vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rotation
The proof proceeds similarly to the above discussion . First , suppose that all eigenvalues of the 3D rotation matrix A are real . This means that there is an orthogonal basis , made by the corresponding eigenvectors ( which are necessarily orthogonal ) , over which the effect of the rotation matrix is just stretching it . If we write A in this basis , it is diagonal ; but a diagonal orthogonal matrix is made of just + 1 's and - 1 's in the diagonal entries . Therefore , we do n't have a proper rotation , but either the identity or the result of a sequence of reflections .
Wernicke's area
While neuroimaging and lesion evidence generally support the idea that malfunction of or damage to Wernicke 's area is common in people with receptive aphasia , this is not always so . Some people may use the right hemisphere for language , and isolated damage of Wernicke 's area cortex ( sparing white matter and other areas ) may not cause severe receptive aphasia . Even when patients with Wernicke 's area lesions have comprehension deficits , these are usually not restricted to language processing alone . For example , one study found that patients with posterior lesions also had trouble understanding nonverbal sounds like animal and machine noises . In fact , for Wernicke 's area , the impairments in nonverbal sounds were statistically stronger than for verbal sounds .
Apoptosis
The mitochondria are essential to multicellular life . Without them , a cell ceases to respire aerobically and quickly dies . This fact forms the basis for some apoptotic pathways . Apoptotic proteins that target mitochondria affect them in different ways . They may cause mitochondrial swelling through the formation of membrane pores , or they may increase the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane and cause apoptotic effectors to leak out . They are very closely related to intrinsic pathway , and tumors arise more frequently through intrinsic pathway than the extrinsic pathway because of sensitivity . There is also a growing body of evidence indicating that nitric oxide is able to induce apoptosis by helping to dissipate the membrane potential of mitochondria and therefore make it more permeable . Nitric oxide has been implicated in initiating and inhibiting apoptosis through its possible action as a signal molecule of subsequent pathways that activate apoptosis .
Optic nerve
Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage . Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields ( bitemporal hemianopsia ) . It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma . ( see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia ) Paris
White matter
Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) is one of the most common diseases which affect white matter . In MS lesions , the myelin shield around the axons has been destroyed by inflammation .
Medicare (United States)
This measure involves only Part A . The trust fund is considered insolvent when available revenue plus any existing balances will not cover 100 percent of annual projected costs . According to the latest estimate by the Medicare trustees ( 2016 ) , the trust fund is expected to become insolvent in 11 years ( 2028 ) , at which time available revenue will cover 87 percent of annual projected costs . Since Medicare began , this solvency projection has ranged from two to 28 years , with an average of 11.3 years .
Tooth decay
Temporal descriptions can be applied to caries to indicate the progression rate and previous history . `` Acute '' signifies a quickly developing condition , whereas `` chronic '' describes a condition that has taken an extended time to develop , in which thousands of meals and snacks , many causing some acid demineralization that is not remineralized , eventually result in cavities .
Medicare (United States)
Because the federal government is legally obligated to provide Medicare benefits to older and disabled Americans , it can not cut costs by restricting eligibility or benefits , except by going through a difficult legislative process , or by revising its interpretation of medical necessity . By statute , Medicare may only pay for items and services that are `` reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member '' , unless there is another statutory authorization for payment . Cutting costs by cutting benefits is difficult , but the program can also achieve substantial economies of scale in terms of the prices it pays for health care and administrative expenses -- and , as a result , private insurers ' costs have grown almost 60 % more than Medicare 's since 1970 . Medicare 's cost growth is now the same as GDP growth and expected to stay well below private insurance 's for the next decade .
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
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Parens patriae
The same principles apply to individuals whose mental capacity is impaired and who are being abused by carers or other individuals , whether family members or otherwise . Since these individuals can not protect themselves , the courts have an inherent jurisdiction to appoint a guardian ad litem for particular proceedings . In English Law , long - term care is arranged through the Court of Protection .
Three-Fifths Compromise
Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own ... They are men , though degraded to the condition of slavery . They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit , as well as to the laws of nature . But representation and taxation go together ... Would it be just to impose a singular burden , without conferring some adequate advantage ? --
Human brain
Most strokes result from loss of blood supply , typically because of an embolus , rupture of a fatty plaque or narrowing of small arteries . Strokes can also result from bleeding within the brain . Transient ischaemic attacks ( TIAs ) are strokes in which symptoms resolve within 24 hours . Investigation into the stroke will involve a medical examination ( including a neurological examination ) and the taking of a medical history , focusing on the duration of the symptoms and risk factors ( including high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , and smoking ) . Further investigation is needed in younger patients . An ECG and biotelemetry may be conducted to identify atrial fibrillation ; an ultrasound can investigate narrowing of the carotid arteries ; an echocardiogram can be used to look for clots within the heart , diseases of the heart valves or the presence of a patent foramen ovale . Blood tests are routinely done as part of the workup including diabetes tests and a lipid profile .
