vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Timeline of World War I
July 31 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) begins . Details July 31 -- August 2 Battle of Pilckem Ridge ( Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . August 2 -- 10 Battle of Rumbo . August 6 -- 20 Battle of Mărăşeşti . Details August 8 -- 20 Second Battle of Oituz . August 15 -- 25 Battle of Hill 70 ( Continuation of British operations near Lens ) . August 16 -- 18 Second Battle of Langemarck ( Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . Details August 18 -- 28 Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo . Details August 20 -- 26 Second Offensive Battle of Verdun . September -- October Operation Albion . German capture of Oesel , Dago and Moon Islands . September 1 -- 3 Battle of Jugla . September 5 -- 12 The Third Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement , is held in Stockholm . Details September 8 Russia : General Kornilov 's coup attempt fails . Details September 12 Alexandre Ribot resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Paul Painlevé . September 20 -- 26 Battle of the Menin Road Ridge ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 26 -- 27 Battle of Polygon Wood ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . September 28 -- 29 Battle of Ramadi , Mesopotamia . Details October 4 Battle of Broodseinde ( Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 9 Battle of Poelcappelle ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 12 First Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 15 -- 18 Battle of Mahiwa . October 23 Battle of Wadi Musa . October 23 -- November 10 Battle of La Malmaison , much - postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames . Details October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Caporetto . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines . The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River .
Timeline of World War I
Details The Russians leave Przemyśl . Details June 21 -- 23 Battle of Bukoba . June 22 Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area . Details June 23 -- July 7 First Battle of the Isonzo . Details June 27 The Austro - Hungarians re-enter Lviv . Details June 28 -- July 5 The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine . Details July Battle of Kara Killisse . Details July 1 First aerial victory by a synchronized gun - armed fighter aircraft Details July 9 The German forces in South - West Africa surrender . Details July 10 -- 26 Battle of Manzikert . Details July 18 -- August 3 Second Battle of the Isonzo . Details July 25 Italians capture Cappuccio Wood . Details July 25 First Victoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot Details August 5 The Germans occupy Warsaw . Details August 6 -- 10 Battle of Lone Pine , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 13 Battle of Krithia Vineyard , part of the August Offensive . August 6 -- 15 Allies land at Suvla Bay , a phase of the August Offensive . Details . August 6 -- 21 Battle of Sari Bair , part of the August Offensive . Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula . Details August 7 Battle of the Nek , a phase of the August Offensive . August 7 -- 19 Battle of Chunuk Bair , a phase of the August Offensive . August 21 Scimitar Hill , a phase of the August Offensive . August 21 -- 29 Battle of Hill 60 , part of the August Offensive . Details August 26 -- September 19 Sventiany Offensive , a phase of the Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive . September 1 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details September 5 -- 8 The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald , Switzerland . Details September 8 Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander - in - Chief of the Russian Army , personally taking that position . Details September 15 -- November 4 Third Battle of Artois . September 19 The Germans occupy Vilnius .
Timeline of World War I
Details November 11 -- December 23 First Battle of Monte Grappa , Austro - Hungarian offensive halted . November 13 France : Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister . Details Battle of Mughar Ridge . November 14 Battle of Ayun Kara . November 17 Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details November 17 -- December 30 Battle of Jerusalem . The British enter the city ( December 11 ) . Details November 18 -- 24 Battle of Nebi Samwil , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . November 20 -- December 3 First Battle of Cambrai . A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915succeed and the battle is a stalemate . Details November 25 Battle of Ngomano , the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies . December 1 Battle of El Burj , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . December 7 The United States declares war on Austria - Hungary . December 16 Russia signs a preliminary armistice with Germany . December 17 Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Unionist Party . Details December 20 -- 21 Battle of Jaffa , a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem . Details
Buckingham Palace
The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , including the East front , which contains the well - known balcony on which the royal family traditionally congregates to greet crowds . The palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb during World War II ; the Queen 's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection .
Siege
The development of the armoured tank and improved infantry tactics at the end of World War I swung the pendulum back in favour of manoeuvre , and with the advent of Blitzkrieg in 1939 , the end of traditional siege warfare was at hand . The Maginot Line would be the prime example of the failure of immobile , post -- World War I fortifications . Although sieges would continue , it would be in a totally different style and on a reduced scale .
