vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Extinction
Extinction is an important research topic in the field of zoology , and biology in general , and has also become an area of concern outside the scientific community . A number of organizations , such as the Worldwide Fund for Nature , have been created with the goal of preserving species from extinction . Governments have attempted , through enacting laws , to avoid habitat destruction , agricultural over-harvesting , and pollution . While many human - caused extinctions have been accidental , humans have also engaged in the deliberate destruction of some species , such as dangerous viruses , and the total destruction of other problematic species has been suggested . Other species were deliberately driven to extinction , or nearly so , due to poaching or because they were `` undesirable '' , or to push for other human agendas . One example was the near extinction of the American bison , which was nearly wiped out by mass hunts sanctioned by the United States government , to force the removal of Native Americans , many of whom relied on the bison for food .
Samoa
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Fictional world of The Hunger Games
The Capitol is populated by citizens who , like the ancient Romans as observed by the satirical poet Juvenal circa A.D. 100 , have sold their civic responsibility and capacity for self - government in return for panem et circenses ( `` bread and circuses '' ) .
Planet of the Apes
The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes .
Dominican Republic–Haiti relations
^ Jump up to : Lancer , Jalisco . `` The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic '' . AllEmpires . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wucker , Michele ( 1999 ) . `` Roosters '' . Why the Cocks Fight : Dominicans , Haitians , and the Struggle for Hispaniola ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9713 - 5 . LCCN 98 - 25785 . OCLC 40200381 . OL 365453M . Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 12 -- 15 ; James , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 42 -- 50 Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 46 Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 28 , 55 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 50 Jump up ^ James , pp. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 86 -- 87 ; James , p. 107 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 18 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 19 Jump up ^ James , pp. 128 -- 130 Jump up ^ James , p. 137 Jump up ^ James , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 92 -- 95 Jump up ^ James pp. 143 -- 144 ^ Jump up to : Horváth , Zoltán ( 2014 - 06 - 21 ) . Raeside , Rob , ed . `` Haiti : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . OCLC 39626054 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gates , Henry Louis ; Appiah , Anthony ( 1999 ) . `` Dominican - Haitian Relations '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 24 .
Consciousness
`` Convergent evidence indicates that non-human animals ( ... ) , including all mammals and birds , and other creatures , ( ... ) have the necessary neural substrates of consciousness and the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviors . ''
Chipotle Mexican Grill
Since 2008 , a former Kansas State University food safety professor has accused Chipotle of confusing the public by using such terms as `` naturally raised meats '' , `` organic ingredients '' , and `` locally sourced '' and trying to equate those terms with food safety . In rebuttal , a Chipotle spokesperson told The Daily Beast that `` all of our practices have always been very much within industry norms . It 's important to note that restaurant practices are regulated by health codes , and restaurants are routinely inspected by health officials . Everything we have done in our supply chain and in our restaurants has been within industry norms . '' Yet , FiveThirtyEight pointed out that the 2015 norovirus outbreak appears to be unusual and others are criticizing their food sourcing or handling practices . MarketWatch wrote that the result of all of these outbreaks will be to force Chipotle to obtain their produce from larger corporate farms that can afford the more extensive microbial food - safety testing programs and to process vegetables at centralized locations instead of at the individual stores , both of which are industry - standard practices that the company had previously criticized . The New York Times implied that the company 's insistence on maintaining its long standing rhetoric about `` food integrity '' seemed to be quite opposite with the realities of recent current events and made it appear that the management was just ignoring their current problems . It also has been pointed out that Chipotle 's current record - keeping system is actually hindering the health authorities ' investigation in locating the sources of the various infections .
Alternative energy
The production of algae to harvest oil for biofuels has not yet been undertaken on a commercial scale , but feasibility studies have been conducted to arrive at the above yield estimate . In addition to its projected high yield , algaculture -- unlike food crop - based biofuels -- does not entail a decrease in food production , since it requires neither farmland nor fresh water . Many companies are pursuing algae bio-reactors for various purposes , including scaling up biofuels production to commercial levels .
