone but comes back in time to catch him trying to kill Sheridan . Royce admits to being the mole , and to killing Newman , then tries to kill Gerard but Gerard shoots and kills him first .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
In viewing the poem as a chivalric romance , many scholars see it as intertwining chivalric and courtly love laws under the English Order of the Garter . The group 's motto , ' honi soit qui mal y pense ' , or `` Shamed be he who finds evil here , '' is written at the end of the poem . Some critics describe Gawain 's peers wearing girdles of their own as evidence of the origin of the Order of the Garter . However , in the parallel poem The Greene Knight , the lace is white , not green , and is considered the origin of the collar worn by the knights of the Bath , not the Order of the Garter . The motto on the poem was probably written by a copyist and not by the original author . Still , the connection made by the copyist to the Order is not extraordinary .
Pomp and Circumstance Marches
For brass band : March No. 1 was arranged ( transposed to B ♭ ) by J. Ord Hume .
Bayonet
The concept of the bayonet , which is essentially the idea of improvising a firearm as a pike , probably evolved from the early concept of spears having firearms being attached to them , also known as `` Fire lances '' . Various forms of fire lances were recorded in the 14th century Chinese gunpowder military treatise Huolongjing including the Fire lance and the Pear Flower Lance . These examples demonstrated a clear need for a form of hybrid weapon as such weapons only have a firing range of 3 meters or less , meaning reloading is almost impossible during an encounter with enemy forces and an immediate melee backup weapon is necessary . The first clearly recorded instance of a bayonet proper is found in the Chinese military treatise Binglu published in 1606 , in the form of the Son - and - mother gun , a breech - loading musket that was issued with a plug bayonet that was roughly 57.6 centimetres in length and have an overall length of 1.92 meters with the bayonet attached . It was labelled as a `` gun - blade '' with it being described as a `` short sword that can be inserted into the barrel and secured by twisting it slightly '' that it is to be used `` when the battle have depleted both gunpowder and bullets as well as fighting against rebels / bandits , forces closing into melee or encountering an ambush '' and if one `` can not load the gun within the time it takes to cover two bu ( 3.2 meters ) of ground they are to attach the bayonet and hold it like a spear '' .
Anthony Eden
Like many of his generation who had served in World War I , Eden was strongly anti-war , and strove to work through the League of Nations to preserve European peace . The government proposed measures , superseding the postwar Versailles Treaty , that would allow Germany to rearm ( albeit replacing her small professional army with a short - service militia ) and reduce French armaments . Winston Churchill criticised the policy sharply in the House of Commons on 23 March 1933 , opposing `` undue '' French disarmament as this might require Britain to take action to enforce peace under the 1925 Locarno Treaty . Eden , replying for the government , dismissed Churchill 's speech as exaggerated and unconstructive , commenting that land disarmament had yet to make the same progress as naval disarmament at the Washington and London treaties , and arguing that French disarmament was needed in order to `` secure for Europe that period of appeasement which is needed '' . Eden 's speech was met with approval by the House of Commons . Neville Chamberlain commented shortly afterwards : `` That young man is coming along rapidly ; not only can he make a good speech but he has a good head and what advice he gives is listened to by the Cabinet '' Eden later wrote that in the early 1930s the word `` appeasement '' was still used in its correct sense ( from the Oxford English Dictionary ) of seeking to settle strife . Only later in the decade did it come to acquire a pejorative meaning of acceding to bullying demands .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
However , there is a possibility , as Alice Buchanan has argued , that the colour green is erroneously attributed to the Green Knight due to the poet 's mistranslation or misunderstanding of the Irish word glas , which could either mean grey or green . In the Death of Curoi ( one of the Irish stories from Bricriu 's Feast ) , Curoi stands in for Bercilak , and is often called `` the man of the grey mantle '' . Though the words usually used for grey in the Death of Curoi are lachtna or odar , roughly meaning milk - coloured and shadowy respectively , in later works featuring a green knight , the word glas is used and may have been the basis of misunderstanding . Another
Cluedo
Candlestick Dagger ( knife in most North American editions ) Lead Pipe ( called lead piping in earlier UK editions ; the early tokens were made out of actual lead and therefore pose a risk of lead poisoning ) Revolver ( first depicted in the UK as a Dreyse M1907 semi-automatic pistol , and in North America as a Colt M1911 pistol . ) Beginning in 1972 , all editions typically now represent an Allan & Thurber pepper - box revolver . Rope Spanner ( wrench in North American editions and depicted as a monkey wrench ; it may also be shown as an open - ended spanner in some traditional UK versions )
Crusades
The term `` Crusade '' may differ in usage depending on the author . Giles Constable describes four different perspectives among scholars :
Albatross (metaphor)
Gorillaz refers to the albatross in the song `` Hip Albatross '' , as a metaphor for the burden of the undead . The band God Street Wine in the song `` Epiphany '' . In Graham Parker and The Rumour 's B - side single Mercury Poisoning , the song opens with `` No more pretending now , the albatross is dying in its nest '' . The indie rock band Guided By Voices reference wearing an albatross around the neck on the song `` Peep - Hole '' from the album Bee Thousand . The heavy metal band Iron Maiden references the albatross in their song `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' , which is based on the poem of the same title by Samuel Taylor Coleridge . Jeff Williams ' song `` Bad Luck Charm '' contains the line `` I 'm a cursed black cat , I 'm an albatross , I 'm a mirror broken , Sad to say , I 'm your bad luck charm '' . Josh Ritter refers to a lingering albatross in his song `` Monster Ballad '' . The characters are lost in the desert after having been lost at sea . Judy Collins uses albatross as a metaphor in the song , `` Albatross '' in 1967 . The UK Dark Wave band Lebanon Hanover has a song entitled `` Albatross '' , from the album Why Not Just Be Solo ( 2012 ) . The lyrics of the song use the bird as metaphor . The Anglo - Dutch experimental rock band The Legendary Pink Dots references an albatross in the song `` Twilight Hour '' , a song with strong reference itself to the poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner . The Little River Band has a song called `` Cool Change '' , which contains the line : `` Albatross and the Whale are my brother '' . Peruvian singer - songwriter Natasha Luna has a song called `` Waltz for an Albatross '' , inspired by Baudelaire 's poem . Christian Emocore band mewithoutYou references the albatross in their song `` Bear 's Vision of St. Agnes '' . Mt .
Spanish Armada
The small port of Gravelines was then part of Flanders in the Spanish Netherlands , close to the border with France and the closest Spanish territory to England . Medina Sidonia tried to re-form his fleet there and was reluctant to sail further east knowing the danger from the shoals off Flanders , from which his Dutch enemies had removed the sea marks . The English had learned more of the Armada 's strengths and weaknesses during the skirmishes in the English Channel and had concluded it was necessary to close within 100 yards ( 91 m ) to penetrate the oak hulls of the Spanish ships . They had spent most of their gunpowder in the first engagements and had , after the Isle of Wight , been forced to conserve their heavy shot and powder for a final attack near Gravelines . During all the engagements , the Spanish heavy guns could not easily be run in for reloading because of their close spacing and the quantities of supplies stowed between decks , as Francis Drake had discovered on capturing the damaged Rosario in the Channel . Instead the gunners fired once and then jumped to the rigging to attend to their main task as marines ready to board enemy ships , as had been the practice in naval warfare at the time . In fact , evidence from Armada wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the fleet 's ammunition was never spent . Their determination to fight by boarding , rather than cannon fire at a distance , proved a weakness for the Spanish ; it had been effective on occasions such as the battles of Lepanto and Ponta Delgada ( 1582 ) , but the English were aware of this strength and sought to avoid it by keeping their distance .
Gun laws in Canada
According to licences , firearms are classified into prohibited , restricted and non-restricted categories , as defined by Part III of Criminal Code ( R.S. , 1985 , c. C - 46 ) Note : The word `` prohibited '' is a classification and does not indicate that such firearms are `` prohibited '' as per the normal use of the word .
The Star-Spangled Banner
In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . --
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
Between an undated `` Amblin '' revision and a rewrite by Tom Stoppard ( under the pen name Barry Watson ) dated May 8 , 1988 , further changes were made . Stoppard polished most of the dialogue , and created the `` Panama Hat '' character to link the prologue 's segments featuring the young and adult Indianas . The Venetian family is cut . Kemal is renamed Kazim and now wants to protect the grail rather than find it . Chandler is renamed Donovan . The scene of Brody being captured is added . Vogel now dies in the tank , while Donovan shoots Henry and then drinks from the false grail , and Elsa falls into the chasm . The Grail trials are expanded to include the stone - stepping and leap of faith .
The Red Badge of Courage
Writing more than thirty years after the novel 's debut , author Joseph Conrad agreed that the novel 's main struggle was internal rather than external , and that Fleming `` stands before the unknown . He would like to prove to himself by some reasoning process that he will not ' run from the battle ' . And in his unblooded regiment he can find no help . He is alone with the problem of courage . '' Crane 's realistic portrayal of the psychological struck a chord with reviewers ; as one contemporary critic wrote for The New York Press : `` At times the description is so vivid as to be almost suffocating . The reader is right down in the midst of it where patriotism is dissolved into its elements and where only a dozen men can be seen , firing blindly and grotesquely into the smoke . This is war from a new point of view . '' At
Spanish Armada
The word armada is from the Spanish armada , which is a cognate with English army . Originally from the Latin armāta , the past participle of armāre ( to arm ) , used in Romance languages as a noun , for armed force , army , navy , fleet . Armada Española is still the Spanish term for the modern Spanish Navy . Armada ( originally from its armadas ) was also the Portuguese traditional term ( now alternative , but in common use ) of the Portuguese Navy .
Gun laws in Canada
Firearm capable of discharging dart or other object carrying electric current or substance , including Taser Public Defender and any variant or modified version of it Firearm known as SSS - 1 Stinger and any similar firearm designed or of a size to fit in the palm of the hand Hundreds of other firearms listed by name , including any variants or modified versions . The list includes shotguns , carbines , rifles , pistols , and submachine guns .
Brontë family
At some point , the father of the sisters , Patrick Brontë ( born Brunty ) , decided on the alternative spelling with the diaeresis over the terminal e to indicate that the name has two syllables . It is not known for certain what motivated him to do so , and multiple theories exist to account for the change . He may have wished to hide his humble origins . As a man of letters , he would have been familiar with classical Greek and may have chosen the name after the Greek βροντή ( `` thunder '' ) . One view , put forward by the biographer C.K. Shorter in 1896 , is that he adapted his name to associate himself with Admiral Horatio Nelson , who was also Duke of Bronte . Evidence for this may be found in his desire to associate himself with the Duke of Wellington in his form of dress .
The Dark Is Rising Sequence
The Book of Gramarye : The ancient Book of the Old Ones , it is an Old One 's rite of passage , while also teaching everything about their powers , and through it , they experience the magical spells . Gramarye , or grimoire , from the Old French word grammaire and the Old English word grammar , initially referred to all books , most written in Latin , which almost no one could read , and perceived by the masses as `` magical '' . The Book of Gramarye is protected by an enchanted device of a pendulum in a longcase clock , that if touched , will detonate and destroy any human that attempts to gain access to the book . This powerful book is further protected in that it is written in the Old Speech , which only an Old One can read and understand . It is blasted out of existence by Merriman after Will has read it .