vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mali Empire
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Romance languages
The tables below provide a vocabulary comparison that illustrates a number of examples of sound shifts that have occurred between Latin and Romance languages , along with a selection of minority languages . Words are given in their conventional spellings . In addition , for French the actual pronunciation is given , due to the dramatic differences between spelling and pronunciation . ( French spelling approximately reflects the pronunciation of Old French , c. 1200 AD . )
Romance languages
Many prepositions were used as verbal particles to make new roots and verb stems , e.g. Italian estrarre , Aromanian astragu , astradziri `` to extract '' from Latin ex - `` out of '' and trahere `` to pull '' ( Italian trarre `` draw , pull '' ) , or to augment already existing words , e.g. French coudre , Italian cucire , Portuguese coser `` to sew '' , from cōnsuere `` to sew up '' , from suere `` to sew '' , with total loss of the bare stem . Many prepositions and commonly became compounded , e.g. de ex > French dès `` as of '' , ab ante > Italian avanti `` forward '' . Some words derived from phrases , e.g. Portuguese agora , Spanish ahora `` now '' < hāc hōrā `` at this hour '' ; French avec `` with '' ( prep . ) < Old French avuec ( adv . ) < apud hoc ( `` near that '' ) ; Spanish tamaño , Portuguese tamanho `` size '' < tam magnum `` so big '' ; Italian codesto `` this , that '' ( near you ) < Old Italian cotevesto < eccum tibi istum approx . `` here 's that thing of yours '' ; Portuguese você `` you '' < vosmecê < vossemecê < Galician - Portuguese vossa mercee `` your mercy '' .
Acts of the Apostles
One issue debated by scholars is Luke 's political vision regarding the relationship between the early church and the Roman Empire . On the one hand , Luke generally does not portray this interaction as one of direct conflict . Rather , there are ways in which each may have considered having a relationship with the other rather advantageous to its own cause . For example , early Christians may have appreciated hearing about the protection Paul received from Roman officials against Gentile rioters in Philippi ( Acts 16 : 16 - 40 ) and Ephesus ( Acts 19 : 23 - 41 ) , and against Jewish rioters on two occasions ( Acts 17 : 1 - 17 ; Acts 18 : 12 - 17 ) . Meanwhile , Roman readers may have approved of Paul 's censure of the illegal practice of magic ( Acts 19 : 17 - 19 ) as well as the amicability of his rapport with Roman officials such as Sergius Paulus ( Acts 13 : 6 - 12 ) and Festus ( Acts 26 : 30 - 32 ) . Furthermore , Acts does not include any account of a struggle between Christians and the Roman government as a result of the latter 's imperial cult . Thus Paul is depicted as a moderating presence between the church and the Roman Empire .
Influence of the French Revolution
Napoleon conquered most of Italy in the name of the French Revolution in 1797 -- 99 . He consolidated old units and split up Austria 's holdings . He set up a series of new republics , complete with new codes of law and abolition of old feudal privileges . Napoleon 's Cisalpine Republic was centered on Milan . Genoa the city became a republic while its hinterland became the Ligurian Republic . The Roman Republic was formed out of the papal holdings while the pope himself was sent to France . The Neapolitan Republic was formed around Naples , but it lasted only five months before the enemy forces of the Coalition recaptured it .
Ciompi Revolt
`` From Fight to Debate : Machiavelli and the Revolt of the Ciompi , '' Philosophy and Social Criticism 28.6 ( 2002 ) : P. 647 ^ Jump up to : Ferruci , Francesco . `` Italians Romanticism : Myth vs. History , '' Italian Issue 98.1 ( 1983 ) : P. 113 Jump up ^ Lantschner , `` The Ciompi Revolution Constructed : Modern Historians and the Nineteenth - Century Paradigm of Revolution , '' Annali di Storia di Firenze 4 ( 2011 ) : P. 286 Jump up ^ Ianziti , Gary . `` Leonardo Bruni , the Medici , and Florentine Histories . '' Journal of the History of Ideas 69.1 ( 2008 ) : P. 13 Jump up ^ Lantschner , `` The Ciompi Revolution Constructed : Modern Historians and the Nineteenth - Century Paradigm of Revolution , '' Annali di Storia di Firenze 4 ( 2011 ) : P. 289
Italian language
Italian grammar is typical of the grammar of Romance languages in general . Cases exist for personal pronouns ( nominative , oblique , accusative , dative ) , but not for nouns .
Axis powers
Italy occupied several nations and set up clients in those regions to carry out administrative tasks and maintain order . Monaco
Romance languages
Latin had no articles as such . The closest definite article was the non-specific demonstrative is , ea , id meaning approximately `` this / that / the '' . The closest indefinite articles were the indefinite determiners aliquī , aliqua , aliquod `` some ( non-specific ) '' and certus `` a certain '' .