History of evolutionary thought
In Augustine 's De Genesi contra Manichæos , on Genesis he says : `` To suppose that God formed man from the dust with bodily hands is very childish ... God neither formed man with bodily hands nor did he breathe upon him with throat and lips . '' Augustine suggests in other work his theory of the later development of insects out of carrion , and the adoption of the old emanation or evolution theory , showing that `` certain very small animals may not have been created on the fifth and sixth days , but may have originated later from putrefying matter . '' Concerning Augustine 's De Trinitate ( On the Trinity ) , White wrote that Augustine `` ... develops at length the view that in the creation of living beings there was something like a growth -- that God is the ultimate author , but works through secondary causes ; and finally argues that certain substances are endowed by God with the power of producing certain classes of plants and animals . ''
Consciousness
`` We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific . It 's obvious to everyone in this room that animals have consciousness , but it is not obvious to the rest of the world . It is not obvious to the rest of the Western world or the Far East . It is not obvious to the society . ''
Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair also occurs in bacteria and archaea , which use asexual reproduction .
History of United States prison systems
As the field of physical anthropology gained traction in the 1880s , prisons became laboratories for studying eugenics , psychology , human intelligence , medicine , drug treatment , genetics , and birth control . Support for these initiatives sprang from the influential prison reform organizations in the United States at the time -- e.g. , the Prison Reform Congress , the National Conference for Charities and Corrections , the National Prison Congress , the Prison Association of New York , and the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons .
Scientific method
Other scientists may start their own research and enter the process at any stage . They might adopt the characterization and formulate their own hypothesis , or they might adopt the hypothesis and deduce their own predictions . Often the experiment is not done by the person who made the prediction , and the characterization is based on experiments done by someone else . Published results of experiments can also serve as a hypothesis predicting their own reproducibility . DNA
Evidence of common descent
Examples for the evidence for evolution often stem from direct observation of natural selection in the field and the laboratory . This section is unique in that it provides a narrower context concerning the process of selection . All of the examples provided prior to this have described the evidence that evolution has occurred , but has not provided the major underlying mechanism : natural selection . This section explicitly provides evidence that natural selection occurs , has been replicated artificially , and can be replicated in laboratory experiments .
Evidence of common descent
Richard Lenski , Charles Ofria , et al. at Michigan State University developed an artificial life computer program with the ability to detail the evolution of complex systems . The system uses values set to determine random mutations and allows for the effect of natural selection to conserve beneficial traits . The program was dubbed Avida and starts with an artificial petri dish where organisms reproduce and perform mathematical calculations to acquire rewards of more computer time for replication . The program randomly adds mutations to copies of the artificial organisms to allow for natural selection . As the artificial life reproduced , different lines adapted and evolved depending on their set environments . The beneficial side to the program is that it parallels that of real life at rapid speeds .
Indigenous Australians
The earliest anatomically modern human remains found in Australia ( and outside of Africa ) are those of Mungo Man ; they have been dated at 42,000 years old . The initial comparison of the mitochondrial DNA from the skeleton known as Lake Mungo 3 ( LM3 ) with that of ancient and modern Aborigines indicated that Mungo Man is not related to Australian Aborigines . However , these findings have been met with a general lack of acceptance in scientific communities . The sequence has been criticised as there has been no independent testing , and it has been suggested that the results may be due to posthumous modification and thermal degradation of the DNA . Although the contested results seem to indicate that Mungo Man may have been an extinct subspecies that diverged before the most recent common ancestor of contemporary humans , the administrative body for the Mungo National Park believes that present - day local Aborigines are descended from the Lake Mungo remains . Independent DNA testing is unlikely as the Indigenous custodians are not expected to allow further invasive investigations .
Normal distribution
There are statistical methods to empirically test that assumption , see the above Normality tests section .
Theory of mind
Research on theory of mind , in humans and animals , adults and children , normally and atypically developing , has grown rapidly in the 35 years since Premack and Guy Woodruff 's paper , `` Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind ? '' . The emerging field of social neuroscience has also begun to address this debate , by imaging the brains of humans while they perform tasks demanding the understanding of an intention , belief or other mental state in others .
Fingerprint
The validity of forensic fingerprint evidence has been challenged by academics , judges and the media . While fingerprint identification was an improvement on earlier anthropometric systems , the subjective nature of matching , despite a very low error rate , has made this forensic practice controversial .
Horses in warfare
Horses are also used in many historical reenactments . Reenactors try to recreate the conditions of the battle or tournament with equipment that is as authentic as possible .
Theory of mind
In a 2016 experiment , ravens Corvus corax were shown to take into account visual access of unseen conspecifics . It is suspected that `` ravens can generalize from their own perceptual experience to infer the possibility of being seen '' .