Natural selection
Some mutations occur in `` toolkit '' or regulatory genes . Changes in these often have large effects on the phenotype of the individual because they regulate the function of many other genes . Most , but not all , mutations in regulatory genes result in non-viable embryos . Some nonlethal regulatory mutations occur in HOX genes in humans , which can result in a cervical rib or polydactyly , an increase in the number of fingers or toes . When such mutations result in a higher fitness , natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population . Established traits are not immutable ; traits that have high fitness in one environmental context may be much less fit if environmental conditions change . In the absence of natural selection to preserve such a trait , it becomes more variable and deteriorate over time , possibly resulting in a vestigial manifestation of the trait , also called evolutionary baggage . In many circumstances , the apparently vestigial structure may retain a limited functionality , or may be co-opted for other advantageous traits in a phenomenon known as preadaptation . A famous example of a vestigial structure , the eye of the blind mole - rat , is believed to retain function in photoperiod perception .
Plasmodesma
Plasmodesmata are also used by cells in phloem , and symplastic transport is used to regulate the sieve - tube cells by the companion cells .
Cellular respiration
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Mechanism of action of aspirin
`` 15 - epi - lipoxin A4 - mediated induction of nitric oxide explains how aspirin inhibits acute inflammation '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 200 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 78 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 20040566 . PMC 2213311 . PMID 15238606 . Jump up ^ McCarty , MF ; KI Block ( 2006 ) . `` Preadministration of high - dose salicylates , suppressors of NF - kappaB activation , may increase the chemosensitivity of many cancers : an example of proapoptotic signal modulation therapy '' . Integr Cancer Ther. 5 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 268 . doi : 10.1177 / 1534735406291499 . PMID 16880431 . Jump up ^ `` salicylism '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Reye syndrome '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Suchy , FJ , el al. ; Sokol , RJ ; Balistreri , WF ( 2007 ) . Liver Disease in Children . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85657 - 4 .
Thylakoid
Thylakoids can be purified from plant cells using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation . Disruption of isolated thylakoids , for example by mechanical shearing , releases the lumenal fraction . Peripheral and integral membrane fractions can be extracted from the remaining membrane fraction . Treatment with sodium carbonate ( Na CO ) detaches peripheral membrane proteins , whereas treatment with detergents and organic solvents solubilizes integral membrane proteins .
Rheum
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Health care in the United States
This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 )
Cell cycle
The INK4a / ARF family includes p16 , which binds to CDK4 and arrests the cell cycle in G phase , and p14 which prevents p53 degradation .
Cell cycle
Two key classes of regulatory molecules , cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases ( CDKs ) , determine a cell 's progress through the cell cycle . Leland H. Hartwell , R. Timothy Hunt , and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules . Many of the genes encoding cyclins and CDKs are conserved among all eukaryotes , but in general more complex organisms have more elaborate cell cycle control systems that incorporate more individual components . Many of the relevant genes were first identified by studying yeast , especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetic nomenclature in yeast dubs many of these genes cdc ( for `` cell division cycle '' ) followed by an identifying number , e.g. cdc25 or cdc20 .
Bacterial cell structure
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Cell cycle
Upon receiving a pro-mitotic extracellular signal , G cyclin - CDK complexes become active to prepare the cell for S phase , promoting the expression of transcription factors that in turn promote the expression of S cyclins and of enzymes required for DNA replication . The G cyclin - CDK complexes also promote the degradation of molecules that function as S phase inhibitors by targeting them for ubiquitination . Once a protein has been ubiquitinated , it is targeted for proteolytic degradation by the proteasome . However , results from a recent study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level argue that the role of G1 cyclin - CDK activities , in particular cyclin D - CDK4 / 6 , is to tune the timing rather than the commitment of cell cycle entry .
Appendix cancer
Appendix cancer Classification and external resources Specialty Oncology ICD - 10 C18. 1 , C78. 5 ICD - 9 - CM 153.5 MeSH D001063 ( edit on Wikidata )
Sciatic nerve
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Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is used in the production of other pharmaceuticals , including 4 - aminosalicylic acid , sandulpiride , and landetimide ( via Salethamide ) .