Romance languages
As described above , case marking on pronouns is much more extensive than for nouns . Determiners ( e.g. words such as `` a '' , `` the '' , `` this '' ) are also marked for case in Romanian .
History of the Catholic Church
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Julian calendar
The first step of the reform was to realign the start of the calendar year ( 1 January ) to the tropical year by making 46 BC ( 708 AUC ) 445 days long , compensating for the intercalations which had been missed during Caesar 's pontificate . This year had already been extended from 355 to 378 days by the insertion of a regular intercalary month in February . When Caesar decreed the reform , probably shortly after his return from the African campaign in late Quintilis ( July ) , he added 67 more days by inserting two extraordinary intercalary months between November and December .
New Year
During those intervening centuries , the Roman Catholic ecclesiastic year was moved to the first day of Advent , the Sunday nearest to St. Andrew 's Day ( 30 November ) . According to the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church , the liturgical year begins at 4 : 00 pm on the Saturday preceding the fourth Sunday prior to 25 December ( between November 26 and December 2 ) . By the time of the Reformation ( early 16th century ) , the Roman Catholic general calendar provided the initial basis for the calendars for the liturgically - oriented Protestants , including the Anglican and Lutheran Churches , who inherited this observation of the liturgical new year .
Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
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Julian calendar
The effect of the bissextile day on the nundinal cycle is not discussed in the sources . According to Dio Cassius , a leap day was inserted in 41 BC to ensure that the first market day of 40 BC did not fall on 1 January , which implies that the old 8 - day cycle was not immediately affected by the Julian reform . However , he also reports that in AD 44 , and on some previous occasions , the market day was changed to avoid a conflict with a religious festival . This may indicate that a single nundinal letter was assigned to both halves of the 48 - hour bissextile day by this time , so that the Regifugium and the market day might fall on the same date but on different days . In any case , the 8 - day nundinal cycle began to be displaced by the 7 - day week in the first century AD , and dominical letters began to appear alongside nundinal letters in the fasti .
Roman calendar
The continuity of names from the Roman to the Gregorian calendar can lead to the mistaken belief that Roman dates correspond to Julian or Gregorian ones . In fact , the essentially complete list of Roman consuls allows general certainty of years back to the establishment of the republic but the uncertainty as to the end of lunar dating and the irregularity of Roman intercalation means that dates which can be independently verified are invariably weeks to months outside of their `` proper '' place . Two astronomical events dated by Livy show the calendar 4 months out of alignment with the Julian date in 190 BC and 2 months out of alignment in 168 BC . Thus , `` the year of the consulship of Publius Cornelius Sciopio Africanus and Publius Licinius Crassus '' ( usually given as `` 205 BC '' ) actually began on 15 March 205 BC and ended on 14 March 204 BC according to the Roman calendar but may have begun as early as November or December 206 BC owing to its misalignment . Even following the establishment of the Julian calendar , the leap years were not applied correctly by the Roman priests , meaning dates are a few days out of their `` proper '' place until a few decades into Augustus 's reign .
Julian calendar
the year was considered to begin after the Terminalia , ( 23 February ) the calendar was operated correctly from its introduction on 1 January 45 BC until the beginning of the fourth year ( February 42 BC ) at which point the priests inserted the first intercalation , Caesar 's intention was to make the first intercalation at the beginning of the fifth year ( February 41 BC ) , the priests made a further eleven intercalations after 42 BC at three - year intervals so that the twelfth intercalation fell in 9 BC , had Caesar 's intention been followed there would have been intercalations every four years after 41 BC , so that the ninth intercalation would have been in 9 BC , after 9 BC , there were twelve years without leap years , so that the leap days Caesar would have had in 5 BC , 1 BC and AD 4 were omitted and after AD 4 the calendar was operated as Caesar intended , so that the next leap year was AD 8 and then leap years followed every fourth year thereafter .
Crusades
The Bosnian Crusade was a campaign against the independent Bosnian Church , which was accused of Catharism ( Bogomilism ) . However , it was also possibly motivated by Hungarian territorial ambitions . In 1216 a mission was sent to convert Bosnia to Rome but failed . In 1225 Honorius III encouraged the Hungarians to crusade in Bosnia . This ended in failure after the Hungarians were defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Mohi . From 1234 Gregory IX encouraged further crusading , but again the Bosniaks repelled the Hungarians . The
Julian calendar
Some people have had different ideas as to how the leap years went . The above scheme is that of Scaliger in the table below . He established that the Augustan reform was instituted in 8 BC . The table shows for each reconstruction the implied proleptic Julian date for the first day of Caesar 's reformed calendar ( Kal . Ian . AUC 709 ) and the first Julian date on which the Roman calendar date matches the Julian calendar after the completion of Augustus ' reform .
