vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Moss
Growing moss from spores is even less controlled . Moss spores fall in a constant rain on exposed surfaces ; those surfaces which are hospitable to a certain species of moss will typically be colonised by that moss within a few years of exposure to wind and rain . Materials which are porous and moisture retentive , such as brick , wood , and certain coarse concrete mixtures are hospitable to moss . Surfaces can also be prepared with acidic substances , including buttermilk , yogurt , urine , and gently puréed mixtures of moss samples , water and ericaceous compost .
Ship
Aside from the health of the yard workers , in recent years , ship breaking has also become an issue of major environmental concern . Many developing nations , in which ship breaking yards are located , have lax or no environmental law , enabling large quantities of highly toxic materials to escape into the environment and causing serious health problems among ship breakers , the local population and wildlife . Environmental campaign groups such as Greenpeace have made the issue a high priority for their campaigns .
Bootstrapping
As self - levitating by pulling on one 's bootstraps is physically impossible , this is often used by the bootstrappers themselves to deny the possibility that the bootstrap campaign is indeed concocted and artificial . They assert that it has arisen via a groundswell of public opinion . Media campaigns that are openly admitted as concocted ( e.g. a public service campaign titled `` Let 's Clean Up Our City '' ) are usually ignored by other media organizations for reasons related to competition . On the other hand , the true bootstrap welcomes the participation of other media organizations , indeed encourages it , as this participation gains the bootstrap notoriety and , most importantly , legitimacy .
Coal
The Saskatchewan Government 's Boundary Dam Power Station Integrated Carbon Capture and Sequestration Demonstration Project will use post-combustion , amine - based scrubber technology to capture 90 % of the CO emitted by Unit 3 of the power plant ; this CO will be pipelined to and utilized for enhanced oil recovery in the Weyburn oil fields . However , only about a half of this CO2 will actually be permanently stored , the remainder is released into the atmosphere during capturing , and the processing in the oil field .
Environmental impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
Harry Roberts , a professor of Coastal Studies at Louisiana State University , has stated that 4 million barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil would be enough to `` wipe out marine life deep at sea near the leak and elsewhere in the Gulf '' as well as `` along hundreds of miles of coastline . '' Mak Saito , an Associate Scientist at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution indicated that such an amount of oil `` may alter the chemistry of the sea , with unforeseeable results . '' Samantha Joye of the University of Georgia indicated that the oil could harm fish directly , and microbes used to consume the oil would reduce oxygen levels in the water . The ecosystem , she said , could require years or decades to recover , as with previous spills . Damage to the ocean floor would endanger the Louisiana pancake batfish in particular , whose range is entirely contained within the area affected by the spill .
ABC dry chemical
It is safe and effective for electrical fires since it is a non-conductor of electricity . Fires involving live electrical equipment ( Class C in the American system ; Class E in the Australian system ) need to be put out with equipment that will not conduct its energy back to the user as is the case with water . Electricity can also cause fires of the other classes .
Ship
Some vessels that sustain major damage at sea may be repaired at a facility equipped for major repairs , such as a shipyard . Ships may also be converted for a new purpose : oil tankers are often converted into floating production storage and offloading units .
Wetland
Swamp Freshwater swamp forest Coniferous swamp Peat swamp forest Flooded grasslands and savannas Constructed wetland Riparian zone Mire Fen Bog Vernal pool
Kitchen cabinet
Mary Drake McFeely , Can She Bake a Cherry Pie ? : American Women and the Kitchen in the Twentieth Century Dolores Hayden , The Grand Domestic Revolution : A History of Feminist Designs for American Homes , Neighborhoods and Cities Nancy Carlisle , et al. America 's Kitchens Ruth Oldenziel , ed , Cold War Kitchen : Americanization , Technology , and European Users Ellen Lupton , The Bathroom , the Kitchen , and the Aesthetics of Waste Mary Snodgrass , Encyclopedia of Kitchen History
Flint water crisis
On January 12 , officers from the Michigan State Police and Genesee County Sheriff 's Department started delivering cases of water , water filters , lead testing kits and replacement cartridges to residents who needed them . The American Red Cross has also been deployed to Flint to deliver bottled water and filters to residents .
