vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
The Dirty Dozen
It is not simply that this violent picture of an American military venture is based on a fictional supposition that is silly and irresponsible ... But to have this bunch of felons a totally incorrigible lot , some of them psychopathic , and to try to make us believe that they would be committed by any American general to carry out an exceedingly important raid that a regular commando group could do with equal efficiency -- and certainly with greater dependability -- is downright preposterous .
War of 1812
Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The Allied statesmen were faced with a problem : so far they had considered the `` fourteen commandments '' as a piece of clever and effective American propaganda , designed primarily to undermine the fighting spirit of the Central Powers , and to bolster the morale of the lesser Fourteen Points . Now , suddenly , the whole peace structure was supposed to be built up on that set of `` vague principles '' , most of which seemed to them thoroughly unrealistic , and some of which , if they were to be seriously applied , were simply unacceptable .
Ryukyu Islands
The islands other than Tanegashima were grouped as the Twelve Islands and treated as part of Kawanabe District , Satsuma Province . The Twelve Islands were subdivided into the Near Five ( 口 五島 / 端 五島 , Kuchigoshima / Hajigoshima ) and the Remote Seven ( 奥 七島 , Okunanashima ) . The Near Five consisted of the Ōsumi Islands except Tanegashima while the Remote Seven corresponded to the Tokara Islands . After the Jōkyū War in 1221 , the jitō of Kawanabe District was assumed by the Hōjō Tokusō family . The Tokusō family let its retainer Chikama clan rule Kawanabe District . In 1306 , Chikama Tokiie created a set of inheritance documents that made reference to various southern islands . The islands mentioned were not limited to the Twelve but included Amami Ōshima , Kikai Island and Tokunoshima ( and possibly Okinoerabu Island ) of the Amami Islands . An extant map of Japan held by the Hōjō clan describes Amami as a `` privately owned district '' . The Shimazu clan also claimed the rights to the Twelve . In 1227 Shōgun Kujō Yoritsune affirmed Shimazu Tadayoshi 's position as the jitō of the Twelve Islands among others . After the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed , the Shimazu clan increased its rights . In 1364 , it claimed the `` eighteen islands '' of Kawanabe District . In the same year , the clan 's head Shimazu Sadahisa gave his son Morohisa properties in Satsuma Province including the Twelve Islands and the `` extra five '' islands . The latter must be the Amami Islands .
Ryukyu Islands
The folklorist Kunio Yanagita and his followers used Nantō ( 南島 , `` Southern Islands '' ) . This term was originally used by the imperial court of Ancient Japan . Yanagita hypothesized that the southern islands were the origin of the Japanese people and preserved many elements that were subsequently lost in Japan . The term is outdated today .
Battle of Long Island
At 09 : 00 , Washington arrived from Manhattan . He realized that he had been wrong about a feint on Long Island and he ordered more troops to Brooklyn from Manhattan . His location on the battlefield is not known because accounts differ , but most likely he was at Brooklyn Heights where he could view the battle .
Ryukyu Islands
`` Ryūkyū '' is an exonym and is not a self - designation . The word first appeared in the Book of Sui ( 636 ) . Its obscure description of Liuqiu ( 流 求 ) is the source of a never - ending scholarly debate over what was referred to by the name Taiwan , Okinawa or both . Nevertheless , the Book of Sui shaped perceptions of Ryūkyū for a long time . Ryūkyū was considered a land of cannibals and aroused a feeling of dread among surrounding people , from Buddhist monk Enchin who traveled to Tang China in 858 to an informant of the Hyōtō Ryūkyū - koku ki who traveled to Song China in 1243 . Later , some Chinese sources used `` Great Ryukyu '' ( Chinese : 大 琉球 ; pinyin : Dà Liúqiú ) for Okinawa and `` Lesser Ryukyu '' ( Chinese : 小 琉球 ; pinyin : Xiǎo Liúqiú ) for Taiwan . Okinawan forms of `` Ryūkyū '' are Ruuchuu ( ルーチュー ) or Duuchuu ( ドゥー チュー ) in Okinawan and Ruuchuu ( ルーチュー ) in the Kunigami language . An Okinawan man was recorded as having referred to himself as a `` Doo Choo man '' during Commodore Matthew C. Perry 's visit to the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1852 .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The Japanese planners had determined that some means was required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers . The island of Niihau , only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor , was designated as the rescue point .