Big Ben
10 May 1941 : A German bombing raid damaged two of the clock 's dials .
Timeline of World War I
Dates Events 10 January Fakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina . Details January 18 Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany : the Peace Conference opens in Paris . Details January 25 Proposal to create the League of Nations accepted . Details June 21 German High Seas Fleet ( 53 ships ) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths , the last casualties of the war . Details June 28 Treaty of Versailles signed . Details July 8 Germany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details July 21 The United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles . Details November 10 -- 11 A Banquet in Honour of The President of the French Republic was hosted by King George V and held at Buckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10 . The very first Armistice Day was held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11 . This would set the trend for a day of Remembrance or Remembrance Day for decades to come . Details
Timeline of World War I
Dates Events January 10 First meeting of the League of Nations held in London . Official end of World War I . Details Free City of Danzig established . Details January 21 The Paris Peace Conference ends . Details February 10 A plebiscite returns Northern Schleswig to Denmark . Details April 19 -- 26 Conference of Sanremo , Italy , about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East . Details June 4 Treaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary . Details August 10 Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire . The treaty is not recognized by the Turkish national movement , which considers the Istanbul government illegitimate . Details September 8 Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume the Italian Regency of Carnaro . Details November 1 League of Nations headquarters moved to Geneva , Switzerland . Details November 12 Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia . Zadar is annexed by Italy and the Free State of Fiume is established . Details November 15 The League of Nations holds its first general assembly . Details
Tom Lehrer
R.E. Fagen ; T.A. Lehrer ( March 1958 ) . `` Random walks with restraining barrier as applied to the biased binary counter '' . Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 6 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . JSTOR 2098858 . MR 0094856 .
Siege
The Blitzkrieg of the Second World War truly showed that fixed fortifications are easily defeated by manoeuvre instead of frontal assault or long sieges . The great Maginot Line was bypassed , and battles that would have taken weeks of siege could now be avoided with the careful application of air power ( such as the German paratrooper capture of Fort Eben - Emael , Belgium , early in World War II ) . Map
Operation Barbarossa
With the ground hardening due to the cold weather , The Germans resumed the attack on Moscow on 15 November . Although the troops themselves were now able to advance again , there had been no improvement in the supply situation . Facing the Germans were the 5th , 16th , 30th , 43rd , 49th , and 50th Soviet Armies . The Germans intended to move the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies across the Moscow Canal and envelop Moscow from the northeast . The 2nd Panzer Group would attack Tula and then close on Moscow from the south . As the Soviets reacted to their flanks , the 4th Army would attack the center . In two weeks of fighting , lacking sufficient fuel and ammunition , the Germans slowly crept towards Moscow . In the south , the 2nd Panzer Group was being blocked . On 22 November , Soviet Siberian units , augmented by the 49th and 50th Soviet Armies , attacked the 2nd Panzer Group and inflicted a defeat on the Germans . The 4th Panzer Group pushed the Soviet 16th Army back , however , and succeeded in crossing the Moscow Canal in an attempt to encircle Moscow . The
Warsaw
In 1945 , after the bombings , revolts , fighting , and demolition had ended , most of Warsaw lay in ruins . A
Timeline of World War I
August 21 Battle of Charleroi , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 21 -- 23 Battle of the Ardennes , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 Japan declares war on Germany . Details Battle of Mons , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers . August 23 -- 30 Battle of Tannenberg : the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans . Details August 23 -- September 11 Battle of Lemberg . The Russians capture Lviv . Details August 23 -- 25 Battle of Kraśnik , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . The Austro - Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army . Details August 24 Action of Elouges . Battle of the Mortagne , a phase of the Battle of Lorraine . August 24 -- September 7 The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress . Details August 24 -- September 28 The Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne . August 25 Japan declares war on Austria - Hungary . August 26 British and French forces conquer Togoland , a German protectorate in West Africa . Details Battle of Le Grand Fayt . August 26 -- 27 Battle of Le Cateau . Allied retreat . Details August 26 -- 30 Battle of Gnila Lipa , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . August 26 -- September 2 Battle of Komarow , part of the Battle of Lemberg . Details August 27 Battle of Étreux . Details August 27 -- November 7 Battle of Tsingtao : British and Japanese forces capture the German - controlled port of Tsingtao in China . Details August 28 The Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details Austria - Hungary declares war on Belgium . August 29 -- 30 Battle of Saint Quentin , also known as Battle of Guise . Orderly Allied retreat . Details August 30 New Zealand occupies German Samoa ( later Western Samoa ) . Details September 1 Action at Nery Details September 2 -- 11 Austro - Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka , a phase of the Battle of Lemberg . Details September 4 -- 13 Battle of Grand Couronne , a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers .
Timeline of World War I
Details August 26 -- September 19 Sventiany Offensive , a phase of the Gorlice - Tarnow Offensive . September 1 Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare . Details September 5 -- 8 The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald , Switzerland . Details September 8 Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander - in - Chief of the Russian Army , personally taking that position . Details September 15 -- November 4 Third Battle of Artois . September 19 The Germans occupy Vilnius . The Gorlice - Tarnów Offensive ends . Details September 25 -- 28 Battle of Loos , a major British offensive , fails . Details September 25 -- October 15 Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt , a phase of the Battle of Loos . September 25 -- November 6 Second Battle of Champagne . September 28 Battle of Es Sinn . October 7 -- December 4 Serbia is invaded by Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Bulgaria . Details October 14 Bulgaria declares war on Serbia Details October 14 -- November 9 Morava Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 14 -- November 15 Ovche Pole Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Bulgarians break through Serbian lines . October 15 The United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria . October 16 France declares war on Bulgaria . October 17 -- November 21 Battle of Krivolak , start of the set up of the Salonika Front . October 18 -- November 4 Third Battle of the Isonzo Details October 19 Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria . October 27 Andrew Fisher resigns as Prime Minister of Australia ; he is replaced by Billy Hughes . A French army lands in Salonika and , with the help of British and Italian troops , sets up a Balkan Front . October 29 René Viviani resigns as Prime Minister of France ; he is replaced by Aristide Briand . November 10 -- December 2 Fourth Battle of the Isonzo November 10 -- December 4 Kosovo Offensive , a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia , Serbians pushed into Albania . Details November 22 -- 25 Battle of Ctesiphon , in present - day Iraq .
Second Battle of the Marne
The Second Battle of the Marne ( French : Seconde Bataille de la Marne ) , or Battle of Reims ( 15 July -- 6 August 1918 ) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War . The attack failed when an Allied counterattack by French and American forces , including several hundred tanks , overwhelmed the Germans on their right flank , inflicting severe casualties . The German defeat marked the start of the relentless Allied advance which culminated in the Armistice with Germany about 100 days later .
Timeline of World War I
April 24 -- May 5 Battle of St Julien , part of the Second Battle of Ypres . April 25 Allied forces land on Gallipoli , landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles . Details April 26 Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy . Details April 28 First Battle of Krithia . The Allied advance is repelled . Details May 1 The Gorlice - Tarnów begins : the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia . Details Battle of Eski Hissarlik . May 3 Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove . Details May 6 -- 8 Second Battle of Krithia . The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again . Details May 7 The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat . Details May 8 -- 13 Battle of Frezenberg Ridge , Part of the Second Battle of Ypres . May 9 -- June 18 Second Battle of Artois . May 9 Battle of Aubers Ridge , a phase of the Second Battle of Artois . May 10 Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław . Lviv is again in Austrian hands . May 11 Armistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead . Details May 12 Windhoek , capital of German South - West Africa , is occupied by South African troops . Details May 15 -- 25 Battle of Festubert . May 16 -- June 23 Battle of Konary . May 23 Italy declares war on Austria - Hungary . Details May 24 -- 25 Battle of Bellewaarde , final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres . June -- September The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia . June 4 Third Battle of Krithia . Yet another Allied failure . Details The Russians leave Przemyśl . Details June 21 -- 23 Battle of Bukoba . June 22 Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area . Details June 23 -- July 7 First Battle of the Isonzo . Details June 27 The Austro - Hungarians re-enter Lviv . Details June 28 -- July 5 The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine . Details July Battle of Kara Killisse .
Timeline of World War I
Dates Events June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir to the Austro - Hungarian throne , who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip . Details July 5 Austria - Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism . Germany gives assurances of support . July 23 Beginning of the `` Black Week '' . Austria - Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia . The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna . Details July 28 Austria - Hungary declares war on Serbia . Russia mobilizes . Details The Netherlands declare neutrality . July 31 Germany warns Russia to stop mobilizing . Russia says mobilization is against Austria - Hungary . August 1 Germany declares war on Russia . France mobilizes . Italy declares its neutrality . Denmark , Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality . Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty . Details August 2 Germany invades Luxembourg . Details Skirmish at Joncherey , first military action on the Western Front August 2 -- 26 Germany besieges and captures fortified Longwy `` the iron gate to Paris '' near the Luxembourg border , opening France to mass German invasion August 3 Germany declares war on France . Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border . Switzerland declares its neutrality . August 4 Germany invades Belgium to outflank the French army . Details Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality , guaranteed by a treaty ; German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a chiffon de papier ( a scrap of paper ) . The United Kingdom declares war on Germany . Details The United States declares neutrality . August 4 -- 16 The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège , Belgium . Details August 5 First shot fired by Allied troops -- German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean , south of Melbourne , Australia Montenegro declares war on Austria - Hungary . The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles . August 6 Austria - Hungary declares war on Russia . Serbia declares war on Germany . August 7 The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France .
