vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Charles Dickens
In the late 1850s Dickens began to contemplate a second visit to the United States , tempted by the money that he believed he could make by extending his reading tour there . The outbreak of the Civil War in America in 1861 delayed his plans . Over two years after the war , Dickens set sail from Liverpool on 9 November 1867 for his second American reading tour . Landing at Boston , he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and his American publisher , James Thomas Fields . In early December , the readings began . He performed 76 readings , netting £ 19,000 , from December 1867 to April 1868 . Dickens shuttled between Boston and New York , where he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall . Although he had started to suffer from what he called the `` true American catarrh '' , he kept to a schedule that would have challenged a much younger man , even managing to squeeze in some sleighing in Central Park . Poster
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield : The second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer , who commands the HMS Essex . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew and former member of Blackbeard 's crew . Martin Klebba as Marty : A member of Jack Sparrow 's crew . Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy : Former Royal Marines turned pirates , who serve as Barbossa 's right - hand men on board the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Orlando Bloom as Captain William `` Will '' Turner Jr. : A blacksmith - turned - pirate who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World 's End . Speaking in late 2014 about his possible return to the franchise , Bloom stated that he would like to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good - looking hero , alluding to the make - up requirements for Davy Jones .
Woodrow Wilson
As the election of 1920 approached , Wilson momentarily imagined that a deadlocked Democratic convention might nominate him for a third term with a campaign focused on the League of Nations . No one around the President adequately clarified for him that he was too incapacitated , had insufficient support , and that the League defeat was irreversible . In retirement , Wilson harbored hopes for a White House run in 1924 despite the absence of substantial support . Other
Attack on Pearl Harbor
After a systematic search for survivors , formal salvage operations began . Captain Homer N. Wallin , Material Officer for Commander , Battle Force , U.S. Pacific Fleet , was immediately ordered to lead salvage operations . `` Within a short time I was relieved of all other duties and ordered to full time work as Fleet Salvage Officer . ''
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor . Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair , at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted , observed to a few members near him , that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun . I have said he , often and often in the course of the Session , and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue , looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting : But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun .
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
Writing retrospectively in 1899 , Aguinaldo claimed that an American naval officer had urged him to return to the Philippines to fight the Spanish and said `` The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies . '' Aguinaldo also wrote that after checking with Dewey by telegraph , U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had assured him in Singapore : `` That the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy . The consul added that there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man 's word of honour . '' Aguinaldo received nothing in writing . House
Confederate States of America
Coulter says Davis was heroic and his will was indomitable . But his `` tenacity , determination , and will power '' stirred up lasting opposition of enemies Davis could not shake . He failed to overcome `` petty leaders of the states '' who made the term `` Confederacy '' into a label for tyranny and oppression , denying the `` Stars and Bars '' from becoming a symbol of larger patriotic service and sacrifice . Instead of campaigning to develop nationalism and gain support for his administration , he rarely courted public opinion , assuming an aloofness , `` almost like an Adams '' .
United States Navy Reserve
With the lack of any major threat to the United States in the post-Civil War years , the U.S. Navy took on the appearance and missions of the force it had been in 1860 . Then came publication of naval theorist Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan 's landmark study The Influence of Sea Power Upon History , which in part prompted a modernization of the U.S. fleet and brought some of the first calls for an organized naval reserve to help man these more advanced ships . In the meantime , state naval militias represented the Navy 's manpower reserve , demonstrating their capabilities during the Spanish -- American War in which they assisted in coastal defense and served aboard ship . Militiamen from Massachusetts , New York , Michigan , and Maryland manned four auxiliary cruisers -- Prairie , Yankee , Yosemite , and Dixie -- seeing action off Cuba . All told , some 263 officers and 3,832 enlisted men of various state naval militias answered the call to arms .