Statin
Statin Image Brand name Derivation Metabolism Atorvastatin Lipitor , Ator Synthetic CYP3A4 Cerivastatin Lipobay , Baycol ( withdrawn from the market in August , 2001 due to risk of serious rhabdomyolysis ) Synthetic various CYP3A isoforms Fluvastatin Lescol , Lescol XL Synthetic CYP2C9 Lovastatin Mevacor , Altocor , Altoprev Naturally occurring , fermentation - derived compound . It is found in oyster mushrooms and red yeast rice CYP3A4 Mevastatin Compactin Naturally occurring compound found in red yeast rice CYP3A4 Pitavastatin Livalo , Livazo , Pitava Synthetic CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 ( minimally ) Pravastatin Pravachol , Selektine , Lipostat Fermentation - derived ( a fermentation product of bacterium Nocardia autotrophica ) Non-CYP Rosuvastatin Crestor Synthetic CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 Simvastatin Zocor , Lipex Fermentation - derived ( simvastatin is a synthetic derivate of a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus ) CYP3A4 Simvastatin + ezetimibe Vytorin , Inegy Combination therapy : statin + cholesterol absorption inhibitor Lovastatin + niacin extended - release Advicor , Mevacor Combination therapy Atorvastatin + amlodipine Caduet , Envacar Combination therapy : statin + calcium antagonist Simvastatin + niacin extended - release Simcor Combination therapy
Cytokinesis
The word cytokinesis ( / ˌsaɪtoʊkaɪˈniːsɪs , - tə - , - kə - / ) uses combining forms of cyto - + kine - + - sis , New Latin from Classical Latin and Ancient Greek , reflecting `` cell '' and kinesis ( `` motion , movement '' ) .
Ojibwe
Plants used by the Ojibwe include Agrimonia gryposepala , used for urinary problems , and pinus strobus , the resin of which was used to treat infections and gangrene . The roots of Symphyotrichum novae - angliae are smoked in pipes to attract game . Allium tricoccum is eaten as part of Ojibwe cuisine . They also use a decoction as a quick - acting emetic . An infusion of the alba subspecies of Silene latifolia is used as physic . The South Ojibwa use a decoction of the root Viola canadensis for pains near the bladder . The Ojibwa are documented to use the root of Uvularia grandiflora for pain in the solar plexus , which may refer to pleurisy . They take a compound decoction of the root of Ribes glandulosum for back pain and for `` female weakness . '' The Ojibwe eat the corms of Sagittaria cuneata for indigestion , and also as a food , eaten boiled fresh , dried or candied with maple sugar . Muskrat and beavers store them in large caches , which they have learned to recognize and appropriate . They take an infusion of the Antennaria howellii ssp . neodioica after childbirth to purge afterbirth and to heal . They use the roots of Solidago rigida , using a decoction of root as an enema and take an infusion of the root for `` stoppage of urine .
Glycolysis
This article Alternative names Alternative nomenclature Glucose Glc Dextrose Glucose - 6 - phosphate G6P Fructose - 6 - phosphate F6P Fructose - 1 , 6 - bisphosphate F1 , 6BP Fructose 1 , 6 - diphosphate FBP , FDP , F1 , 6DP 5 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP Glycerone phosphate 6 Glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate GADP 3 - Phosphoglyceraldehyde PGAL , G3P , GALP , GAP , TP 7 1 , 3 - Bisphosphoglycerate 1 , 3BPG Glycerate - 1 , 3 - bisphosphate , glycerate - 1 , 3 - diphosphate , 1 , 3 - diphosphoglycerate PGAP , BPG , DPG 8 3 - Phosphoglycerate 3PG Glycerate - 3 - phosphate PGA , GP 9 2 - Phosphoglycerate 2PG Glycerate - 2 - phosphate 10 Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP 11 Pyruvate Pyr Pyruvic acid
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid is used as a food preservative , a bactericidal and an antiseptic .
Scabies
In Europe in the late 19th through mid-20th centuries , a sulfur - bearing ointment called by the medical eponym of Wilkinson 's ointment was widely used for topical treatment of scabies . The contents and origins of several versions of the ointment were detailed in correspondence published in the British Medical Journal in 1945 .
Free clinic
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Myocardial infarction
Following a heart attack , nitrates , when taken for two days , and ACE - inhibitors decrease the risk of death . Other medications include :
Scabies
Day 4 Day 8 ( treatment begins ) Day 12 ( under treatment ) Healed
Apothecaries' system
Infusion of Dandelion , &c . ℞ Infusi Taraxaci , f ℥ iv . 4 fluid ounces of dandelion infusion Extracti Taraxaci , fʒij . 2 fluid drachms of dandelion extract Sodæ Carbonatis , ʒss . ​ ⁄ drachm of sodium carbonate Potassæ Tartratis , ʒiij . 3 drachms of potassium tartrate Tincturæ Rhei , fʒiij . 3 fluid drachms of rhubarb tincture -- -- -- -- Hyoscyami , gtt . xx . 20 drops of henbane tincture Fiat mistura . Signa. -- One third part to be taken three times a day . In dropsical and visceral affections . Make mixture . Write : `` One third part to be taken three times a day . In dropsical and visceral affections . ''
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells , wrapping around ( but not in direct contact with ) the myofibrils ( contractile units of the cell ) . Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules ( T - tubules ) , which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell . T - tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR , known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle , with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers , separating them . This is the primary site of calcium release . The longitudinal SR are thinner projects , that run between the terminal cisternae / junctional SR , and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant . These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation - contraction coupling in skeletal , cardiac and smooth muscle .