Reflux
The term reflux is very widely used in industries that utilize large - scale distillation columns and fractionators such as petroleum refineries , petrochemical and chemical plants , and natural gas processing plants .
Flint water crisis
In the spring of 2016 , Associate professor of conducting at the University of Colorado Boulder , Andrea Ramsey , in reaction to the Flint water crisis , composed a choral song titled , `` But a Flint Holds Fire '' . Children choirs throughout the country have performed the song . Many of the lyrics for the piece come from Christina Rossetti 's 19th - century poem , titled `` Flint . ''
ABC dry chemical
ABC dry chemical is inappropriate for chlorine or oxidizer fires . The resulting chemical reaction can cause an explosion or a breakdown of the chemicals releasing toxic gases . Water should be used in that case .
Recursion (computer science)
Operations on the tree can be implemented using recursion . Note that because there are two self - referencing pointers ( left and right ) , tree operations may require two recursive calls : /
Water splitting
Using electricity produced by photovoltaic systems potentially offers the cleanest way to produce hydrogen , other than nuclear , wind , geothermal , and hydroelectric . Again , water is broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis , but the electrical energy is obtained by a photoelectrochemical cell ( PEC ) process . The system is also named artificial photosynthesis .
Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
The 17th Street Canal levee breach was closed with truckloads of rock and sandbags . The canal reopened so that it could be used to pump water out of the city . 33,608 Army National Guard and 6,613 Air National Guard were deployed ( 40,221 total ) .
Waste minimisation
In a domestic situation , the potential for minimisation is often dictated by lifestyle . Some people may view it as wasteful to purchase new products solely to follow fashion trends when the older products are still usable . Adults working full - time have little free time , and so may have to purchase more convenient foods that require little preparation , or prefer disposable nappies if there is a baby in the family .
Kitchen cabinet
Since kitchens are rooms for food preparation , cabinets which store food should be kept clean with cloth microfiber or feather dusters . Tough grease stains and coarse dirt can be removed with warm water and a grease solvent , then wiped clean with a plain cotton cloth . Window cleaners and clean cloths can be used with a microfiber cloth to clean up .
Materials management
Materials management plans and designs for the delivery , distribution , storage , collection , and removal of occupant - generated streams of materials and services . It is usually an additional service that is offered as part of a campus planning process or a building design project . It is most beneficial for university , health care , and corporate environments . Materials management looks at the planning and design considerations needed to support the efficient delivery and removal of goods and services that support occupant activity . The streams of occupant - generated materials and activity include mail , office supplies , lab supplies , food , special deliveries , custodial services , building supplies , waste and recycling , and service calls .
Electric bicycle laws
The Missouri Department of Natural Resources has this policy for electric bicycle use on the Katy Trail , the state 's longest trail partially funded with federal funds :
Deforestation in the United States
Matera , Chris ( 14 September 2009 ) . `` Massachusetts forests at the crossroads '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Forest Watch . R.H. Fuller ( 1906 ) . The Struggles of the First State to Preserve its Forests . Appleton 's .
Alternative energy
Given environmental concerns ( e.g. , fish migration , destruction of sensitive aquatic ecosystems , etc . ) about building new dams to capture hydroelectric energy , further expansion of conventional hydropower in the United States is unlikely . Windpower , if deployed on the large scale necessary to substitute fossil energy , is likely to face public resistance . If 100 % of U.S. energy demand were to be supplied by windmills , about 80 million hectares ( i.e. , more than 40 % of all available farmland in the United States ) would have to be covered with large windmills ( 50m hub height and 250 to 500 m apart ) . It is therefore not surprising that the major environmental impact of wind power is related to land use and less to wildlife ( birds , bats , etc . ) mortality . Unless only a relatively small fraction of electricity is generated by windmills in remote locations , it is unlikely that the public will tolerate large windfarms given concerns about blade noise and aesthetics .
Ship
As environmental laws are becoming more strict , ship designers need to create their design in such a way that the ship , when it nears its end - of - term , can be disassembled or disposed easily and that waste is reduced to a minimum .
Great Barrier Reef
A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs . They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change . The Reefocus summit in 2008 , which is also detailed in the report , came to similar conclusions . After this , a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives . The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals . Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met .
