vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Classical period (music)
The phase between the Baroque and the rise of the Classical , with its broad mixture of competing ideas and attempts to unify the different demands of taste , economics and `` worldview '' , goes by many names . It is sometimes called Galant , Rococo , or pre-Classical , or at other times early Classical . It is a period where some composers still working in the Baroque style flourish , though sometimes thought of as being more of the past than the present -- Bach , Handel , and Telemann all composed well beyond the point at which the homophonic style is clearly in the ascendant . Musical culture was caught at a crossroads : the masters of the older style had the technique , but the public hungered for the new . This is one of the reasons C.P.E. Bach was held in such high regard : he understood the older forms quite well and knew how to present them in new garb , with an enhanced variety of form .
Classical period (music)
Franz Schubert , Carl Maria von Weber , and John Field are among the most prominent in this generation of `` Proto - Romantics '' , along with the young Felix Mendelssohn . Their sense of form was strongly influenced by the Classical style . While they were not yet `` learned '' composers ( imitating rules which were codified by others ) , they directly responded to works by Beethoven , Mozart , Clementi , and others , as they encountered them . The instrumental forces at their disposal in orchestras were also quite `` Classical '' in number and variety , permitting similarity with Classical works .
Free market
Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Baruch Spinoza Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolph Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal Main
An-Nasr
There is , nevertheless , another fairly similar version in agreement with the one we have chosen and it is that by Ibn ' Abbas which says :
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday Frank Sidebottom etc . The Doug Anthony Allstars etc . Frank Skinner etc .
Renaissance
Well after the first artistic return to classicism had been exemplified in the sculpture of Nicola Pisano , Florentine painters led by Masaccio strove to portray the human form realistically , developing techniques to render perspective and light more naturally . Political philosophers , most famously Niccolò Machiavelli , sought to describe political life as it really was , that is to understand it rationally . A critical contribution to Italian Renaissance humanism Giovanni Pico della Mirandola wrote the famous text `` De hominis dignitate '' ( Oration on the Dignity of Man , 1486 ) , which consists of a series of theses on philosophy , natural thought , faith and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of reason . In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek , Renaissance authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages ; combined with the introduction of printing , this would allow many more people access to books , especially the Bible .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
For a list of notable Latter - day Saints , see List of Latter Day Saints .
Charles Dickens
On Sunday , 19 June 1870 , five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey , Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy , lauding `` the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn '' , for showing by his own example `` that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters , genius could still be clean , and mirth could be innocent . '' Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist 's grave , Stanley assured those present that `` the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old , as that of the representative of literature , not of this island only , but of all who speak our English tongue . ''
Theses on the Philosophy of History
In the essay , Benjamin uses poetic and scientific analogies to present a critique of historicism .
Scientific method
In general scientists tend to look for theories that are `` elegant '' or `` beautiful '' . In contrast to the usual English use of these terms , they here refer to a theory in accordance with the known facts , which is nevertheless relatively simple and easy to handle . Occam 's Razor serves as a rule of thumb for choosing the most desirable amongst a group of equally explanatory hypotheses .