Spain and the American Revolutionary War
The former Spanish Prime Minister and then - Ambassador to the French Court , Jerónimo Grimaldi , 1st Duke of Grimaldi , summarized the Spanish position in a letter to Arthur Lee , an American diplomat in Madrid who was trying to persuade the Spanish to declare an open alliance with the fledgling United States . Genoese by birth and a shrewdly calculating politician by nature , Grimaldi demurred , replying , `` You have considered your own situation , and not ours . The moment is not yet come for us . The war with Portugal -- France being unprepared , and our treasure ships from South America not being arrived -- makes it improper for us to declare immediately . '' Meanwhile , Grimaldi reassured Lee , stores of clothing and powder were deposited at New Orleans and Havana for the Americans , and further shipments of blankets were being collected at Bilbao .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford , Jr . Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing , Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention .
British North America Acts
This Act should not be confused with the British North America ( No. 2 ) Act 1949 ( see below ) .
War of 1812
Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship ; Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship ; Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) . Marines
United States Navy Reserve
At least three characters in popular TV shows were officers in the Naval Reserve . These were Captain R. Quincy of Quincy , M.E. , Commander Steve McGarrett of Hawaii Five - O and Commander Thomas Magnum of Magnum PI . They were veterans of the Korean War , World War II and Vietnam respectively .
History of the United States (1945–64)
Eisenhower had been a prospective presidential candidate since the end of World War II , and although he publicly announced himself a Republican , he declined the party 's offers to run in 1948 . However , four years later , he reconsidered , in part because he believed the Democrat Party had had a monopoly on power for too long ( control of the White House for 19 straight years and Congress for 16 of the last 19 years ) and it was necessary to restore a proper two party balance . Also , the GOP in their desperation to regain power had begun supporting controversial figures such as Joseph McCarthy . As a national hero , Eisenhower carried every major demographic bloc and all states outside the South in the 1952 presidential election . He ended the Korean War , maintained the peace in Asia and the Middle East , and worked smoothly with NATO allies in Europe while keeping the policy of containing Communism rather than trying to roll it back .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Grant was one of the few senior generals that Lincoln did not know personally , and the president was not able to visit the Western Theater of the war . But Lincoln came to appreciate the battlefield exploits of Grant despite complaints from others in the army . Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh , Lincoln had said , `` I ca n't spare this man . He fights . '' In March 1864 , Grant was summoned to Washington to succeed Halleck as general - in - chief , while Halleck took on the role of chief - of - staff . Meade remained in formal command of the Army of the Potomac , but Grant would travel with the Army of the Potomac and direct its actions . Lincoln also obtained Congress 's consent to reinstate for Grant the rank of Lieutenant General , which no U.S. officer had held since George Washington . Grant ordered Meade to destroy Lee 's army , while he ordered General Sherman , now in command of Union forces in the Western Theater , to capture Atlanta . Lincoln strongly approved of Grant 's new strategy , which focused on the destruction of Confederate armies rather than the capture of Confederate cities .
United States presidential inauguration
38th 000000001937 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1937 ( Wednesday ) rooseveltfb ! Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico , U.S. Capitol hughesb ! Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice 1800 words Full text 39 ! 39th 000000001941 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1941 ( Monday ) rooseveltfc ! Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt East Portico , U.S. Capitol hughesc ! Charles E. Hughes Chief Justice 1359 words Full text 40 ! 40th 000000001945 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1945 ( Saturday ) rooseveltfd ! Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt South Portico , White House stonea ! Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice of the United States 559 words Full text 86 ! -- 000000001945 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1945 ( Thursday ) trumana ! First inauguration of Harry S. Truman ( Extraordinary inauguration ) Cabinet Room , White House stoneb ! Harlan F. Stone Chief Justice -- 41 ! 41st 000000001949 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1949 ( Thursday ) trumanb ! Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman East Portico , U.S. Capitol vinsona ! Fred M. Vinson Chief Justice of the United States 2273 words Full text 42 ! 42nd 000000001953 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1953 ( Tuesday ) eisenhowera ! First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower East Portico , U.S. Capitol vinsonb ! Fred M. Vinson Chief Justice 2459 words Full text 43 ! 43rd 000000001957 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1957 ( Monday ) eisenhowerb ! Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower East Portico , U.S. Capitol warrena ! Earl Warren Chief Justice of the United States 1658 words Full text 44 ! 44th 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1961 ( Friday ) kennedy ! Inauguration of John F. Kennedy East Portico , U.S. Capitol warrenb ! Earl Warren Chief Justice 1366 words Full text 87 !