Appeasement
The view of Chamberlain colluding with Hitler to attack Russia has persisted , however , particularly on the far - left . In 1999 , Christopher Hitchens wrote that Chamberlain `` had made a cold calculation that Hitler should be re-armed ... partly to encourage his ' tough - minded ' solution to the Bolshevik problem in the East . '' While consciously encouraging war with Stalin is not widely accepted to be a motive of the Downing Street appeasers , there is historical consensus that anti-communism was central to appeasement 's appeal for the conservative elite . As Antony Beevor writes , `` The policy of appeasement was not Neville Chamberlin 's invention . Its roots lay in a fear of bolshevism . The general strike of 1926 and the depression made the possibility of revolution a very real concern to conservative politicians . As a result , they had mixed feelings towards the German and Italian regimes which had crushed the communists and socialists in their own countries . ''
Soviet Union in World War II
Tactics were based on the 1936 training manual and the revised edition of 1942 . Small unit movements and how to build defensive positions were laid out in a manner that was easy to understand and memorize . The manuals had the force of law and violations of the manuals were legal offenses . Soviet tactics always had the platoons attacking in the same way with the platoons usually broken into four sections occupying about 100 yards on average . The only complex formation was the diamond formation with one section advancing , two behind and one in the rear . Unlike the Wehrmacht , the Red Army did not engage in leap - frogging of sections with one section providing fire support to the sections that were advancing , and instead all of the sections and platoons attacked en masse . The other only variation was for the sections to `` seep '' into a position by infiltration .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice . The occupying armies consisted of American , Belgian , British , and French forces .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
Although the information about the imminent ceasefire had spread among the forces at the front in the hours before , fighting in many sections of the front continued right until the appointed hour . At 11 am there was some spontaneous fraternization between the two sides . But in general , reactions were muted . A British corporal reported : `` ... the Germans came from their trenches , bowed to us and then went away . That was it . There was nothing with which we could celebrate , except cookies . '' On the Allied side , euphoria and exultation were rare . There was some cheering and applause , but the dominant feeling was silence and emptiness after 52 exhausting months of war .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
On 22 August 2011 , a government spokesman mentioned the possibility that some areas around the plant `` could stay for some decades a forbidden zone '' . According to Yomiuri Shimbun the Japanese government was planning to buy some properties from civilians to store waste and materials that had become radioactive after the accidents . Chiaki Takahashi , Japan 's foreign minister , criticized foreign media reports as excessive . He added that he could `` understand the concerns of foreign countries over recent developments at the nuclear plant , including the radioactive contamination of seawater '' .
Vietnam War
On 2 August 1964 , the USS Maddox , on an intelligence mission along North Vietnam 's coast , allegedly fired upon and damaged several torpedo boats that had been stalking it in the Gulf of Tonkin . A second attack was reported two days later on the USS Turner Joy and Maddox in the same area . The circumstances of the attack were murky . Lyndon Johnson commented to Undersecretary of State George Ball that `` those sailors out there may have been shooting at flying fish . ''
Spanish–American War
The Germans , with interests of their own , were eager to take advantage of whatever opportunities the conflict in the islands might afford . There was a fear at the time that the islands would become a German possession . The Americans called the bluff of the Germans , threatening conflict if the aggression continued , and the Germans backed down . At the time , the Germans expected the confrontation in the Philippines to end in an American defeat , with the revolutionaries capturing Manila and leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . Spanish
Cold War
The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . ''
Causes of World War II
Hitler pressed for the Sudetenland 's incorporation into the Reich , supporting German separatist groups within the Sudeten region . Alleged Czech brutality and persecution under Prague helped to stir up nationalist tendencies , as did the Nazi press . After the Anschluss , all German parties ( except German Social - Democratic party ) merged with the Sudeten German Party ( SdP ) . Paramilitary activity and extremist violence peaked during this period and the Czechoslovakian government declared martial law in parts of the Sudetenland to maintain order . This only complicated the situation , especially now that Slovakian nationalism was rising , out of suspicion towards Prague and Nazi encouragement . Citing the need to protect the Germans in Czechoslovakia , Germany requested the immediate annexation of the Sudetenland .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Ambassador Nomura asked for an appointment to see Hull at 1 : 00 p.m. , but later asked it be postponed to 1 : 45 as the ambassador was not quite ready . Nomura and Kurusu arrived at 2 : 05 p.m. and were received by Hull at 2 : 20 . Nomura apologized for the delay in presenting the message . After Hull had read several pages , he asked Nomura whether the document was presented under instructions of the Japanese government ; the Ambassador replied it was . After reading the full document , Hull turned to the ambassador and said :
Second Sino-Japanese War
The National Chinese authorities ridiculed Japanese estimates of Chinese casualties . In 1940 , the National Herald stated that the Japanese exaggerated Chinese casualties , while deliberately concealing the true amount of Japanese casualties , releasing false figures that made them appear lower . The article reports on the casualty situation of the war up to 1940 .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation .
Articles of Confederation
The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis .
United States Congress
The influence of Congress on the presidency has varied from period to period depending on factors such as congressional leadership , presidential political influence , historical circumstances such as war , and individual initiative by members of Congress . The impeachment of Andrew Johnson made the presidency less powerful than Congress for a considerable period afterwards . The 20th and 21st centuries have seen the rise of presidential power under politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , and George W. Bush . However , in recent years , Congress has restricted presidential power with laws such as the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 and the War Powers Resolution . Nevertheless , the Presidency remains considerably more powerful today than during the 19th century . Executive branch officials are often loath to reveal sensitive information to members of Congress because of concern that information could not be kept secret ; in return , knowing they may be in the dark about executive branch activity , congressional officials are more likely to distrust their counterparts in executive agencies . Many government actions require fast coordinated effort by many agencies , and this is a task that Congress is ill - suited for . Congress is slow , open , divided , and not well matched to handle more rapid executive action or do a good job of overseeing such activity , according to one analysis . The
National Convention
Realizing the danger of fragmentation , they attempted a reconciliation . Saint - Just and Couthon favored it , but Robespierre doubted sincerity of his enemies . It was he who brought about the fatal intervention of the Convention . On 8 Thermidor , Year II ( 26 July 1794 ) , he denounced his opponents , and demanded that `` unity of government '' be realized . When called upon to name those whom he was accusing , however , he refused . This failure destroyed him , for it was assumed that he was demanding a blank cheque . This night an uneasy alliance was formed from threatened deputies and members of The Plain . On the next day , 9 Thermidor , Robespierre and his friends were not allowed to speak , and their indictment was decreed . The men of the extreme left played the leading roles : Billaud - Varenne , who attacked , and Collot d'Herbois , who presided .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Nothing to Fear Sample of the Inaugural speech from FDR Problems playing this file ? See media help .
Woodrow Wilson
In December 1916 , a month after his reelection , Wilson ( a noted supporter of mother 's pensions ) addressed a conference on social insurance in which he spoke of how a conference like that gave evidence of `` the dominant interest of our own time , and one of the best elements of social insurance is social understanding -- an interchange of views and a comprehension of interests which for a long time was only too rare . ''
I Have a Dream
The March on Washington put pressure on the Kennedy administration to advance its civil rights legislation in Congress . The diaries of Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , published posthumously in 2007 , suggest that President Kennedy was concerned that if the march failed to attract large numbers of demonstrators , it might undermine his civil rights efforts .
Adams–Onís Treaty
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Space Race
On May 10 , 1962 , Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962 , which not only urged member nations to `` extend the rules of international law to outer space , '' but to also cooperate in its exploration . Following the passing of this resolution , Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American / Soviet space program .
Appeasement
U.S. President Harry S. Truman thus explained his decision to enter the Korean War in 1950 , British Prime Minister Anthony Eden his confrontation of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the Suez Crisis of 1956 , U.S. President John F. Kennedy his `` quarantine '' of Cuba in 1962 , U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson his resistance to communism in Indochina in the 1960s , and U.S. President Ronald Reagan his air strike on Libya in 1986 .