Sustainability
The 2005 World Summit on Social Development identified sustainable development goals , such as economic development , social development and environmental protection . This view has been expressed as an illustration using three overlapping ellipses indicating that the three pillars of sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually reinforcing . In fact , the three pillars are interdependent , and in the long run none can exist without the others . The three pillars have served as a common ground for numerous sustainability standards and certification systems in recent years , in particular in the food industry . Standards which today explicitly refer to the triple bottom line include Rainforest Alliance , Fairtrade and UTZ Certified . Some sustainability experts and practitioners have illustrated four pillars of sustainability , or a quadruple bottom line . One such pillar is future generations , which emphasizes the long - term thinking associated with sustainability . There is also an opinion that considers resource use and financial sustainability as two additional pillars of sustainability .
Refinancing
The Obama Administration authorized several refinance programs aimed at helping underwater homeowners take advantage of the historically low interest rates . Most of these programs do not require an appraisal , and encompass all loan types . The programs offered in 2013 include :
Sustainability
Large scale social movements can influence both community choices and the built environment . Eco-municipalities may be one such movement . Eco-municipalities take a systems approach , based on sustainability principles . The eco-municipality movement is participatory , involving community members in a bottom - up approach . In Sweden , more than 70 cities and towns -- 25 per cent of all municipalities in the country -- have adopted a common set of `` Sustainability Principles '' and implemented these systematically throughout their municipal operations . There are now twelve eco-municipalities in the United States and the American Planning Association has adopted sustainability objectives based on the same principles .
Flint water crisis
On January 12 , 2016 , Dan Kildee , Democrat of Flint , said of Snyder , `` It 's beyond my comprehension that he continues to treat this as a public relations problem rather than as a public health emergency . Meanwhile , kids in Flint are still being exposed to high levels of lead in the water . '' Kildee called upon Snyder to request federal assistance , which Snyder subsequently did . Kildee , along with fellow Michigan Representative Fred Upton , also sponsored H.R. 4470 , the Safe Drinking Water Act Improved Compliance Awareness Act , which will ensure that the public promptly learns of excessive lead levels in their drinking water by setting forth how and when states , EPA , and public utilities communicate their findings . It has passed the House but has yet to be passed by the Senate .
High-voltage direct current
The construction of such green power superhighways is advocated in a white paper that was released by the American Wind Energy Association and the Solar Energy Industries Association in 2009 . Clean Line Energy Partners is developing four HVDC lines in the U.S. for long distance electric power transmission .
Metrication in the United States
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Flint water crisis
Mayor Weaver will meet with the White House Department of Intergovernmental Affairs in Washington , D.C. on October 19 to discuss ways to address the critical water infrastructure needs in urban communities .
Environmental policy of the United States
This article should include a summary of Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration . See Wikipedia : Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article 's main text .
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
Some site opponents assert that , after the predicted containment failure of the waste containers , these cracks may provide a route for movement of radioactive waste that dissolves in the water flowing downward from the desert surface . Officials state that the waste containers will be stored in such a way as to minimize or even nearly eliminate this possibility .
Environmental policy of the United States
Since the environmental movement of the 1970s , the nature of environmental issues has changed . While the initial emphasis was on conventional air and water pollutants , which were the most obvious and easily measurable problems , newer issues are long - term problems that are not easily discernible and can be surrounded by controversy .
Great Barrier Reef
In March 2015 , the Australian and Queensland 's governments formed a plan for the protection and preservation of the reef 's universal heritage until 2050 . This 35 years plan , titled ' Reef 2050 Plan ' is a document proposing possible measures for the long - term management of the pollution , climate change and other issues that threaten the life span and value of this global heritage .
Seafloor spreading
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Cost–benefit analysis
In environmental and occupational health regulation , it has been argued that if modern cost -- benefit analyses had been applied prospectively to decisions such as whether to mandate the removal of lead from gasoline , block the construction of two proposed dams just above and below the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River , and regulate workers ' exposure to vinyl chloride , these measures would not have been implemented even though they are considered to be highly successful in retrospect . The Clean Air Act has been cited in retrospective studies as a case where benefits exceeded costs , but the knowledge of the benefits ( attributable largely to the benefits of reducing particulate pollution ) was not available until many years later .