American Revolutionary War
During planning for the Saratoga campaign , Howe was left with the choice of committing his army to support Burgoyne , or capture Philadelphia , the revolutionary capital . Howe decided upon the latter , determining that Washington was of a greater threat . The decision left Burgoyne precariously isolated , and left the Americans confounded at the decision . Alden argues Howe may have been motivated by political opportunism ; if Burgoyne was successful , he would receive the credit for a decisive victory , and not Howe . However , the confusion was further compounded by the lack of explicit and contradictory instructions from London . When Howe launched his campaign , he took his army upon a time - consuming route through the Chesapeake Bay , rather than the more sensible choices of overland through New Jersey , or by sea through the Delaware Bay . The move left him unable to assist Burgoyne even if it was required of him . The decision so confused Parliament , that Howe was accused by Tories on both sides of the Atlantic of treason .
Non-commissioned officer
By definition , with the unification of the CF into one service , the rank of sergeant included the naval rank of petty officer 2nd class , and corporal includes the naval rank of leading seaman ; Corporal also includes the appointment of master corporal ( naval master seaman ) .
Antonin Scalia
Scalia declined to recuse himself from Cheney v. United States District Court for the District of Columbia ( 2005 ) , a case concerning whether Vice President Dick Cheney could keep secret the membership of an advisory task force on energy policy . Scalia was asked to recuse himself because he had gone on a hunting trip with various persons including Cheney , during which he traveled one way on Air Force Two . Scalia issued a lengthy in - chambers opinion refusing to recuse himself , stating that though Cheney was a longtime friend , he was being sued merely in his official capacity and that were justices to step aside in the cases of officials who are parties because of official capacity , the Supreme Court would cease to function . Scalia indicated that it was far from unusual for justices to socialize with other government officials , recalling that the late Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson played poker with President Harry Truman and that Justice Byron White went skiing with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy . Scalia stated that he was never alone with Cheney during the trip , the two had not discussed the case , and the justice had saved no money because he had bought round - trip tickets , the cheapest available . Scalia was part of the 7 -- 2 majority once the case was heard , which generally upheld Cheney 's position . Scalia later described his refusal to recuse himself as his `` most heroic opinion '' because it had exposed him to a great deal of criticism .
Founding Fathers of the United States
Signatories of the Continental Association ( CA ) , Declaration of Independence ( DI ) , Articles of Confederation ( AC ) , and the United States Constitution ( USC ) ) :
America's Cup
Alan Bond , an Australian businessman , made three unsuccessful challenges between 1974 and 1980 . In 1974 the cup was successfully defended by Courageous , which successfully defended again in 1977 , at which time she was skippered by Ted Turner . In 1980 the Cup was defended by Freedom . 1983
Spanish–American War
The mounting pressure forced Cánovas to replace General Campos with General Valeriano Weyler , a soldier who had experience in quelling rebellions in overseas provinces and the Spanish metropole . Weyler deprived the insurgency of weaponry , supplies , and assistance by ordering the residents of some Cuban districts to move to reconcentration areas near the military headquarters . This strategy was effective in slowing the spread of rebellion . In the United States , this fueled the fire of anti-Spanish propaganda . In a political speech President William McKinley used this to ram Spanish actions against armed rebels . He even said this `` was not civilized warfare '' but `` extermination '' .
The Tuskegee Airmen
Besides the character of Colonel Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , played by Andre Braugher , no other actual real - life Tuskegee airmen were portrayed in this film - other featured Tuskegee airmen characters are composites of the men Bob Williams served with .
