vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
PageRank
For search engine optimization purposes , some companies offer to sell high PageRank links to webmasters . As links from higher - PR pages are believed to be more valuable , they tend to be more expensive . It can be an effective and viable marketing strategy to buy link advertisements on content pages of quality and relevant sites to drive traffic and increase a webmaster 's link popularity . However , Google has publicly warned webmasters that if they are or were discovered to be selling links for the purpose of conferring PageRank and reputation , their links will be devalued ( ignored in the calculation of other pages ' PageRanks ) . The practice of buying and selling links is intensely debated across the Webmaster community . Google advises webmasters to use the nofollow HTML attribute value on sponsored links . According to Matt Cutts , Google is concerned about webmasters who try to game the system , and thereby reduce the quality and relevance of Google search results .
A Good Year
Max invalidates the estate 's sale with the farewell letter he gave to Christie , which he forged , along with real photos confirming Christie as Henry 's daughter with a valid claim to the entire estate . ( As a child Max signed cheques for his uncle , and is able to replicate his handwriting . )
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
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Santa Claus
The image of Santa Claus as a benevolent character became reinforced with its association with charity and philanthropy , particularly by organizations such as the Salvation Army . Volunteers dressed as Santa Claus typically became part of fundraising drives to aid needy families at Christmas time .
The Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie put his philosophy into practice through a program of gifts to endow public libraries , known as ' Carnegie libraries ' in cities and towns throughout the United States and the English - speaking world , with the idea that he was thus providing people with the tools to better themselves . In order to ensure that his gifts would not be wasted , he stipulated that the municipality must pass an ordinance establishing a tax to support the library 's ongoing operating costs after the initial grant provided the costs for building and equipping the library . Each of these organizations had its own endowment and its own board of trustees . Many of them still exist today .
Flowers for Algernon
The story is told through a series of journal entries written by the story 's protagonist , Charlie Gordon , a man with a low IQ of 68 who works a menial job as a janitor in Donnegan 's Plastic Box Company . He is selected to undergo an experimental surgical technique to increase his intelligence . The technique had already been successfully tested on Algernon , a laboratory mouse . The surgery on Charlie is also a success , and his IQ triples .
A Good Year
Max becomes enamoured with Fanny , who is rumoured to have sworn off men . He successfully woos Fanny into his bed . She leaves him the next morning , expecting him to return to his life in London . A disillusioned Christie also decides to move on . Max finds his uncle 's memoirs , which contain proof of Christie 's heritage . He bids her farewell while handing her an unexplained note inside a book she was reading . While informing Duflot of the pending estate sale , Max learns that the mysterious expensive Le Coin Perdu was made by Henry and Duflot with `` illegal vines '' from the estate , bypassing wine classification and appellation laws .
Easter Island
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Perfect competition
Real markets are never perfect , but range from close - to - perfect to very imperfect . Share and foreign exchange markets are commonly said to be the most similar to the perfect market . The real estate market is an example of a very imperfect market . In such markets , the Theory of the second best proves that if one optimality condition in an economic model can not be satisfied , it is possible that the next - best solution involves changing other variables away from the values that would otherwise be optimal .
Waiting for Godot
Little is learned about Pozzo besides the fact that he is on his way to the fair to sell his slave , Lucky . He presents himself very much as the Ascendancy landlord , bullying and conceited . His pipe is made by Kapp and Peterson , Dublin 's best - known tobacconists ( their slogan was ' The thinking man 's pipe ' ) which he refers to as a `` briar '' but which Estragon calls a `` dudeen '' emphasising the differences in their social standing . He confesses to a poor memory but it is more a result of an abiding self - absorption . `` Pozzo is a character who has to overcompensate . That 's why he overdoes things ... and his overcompensation has to do with a deep insecurity in him . These were things Beckett said , psychological terms he used . ''
Eastern Orthodox Church
`` Almsgiving '' , more comprehensively described as `` acts of mercy '' , refers to any giving of oneself in charity to someone who has a need , such as material resources , work , assistance , counsel , support , or kindness . Along with prayer and fasting , it is considered a pillar of the personal spiritual practices of the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition . Almsgiving is particularly important during periods of fasting , when the Eastern Orthodox believer is expected to share with those in need the monetary savings from his or her decreased consumption . As with fasting , mentioning to others one 's own virtuous deeds tends to reflect a sinful pride , and may also be considered extremely rude .
