vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Norman conquest of England
The impact of the conquest on the lower levels of English society is difficult to assess . The major change was the elimination of slavery in England , which had disappeared by the middle of the 12th century . There were about 28,000 slaves listed in Domesday Book in 1086 , fewer than had been enumerated for 1066 . In some places , such as Essex , the decline in slaves was 20 per cent for the 20 years . The main reasons for the decline in slaveholding appear to have been the disapproval of the Church and the cost of supporting slaves , who unlike serfs , had to be maintained entirely by their owners . The practice of slavery was not outlawed , and the Leges Henrici Primi from the reign of King Henry I continue to mention slaveholding as legal .
Apartheid
Apartheid ( South African English : / əˈpɑːrteɪd / ; Afrikaans : ( aˈpartɦəit ) , lit . `` separateness '' ) was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s . Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap ( or white supremacy ) , which encouraged state repression of Black African , Coloured , and Asian South Africans for the benefit of the nation 's minority white population . The economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day .
Labor history of the United States
State legislation 1912 -- 1918 : 36 states adopted the principle of workmen 's compensation for all industrial accidents . Also : prohibition of the use of an industrial poison , several states require one day 's rest in seven , the beginning of effective prohibition of night work , of maximum limits upon the length of the working day , and of minimum wage laws for women .
Labor history of the United States
The Taft - Hartley Act amended the Wagner Act , officially known as the National Labor Relations Act , of 1935 . The amendments added to the NLRA a list of prohibited actions , or `` unfair labor practices '' , on the part of unions . The NLRA had previously prohibited only unfair labor practices committed by employers . It prohibited jurisdictional strikes , in which a union strikes in order to pressure an employer to assign particular work to the employees that union represents , and secondary boycotts and `` common situs '' picketing , in which unions picket , strike , or refuse to handle the goods of a business with which they have no primary dispute but which is associated with a targeted business . A later statute , the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act , passed in 1959 , tightened these restrictions on secondary boycotts still further .
Emancipation Proclamation
As Vice President while speaking from Gettysburg on May 30 , 1963 ( Memorial Day ) , at the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation , Johnson connected it directly with the ongoing civil rights struggles of the time saying `` One hundred years ago , the slave was freed . One hundred years later , the Negro remains in bondage to the color of his skin ... In this hour , it is not our respective races which are at stake -- it is our nation . Let those who care for their country come forward , North and South , white and Negro , to lead the way through this moment of challenge and decision ... Until justice is blind to color , until education is unaware of race , until opportunity is unconcerned with color of men 's skins , emancipation will be a proclamation but not a fact . To the extent that the proclamation of emancipation is not fulfilled in fact , to that extent we shall have fallen short of assuring freedom to the free . ''
Trafficking of children
I.L.O. Minimum Age Convention , 1973 I.L.O. Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention , 1999 I.L.O. Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation No. 190 , 1999 I.L.O. Forced Labor Convention , 1930 I.L.O. Migrant Workers Convention ( Revised ) , 1949 United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families , 1990 Trafficking
Child labour
These scholars suggest , from their studies of economic and social data , that early 20th - century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy , technology development and general prosperity . Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later . Edmonds suggests , even in contemporary times , the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth . These scholars suggest economic engagement , emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world . International legal actions , such as trade sanctions increase child labour .
Labor history of the United States
The most dramatic success was the 1936 - 7 sit - down strike that paralyzed General Motors . It enabled CIO unionization of GM and the main automobile firms ( except Ford , which held out for a few years ) . However it had negative ramifications , as the Gallup Poll reported , `` More than anything else the use of the sit - down strike alienated the sympathies of the middle classes '' .
Missouri Compromise
The provisions of the Missouri Compromise forbidding slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north were effectively repealed by Stephen A. Douglas 's Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 . The repeal of the Compromise caused outrage in the North and sparked the return to politics of Abraham Lincoln , who criticized slavery and excoriated Douglas 's act in his `` Peoria Speech '' ( October 16 , 1854 ) .
Child labour
Although formally banned since 1922 , child labour was widespread in the Soviet Union , mostly in the form of mandatory , unpaid work by schoolchildren on Saturdays and holidays . The students were used as a cheap , unqualified workforce on kolhoz ( collective farms ) as well as in industry and forestry . The practice was formally called `` work education '' .
Livery
This practice later contracted to the provision of standardized clothing to male servants , often in a colour - scheme distinctive to a particular family . The term most notably referred to the embroidered coats , waistcoats , knee breeches and stockings in 18th - century style , worn by footmen on formal occasions in grand houses . Plainer clothing in dark colours and without braiding was worn by footmen , chauffeurs and other employees for ordinary duties . For reasons of economy the employment of such servants , and their expensive dress , died out after World War I except in royal households .
Atlantic slave trade
At the 2001 World Conference Against Racism in Durban , South Africa , African nations demanded a clear apology for slavery from the former slave - trading countries . Some nations were ready to express an apology , but the opposition , mainly from the United Kingdom , Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , and the United States blocked attempts to do so . A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition . As of 2009 , efforts are underway to create a UN Slavery Memorial as a permanent remembrance of the victims of the Atlantic slave trade . Benin
Great Migration (African American)
African - American topics History ( timeline ) ( show ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Post-Civil War reform movements Civil Rights Movement Origins of the Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights Movement Black Power movement Post -- Civil Rights era New Great Migration Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Back - to - Africa movement Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English American English African - American English Gullah Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal
Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States . Enacted by white Democratic - dominated state legislatures in the late 19th century after the Reconstruction period , these laws continued to be enforced until 1965 . They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America , starting in 1896 with a `` separate but equal '' status for African Americans in railroad cars . Public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War . This principle was extended to public facilities and transportation , including segregated cars on interstate trains and , later , buses . Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those which were then available to European Americans ; sometimes they did not exist at all . This body of law institutionalized a number of economic , educational , and social disadvantages . De jure segregation existed mainly in the Southern states , while Northern segregation was generally de facto -- patterns of housing segregation enforced by private covenants , bank lending practices , and job discrimination , including discriminatory labor union practices . `` Jim Crow '' was a pejorative expression meaning `` Negro '' .
Labor history of the United States
Strikes organized by labor unions became routine events by the 1880s . There were 37,000 strikes , 1881 to 1905 . By far the largest number were in the building trades , followed far behind by coal miners . The main goal was control of working conditions , setting uniform wage scales , protesting the firing of a member , and settling which rival union was in control . Most strikes were of very short duration . In times of depression strikes were more violent but less successful , because the company was losing money anyway . They were successful in times of prosperity when the company was losing profits and wanted to settle quickly .
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Triangle : The Fire That Changed America by David Von Drehle , 2003 Triangle , a 2006 novel by Katharine Weber , tells the story of the last living survivor of the fire , whose story hides the truth of her experience on March 25 , 1911 , raising the questions of who owns history and whose stories prevail . Margaret Peterson Haddix 's 2007 historical novel for young adults , Uprising , deals with immigration , women 's rights , and the labor movement , with the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire as a central element . Esther Friesner 's Threads and Flames deals with a young girl , named Raisa , who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire . Deborah Hopkinson 's 2004 historical novel for young adults , Hear My Sorrow : The Diary of Angela Denoto . Mary Jane Auch 's 2004 historical novel for young adults , Ashes of Roses tells the tale of Margaret Rose Nolan , a young girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire , along with her sister and her friends . The comic book The Goon issue # 37 tells the story of a similar fire at a girdle factory that takes the lives of 142 women who worked there . After the fire , the surviving women attempt to unionize and the Goon comes to their aid after union busters try to force them back to work . Author Eric Powell specifically cites the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire as an inspiration for the story . Vivian Schurfranz 's novel Rachel , from the Sunfire series of historical romances for young adults , is about a Polish Jewish immigrant girl who works at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory at the time of the fire . In issue # 28 of the comic `` The Dreaming '' , The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory ( and the fire specifically ) is featured heavily . Robert Pinsky 's poem Shirt describes the fire . `` Mayn Rue Platz '' ( My Resting Place ) , a poem written by former Triangle employee Morris Rosenfeld , has been set to music , in Yiddish and English , by many artists , including Geoff Berner and June Tabor . In Alice Hoffman 's novel The Museum of Extraordinary Things , the fire is one of the main elements of the plot .
Primate
As of 2005 , there is no consensus as to which methodology will rule , whether to accept traditional ( that is , common ) , but paraphyletic , names or to use monophyletic names only ; or to use ' new ' common names or adaptations of old ones . Both competing approaches will be found in biological sources , often in the same work , and sometimes by the same author . Thus , Benton defines `` apes '' to include humans , then he repeatedly uses `` ape - like '' to mean `` like an ape rather than a human '' ; and when discussing the reaction of others to a new fossil he writes of `` claims that Orrorin ... was an ape rather than a human '' .
Lexicographical order
a a ... a < b b ... b if a < b for the first i where a and b differ ,
Factor analysis
While exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis are treated as synonymous techniques in some fields of statistics , this has been criticised ( e.g. Fabrigar et al. , 1999 ; Suhr , 2009 ) . In factor analysis , the researcher makes the assumption that an underlying causal model exists , whereas PCA is simply a variable reduction technique . Researchers have argued that the distinctions between the two techniques may mean that there are objective benefits for preferring one over the other based on the analytic goal . If the factor model is incorrectly formulated or the assumptions are not met , then factor analysis will give erroneous results . Factor analysis has been used successfully where adequate understanding of the system permits good initial model formulations . Principal component analysis employs a mathematical transformation to the original data with no assumptions about the form of the covariance matrix . The aim of PCA is to determine a few linear combinations of the original variables that can be used to summarize the data set without losing much information .
Evidence of common descent
It is possible to decipher how a particular group of organisms evolved by arranging its fossil record in a chronological sequence . Such a sequence can be determined because fossils are mainly found in sedimentary rock . Sedimentary rock is formed by layers of silt or mud on top of each other ; thus , the resulting rock contains a series of horizontal layers , or strata . Each layer contains fossils typical for a specific time period when they formed . The lowest strata contain the oldest rock and the earliest fossils , while the highest strata contain the youngest rock and more recent fossils .
First voyage of James Cook
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Evidence of common descent
Groups with little in common are assumed to have diverged from a common ancestor much earlier in geological history than groups with a lot in common ; In deciding how closely related two animals are , a comparative anatomist looks for structures that are fundamentally similar , even though they may serve different functions in the adult . Such structures are described as homologous and suggest a common origin . In cases where the similar structures serve different functions in adults , it may be necessary to trace their origin and embryonic development . A similar developmental origin suggests they are the same structure , and thus likely derived from a common ancestor .
False Claims Act
In a 2007 case , Rockwell International Corp. v. United States , the United States Supreme Court considered several issues relating to the `` original source '' exception to the FCA 's public - disclosure bar . The Court held that ( 1 ) the original source requirement of the FCA provision setting for the original - source exception to the public - disclosure bar on federal - court jurisdiction is jurisdictional ; ( 2 ) the statutory phrase `` information on which the allegations are based '' refers to the relator 's allegations and not the publicly disclosed allegations ; the terms `` allegations '' is not limited to the allegations in the original complaint , but includes , at a minimum , the allegations in the original complaint as amended ; ( 3 ) relator 's knowledge with respect to the pondcrete fell short of the direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the allegations are based required for him to qualify as an original source ; and ( 4 ) the government 's intervention did not provide an independent basis of jurisdiction with respect to the relator .
DNA replication
The primase used in this process differs significantly between bacteria and archaea / eukaryotes . Bacteria use a primase belonging to the DnaG protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type . The TOPRIM fold contains an α / β core with four conserved strands in a Rossmann - like topology . This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of topoisomerase Ia , topoisomerase II , the OLD - family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein .
DNA replication
The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes , in contrast , contains a highly derived version of the RNA recognition motif ( RRM ) . This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA - dependent RNA polymerases , reverse transcriptases , cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A / B / Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair . In eukaryotic replication , the primase forms a complex with Pol α .
Precedent
Any court may seek to distinguish its present case from that of a binding precedent , in order to reach a different conclusion . The validity of such a distinction may or may not be accepted on appeal . An appellate court may also propound an entirely new and different analysis from that of junior courts , and may or may not be bound by its own previous decisions , or in any case may distinguish the decisions based on significant differences in the facts applicable to each case . Or , a court may view the matter before it as one of `` first impression , '' not governed by any controlling precedent .
Orchestra
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First Nations
( Because ) income - generating activity in the `` commercial mainstream '' contrasts with income - generating activity that is `` intimately connected to '' the reserve ... ( the ) Tax Court of Canada implie ( s ) that the `` traditional way of life '' of Aboriginal peoples d ( oes ) not embrace `` economic aspects '' ... beyond a subsistence economy . ( footnotes omitted )
Lexicographical order
a a ... a < b b ... b if a < b for the last i where a and b differ
Siege of Sarajevo
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Siege of Sarajevo
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Precedent
During the formative period of the common law , the royal courts constituted only one among many fora in which in the English could settle their disputes . The royal courts operated alongside and in competition with ecclesiastic , manorial , urban , mercantile , and local courts . Royal courts were not organised into a hierarchy , instead different royal courts ( exchequer , common pleas , king 's bench , and chancery ) were in competition with each other . Substantial law on almost all matters was neither legislated nor codified , eliminating the need for courts to interpret legislation . Common law 's main distinctive features and focus were not substantial law , which was customary law , but procedural . The practice of citing previous cases was not to find binding legal rules but as evidence of custom . Customary law was not a rational and consistent body of rules and does not require a system of binding precedent . Before the printing press , the state of the written records of cases rendered the stare decisis doctrine utterly impracticable .
Logic
There is a big difference between the kinds of formulas seen in traditional term logic and the predicate calculus that is the fundamental advance of modern logic . The formula A ( P , Q ) ( all Ps are Qs ) of traditional logic corresponds to the more complex formula ∀ x . ( P ( x ) → Q ( x ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ forall x. ( P ( x ) \ rightarrow Q ( x ) ) ) in predicate logic , involving the logical connectives for universal quantification and implication rather than just the predicate letter A and using variable arguments P ( x ) ( \ displaystyle P ( x ) ) where traditional logic uses just the term letter P. With the complexity comes power , and the advent of the predicate calculus inaugurated revolutionary growth of the subject .
Samurai
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