In His Eyes
This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( April 2016 ) Jekyll
BRCA1
of cell proliferation negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production DNA damage response , signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator positive regulation of cell cycle arrest positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter positive regulation of histone H4 - K20 methylation DNA double - strand break processing strand displacement double - strand break repair via homologous recombination negative regulation of histone acetylation regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator protein ubiquitination positive regulation of histone H3 - K4 methylation DNA repair DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair double - strand break repair positive regulation of histone acetylation dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome negative regulation of histone H3 - K9 methylation positive regulation of histone H3 - K9 acetylation positive regulation of transcription , DNA - templated chordate embryonic development positive regulation of histone H4 - K16 acetylation cellular response to DNA damage stimulus protein deubiquitination DNA replication mitotic G2 / M transition checkpoint regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 672 12189 Ensembl ENSG00000012048 ENSMUSG00000017146 UniProt P38398 P48754 RefSeq ( mRNA ) ( show ) NM_007294 NM_007295 NM_007296 NM_007297 NM_007298 NM_007299 NM_007300 NM_007301 NM_007302 NM_007303 NM_007305 NM_007306 NM_009764 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_009225 NP_009228 NP_009229 NP_009230 NP_009231 NP_033894 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 17 : 43.04 -- 43.17 Mb Chr 17 : 101.49 -- 101.55 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse
Dead Sea
Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased cloud cover over the Dead Sea .
Myocardial infarction
Aldosterone antagonists ( spironolactone or eplerenone ) may be used if there is evidence of left ventricular dysfunction after an MI , ideally after beginning treatment with an ACE inhibitor . Other
Telangiectasia
Telangiectasia Synonyms Spider veins , angioectasias Characteristic lip telangiectases . Pronunciation / tɛlˌændʒiːɛkˈteɪziə / Classification and external resources Specialty Dermatology ICD - 10 G11. 3 , I78. 0 , M34. 1 ICD - 9 - CM 362.15 , 448.0 DiseasesDB 27395 MedlinePlus 003284 MeSH D013684 ( edit on Wikidata )
Cytokinesis
Animal cell cytokinesis starts with the stabilization of microtubules and reorganization of the mitotic spindle to form the central spindle . The central spindle ( or spindle midzone ) forms when non-kinetochore microtubule fibres are bundled between the spindle poles . A number of different species including H. sapiens , D. melanogaster and C. elegans require the central spindle in order to efficiently undergo cytokinesis , although the specific phenotype described when it is absent varies from one species to the next ( for example , certain Drosophila cell types are incapable of forming a cleavage furrow without the central spindle , whereas in both C. elegans embryos and human tissue culture cells a cleavage furrow is observed to form and ingress , but then regress before cytokinesis is complete ) . The process of mitotic spindle reorganization and central spindle formation is caused by the decline of CDK1 activity during anaphase . The decline of CDK1 activity at the metaphase - anaphase transition leads to dephosphorylating of inhibitory sites on multiple central spindle components . First of all , the removal of a CDK1 phosphorylation from a subunit of the CPC ( the chromosomal passenger complex ) allows its translocalization to the central spindle from the centromeres , where it is located during metaphase . Besides being a structural component of the central spindle itself , CPC also plays a role in the phosphoregulation of other central spindle components , including PRC1 ( microtubule bundling protein required for cytokinesis 1 ) and MKLP1 ( a kinesin motor protein ) . Originally inhibited by CDK1 - mediated phosphorylation , PRC1 is now able to form a homodimer that selectively binds to the interface between antiparallel microtubules , facilitating spatial organization of the microtubules of the central spindle . MKLP1 , together with the Rho - family GTPase activating protein CYK - 4 ( also termed MgcRacGAP ) , forms the centralspindlin complex . Centralspindlin binds to the central spindle as higher - order clusters .
Cellular respiration
-- - 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen
Fuel cell
bipolar plates , electrodes , catalyst , membrane , and the necessary hardware such as current collectors and gaskets .