Water in California
This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2013 )
United Nations Environment Programme
UN Environment has aided in the formulation of guidelines and treaties on issues such as the international trade in potentially harmful chemicals , transboundary air pollution , and contamination of international waterways . Relevant documents , including scientific papers , are available via the UNEP Document Repository .
Divergent boundary
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Amazon Web Services
In 2014 , AWS claimed its aim was to achieve 100 % renewable energy usage in the future . In the United States , AWS 's partnerships with renewable energy providers include Community Energy of Virginia , to support the US East region ; Pattern Development , in January 2015 , to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm Fowler Ridge ; Iberdrola Renewables , LLC , in July 2015 , to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US East ; EDP Renewables North America , in November 2015 , to construct and operate Amazon Wind Farm US Central ; and Tesla Motors , to apply battery storage technology to address power needs in the US West ( Northern California ) region .
Flint water crisis
In October 2015 , it was reported that the city government 's data on lead water lines in the city was stored on 45,000 index cards ( some dating back a century ) located in filing cabinets in Flint 's public utility building . The Department of Public Works said that it was trying to transition the data into an electronic spreadsheet program , but as of October 1 , 2015 , only about 25 % of the index card information had been digitized .
Environmental policy of the United States
Fragmentation within the executive branch is duplicated in Congress and within the states . The EPA is the concern of almost two - thirds of the House of Representatives ' standing committees and subcommittees and a similar percentage in the Senate . Some seventy committees and subcommittees control water quality policy , for example . Such fragmentation creates both opportunities and problems . While such a variety of committees provide enormous access for environmentalist and industry groups to lobby , the division of tasks means that no one committee or agency looks at environmental problems as a whole .
Flint water crisis
At his annual State of the State address on January 19 , Snyder apologized again , and asked the Michigan Legislature to give Flint an additional $28 million in funding for filters , replacement cartridges , bottled water , more school nurses and additional intervention specialists . It also will fund lab testing , corrosion control procedures , a study of water - system infrastructure , potentially help Flint deal with unpaid water bills , case management of people with elevated lead - blood levels , assessment of potential linkages to other diseases , crisis counseling and mental health services , and the replacement of plumbing fixtures in schools , child care centers , nursing homes and medical facilities . The Michigan House Appropriations Committee passed the bill the next day , while the Senate approved it on January 28 . Snyder signed it the next day .
Hurricane Katrina
However , there are funding battles over the remaining levee improvements . In February 2008 , the Bush administration requested that the state of Louisiana pay about $1.5 billion of an estimated $7.2 billion for Corps of Engineers levee work ( in accordance with the principles of local cost sharing required by Congress as early as the Flood Control Act of 1928 ) , a proposal which angered many Louisiana leaders .
Tropical cyclone
At present tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven meteorological services and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to provide ease of communication between forecasters and the general public regarding forecasts , watches , and warnings . Since the systems can last a week or longer and more than one can be occurring in the same basin at the same time , the names are thought to reduce the confusion about what storm is being described . Names are assigned in order from predetermined lists with one , three , or ten - minute sustained wind speeds of more than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) depending on which basin it originates . However , standards vary from basin to basin with some tropical depressions named in the Western Pacific , while tropical cyclones have to have a significant amount of gale - force winds occurring around the center before they are named within the Southern Hemisphere . The names of significant tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic Ocean , Pacific Ocean , and Australian region are retired from the naming lists and replaced with another name .
Seafloor spreading
As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time . Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor , and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy . If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust , a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed . The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust . Today , the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted . However , the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean . The Pacific is also home to one of the world 's most active spreading centers ( the East Pacific Rise ) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm / yr . The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a `` textbook '' slow - spreading center , while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading . Spreading centers at slow and intermediate rates exhibit a rift valley while at fast rates an axial high is found within the crustal accretion zone . The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced .
Plate tectonics
Continental drift theory helps biogeographers to explain the disjunct biogeographic distribution of present - day life found on different continents but having similar ancestors . In particular , it explains the Gondwanan distribution of ratites and the Antarctic flora .