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Richmond Saturday Richmond Sunday Alvin Roy 's Saratoga Jazz Band Bob Wallis and his Stureville Jazzmen Bruce Turner Jump Band Chris Barber 's Jazz Band Don Rendell Quintet Fairweather - Brown Allstars Gerry Brown 's Jazzmen Johnny Dankworth and his Orchestra Joe Harriott Quintet Johnny Dankworth Quartet Jazz News Allstars Mike Cotton Jazzmen Merseysippi Jazz Band Ottilie Patterson Ronnie Ross Quartet Tubby Hayes Quintet Alex Welsh and His Band Alan Elsdon and His Jazz Band Back of Town Syncopaters Clyde Valley Stompers Dick Charlesworth and His City Gents Jackie Lynn Ken Colyer 's Jazzmen Ken Sims Vintage Jazz Band Original Downtown Syncopaters Sutton Chicago Jazz Group Terry Lightfoot Tony Russell Student Orchestra
Romanticism
Franz Liszt , 1847 Daniel Auber , c. 1868 Giovanni Boldini , Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi , 1886 Robert Schumann , 1839 Hector Berlioz , 1850 Richard Wagner , c. 1870s Giacomo Meyerbeer , 1847 Felix Mendelssohn , 1839
Reading and Leeds Festivals line-ups
Reading Friday Reading Saturday Reading Sunday Leeds Saturday Leeds Sunday Leeds Friday Evan Dando Sparta The Black Keys Mclusky The Hiss Vue Jackson Bell X1 Rocket Science Razorlight Franz Ferdinand Billy Talent The Blueskins Colour of Fire Billy Bragg Brendan Benson The Bandits The Buff Medways Soledad Brothers The Sights The Sons Ima Robot The Revs The Sun Whirlwind Heat The Go The Agenda The Real British Sea Power Manitoba Hope of the States Har Mar Superstar Longview Calla Instruction Winnebago Deal The Stills Keane White Light Motorcade Cardia The Prosaics
Pi
Part of a series of articles on the mathematical constant π 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 ... Uses Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae Properties Irrationality Transcendence Value Less than 22 / 7 Approximations Memorization People Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Ludolph van Ceulen Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenko William Jones John Machin William Shanks John Wrench Chudnovsky brothers Yasumasa Kanada History Chronology Book In culture Legislation Pi Day Related topics Squaring the circle Basel problem Six nines in π Other topics related to π
Derek Morgan (Criminal Minds)
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Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
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Exponential function
This correspondence provides motivation for defining cosine and sine for all complex arguments in terms of exp ⁡ ( ± i z ) ( \ displaystyle \ exp ( \ pm iz ) ) and the equivalent power series :
Standing committee (United States Congress)
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Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
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James Dean
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The Bahamas
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Race and ethnicity in the United States
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Incandescent light bulb
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Ellipsis
With the amsmath package from AMS - LaTeX , more specific ellipses are provided for math mode .
Will Turner
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The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Upon its release , the poem was criticized for being obscure and difficult to read . The use of archaic spelling of words was seen as not in keeping with Wordsworth 's claims of using common language . Criticism was renewed again in 1815 -- 16 , when Coleridge added marginal notes to the poem that were also written in an archaic style . These notes or glosses , placed next to the text of the poem , ostensibly interpret the verses much like marginal notes found in the Bible . There were many opinions on why Coleridge inserted the gloss . Charles Lamb , who had deeply admired the original for its attention to `` Human Feeling '' , claimed that the gloss distanced the audience from the narrative , weakening the poem 's effects . The entire poem was first published in the collection of Lyrical Ballads . Another version of the poem was published in the 1817 collection entitled Sibylline Leaves ( see 1817 in poetry ) .
Charles Dickens
Righteous indignation stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working - class people lived became major themes of his works , and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite , and most autobiographical , novel , David Copperfield : `` I had no advice , no counsel , no encouragement , no consolation , no assistance , no support , of any kind , from anyone , that I can call to mind , as I hope to go to heaven ! ''
Pomp and Circumstance Marches
But also , on the score of the first march , Elgar set as a motto for the whole set of marches a verse from Lord de Tabley 's poem `` The March of Glory '' , which ( as quoted by Elgar 's biographer Basil Maine ) begins
The Shining (film)
Film writer John Capo sees the film as an allegory of American imperialism . This is exemplified by many clues ; the closing photo of Jack in the past at a 4th of July party , or Jack 's earlier citation of the Rudyard Kipling poem `` The White Man 's Burden '' . The poem has been interpreted as rationalizing the European colonization of non-white people , while Jack 's line has been interpreted as referring to alcoholism , from which he suffers .
Keeping up with the Joneses
Use of the name Jones for neighbors involved in social comparison predates Momand 's comic strip . In 1879 , English writer E.J. Simmons wrote in Memoirs of a Station Master of the railroad station as a place for social exchange : `` The Joneses , who do n't associate with the Robinsons , meet there . '' American humorist Mark Twain made an allusion to Smith and Jones families with regard to social custom in the essay `` Corn Pone Opinions , '' written in 1901 but first published in 1923 . `` The outside influences are always pouring in upon us , and we are always obeying their orders and accepting their verdicts . The Smiths like the new play ; the Joneses go to see it , and they copy the Smith verdict . '' Starting in 1908 , D.W. Griffith directed a series of comedy shorts starring The Biograph Girl , Florence Lawrence , featuring the people next door , The Joneses .
Pomp and Circumstance Marches
Like a proud music that draws men on to die Madly upon the spears in martial ecstasy , A measure that sets heaven in all their veins And iron in their hands . I hear the Nation march Beneath her ensign as an eagle 's wing ; O'er shield and sheeted targe The banners of my faith most gaily swing ; Moving to victory with solemn noise , With worship and with conquest , and the voice of myriads .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The poem received mixed reviews from critics , and Coleridge was once told by the publisher that most of the book 's sales were to sailors who thought it was a naval songbook . Coleridge made several modifications to the poem over the years . In the second edition of Lyrical Ballads , published in 1800 , he replaced many of the archaic words .
A Change Is Gonna Come
The song was inspired by various personal events in Cooke 's life , most prominently an event in which he and his entourage were turned away from a whites - only motel in Louisiana . Cooke felt compelled to write a song that spoke to his struggle and of those around him , and that pertained to the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans . The song contains the refrain , `` It 's been a long time coming , but I know a change is gon na come . ''
To Autumn
In 1997 , Andrew Motion summarised the critical view on `` To Autumn '' : `` it has often been called Keats 's ' most ... untroubled poem ' ( ... ) To register the full force of its achievement , its tensions have to be felt as potent and demanding . '' Following in 1998 , M.H. Abrams explained , `` ' To Autumn ' was the last work of artistic consequence that Keats completed ( ... ) he achieved this celebratory poem , with its calm acquiescence to time , transience and mortality , at a time when he was possessed by a premonition ( ... ) that he had himself less than two years to live '' . James Chandler , also in 1998 , pointed out that `` If To Autumn is his greatest piece of writing , as has so often been said , it is because in it he arguably set himself the most ambitious challenge of his brief career and managed to meet it . '' Timothy Corrigan , in 2000 , claimed that `` ' To Autumn ' may be , as other critics have pointed out , his greatest achievement in its ability ( ... ) to redeem the English vernacular as the casual expression of everyday experience , becoming in this his most exterior poem even in all its bucolic charm . '' In the same year , Thomas McFarland placed `` To Autumn '' with `` Ode to a Nightingale '' , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , `` The Eve of St. Agnes '' and Hyperion as Keats 's greatest achievement , together elevating Keats `` high in the ranks of the supreme makers of world literature '' . In 2008 , Stanley Plumly wrote , `` history , posterity , immortality are seeing ' Ode to a Nightingale , ' ' Ode on a Grecian Urn , ' and ' To Autumn ' as three of the most anthologized lyric poems of tragic vision in English . ''
Someone Saved My Life Tonight
Taupin 's lyric refers to a time in 1968 , before John was popular as a musician , when John was engaged to be married to girlfriend Linda Woodrow . John and Woodrow were sharing a flat with Taupin in Furlong Road in Highbury , London , hence the opening line `` When I think of those East End lights . '' While having serious doubts about the looming marriage , John contemplated suicide . He took refuge in his friends , especially Long John Baldry , who convinced John to abandon his plans to marry in order to salvage and maintain his musical career . After `` sticking his head in the gas oven , but with the windows open '' , his parents arrived the next day , in a van , to take him back to their apartment in Pinner .