Golden Key International Honour Society
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The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel
Back in Jaipur , Evelyn Greenslade is offered a job as a fabric buyer . She is concerned that at age 79 , the job will require many responsibilities and considerable travel . Douglas Ainslie , who is in love with Evelyn , is worried about losing time with her as well , and also eager to introduce her to his daughter .
Elliot Stabler
Stabler is assigned a temporary partner named Dani Beck ( Connie Nielsen ) while Benson is undercover in Oregon , embedded in an eco-terrorist group at the request of the FBI in season 8 ( Mariska Hargitay was pregnant and on maternity leave ) . Beck takes well to the job , and she and Stabler become close . There is also some sexual tension between the two , and during one case they share a kiss . The relationship goes no further , however , as Beck leaves when she realizes that she will not be able to save every victim .
A Good Year
They are surprised by the arrival of young Napa Valley oenophile Christie Roberts , who is backpacking through Europe and claims to be Henry 's previously unknown illegitimate daughter . Max realizes , but does not tell her how French law decrees , even though Christie is not his uncle 's legitimate daughter , she still becomes the rightful heir to the Chateau and vineyards . As Max did earlier , Christie finds the house wine unpalatable but is impressed by Max 's casual offering of the boutique Le Coin Perdu ( `` the lost corner '' ) vintage , noting some intriguing characteristics . During dinner at the Duflot house , while slightly inebriated , Max exposes his concern that she might lay claim to the estate and brusquely interrogates her .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The contents do `` no more than propose a commercial transaction '' . The contents may be characterized as advertisements . The contents reference a specific product . The disseminator is economically motivated to distribute the speech .
Fair trade
Brilliant Earth has committed itself to using fair - trade - certified gold . In February 2011 , the United Kingdom 's Fairtrade Foundation became the first NGO to begin certifying gold under the fair trade rubric .
History of United States–Middle East economic relations
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Education reform
Lancaster , though motivated by charity , claimed in his pamphlets to be surprised to find that he lived well on the income of his school , even while the low costs made it available to the poorest street - children . Ironically , Lancaster lived on the charity of friends in his later life .
Fair trade
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , important segments of the fair trade movement worked to find markets for products from countries that were excluded from the mainstream trading channels for political reasons . Thousands of volunteers sold coffee from Angolaaa and Nicaragua in worldshops , in the back of churches , from their homes , and from stands in public places , using the products as an and vehicle to deliver their message : give disadvantaged producers in developing countries a fair chance on the world 's market .
Novel
The virtuous production inspired a sub - and counterculture of pornographic novels . Greek and Latin authors in modern translations had provided elegant transgressions on the market of the belles lettres for the last century . Satirical novels like Richard Head 's English Rogue ( 1665 ) had led their heroes through urban brothels , women authors like Aphra Behn had offered their heroines alternative careers as precursors of the 19th - century femmes fatales -- without creating a subculture . The market for belles lettres had been openly transgressive as long as it did not find any reflections in other media . The new production beginning with works like John Cleland 's Fanny Hill ( 1748 ) differed in that it offered almost exact reversals of the plot lines the virtuous production demanded . Fanny Hill is introduced to a life of prostitution , learns to enjoy her part and establishes herself as a free and economically independent individual , in editions one could only expect to buy under the counter .