Traditionalist Catholicism
Traditionalist Catholicism is a movement of Catholics in favour of restoring many or all of the customs , traditions , liturgical forms , public and private devotions and presentations of the teaching of the Catholic Church before the Second Vatican Council ( 1962 -- 65 ) . They are commonly associated with an attachment to the eucharistic liturgy often called the Tridentine , Traditional Latin or extraordinary form of the Mass .
Roman calendar
The fifth - century writer Macrobius says that the Romans intercalated 22 and 23 days in alternate years ( Saturnalia , 1.13. 12 ) ; the intercalation was placed after 23 February and the remaining five days of February followed ( Saturnalia , 1.13. 15 ) . To avoid the nones falling on a nundine , where necessary an intercalary day was inserted `` in the middle of the Terminalia , where they placed the intercalary month '' .
Season
The calendar equinox ( used in the calculation of Easter ) is 21 March , the same date as in the Easter tables current at the time of the Council of Nicaea in AD 325 . The calendar is therefore framed to prevent the astronomical equinox wandering onto 22 March . From Nicaea to the date of the reform , the years 500 , 600 , 700 , 900 , 1000 , 1100 , 1300 , 1400 and 1500 , which would not have been leap years in the Gregorian calendar , amount to nine days , but astronomers directed that ten days be removed .
New Testament
The process of canonization of the New Testament was complex and lengthy . In the initial centuries of early Christianity , there were many books widely considered by the church to be inspired , but there was no single formally recognized New Testament canon . The process was characterized by a compilation of books that apostolic tradition considered authoritative in worship and teaching , relevant to the historical situations in which they lived , and consonant with the Old Testament . Writings attributed to the apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities and the Pauline epistles were circulating , perhaps in collected forms , by the end of the 1st century AD .
New Testament
In the period extending roughly from 50 to 150 AD , a number of documents began to circulate among the churches , including epistles , gospel accounts , memoirs , prophecies , homilies , and collections of teachings . While some of these documents were apostolic in origin , others drew upon the tradition the apostles and ministers of the word had utilized in their individual missions , and still others represented a summation of the teaching entrusted to a particular church center . Several of these writings sought to extend , interpret , and apply apostolic teaching to meet the needs of Christians in a given locality .
Byzantine law
The Nomocanon of John Scholasticus from the 6th century The Nomocanon in 14 titles of Heraclius from the 7th century The Nomocanon of Photios from the 9th century The Syntagma of Theodore Balsamon and his Scholia to the Nomocanon of Photios from the 12th century The Synopsis Canonum by Alexios Aristenos from the 12th century
War of the Austrian Succession
The Battle of Fontenoy by Pierre L'Enfant . Oil on canvas . Date 16 December 1740 -- 18 October 1748 ( 7 years , 10 months and 2 days ) Location Europe , North America and India Result Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle Maria Theresa retains the Austrian , Bohemian and Hungarian thrones Francis of Lorraine , Maria Theresa 's husband , confirmed as Holy Roman Emperor Territorial changes Prussian control of Silesia confirmed . Duchies of Parma , Piacenza and Guastalla restored to the Spanish Bourbons . The Austrian Netherlands , seized by France , returned to Austria .
Traditionalist Catholicism
Linked with the celebration of the Tridentine Mass is the observance of the liturgical calendar of saints ' days as it existed before the revision of 1969 ( see General Roman Calendar of 1960 ) . Some also ignore the revisions of 1960 by Pope John XXIII , and of 1955 by Pope Pius XII , and use instead the General Roman Calendar of 1954 .
History of the Catholic Church
The Vatican 's relationship with Mussolini 's government deteriorated drastically after 1930 as Mussolini 's totalitarian ambitions began to impinge more and more on the autonomy of the Church . For example , the Fascists tried to absorb the Church 's youth groups . In response Pius XI issued the encyclical Non abbiamo bisogno ( `` We Have No Need ) '' ) in 1931 . It denounced the regime 's persecution of the church in Italy and condemned `` pagan worship of the State . '' Austria
History of the Catholic Church
12th century France witnessed the growth of Catharism in Languedoc . It was in connection with the struggle against this heresy that the Inquisition originated . After the Cathars were accused of murdering a papal legate in 1208 , Pope Innocent III declared the Albigensian Crusade . Abuses committed during the crusade caused Innocent III to informally institute the first papal inquisition to prevent future massacres and root out the remaining Cathars . Formalized under Gregory IX , this Medieval inquisition executed an average of three people per year for heresy at its height . Over time , other inquisitions were launched by the Church or secular rulers to prosecute heretics , to respond to the threat of Moorish invasion or for political purposes . The accused were encouraged to recant their heresy and those who did not could be punished by penance , fines , imprisonment or execution by burning .