History of electric power transmission
This section is about an event or subject but lacks specific dates for context . Please help improve it to include this information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( November 2014 ) Berlin
Military history of the United States during World War II
August 1944 Allies Falaise pocket Western Front 12 August 1944 21 August 1944 Allies Liberation of Paris Western Front 19 August 1944 25 August 1944 Allies Operation Dragoon Western Front 15 August 1944 14 September 1944 Allies Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine Western Front 25 August 1944 7 March 1945 Allies Gothic Line Italian campaign 25 August 1944 17 December 1944 Allies Operation Market Garden Western Front 17 September 1944 25 September 1944 Germany Battle of Arracourt Western Front 18 September 1944 29 September 1944 Allies Battle of Huertgen Forest Western Front 19 September 1944 10 February 1945 Germany Battle of Aachen Western Front 1 October 1944 22 October 1944 United States Operation Queen Western Front 16 November 1944 16 December 1944 Germany Battle of the Bulge Western Front 16 December 1944 25 January 1945 Allies Operation Bodenplatte Western Front 1 January 1945 1 January 1945 Allies Operation Nordwind Western Front 1 January 1945 25 January 1945 Allies Colmar Pocket Western Front 20 January 1945 9 February 1945 Allies Spring 1945 offensive in Italy Italian campaign 6 April 1945 2 May 1945 Allies Western Allied invasion of Germany Western Front 8 February 1945 5 May 1945 Allies Operation Grenade Western Front 9 February 1945 9 February 1945 Allies Operation Lumberjack Western Front 7 March 1945 25 March 1945 Allies Operation Varsity Western Front 24 March 1945 24 March 1945 Allies Ruhr Pocket Western Front 7 March 1945 21 April 1945 Allies Battle of Frankfurt Western Front 26 March 1945 29 March 1945 Allies
List of tallest buildings in New York City
Name Image Height ft ( m ) Floors Completed in Destroyed in Notes 1 World Trade Center ( original ) 995 ! 1,368 ( 417 ) 110 1972 2001 Destroyed in the September 11 , 2001 , attacks ; stood as the tallest building in the world from 1972 until 1974 2 World Trade Center ( original ) 990 ! 1,362 ( 415 ) 110 1973 2001 Destroyed in the September 11 attacks Singer Building 612 ( 187 ) 47 1908 1968 Demolished to make room for One Liberty Plaza ; stood as tallest building in the world from 1908 until 1909 7 World Trade Center ( original ) 570 ( 174 ) 47 2001 Destroyed in the September 11 attacks Deutsche Bank Building 517 ( 157.6 ) 39 2011 Deconstructed due to damage sustained in the September 11 attacks
Western Front (World War I)
During the Somme battle and through the winter months , the Germans created a fortification behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line , using the defensive principles elaborated since the defensive battles of 1915 , including the use of Eingreif divisions . This was intended to shorten the German front , freeing 10 divisions for other duties . This line of fortifications ran from Arras south to St Quentin and shortened the front by about 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) . British long - range reconnaissance aircraft first spotted the construction of the Hindenburg Line in November 1916 .
Western Front (World War I)
The Hindenburg Line was built between 2 and 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) behind the German front line . On 25 February German forces began retreating to the line and the withdrawal was completed on 5 April , leaving behind a devastated territory to be occupied by the Allies . This withdrawal negated the French strategy of attacking both flanks of the Noyon salient , as it no longer existed . However , offensive advances by the British continued as the High Command claimed , with some justice , that this withdrawal resulted from the casualties the Germans received during the Battles of the Somme and Verdun , despite the Allies suffering greater losses .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
In October 1937 , the Duke and Duchess visited Germany , against the advice of the British government , and met Hitler at his Obersalzberg retreat . The visit was much publicised by the German media . During the visit the Duke gave full Nazi salutes . In an article for the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune of 13 December 1966 the Duke wrote that in 1937 Hitler persuaded him `` it was in Britain 's interest and in Europe 's too , that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence - sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out . ''
Belvedere, Vienna
The building was completed in 1723 . The Sala Terrena , however , was at risk of collapsing due to structural problems , and in the winter of 1732 -- 33 Hildebrandt was forced to install a vaulted ceiling supported by four Atlas pillars , giving the room its current appearance . Salomon Kleiner , an engineer from the Mainz elector 's court , produced a ten - part publication between 1731 and 1740 containing a total of ninety plates , entitled Wunder würdiges Kriegs - und Siegs - Lager deß Unvergleichlichen Heldens Unserer Zeiten Eugenii Francisci Hertzogen zu Savoyen und Piemont ( `` Wondrous war and victory encampment of the supreme hero of our age Eugene Francis Duke of Savoy and Piedmont '' ) , which documented in precise detail the state of the Belvedere complex .