Oath of office of the President of the United States
Given that nearly every president - elect since President Franklin D. Roosevelt has recited the codicil , it is likely that the majority of presidents - elect have uttered the phrase ( as well as some vice presidents , while taking their oaths ) . However , as President Theodore Roosevelt chose to conclude his oath with the phrase `` And thus I swear , '' it seems that this current of tradition was not overwhelmingly strong even as recently as the turn of the twentieth century .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
This article is part of a series about Abraham Lincoln Family Early life and career Medical and mental health Electoral history Lincoln -- Douglas debates Cooper Union speech Farewell Address in Illinois President of the United States Presidency First term 1860 campaign Election 1st inauguration Address American Civil War The Union Emancipation Proclamation Ten percent plan Gettysburg Address 13th Amendment Second term 1864 campaign Election 2nd inauguration Address Reconstruction Assassination and legacy Assassination Funeral Legacy Memorials Depictions Views on slavery Topical guide Bibliography Abraham
Iran hostage crisis
Part of a series on the History of the Iran hostage crisis Topics ( show ) Timeline Background The Interim Government Islamic Republic Hostage leaders ( show ) Ruhollah Khomeini Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha Parties and organizations ( show ) Student Followers of the Imam 's Line People 's Mujahedin of Iran Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization Events ( show ) Canadian Caper Operation Eagle Claw Operation Credible Sport
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Rose Schneiderman , a prominent socialist and union activist , gave a speech at the memorial meeting held in the Metropolitan Opera House on April 2 , 1911 , to an audience largely made up of the members of the Women 's Trade Union League . She used the fire as an argument for factory workers to organize : Tombstone
Manhattan Project
Wikisource has original text related to this article : Los Alamos Ranch School Seizure Letter
United States presidential election, 1860
Source : Data from Walter Dean Burnham , Presidential ballots , 1836 -- 1892 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 ) pp 247 -- 57 .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention , and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting . Despite the sweltering summer heat , the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public . Although William Jackson was elected as secretary , his records were brief and included very little detail . Madison 's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention . Throughout the debate , delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position . Most commonly , they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution ( often simply called `` The Revolution '' ) , classical history ( mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city - states ) , and recent precedents from Holland and Germany .
Reichstag fire
The trial began at 8 : 45 on the morning of 21 September , with Van der Lubbe testifying . Van der Lubbe 's testimony was very hard to follow as he spoke of losing his sight in one eye and wandering around Europe as a drifter and that he had been a member of the Dutch Communist Party , which he quit in 1931 , but still considered himself a communist . Georgi Dimitrov began his testimony on the third day of the trial . He gave up his right to a court - appointed lawyer and defended himself successfully . When warned by Judge Bürger to behave himself in court , Dimitrov stated : `` Herr President , if you were a man as innocent as myself and you had passed seven months in prison , five of them in chains night and day , you would understand it if one perhaps becomes a little strained . '' During the course of his defence , Dimitrov claimed that the organizers of the fire were senior members of the Nazi Party and frequently verbally clashed with Göring at the trial . The highpoint of the trial occurred on 4 November 1933 , when Göring took the stand and was cross-examined by Dimitrov . The following exchange took place :
Reservation in India
In Haryana , the reservation is 18 % for SCs and 1 % for OBCs and 0 % for STs , based on local demographics . In Tamil Nadu , the reservation is 18 % for SCs and 1 % for STs , based on local demographics . In Northeast India , especially in Arunachal Pradesh , Meghalaya , Nagaland and Mizoram , reservation for ST in State Govt . jobs is 80 % with only 20 % unreserved . In the Central Universities of NEHU ( shillong ) and Rajiv Gandhi University , 60 % of seats are reserved for ST students . In Andhra Pradesh , 29 % of educational institutes and government jobs are reserved for OBCs , 15 % for SCs , 6 % for STs . In West Bengal , 35 % of educational institute seats and government jobs are reserved for SC , ST , and OBC ( 22 % SC , 6 % ST , 7 % for OBC A & B ) . In West Bengal there is no reservation on religious basis but some economically and educationally backward Muslim castes ( basis surnames pertaining to different profession e.g. cobbler , weaver etc . ) have been included along with their Hindu counterparts in OBC list namely OBC A and OBC B , in both lists caste from both communities are there . But in higher educational institutes , till now there is no reservation for the OBC community but there is reservation in regard to admission in primary , secondary and higher secondary studies .