BIOS
Beginning with the IBM AT , PCs supported a hardware clock settable through BIOS . It had a century bit which allowed for manually changing the century when the year 2000 happened . Most BIOS revisions created in 1995 and nearly all BIOS revisions in 1997 supported the year 2000 by setting the century bit automatically when the clock rolled past midnight , December 31 , 1999 .
Julian calendar
These reformed calendars generally remained in use until the fifth or sixth century . Around that time most of them were replaced as civil calendars by the Julian calendar , but with a year starting in September to reflect the year of the indiction cycle .
New Testament
Some synods of the 4th century published lists of canonical books ( e.g. Hippo and Carthage ) . The existing 27 - book canon of the New Testament was reconfirmed ( for Roman Catholicism ) in the 16th century with the Council of Trent ( also called the Tridentine Council ) of 1546 , the Thirty - Nine Articles of 1563 for the Church of England , the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1647 for Calvinism , and the Synod of Jerusalem of 1672 for Eastern Orthodoxy . Although these councils did include statements about the canon , when it came to the New Testament they were only reaffirming the existing canon , including the Antilegomena .
Roman calendar
This is historically correct . In 167 BC Intercalaris began on the day after 23 February and in 170 BC it began on the second day after 23 February . Varro , writing in the first century BC , says `` the twelfth month was February , and when intercalations take place the five last days of this month are removed . '' Since all the days after the Ides of Intercalaris were counted down to the beginning of March Intercalaris had either 27 days ( making 377 for the year ) or 28 ( making 378 for the year ) .
Roman calendar
The days of the month were expressed in early Latin using the ablative of time , denoting points in time , in the contracted form `` the 6th December Kalends '' ( VI Kalendas Decembres ) . In classical Latin , this use continued for the three principal days of the month but other days were idiomatically expressed in the accusative case , which usually expressed a duration of time , and took the form `` 6th day before the December Kalends '' ( ante diem VI Kalendas Decembres ) . This anomaly may have followed the treatment of days in Greek , reflected the increasing use of such date phrases as an absolute phrase able to function as the object of another preposition , or simply originated in a mistaken agreement of dies with the preposition ante once it moved to the beginning of the expression . In late Latin , this idiom was sometimes abandoned in favor of again using the ablative of time .
Timeline of World War I
October 12 First Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 15 -- 18 Battle of Mahiwa . October 23 Battle of Wadi Musa . October 23 -- November 10 Battle of La Malmaison , much - postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames . Details October 24 -- November 4 Battle of Caporetto . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines . The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River . Details October 26 -- November 10 Second Battle of Passchendaele ( Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres ) . October 27 Battle of Buqqar Ridge . October 30 Italy : Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeeds Paolo Boselli as Prime Minister . Details October 31 -- November 7 Third Battle of Gaza . The British break through the Ottoman lines . Details October 31 Battle of Beersheba ( opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza ) . Details November 1 -- 6 Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe . November 2 Balfour Declaration : the British government supports plans for a Jewish `` national home '' in Palestine . Details November 5 The Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council at Versailles . November 7 The October Revolution begins in Russia . The Bolsheviks seize power . Details Charge at Sheria . November 8 Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Commander - in - Chief of the Italian Army . Details Charge at Huj . November 9 -- December 28 First Battle of the Piave : the Austro - Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river . Details November 10 The Third Battle of Ypres ( also known as Battle of Passchendaele ) ends . Details November 11 -- December 23 First Battle of Monte Grappa , Austro - Hungarian offensive halted . November 13 France : Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister . Details Battle of Mughar Ridge . November 14 Battle of Ayun Kara . November 17 Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , North Sea . Details November 17 -- December 30 Battle of Jerusalem . The British enter the city ( December 11 ) .
History of the Catholic Church
A new Codex Iuris Canonici , called for by John XXIII , was promulgated by Pope John Paul II on January 25 , 1983 . The 1983 Code of Canon Law , includes numerous reforms and alterations in Church law and Church discipline for the Latin Church . It replaced the 1917 Code of Canon Law issued by Benedict XV .
History of the Catholic Church
Pius XI was prepared to negotiate concordats with any country that was willing to do so , thinking that written treaties were the best way to protect the Church 's rights against governments increasingly inclined to interfere in such matters . Twelve concordats were signed during his reign with various types of governments , including some German state governments . When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933 and asked for a concordat , Pius XI accepted . The Concordat of 1933 included guarantees of liberty for the Church in Nazi Germany , independence for Catholic organisations and youth groups , and religious teaching in schools .
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral
Registration follows the Roman calendar , according to the computation of the Spanish era , corresponding to July 11 , 1078 . An image , unidentified , of a fox eating a rabbit and , against this , a badly dressed woman with an animal in her lap . Supported on the wall of the tower Berenguela appear other images representing the creation of Eve , Christ on a throne , and the Binding of Isaac .