English contract law
Consideration is an additional requirement in English law before a contract is enforceable . A person wishing to enforce an agreement must show that they have brought something to the bargain which has `` something of value in the eyes of the law '' , either by conferring a benefit on another person or incurring a detriment at their request . In practice this means not simple gratitude or love , not things already done in the past , and not promising to perform a pre-existing duty unless performance takes place for a third party . Metaphorically , consideration is `` the price for which the promise is bought '' . It is contentious in the sense that it gives rise to a level of complexity that legal systems which do not take their heritage from English law simply do not have . In reality the doctrine of consideration operates in a very small scope , and creates few difficulties in commercial practice . After reform in the United States , especially the Restatement of Contracts § 90 which allows all promises to bind if it would otherwise lead to `` injustice '' , a report in 1937 by the Law Revision Committee , Statute of Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration , proposed that promises in writing , for past consideration , for part payments of debt , promising to perform pre-existing obligations , promising to keep an offer open , and promises that another relies on to their detriment should all be binding . The report was never enacted in legislation , but almost all of its recommendations have been put into effect through case law since , albeit with difficulty . The
Social exchange theory
Rewards are the elements of a relationship that have positive value . ( Rewards can be sense of acceptance , support , and companionship etc . )
Fair trade
In parallel to efforts to commoditize diamonds , some industry players have launched campaigns to introduce benefits to mining centers in the developing world . Rapaport Fair Trade was established with the goal `` to provide ethical education for jewelry suppliers , buyers , first time or seasoned diamond buyers , social activists , students , and anyone interested in jewelry , trends , and ethical luxury . ''
The Giver
Jonas , a 12 - year - old boy , lives in a Community isolated from all except a few similar towns , where everyone from small infants to the Chief Elder has an assigned role . With the annual Ceremony of Twelve upcoming , he is nervous , for there he will be assigned his life 's work . He seeks reassurance from his father , a Nurturer ( who cares for the new babies , who are genetically engineered and so Jonas 's parents are not biologically related to him ) and his mother , an official in the Department of Justice , and is told the Elders , who assign the children their careers , are always right .
Forecasting
While the veracity of predictions for actual stock returns are disputed through reference to the Efficient - market hypothesis , forecasting of broad economic trends is common . Such analysis is provided by both non-profit groups as well as by for - profit private institutions ( including brokerage houses and consulting companies ) .
Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)
as implausible as ever . But in the person of Miss Hepburn , she is a genuinely charming , elfin waif who will be believed and adored when seen . George Peppard is casual and , for the most part , a subdued citizen who seems to like observing better than participating in the proceedings . Martin Balsam makes a properly brash , snappy Hollywood agent . Mickey Rooney 's bucktoothed , myopic Japanese is broadly exotic . Patricia Neal is simply cool and brisk in her few appearances as Mr. Peppard 's sponsor and Vilallonga , is properly suave and Continental as Miss Hepburn 's Brazilian , while Buddy Ebsen has a brief poignant moment as Miss Hepburn 's husband .
Holmes on Homes
In a change from previous seasons , Mike travels across Canada to help homeowners in other parts of the country , although a number remain within Ontario . Season seven is also notable for the formation of The Holmes Foundation , a charity organization affiliated with the show that promotes awareness of skilled trades ( both to homeowners looking to hire them for renovations and to youth as a career choice ) , and its first project , the episode Lien on Me . Season seven will also have a special `` behind - the - scenes '' episode .
World Health Organization
The WHO operates `` Goodwill Ambassadors '' , members of the arts , sport or other fields of public life aimed at drawing attention to WHO 's initiatives and projects . There are currently five Goodwill Ambassadors ( Jet Li , Nancy Brinker , Peng Liyuan , Yohei Sasakawa and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra ) and a further ambassador associated with a partnership project ( Craig David ) .
French Revolution
In the ancien regime , new opportunities for nuns as charitable practitioners were created by devout nobles on their own estates . The nuns provided comprehensive care for the sick poor on their patrons ' estates , not only acting as nurses , but taking on expanded roles as physicians , surgeons , and apothecaries . During the Revolution , most of the orders of nuns were shut down and there was no organised nursing care to replace them . However , the demand for their nursing services remained strong , and after 1800 the sisters reappeared and resumed their work in hospitals and on rural estates . They were tolerated by officials because they had widespread support and were the link between elite male physicians and distrustful peasants who needed help . Economics
Santa Claus
Writing in Mothering , writer Carol Jean - Swanson makes similar points , noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about conspicuous consumption :
Bootstrapping
Because the campaign is usually originated and at least initially concocted internally by a media organization with a particular agenda in mind , within a closed loop of reportage and opinionation , the campaign is said to have `` pulled itself up by its own bootstraps '' .
Electoral College (United States)
Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote .
Social exchange theory
Individuals will use the exchange task to understand the source ( partners , groups , or networks ) of their emotions . Individuals are more likely to attribute their emotions to their exchange partners or groups when the task can only be completed with one or more partners , when the task requires interdependent ( nonseparable ) contributions , and when there is a shared sense of responsibility for the success or failure of the exchange .
Pulitzer Prize
Nominally , the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service is awarded only to news organizations , not individuals . In rare instances , contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners . Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs ; infrequently , staff Prize citations also distinguish the work of prominent contributors .
Vector (molecular biology)
conjugative - mediate DNA transfer through conjugation and therefore spread rapidly among the bacterial cells of a population ; e.g. , F plasmid , many R and some col plasmids . nonconjugative - do not mediate DNA through conjugation , e.g. , many R and col plasmids . The
Electoral College (United States)
A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness
Electoral College (United States)
As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges .
Child care
According to the 1995 U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Income and Program Participation ( SIPP ) , over thirty - six percent of families of preschoolers with working mothers primarily relied on childcare in the home of a relative , family daycare provider or other non-relative . Almost twenty - six percent of families used organized childcare facilities as their primary arrangement .
Electoral College (United States)
In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate
National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry
The Grange is a hierarchical organization ranging from local communities to the National Grange organization . At the local level are community Granges , otherwise known as subordinate Granges . All members are affiliated with at least one subordinate . In most states , multiple subordinate Granges are grouped together to form Pomona Granges . Typically , Pomona Granges are made up of all the subordinates in a county . Next in the order come State Granges , which is where the Grange begins to be especially active in the political process . State Masters ( Presidents ) are responsible for supervising the administration of Subordinate and Pomona Granges . Together , thirty - five State Granges , as well as Potomac Grange # 1 in Washington , D.C. , form the National Grange . The National Grange represents the interests of most Grangers in lobbying activities similar to the state , but on a much larger scale . In addition , the National Grange oversees the Grange ritual . The Grange is a grassroots organization ; virtually all policy originates at the subordinate level .
Godparent
In the Reformed tradition that includes the Continental Reformed , Congregationalist and Presbyterian Churches , the godparents are more often referred to as sponsors , who have the role of standing with the child during infant baptism and pledging to instruct the child in the faith . In the bapismal liturgy of Reformed Geneva , `` the traditional presence of godparents was retained '' . John Calvin , the progenitor of the Reformed tradition , himself served as a godparent during forty - seven baptisms . The Reformed Church in Geneva , in order to ensure confessional orthodoxy , `` expected parents to select Reformed godparents . '' Today , many Reformed churches invite parents to select godparents for their prospective neophyte , while other parishes entrust this responsibility to the whole congregation . Roman
Institution
As mechanisms of social interaction , institutions manifest in both formal organizations , such as the U.S. Congress , or the Roman Catholic Church , and , also , in informal social order and organization , reflecting human psychology , culture , habits and customs , and encompassing subjective experience of meaningful enactments . Formal institutions are explicitly set forth by a relevant authority and informal institutions are generally unwritten societal rules , norms , and traditions .
Medicare Advantage
All four Parts of Medicare -- A , B and C , and D -- are administered by private companies under contract to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) . Almost all these companies are insurance companies , except for those that administer Medicare Advantage and other Part C plans . Most Medicare Advantage and other Part C plans are administered ( CMS uses the term `` sponsored '' ) by integrated health delivery systems and non-profit charities under state laws , and / or under union or religious management .
Federal Housing Administration
It is different from the Federal Housing Finance Agency ( FHFA ) , which supervises government - sponsored enterprises .
Electoral college
An electoral college is a set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office . Often these represent different organizations , political parties , or entities , with each organization , political party or entity represented by a particular number of electors or with votes weighted in a particular way . Many times , though , the electors are simply important people whose wisdom would ideally provide a better choice than a larger body . The system can ignore the wishes of a general membership .
History of United States prison systems
In many cases , Edward L. Ayers writes , the businessmen who utilized the convict - lease system were the same politicians who administered it . The system became , Ayers argues , a sort of `` mutual aid society '' for the new breed of capitalists and politicians who controlled the white Democratic regimes of the New South . Thus , Ayers concludes , officials often had something to hide , and contemporary reports on leasing operations often skirted or ignored the appalling conditions and death rates that attended these projects .