vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ship
Ship Container ship on the Black Sea near Constanța , Romania . General characteristics Tonnage : to 120,000 DWT ( New Panamax ) Length : to 289.56 m ( 950 ft ) ( New Panamax ) Beam : to 134 ft ( 41 m ) ( Gerald R. Ford - class aircraft carrier on waterline ) Draft : to 15.2 m ( 50 ft ) ( New Panamax ) Propulsion : steam turbine ( fossil fuel , nuclear ) , diesel , gas turbine , sterling , steam ( reciprocating ) Sail plan : for sailing ships -- two or more masts , variety of sail plans
Spanish Armada
The result vindicated the English strategy and caused in a revolution in naval tactics -- using weather gage advantage and line - to - line cannon battle from windward ( revealing the opponent ship 's hull and rudder as targets ) -- with the promotion of heavier , more numerous naval cannon , which until then had played a supporting role to the principal tactics of ramming and crew boarding .
Ship
When a large vessel such as a container ship or an oil tanker unloads cargo , seawater is pumped into other compartments in the hull to help stabilize and balance the ship . During loading , this ballast water is pumped out from these compartments .
Legends and myths regarding RMS Titanic
The Titanic was designed to comply with the Grade 1 subdivision proposed by the 1891 Bulkhead Committee , meaning that it could stay afloat with any 2 adjoining out of its 16 main compartments open to the sea . The height of the bulkhead deck above the water line in flooded condition was well above the requirements , and the vessel would have been able to float with 3 adjoining compartments flooded in 11 of 14 possible combinations . The subdivisions could be sealed from communication with each other with cast iron watertight doors . To somewhat lower the chance of a sailor being caught in them , a geared system dropped the doors gradually , over 25 to 30 seconds , by sliding them vertically on hydraulic cataract cylinders .
Copper in architecture
Batten seam roofing consists of copper pans running parallel to the roof slope , separated by wood battens . Battens are covered with copper caps that are loose - locked into adjacent pans to help to secure the roofing . Cleats attached to the battens secure the roofing pans . Transverse seams are required to join ends of preformed pans .
Cardinal direction
At the very end of the 19th century , in response to the development of battleships with large traversable guns that affected magnetic compasses , and possibly to avoid the need to wait for fair weather at night to precisely verify one 's alignment with true north , the gyrocompass was developed for shipboard use . Since it finds true , rather than magnetic , north , it is immune to interference by local or shipboard magnetic fields . Its major disadvantage is that it depends on technology that many individuals might find too expensive to justify outside the context of a large commercial or military operation . It also requires a continuous power supply for its motors , and that it can be allowed to sit in one location for a period of time while it properly aligns itself .
Parthenon
The Parthenon is regarded as the finest example of Greek architecture . The temple , wrote John Julius Cooper , `` enjoys the reputation of being the most perfect Doric temple ever built . Even in antiquity , its architectural refinements were legendary , especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the stylobate , the taper of the naos walls and the entasis of the columns . '' Entasis refers to the slight swelling , of 1 / 8 inch , in the centre of the columns to counteract the appearance of columns having a waist , as the swelling makes them look straight from a distance . The stylobate is the platform on which the columns stand . As in many other classical Greek temples , it has a slight parabolic upward curvature intended to shed rainwater and reinforce the building against earthquakes . The columns might therefore be supposed to lean outwards , but they actually lean slightly inwards so that if they carried on , they would meet almost exactly a mile above the centre of the Parthenon ; since they are all the same height , the curvature of the outer stylobate edge is transmitted to the architrave and roof above : `` All follow the rule of being built to delicate curves '' , Gorham Stevens observed when pointing out that , in addition , the west front was built at a slightly higher level than that of the east front .
Channel Tunnel
The surveying in 1958 -- 59 catered for immersed tube and bridge designs as well as a bored tunnel , and thus a wide area was investigated . At this time , marine geophysics surveying for engineering projects was in its infancy , with poor positioning and resolution from seismic profiling . The 1964 -- 65 surveys concentrated on a northerly route that left the English coast at Dover harbour ; using 70 boreholes , an area of deeply weathered rock with high permeability was located just south of Dover harbour .
Bottom bracket
Lightning Cycle Dynamics , Inc. offers a carbon crank bottom bracket assembly with semi-axles that connect in the middle via a hirth - like joint to form the spindle .