Electric chair
Other countries appear to have contemplated using the method , sometimes for special reasons .
Gwen Stacy
After the Jackal breaks up the fight and shows Spider - Man around the New U , George Stacy clone recognizes something off about Gwen 's face and points his gun at her . It was revealed that the Gwen clone was actually her Earth - 65 counterpart Spider - Woman that assists Spider - Man in escaping . The real Gwen is kidnapped by Kaine and taken to Parker Industries to be studied . Kaine reveals that he and Spider - Woman came to this world to assist Spider - Man was because they saw that apparently Spider - Man allying with the Jackal 's offer on other worlds results in a global disaster . Rhino and Electro are sent to retrieve Gwen after attacking the staff , but Gwen tells them to take Kaine with him too because the condition could help with Jackal 's experiments . Anna Maria Marconi also volunteers to come with because she has studied both Kaine and the drug .
Evidence of common descent
`` It has taken more than five decades , but the electronic computer is now powerful enough to simulate evolution , '' assisting bioinformatics in its attempt to solve biological problems .
The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story
In October 2015 , FX released its first promotional trailer for The People v. O.J. Simpson , showing an Akita dog whining , walking from its residence onto a sidewalk to bark , then walking back to its residence , leaving behind bloody paw prints . Later that month another teaser was released , wherein the first actual footage of Travolta as Shapiro was shown . In the teaser , Shapiro is about to ask Simpson ( whose face is unseen ) if he is responsible for the murder of Simpson 's ex-wife . In the next short teaser that was released , Simpson ( again unseen ) is taking a lie detector test .
Origin of language
Field primatologists can give us useful insights into great ape communication in the wild . An important finding is that nonhuman primates , including the other great apes , produce calls that are graded , as opposed to categorically differentiated , with listeners striving to evaluate subtle gradations in signalers ' emotional and bodily states . Nonhuman apes seemingly find it extremely difficult to produce vocalizations in the absence of the corresponding emotional states . In captivity , nonhuman apes have been taught rudimentary forms of sign language or have been persuaded to use lexigrams -- symbols that do not graphically resemble the corresponding words -- on computer keyboards . Some nonhuman apes , such as Kanzi , have been able to learn and use hundreds of lexigrams .
Fictional world of The Hunger Games
Tracker jackers are wasps engineered to be extremely aggressive , tracking their victims and stinging with extremely painful , hallucinogenic , and potentially fatal venom . Katniss drops a tracker jacker nest on several tributes during her first Hunger Games , killing two of them . Katniss and several other tributes are stung and hallucinate . The Capitol uses the venom in a process of torture and brainwashing known as `` hijacking '' . The venom targets the part of the brain that controls fear and confusion , and is used to distort the victim 's memories . The technique is used on Peeta in Mockingjay , in an attempt to turn him into an assassin to kill Katniss . Grooslings
Camp David Accords
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Pierre de Coubertin
Jump up ^ `` 128 ans plus tard ... Pierre de Coubertin de retour à Sciences Po '' . Sciences Po Executive Education ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Les archives Pierre de Coubertin rejoignent Sciences Po '' . Archimag ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1996 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Ancestry of Pierre de Coubertin '' . Roglo.eu . Retrieved 9 October 2011 . Jump up ^ MacAloon 1981 , pp. 8 -- 10 . Jump up ^ MacAloon 1981 , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ MacAloon 1981 , pp. 24 -- 28 . Jump up ^ MacAloon 1981 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ MacAloon 1981 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ MacAloon 1981 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Beard , Richard ( 2004 ) . Muddied Oafs , The Soul of Rugby . London : Yellow Jersey Press . ISBN 0224063944 . Jump up ^ Physical exercises in the modern world . Lecture given at the Sorbonne , November 1892 . Jump up ^ Pierre de Coubertin , Une Campagne de 21 Ans 1887 -- 1908 ( Librairie de l'education physique , Paris : 1909 ) Jump up ^ Pierre de Coubertin . The Olympic Idea . Discourses and Essays . Editions Internationales Olympiques , Lausanne , 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1996 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby in the Olympics : History '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of the Olympic Games by David C. Young , p. 144 . Blackwell Publishing . 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1130 - 5 Jump up ^ Hill 1996 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Hill 1996 , pp.
Monte Carlo
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Stranger Things
Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil .
Stranger Things
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them .
Stranger Things
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven , revealed to be alive , accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does not love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating .