vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Drink can
The first commercial beer available in cans began in 1935 in Richmond , Virginia . Not long after that , sodas , with their higher acidity and somewhat higher pressures , were available in cans . The key development for storing drinks in cans was the interior liner , typically plastic or sometimes a waxy substance , that helped to keep the product 's flavor from being ruined by a chemical reaction with the metal . Another major factor for the timing was the repeal of Prohibition in the United States at the end of 1933 .
History of chemistry
In 1856 , Sir William Henry Perkin , age 18 , given a challenge by his professor , August Wilhelm von Hofmann , sought to synthesize quinine , the anti-malaria drug , from coal tar . In one attempt , Perkin oxidized aniline using potassium dichromate , whose toluidine impurities reacted with the aniline and yielded a black solid -- suggesting a `` failed '' organic synthesis . Cleaning the flask with alcohol , Perkin noticed purple portions of the solution : a byproduct of the attempt was the first synthetic dye , known as mauveine or Perkin 's mauve . Perkin 's discovery is the foundation of the dye synthesis industry , one of the earliest successful chemical industries .
Carbon
Today , most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia , Botswana , Australia and the Democratic Republic of Congo . In 2005 , Russia produced almost one - fifth of the global diamond output , reports the British Geological Survey . Australia has the richest diamantiferous pipe with production reaching peak levels of 42 metric tons ( 41 long tons ; 46 short tons ) per year in the 1990s . There are also commercial deposits being actively mined in the Northwest Territories of Canada , Siberia ( mostly in Yakutia territory ; for example , Mir pipe and Udachnaya pipe ) , Brazil , and in Northern and Western Australia .
Alternative energy
In 1917 , Alexander Graham Bell advocated ethanol from corn , wheat and other foods as an alternative to coal and oil , stating that the world was in measurable distance of depleting these fuels . For Bell , the problem requiring an alternative was lack of renewability of orthodox energy sources . Since the 1970s , Brazil has had an ethanol fuel program which has allowed the country to become the world 's second largest producer of ethanol ( after the United States ) and the world 's largest exporter . Brazil 's ethanol fuel program uses modern equipment and cheap sugar cane as feedstock , and the residual cane - waste ( bagasse ) is used to process heat and power . There are no longer light vehicles in Brazil running on pure gasoline . By the end of 2008 there were 35,000 filling stations throughout Brazil with at least one ethanol pump .
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
There is evidence pointing to the North of England , specifically the area around Newcastle upon Tyne , as the origin of the carol . Husk , in the 1864 excerpt quoted above , stated that the carol was `` found on broadsides printed at Newcastle at various periods during the last hundred and fifty years '' , i.e. from approximately 1714 . In addition , many of the nineteenth century citations come from the Newcastle area .
Toxic shock syndrome
Following controversial test marketing in Rochester , New York , and Fort Wayne , Indiana , in August 1978 , Procter and Gamble introduced superabsorbent Rely tampons to the United States market in response to women 's demands for tampons that could contain an entire menstrual flow without leaking or replacement . Rely used carboxymethylcellulose ( CMC ) and compressed beads of polyester for absorption . This tampon design could absorb nearly 20 times its own weight in fluid . Further , the tampon would `` blossom '' into a cup shape in the vagina to hold menstrual fluids without leakage .
Pencil
Invented by Harold Grossman for Empire Pencil Company in 1967 and subsequently improved upon by Arthur D. Little for Empire from 1969 through the early 1970s ; the plastic pencil was commercialised by Empire as the `` EPCON '' Pencil . These pencils were co-extruded , extruding a plasticised graphite mix within a wood - composite core .
Tea culture
In Pakistan , both black and green teas are popular and are known locally as sabz chai and kahwah , respectively . The popular green tea called kahwah is often served after every meal in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Pashtun belt of Balochistan . In the Kashmir region of Pakistan , Kashmiri chai or `` noon chai , '' a pink , milky tea with pistachios and cardamom , is consumed primarily at special occasions , weddings , and during the winter months when it is sold in many kiosks . In Lahore and other cities of Punjab this Kashmiri Chai or Cha ( as pronounced in Punjabi , Kosher as well as in many Chinese dialects ) is common drink in the Punjab , brought by ethnic Kashmiris in the 19th century . Traditionally , it is prepared with Himalayan rock salt , giving it its characteristic pink color . It is taken with Bakar Khani as well as Kashmiri Kulcha ( namkeen / salty version of Khand Kulcha ) . Namkeen Chai or Noon / Loon Cha or commonly called Kashmri Chai and some times Sheer ( milk ) Cha or sabz chai ( Green Tea as the same tea are used for making Khahwa / Green Tea ) is sold and seen Gowal Mandi kiosks with Salt for Kashmiri as well as with sugar and pistachios for Non - Kashmris or those who like it with sugar . In the northern Pakistan regions of Chitral and Gilgit - Baltistan , a salty buttered Tibetan style tea is consumed .
History of chemistry
The most celebrated discoveries of Scottish chemist William Ramsay were made in inorganic chemistry . Ramsay was intrigued by the British physicist John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh 's 1892 discovery that the atomic weight of nitrogen found in chemical compounds was lower than that of nitrogen found in the atmosphere . He ascribed this discrepancy to a light gas included in chemical compounds of nitrogen , while Ramsay suspected a hitherto undiscovered heavy gas in atmospheric nitrogen . Using two different methods to remove all known gases from air , Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh were able to announce in 1894 that they had found a monatomic , chemically inert gaseous element that constituted nearly 1 percent of the atmosphere ; they named it argon . J.J.
History of chemistry
Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr ( diatomaceous earth ) it became safer and more convenient to handle , and this mixture he patented in 1867 as dynamite . Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds , similar to collodion , but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive , and obtained a transparent , jelly - like substance , which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite . Gelignite , or blasting gelatin , as it was named , was patented in 1876 ; and was followed by a host of similar combinations , modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances .
Knock, Knock, Ginger
Knock , knock , ginger ( also known as knock down ginger , ding dong ditch and numerous variants ) is a prank or game dating back to 19th - century England , or possibly the earlier Cornish traditional holiday of Nickanan Night . The game is played by children in many cultures . It involves knocking on the front door ( or ringing the doorbell ) of a victim , then running away before the door can be answered .
Drink can
Such `` retained ring - pull '' cans supplanted pull - off tabs in the United Kingdom in 1989 for soft drinks and 1990 for alcoholic drinks .
Pencil
It was soon discovered that Incense cedar , when dyed and perfumed to resemble Red Cedar , was a suitable alternative and most pencils today are made from this timber which is grown in managed forests . Over 14 billion pencils are manufactured worldwide annually . Less popular alternatives to cedar include basswood and alder .
Student's t-test
Gosset had been hired owing to Claude Guinness 's policy of recruiting the best graduates from Oxford and Cambridge to apply biochemistry and statistics to Guinness 's industrial processes . Gosset devised the t - test as an economical way to monitor the quality of stout . The t - test work was submitted to and accepted in the journal Biometrika and published in 1908 . Company policy at Guinness forbade its chemists from publishing their findings , so Gosset published his statistical work under the pseudonym `` Student '' ( see Student 's t - distribution for a detailed history of this pseudonym , which is not to be confused with the literal term student ) .
Republic of Ireland
Popular everyday beverages among the Irish include tea and coffee . Alcoholic drinks associated with Ireland include Poitín and the world - famous Guinness , which is a dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness at St. James 's Gate in Dublin . Irish whiskey is also popular throughout the country and comes in various forms , including single malt , single grain , and blended whiskey .
Drink can
In 1975 , Daniel F. Cudzik , an engineer with Reynolds Metals , filed a design patent application for a `` End closure for a container . '' This later became known as a `` Sta - Tab . '' When the Sta - Tab launched in 1975 , on Falls City beer and , quickly , other drinks , there was an initial period of consumer testing and education . Cudzik later received patents for this `` Easy Open Wall '' ( US 3967752 , issued 1976 - 07 - 06 US 3967753 , issued 1976 - 07 - 06 ) . The validity of these patents was upheld in subsequent litigation .
Carbon
In the United States , diamonds have been found in Arkansas , Colorado and Montana . In 2004 , a startling discovery of a microscopic diamond in the United States led to the January 2008 bulk - sampling of kimberlite pipes in a remote part of Montana .
Dipping tobacco
Today , moist snuff is available throughout the United States . However , it is typically more popular in rural areas and the South than in large cities . Dipping tobacco is predominately used by males . Also , dipping tobacco has a similar presence in Canada .
Apothecaries' system
Measures : US ( & UK pre-1864 ) pint fl ounce fl dram fl scruple minim 1 pt 16 ƒ ℥ 128 ƒʒ 384 ƒ ℈ 7,680 ♏ ︎ 1 ƒ ℥ 8 ƒʒ 24 ƒ ℈ 480 ♏ ︎ 1 ƒʒ 3 ƒ ℈ 60 ♏ ︎ 1 ƒ ℈ 20 ♏ ︎ 473 ml 29.6 ml 3.70 ml 1.23 ml 0.062 ml Key : pt = pint ; fl = fluid Measures : UK ( imperial , 1864 -- 1971 ) imp gal imp pt fl ounce fl drachm minim 1 C 8 O 160 fl oz 1280 fl dr 38,400 min 20 fl oz 160 fl dr 9,600 min 1 fl oz 8 fl dr 480 min 1 fl dr 60 min 20 min 4546 ml 568 ml 28.4 ml 3.55 ml 0.059 ml Key : imp pt = imperial pint ; fl = fluid ; C = congius ( imp gallon ) ; O = octavius or octarius ( ​ ⁄ congius )
Nickel
Because the ores of nickel are easily mistaken for ores of silver , understanding of this metal and its use dates to relatively recent times . However , the unintentional use of nickel is ancient , and can be traced back as far as 3500 BCE . Bronzes from what is now Syria have been found to contain as much as 2 % nickel . Some ancient Chinese manuscripts suggest that `` white copper '' ( cupronickel , known as baitong ) was used there between 1700 and 1400 BCE . This Paktong white copper was exported to Britain as early as the 17th century , but the nickel content of this alloy was not discovered until 1822 . Coins of nickel - copper alloy were minted by the Bactrian kings Agathocles , Euthydemus II and Pantaleon in the 2nd Century BCE , possibly out of the Chinese cupronickel . nickeline
Necessity is the mother of invention
The author of this proverb is unknown . This phrase was familiar in England , but in Latin , not in English . In 1519 , the headmaster of Winchester and Eton , William Horman , used the Latin phrase Mater artium necessitas in his book Vulgaria . In 1545 Roger Ascham used a close English version , Necessitie , the inuentour of all goodnesse , in his book Toxophilus . In 1608 , George Chapman , in his two - part play The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles , Duke of Byron , used a very similar phrase : The great Mother , Of all productions ( graue Necessity ) . But , the earliest actual usage of the proverb Necessity is the mother of invention is sometimes ascribed to Richard Franck , who used it in his book Northern Memoirs , calculated for the meridian of Scotland ( 1658 ) . Plato in book 2 of The Republic wrote `` Then , I said , let us begin and create in idea a State ; and yet the true creator is necessity , who is the mother of our invention . ''
Pencil
Joseph Dixon , an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the Tantiusques granite mine in Sturbridge , Massachusetts , developed a means to mass - produce pencils . By 1870 , The Joseph Dixon Crucible Company was the world 's largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary Dixon Ticonderoga pencil and art supplies company .
Nickel
The global production of nickel is presently used as follows : 68 % in stainless steel ; 10 % in nonferrous alloys ; 9 % in electroplating ; 7 % in alloy steel ; 3 % in foundries ; and 4 % other uses ( including batteries ) .
Dipping tobacco
Dipping tobacco was first popularized and marketed as moist snuff in the 1800s . The term `` snuff '' in this context is an English cognate of the aforementioned `` snus '' , from Swedish . Dipping tobacco 's Scandinavian roots impart a noticeable legacy on modern American brands such as Copenhagen and Skoal ( referring to the interlinguistic term skål , which in Norwegian , Danish , Icelandic , Faroese and Swedish roughly translates to `` cheers '' , implying a toast ) .
Fingerprint
In 2008 , British researchers developed methods of identifying users of marijuana , cocaine and methadone from their fingerprint residues .
Buckfast Tonic Wine
Buckfast Tonic Wine , commonly known as Buckfast or Bucky , is a fortified wine with caffeine , licensed from Buckfast Abbey in Devon , England and distributed by J. Chandler & Company in the United Kingdom and Grants of Ireland in Ireland .
Vinegar
Vinegar made from honey is rare , although commercially available honey vinegars are produced in Italy , Portugal , France , Romania , and Spain .
Buckfast Tonic Wine
The brand is also popular in Ireland . Thousands of empty Buckfast bottles were once recovered in a clean - up of the Eglinton Canal ( Claddagh Basin ) in the city of Galway .
Shoplifting
In 1937 , French writer and political activist Jean Genet was arrested in Paris for shoplifting a dozen handkerchiefs from the department store Samaritaine . Genet frequently stole from shops throughout his life , including alcohol , bolts of linen , books and suits .
History of coal mining
In the 21st century , Indonesia has expanded its coal mining and by 2011 ranked # 5 globally in production . By 2011 Kazakhstan ranks in the top ten in terms of coal production and reserves . Lignite ( `` brown coal '' ) remains important with Germany , China and Russia the largest producers .
Coffea arabica
Endemic to the mountainous regions of Yemen and the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia . C. arabica is now rare in Ethiopia , while many populations appear to be of mixed native and planted trees . In Ethiopia , where it is called būna , it is commonly used as an understorey shrub . It has also been recovered from the Boma Plateau in South Sudan. C. arabica is also found on Mount Marsabit in northern Kenya , but it is unclear whether this is a truly native or naturalised occurrence . The species is widely naturalised in areas outside its native land , in many parts of Africa , Latin America , Southeast Asia , China , and assorted islands in the Caribbean and in the Pacific .
History of the Isle of Wight
Bronze Age Britain had large reserves of tin in Cornwall and Devon , and tin is necessary to smelt bronze . At that time the sea level was much lower , and so tin for export could be brought across the Solent at low tide on carts , or possibly on boats such as those found at Ferriby . A shortage of tin during the Bronze Age collapse and trade disruptions in the Mediterranean around 1300 BCE may have forced metalworkers to seek an alternative to bronze .
Column
Great Hypostyle Hall , Karnak , Egypt ' Columns found at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi Modern column grid in a car park or parking garage At right , two of the Solomonic columns brought to Rome by Constantine , in their present - day location on a pier in St. Peter 's Basilica , Rome . In the foreground at left is part of Bernini 's Baldachin , inspired by the original columns . Ionic capital Tuscan columns can be seen at the University of Virginia . Church of San Prospero , Reggio Emilia , Italy Construction of Sigismund 's Column in Warsaw , detail of the 1646 engraving . These are composed of stacked segments and finished in the Corinthian style ( Temple of Bel , Syria ) The pillars of Bankstown Reservoir , Sydney Reused Roman columns and capitals in the Great Mosque of Kairouan
History of advertising
In Europe , as the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow , and the general populace was unable to read , instead of signs that read `` cobbler '' , `` miller '' , `` tailor '' , or `` blacksmith '' would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot , a suit , a hat , a clock , a diamond , a horse shoe , a candle or even a bag of flour . Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers ( town criers ) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers . The first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in `` Les Crieries de Paris '' , a thirteenth - century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve . Three forms of advertising existed during the pre-printing period ( before the 15 century ) ; those forms were trademarks ( moon , stars etc . ) , town criers and sign boards .
Coffee
Canned coffee has been popular in Asian countries for many years , particularly in China , Japan , South Korea , and Taiwan . Vending machines typically sell varieties of flavored canned coffee , much like brewed or percolated coffee , available both hot and cold . Japanese convenience stores and groceries also have a wide availability of bottled coffee drinks , which are typically lightly sweetened and pre-blended with milk . Bottled coffee drinks are also consumed in the United States .
Bindi (decoration)
Apart from their cosmetic use , bindis have found a modern medical application in India . Iodine patch bindis have often been used among women in north - west Maharashtra to battle iodine deficiency .
History of chemistry
Davy also experimented with gases by inhaling them . This experimental procedure nearly proved fatal on several occasions , but led to the discovery of the unusual effects of nitrous oxide , which came to be known as laughing gas . Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele , who called it `` dephlogisticated marine acid '' ( see phlogiston theory ) and mistakenly thought it contained oxygen . Scheele observed several properties of chlorine gas , such as its bleaching effect on litmus , its deadly effect on insects , its yellow - green colour , and the similarity of its smell to that of aqua regia . However , Scheele was unable to publish his findings at the time . In 1810 , chlorine was given its current name by Humphry Davy ( derived from the Greek word for green ) , who insisted that chlorine was in fact an element . He also showed that oxygen could not be obtained from the substance known as oxymuriatic acid ( HCl solution ) . This discovery overturned Lavoisier 's definition of acids as compounds of oxygen . Davy was a popular lecturer and able experimenter . Joseph
Cranberry
The Compleat Cook 's Guide , published in 1683 , made reference to cranberry juice . In 1703 , cranberries were served at the Harvard University commencement dinner . In 1787 , James Madison wrote Thomas Jefferson in France for background information on constitutional government to use at the Constitutional Convention . Jefferson sent back a number of books on the subject and in return asked for a gift of apples , pecans and cranberries . William Aiton , a Scottish botanist , included an entry for the cranberry in volume II of his 1789 work Hortus Kewensis . He notes that Vaccinium macrocarpon ( American cranberry ) was cultivated by James Gordon in 1760 . In 1796 , cranberries were served at the first celebration of the landing of the Pilgrims , and Amelia Simmons ( an American orphan ) wrote a book entitled American Cookery which contained a recipe for cranberry tarts . In 1816 , Henry Hall first commercially grew cranberries in East Dennis , Massachusetts on Cape Cod . In 1843 , Eli Howes planted his own crop of cranberries on Cape Cod , using the `` Howes '' variety . In 1847 , Cyrus Cahoon planted a crop of `` Early Black '' variety near Pleasant Lake , Harwich , Massachusetts . In 1860 , Edward Watson , a friend of Henry David Thoreau , wrote a poem called `` The Cranberry Tart . ''
Oak (wine)
In early wine history , the amphora was the vessel of choice for the storage and transportation of wine . Due to the perishable nature of wood material it is difficult to trace the usage of barrels in history . The Greek historian Herodotus noted that ancient Mesopotamians used barrels made of palm wood to transport wine along the Euphrates. Palm is a difficult material to bend and fashion into barrels , however , and wine merchants in different regions experimented with different wood styles to find a better wood source . The use of oak has been prevalent in winemaking for at least two millennia , first coming into widespread use during the time of the Roman Empire . In time , winemakers discovered that beyond just storage convenience , wine kept in oak barrels took on properties that improved it by making it softer and , in some cases , better - tasting . Robert Mondavi is credited with expanding the knowledge of winemakers in the United States about the different types of oak and barrel styles through his experiments in the 1960s and ' 70s .
History of advertising
In 1893 , 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising ; most sold patent medicines , which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th century . Seven innovators had emerged in the big time : Quaker Oats , Armour meat , Cudahy meat , American Tobacco Company , P. Lorillard tobacco , Remington Typewriters , and Procter & Gamble soap . By 1914 , two thirds of the top advertisers came from just five industries : 14 food producers , 13 in automobiles and tires , nine in soap and cosmetics , and four in tobacco .
Hair of the dog
The earliest known reference to the phrase `` hair of the dog '' in connection with drunkenness is found in a text from ancient Ugarit dating from the mid to late second millennium BC , in which the god ʾIlu becomes hungover after a drinking binge . The text includes a recipe for a salve to be applied to the god 's forehead , which consists of `` hairs of a dog '' and parts of an unknown plant mixed with olive oil .
Pub
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine , but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his , for a beer pump :