USS Maine (ACR-1)
In order to find the cause of the explosion , a naval inquiry was ordered by the United States shortly after the incident , headed by Captain William T. Sampson . Ramón Blanco y Erenas , Spanish governor of Cuba , had proposed instead a joint Spanish - American investigation of the sinking . Captain Sigsbee had written that `` many Spanish officers , including representatives of General Blanco , now with us to express sympathy . '' In a cable , the Spanish minister of colonies , Segismundo Moret , had advised Blanco `` to gather every fact you can , to prove the Maine catastrophe can not be attributed to us . ''
United States presidential inauguration
43rd 000000001957 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1957 ( Monday ) eisenhowerb ! Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower East Portico , U.S. Capitol warrena ! Earl Warren Chief Justice of the United States 1658 words Full text 44 ! 44th 000000001961 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1961 ( Friday ) kennedy ! Inauguration of John F. Kennedy East Portico , U.S. Capitol warrenb ! Earl Warren Chief Justice 1366 words Full text 87 ! -- 000000001963 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1963 ( Friday ) johnsonla ! First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson ( Extraordinary inauguration ) Air Force One , Dallas Love Field , Dallas , Texas hughes ! Sarah T. Hughes Judge , U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas -- 45 ! 45th 000000001965 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1965 ( Wednesday ) johnsonlb ! Second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson East Portico , U.S. Capitol warrenc ! Earl Warren Chief Justice 1507 words Full text 46 ! 46th 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1969 ( Monday ) nixona ! First inauguration of Richard Nixon East Portico , U.S. Capitol warrend ! Earl Warren Chief Justice 2128 words Full text 47 ! 47th 000000001973 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1973 ( Saturday ) nixonb ! Second inauguration of Richard Nixon East Portico , U.S. Capitol burgera ! Warren Burger Chief Justice of the United States 1803 words Full text 88 ! -- 000000001974 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 1974 ( Friday ) ford ! Inauguration of Gerald Ford ( Extraordinary inauguration ) East Room , White House burgerb ! Warren Burger Chief Justice -- 48 ! 48th 000000001977 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1977 ( Thursday ) carter ! Inauguration of Jimmy Carter East Portico , U.S. Capitol burgerc ! Warren Burger Chief Justice 1229 words Full text 49 !
Vietnam War
There are numerous allegations by former U.S. prisoners of war that Cuban military personnel were present at North Vietnamese prison facilities during the war and that they participated in torture activities . Witnesses to this include Senator John McCain , 2008 U.S. Presidential candidate and former Vietnam prisoner of war , according to his 1999 book Faith of My Fathers . East
Military history of the United States
The Spanish -- American War was a short decisive war marked by quick , overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain . The Navy was well - prepared and won laurels , even as politicians tried ( and failed ) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet . The Army performed well in combat in Cuba . However , it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well - prepared for an overseas conflict . It relied on volunteers and state militia units , which faced logistical , training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida . The United States freed Cuba ( after an occupation by the U.S. Army ) . By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines . The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii ( which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898 ) . The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and ( with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba ) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal . American
Trent Affair
Milne received a letter from Lyons on June 14 that said he did not `` regard a sudden declaration of war against us by the United States as an event altogether impossible at any moment . '' Milne warned his scattered forces , and in a June 27 letter to the Admiralty asked for further reinforcements and deplored the weakness of the defenses in the West Indies . Referring to Jamaica , Milne reported conditions that included , `` works badly contrived and worse executed -- unserviceable guns -- decayed gun cartridges -- corroded shot -- the absence of stores of all kinds and of ammunition , with dilapidated and damp powder magazines . '' Milne made it clear that his existing forces were totally absorbed simply in protecting commerce and defending possessions , many inadequately . He had only a single ship available `` for any special service that may be suddenly required . ''
Alan Shepard
Shepard served as capsule communicator ( CAPCOM ) for Glenn 's Mercury - Atlas 6 orbital flight , which he had also been considered for , and Carpenter 's Mercury - Atlas 7 . He was the backup pilot for Cooper for the Mercury - Atlas 9 mission , nearly replacing Cooper after Cooper flew low over the NASA administration building at Cape Canaveral in an F - 106 . In the final stages of Project Mercury , Shepard was scheduled to pilot the Mercury - Atlas 10 ( MA - 10 ) , which was planned as a three - day mission . He named Mercury Spacecraft 15B Freedom 7 II in honor of his first spacecraft , and had the name painted on it , but on June 12 , 1963 , NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced that Mercury had accomplished all its goals and no more missions would be flown . Shepard went as far as making a personal appeal to President Kennedy , but to no avail .