Ship
Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to very large cruise ships . This type of vessel includes ferries , which move passengers and vehicles on short trips ; ocean liners , which carry passengers from one place to another ; and cruise ships , which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure , visiting several places and with leisure activities on board , often returning them to the port of embarkation . Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers , cargo , or both in the challenging river environment . Rivers present special hazards to vessels . They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards . Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters , and often floating or sunken logs and trees ( called snags ) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats . Riverboats are generally of shallow draft , being broad of beam and rather square in plan , with a low freeboard and high topsides . Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes , seas , or oceans . Albatun
Ship
The designer will typically produce an overall plan , a general specification describing the peculiarities of the vessel , and construction blueprints to be used at the building site . Designs for larger or more complex vessels may also include sail plans , electrical schematics , and plumbing and ventilation plans .
Scratching
Back - cueing was a key function in delivering this seamless stream of music . Radio personnel demanded robust equipment and manufacturers developed special tonearms , styli , cartridges and lightweight turntables to meet these demands .
Wind turbine
Most horizontal axis turbines have their rotors upwind of its supporting tower . Downwind machines have been built , because they do n't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind . In high winds , the blades can also be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance . Despite these advantages , upwind designs are preferred , because the change in loading from the wind as each blade passes behind the supporting tower can cause damage to the turbine .
Ancient Greek architecture
The entablature is the major horizontal structural element supporting the roof and encircling the entire building . It is composed of three parts . Resting on the columns is the architrave made of a series of stone `` lintels '' that spanned the space between the columns , and meet each other at a joint directly above the centre of each column .
Wind turbine
The stiffness of composites is determined by the stiffness of fibers and their volume content . Typically , E-glass fibers are used as main reinforcement in the composites . Typically , the glass / epoxy composites for wind blades contain up to 75 weight % glass . This increases the stiffness , tensile and compression strength . A promising source of the composite materials in the future is glass fibers with modified compositions like S - glass , R - glass etc . Some other special glasses developed by Owens Corning are ECRGLAS , Advantex and most recently WindStrand glass fibers . Hybrid
Cytokinesis
It also contributes to the linkage of the actin - myosin ring to the plasma membrane . Another protein , septin , has also been speculated to serve as a structural scaffold on which the cytokinesis apparatus is organized . Following its assembly , contraction of the actin - myosin ring leads to ingression of the attached plasma membrane , which partitions the cytoplasm into two domains of emerging sister cells . The force for the contractile processes is generated by movements along actin by the motor protein myosin II . Myosin II uses the free energy released when ATP is hydrolysed to move along these actin filaments , constricting the cell membrane to form a cleavage furrow . Continued hydrolysis causes this cleavage furrow to ingress ( move inwards ) , a striking process that is clearly visible through a light microscope .
Great Basin
Other authorities divide the Great Basin into different ecoregions , depending on their own criteria . Armen Takhtajan defined the `` Great Basin floristic province '' . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency divides the Great Basin into three ecoregions roughly according to latitude : the Northern Basin and Range ecoregion , the Central Basin and Range ecoregion , and the Mojave Basin and Range ecoregion . Great
Hoover Dam
Surrounding the base of the monument is a terrazzo floor embedded with a `` star map '' . The map depicts the Northern Hemisphere sky at the moment of President Roosevelt 's dedication of the dam . This is intended to help future astronomers , if necessary , calculate the exact date of dedication . The 30 - foot - high ( 9.1 m ) bronze figures , dubbed `` Winged Figures of the Republic '' , were each formed in a continuous pour . To put such large bronzes into place without marring the highly polished bronze surface , they were placed on ice and guided into position as the ice melted . Hansen 's bas - relief on the Nevada elevator tower depicts the benefits of the dam : flood control , navigation , irrigation , water storage , and power . The bas - relief on the Arizona elevator depicts , in his words , `` the visages of those Indian tribes who have inhabited mountains and plains from ages distant . ''
Incandescent light bulb
Lamps intended for use in optical systems such as film projectors , microscope illuminators , or stage lighting instruments have bases with alignment features so that the filament is positioned accurately within the optical system . A screw - base lamp may have a random orientation of the filament when the lamp is installed in the socket .