Charles Dickens
On Sundays -- with his sister Frances , free from her studies at the Royal Academy of Music -- he spent the day at the Marshalsea . Dickens later used the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit . To pay for his board and to help his family , Dickens was forced to leave school and work ten - hour days at Warren 's Blacking Warehouse , on Hungerford Stairs , near the present Charing Cross railway station , where he earned six shillings a week pasting labels on pots of boot blacking . The strenuous and often harsh working conditions made a lasting impression on Dickens and later influenced his fiction and essays , becoming the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio - economic and labour conditions , the rigours of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor . He later wrote that he wondered `` how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age '' . As he recalled to John Forster ( from The Life of Charles Dickens ) :
Great Expectations
The two books both detail homecoming . Although David Copperfield is based on much of Dickens personal experiences , Great Expectations provides , according to Paul Schlicke , `` the more spiritual and intimate autobiography . '' Even though several elements hint at the setting -- Miss Havisham , partly inspired by a Parisian duchess , whose residence was always closed and in darkness , surrounded by `` a dead green vegetable sea '' , recalling Satis House , and the countryside bordering Chatham and Rochester -- no place name is mentioned , nor a specific time period , which is indicated by , among other elements , older coaches , the title `` His Majesty '' in reference to George III , and the old London Bridge prior to the 1824 -- 1831 reconstruction .
Charles Dickens
His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books . `` Gamp '' became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character Mrs Gamp , and `` Pickwickian '' , `` Pecksniffian '' , and `` Gradgrind '' all entered dictionaries due to Dickens 's original portraits of such characters who were , respectively , quixotic , hypocritical , and vapidly factual . Many were drawn from real life : Mrs Nickleby is based on his mother , though she did n't recognise herself in the portrait , just as Mr Micawber is constructed from aspects of his father 's ' rhetorical exuberance ' : Harold Skimpole in Bleak House is based on James Henry Leigh Hunt : his wife 's dwarfish chiropodist recognised herself in Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield . Perhaps Dickens 's impressions on his meeting with Hans Christian Andersen informed the delineation of Uriah Heep .
Charles Dickens
Authors frequently draw their portraits of characters from people they have known in real life . David Copperfield is regarded by many as a veiled autobiography of Dickens . The scenes of interminable court cases and legal arguments in Bleak House reflect Dickens 's experiences as a law clerk and court reporter , and in particular his direct experience of the law 's procedural delay during 1844 when he sued publishers in Chancery for breach of copyright . Dickens 's father was sent to prison for debt , and this became a common theme in many of his books , with the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens 's own experiences of the institution . Lucy Stroughill , a childhood sweetheart , may have affected several of Dickens 's portraits of girls such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield and Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities . Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences , but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts of squalor . Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death , when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated . Though Skimpole brutally sends up Leigh Hunt , some critics have detected in his portrait features of Dickens 's own character , which he sought to exorcise by self - parody .
Adam's Song
Hoppus said the song 's inspiration came from `` reading a magazine where some teenage kid had killed himself and left a letter for his family . '' Untrue online rumors purported that the song was inspired by a friend from Hoppus ' high school years who committed suicide , or a play titled Adam 's Letter that has the same focus . A fictional suicide note was a part of the script for Adam 's Letter , a play that was n't written until two years after `` Adam 's Song '' came out . John Cosper , the writer behind Adam 's Letter , said :
John Steinbeck
In his subsequent novels , Steinbeck found a more authentic voice by drawing upon direct memories of his life in California . His childhood friend , Max Wagner , a brother of Jack Wagner and who later became a film actor , served as inspiration for The Red Pony . Later he used actual American conditions and events in the first half of the 20th century , which he had experienced first - hand as a reporter . Steinbeck often populated his stories with struggling characters ; his works examined the lives of the working class and migrant workers during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' .
Time Quintet
The Time Quintet shows themes of love , loss , friendship , loneliness and the triumph of good over evil . L'Engle often borrows elements from the Bible in a way similar to C.S. Lewis , one of her favorite authors . In A Wrinkle in Time , for example , the beautiful creatures of Uriel sing a psalm , and Mrs. Who quotes St. Paul ; and angelic characters -- the three `` Mrs. Ws '' , the `` singular cherubim '' Proginoskes , and the seraph Aradnaral , among others -- aid the Murrys and Calvin , but still leave the humans to make their own difficult choices . Another theme which echoes Lewis 's work is that phenomena which human perception classifies as `` science '' , `` religion '' and `` magic '' are in actuality part of a single seamless reality .