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
The winning design , submitted by HOK , featured an eight - panel retractable roof that resembled a pinwheel , and a glass wall that would open with the roof to allow in fresh air .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
11 . Application The following rules 11 -- 18 applies to vessels in sight of one another . ( Section III has specific requirements for restricted visibility ) 12 . Sailing vessels Two sailing vessels approaching one another must give - way as follows : Port gives way to starboard . When each has the wind on a different side , the vessel which has the wind to port must give way ; Windward gives way to leeward . When both have the wind on the same side , the vessel which is windward must give way to the vessel which is leeward ; Unsure port gives way . If a vessel , with the wind on the port side , sees a vessel to windward and can not determine whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard side , they must give way . For the purposes of this rule , the wind is considered to be coming from the side opposite the mainsail boom , or if the vessel is square rigged , opposite the largest fore - and - aft rigged sail , regardless of which side the true or apparent wind is on . 13 . Overtaking Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules ... an overtaking vessel must keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken . `` Overtaking '' means approaching another vessel at more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam , i.e. , so that at night , the overtaking vessel would see only the stern light and neither of the sidelights of the vessel being overtaken . Note that the opening words of this rule make clear that this rule overrides all other rules . 14 . Head - on situations When two power - driven vessels are meeting head - on both must alter course to starboard so that they pass on the port side of the other . `` Head - on '' means seeing the other vessel ahead or nearly ahead so that by night her masthead lights are actually or nearly lined up and / or seeing both her sidelights , or by day seeing a similar aspect of her . `` If you see three lights ahead , starboard wheel and show your red . ''
Seawater
Most ocean - going vessels desalinate potable water from seawater using processes such as vacuum distillation or multi-stage flash distillation in an evaporator , or , more recently , reverse osmosis . These energy - intensive processes were not usually available during the Age of Sail . Larger sailing warships with large crews , such as Nelson 's HMS Victory , were fitted with distilling apparatuses in their galleys . Animals such as fish , whales , sea turtles , and seabirds , such as penguins and albatrosses have adapted to living in a high saline habitat . For example , sea turtles and saltwater crocodiles remove excess salt from their bodies through their tear ducts .
Wetland
Wetlands perform two important functions in relation to climate change . They have mitigation effects through their ability to sink carbon , and adaptation effects through their ability to store and regulate water . Wetlands store approximately 44.6 million tonnes of carbon per year globally . In salt marshes and mangrove swamps in particular , the average carbon sequestration rate is 210 g CO m y while peatlands sequester approximately 20 -- 30 g CO m y .
Sustainability
Sustainability is studied and managed over many scales ( levels or frames of reference ) of time and space and in many contexts of environmental , social and economic organization . The focus ranges from the total carrying capacity ( sustainability ) of planet Earth to the sustainability of economic sectors , ecosystems , countries , municipalities , neighbourhoods , home gardens , individual lives , individual goods and services , occupations , lifestyles , behaviour patterns and so on . In short , it can entail the full compass of biological and human activity or any part of it . As Daniel Botkin , author and environmentalist , has stated : `` We see a landscape that is always in flux , changing over many scales of time and space . ''
Methanogen
Methanogens play the vital ecological role in anaerobic environments of removing excess hydrogen and fermentation products that have been produced by other forms of anaerobic respiration . Methanogens typically thrive in environments in which all electron acceptors other than CO ( such as oxygen , nitrate , ferric iron ( Fe ( III ) ) , and sulfate ) have been depleted . In deep basaltic rocks near the mid ocean ridges , they can obtain their hydrogen from the serpentinisation reaction of olivine as observed in the hydrothermal field of Lost City .
Wetland
Critical life - stage habitat : Mudflats , saltmarshes , mangroves , and seagrass beds contain both species richness and productivity , and are home to important nursery areas for many commercial fish stocks .
Natural gas
Natural gas can be `` associated '' ( found in oil fields ) , or `` non-associated '' ( isolated in natural gas fields ) , and is also found in coal beds ( as coalbed methane ) . It sometimes contains a significant amount of ethane , propane , butane , and pentane -- heavier hydrocarbons removed for commercial use prior to the methane being sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock . Non-hydrocarbons such as carbon dioxide , nitrogen , helium ( rarely ) , and hydrogen sulfide must also be removed before the natural gas can be transported .
Great Barrier Reef
This approval is in line with the agency 's view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports . As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years , Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas . It 's important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand , silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds .
Sustainability
Loss of biodiversity stems largely from the habitat loss and fragmentation produced by the human appropriation of land for development , forestry and agriculture as natural capital is progressively converted to man - made capital . Land use change is fundamental to the operations of the biosphere because alterations in the relative proportions of land dedicated to urbanisation , agriculture , forest , woodland , grassland and pasture have a marked effect on the global water , carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and this can impact negatively on both natural and human systems . At the local human scale , major sustainability benefits accrue from sustainable parks and gardens and green cities .
Wetland
Exploitation can occur at the community level as is sometimes seen throughout coastal villages of Southern Thailand where each resident may obtain for themselves every consumable of the mangrove forest ( fuelwood , timber , honey , resins , crab , and shellfish ) which then becomes threatened through increasing population and continual harvest . Other issues that occur on a global level include an uneven contribution to climate change , point and non-point pollution , and air and water quality issues due to destructive wetland practices .
Kidney
The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism into the urine . These include the nitrogenous wastes urea , from protein catabolism , and uric acid , from nucleic acid metabolism . The ability of mammals and some birds to concentrate wastes into a volume of urine much smaller than the volume of blood from which the wastes were extracted is dependent on an elaborate countercurrent multiplication mechanism . This requires several independent nephron characteristics to operate : a tight hairpin configuration of the tubules , water and ion permeability in the descending limb of the loop , water impermeability in the ascending loop , and active ion transport out of most of the ascending limb . In addition , passive countercurrent exchange by the vessels carrying the blood supply to the nephron is essential for enabling this function . Acid
Virus
A teaspoon of seawater ( ~ 5 mL ) contains about 50 million viruses , which contain enormous genetic diversity . Most of these are bacteriophages infecting heterotrophic bacteria and cyanophages infecting cyanobacteria ; these viruses are harmless to plants and animals , and are essential to the regulation of marine and freshwater ecosystems ; they are also important mortality agents of phytoplankton , the base of the foodchain in aquatic environments . They infect and destroy bacteria in aquatic microbial communities , and are one of the most important mechanisms of recycling carbon and nutrient cycling in marine environments . The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth , in a process known as the viral shunt . In particular , lysis of bacteria by viruses has been shown to enhance nitrogen cycling and stimulate phytoplankton growth . Viral activity may also affect the biological pump , the process whereby carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean .
Chennai
The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste . The city has three dumpyards , one each at Perungudi , Kodungaiyur , and Pallikaranai . The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu , Minjur , Vallur and Kuthambakkam villages , ranging in size from 20 acres ( 8 ha ) to 100 acres ( 40 ha ) . The civic body also spends ₹ 400 crore a year on solid waste management .
Oyster
Oysters are harvested by simply gathering them from their beds . In very shallow waters , they can be gathered by hand or with small rakes . In somewhat deeper water , long - handled rakes or oyster tongs are used to reach the beds . Patent tongs can be lowered on a line to reach beds that are too deep to reach directly . In all cases , the task is the same : the oysterman scrapes oysters into a pile , and then scoops them up with the rake or tongs .
Desiccant
A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( desiccation ) in its vicinity ; it is the opposite of a humectant . Commonly encountered pre-packaged desiccants are solids that absorb water . Desiccants for specialized purposes may be in forms other than solid , and may work through other principles , such as chemical bonding of water molecules . They are commonly encountered in foods to retain crispness . Industrially , desiccants are widely used to control the level of water in gas streams .
Great Barrier Reef
A long - term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed . A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay . The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group , to include community representatives .
Mass wasting
Mass wasting may occur at a very slow rate , particularly in areas that are very dry or those areas that receive sufficient rainfall such that vegetation has stabilized the surface . It may also occur at very high speed , such as in rockslides or landslides , with disastrous consequences , both immediate and delayed , e.g. , resulting from the formation of landslide dams .
Chennai
Chennai has three rivers and many lakes spread across the city . Urbanization has led to shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands . The quantity of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 to only 27 currently . The Chennai River Restoration trust set up by the government is working on the restoration of Adyar river . Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration .
Carburetor
This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( July 2016 )
Fresh water
Out of all the water on Earth , saline water in oceans , seas and saline groundwater make up about 97 % of it . Only 2.5 -- 2.75 % is fresh water , including 1.75 -- 2 % frozen in glaciers , ice and snow , 0.5 -- 0.75 % as fresh groundwater and soil moisture , and less than 0.01 % of it as surface water in lakes , swamps and rivers . Freshwater lakes contain about 87 % of this fresh surface water , including 29 % in the African Great Lakes , 22 % in Lake Baikal in Russia , 21 % in the North American Great Lakes , and 14 % in other lakes . Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers , most notably the Amazon River . The atmosphere contains 0.04 % water . In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface , fresh water derived from precipitation may , because of its lower density , overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers . Most of the world 's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets . Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water , such as deserts .