vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kudzu in the United States
Kudzu was intentionally introduced to North America by the Soil Erosion Service and Civilian Conservation Corp in 1876 for the purpose of controlling soil erosion in Pennsylvania . When kudzu was first introduced in the southeast , it was initially used as an ornamental vine to shade homes . By the early 20th century , southerners began to use kudzu for purposes other than ornamentation and so kudzu began to come closer in contact with the land which , in turn , encouraged its spread throughout the southeast . In the 135 years since its introduction , kudzu has spread over three million hectares ( ha ) of the southern United States , and continues to ' consume ' the south at an estimated rate of 50,000 hectares ( 120,000 acres ) per year , destroying power lines , buildings , and native vegetation in its path . In the United States , kudzu is extensively reported in Alabama , Arkansas , Washington , D.C. , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Missouri , Mississippi , North Carolina , North Dakota , New Jersey , Oregon , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , and West Virginia . Of these states , three in the southeast have the heaviest infestations : Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi .
Vinegar
Vinegar made from sugarcane juice is most popular in the Philippines , in particular in the northern Ilocos Region ( where it is called Sukang Iloko ) , although it also is produced in France and the United States . It ranges from dark yellow to golden brown in color , and has a mellow flavor , similar in some respects to rice vinegar , though with a somewhat `` fresher '' taste . Because it contains no residual sugar , it is no sweeter than any other vinegar . In the Philippines it often is labeled as sukang maasim ( Tagalog for `` sour vinegar '' ) .
Illinois
Illinois is ranked second in corn production among U.S. states , and Illinois corn is used to produce 40 % of the ethanol consumed in the United States . The Archer Daniels Midland corporation in Decatur , Illinois , is the world 's leading producer of ethanol from corn .
Santa Claus
Images of Santa Claus were further popularized through Haddon Sundblom 's depiction of him for The Coca - Cola Company 's Christmas advertising in the 1930s . The popularity of the image spawned urban legends that Santa Claus was invented by The Coca - Cola Company or that Santa wears red and white because they are the colors used to promote the Coca - Cola brand . Historically , Coca - Cola was not the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising -- White Rock Beverages had already used a red and white Santa to sell mineral water in 1915 and then in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 . Earlier still , Santa Claus had appeared dressed in red and white and essentially in his current form on several covers of Puck magazine in the first few years of the 20th century . A
Raggedy Ann
Hall notes that according to oft - repeated myth , Gruelle 's daughter Marcella brought from her grandmother 's attic a faceless doll on which the artist drew a face , and that Gruelle suggested that Marcella 's grandmother sew a shoe button for a missing eye . He then combined the names of two James Whitcomb Riley poems , `` The Raggedy Man '' and `` Little Orphant Annie '' and suggested calling the doll Raggedy Ann . Hall says the date of this supposed occurrence is given as early as 1900 and as late as 1914 , with the locale variously given as suburban Indianapolis , Indiana , downtown Cleveland , Ohio , or rural Connecticut .
Agatha Christie
During the Second World War , Christie worked in the pharmacy at University College Hospital , London , where she acquired a knowledge of poisons that she put to good use in her post-war crime novels . For example , the use of thallium as a poison was suggested to her by UCH Chief Pharmacist Harold Davis ( later appointed Chief Pharmacist at the UK Ministry of Health ) , and in The Pale Horse , published in 1961 , she employed it to dispatch a series of victims , the first clue to the murder method coming from the victims ' loss of hair . So accurate was her description of thallium poisoning that on at least one occasion it helped solve a case that was baffling doctors . Cresswell
Technical drawing tool
Drafting linen was formerly used for technical drawings . It was durable and held up to handling , but it was difficult to use in modern whiteprints for reproduction , and shrinking was a concern .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
As England imposed its series of acts upon the colonists , changes in the American colonists ' purchases and trades eventually altered the American diet . Starting with the Molasses Act of 1733 , followed by the Sugar Act of 1760 , a shift in alcohol consumption occurred . This was more than a protest against taxation of molasses , the main ingredient in rum production . Whiskey became the spirit of choice for many American colonists who wished to thumb their noses at England . In the northern colonies , whiskey was made with rye , while the southern colonies preferred corn . Rye was seen as a more civilized grain , while corn whiskey was presented as a more patriotic version as it was produced from an indigenous American crop .
Puerto Rican cuisine
Galletas de soda ( soda crackers in tins , popularly known as export sodas from a popular brand name ) are a U.S. product of the 19th and early 20th centuries that reproduce the crunchy texture of the earlier casabe bread , and can be kept crunchy in the tins in high tropical humidity .
European exploration of Africa
Henry Morton Stanley , who had in 1871 succeeded in finding and succouring Livingstone ( originating the famous line `` Dr. Livingstone , I presume '' ) , started again for Zanzibar in 1874 . In one of the most memorable of all exploring expeditions in Africa , Stanley circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza ( Lake Victoria ) and Lake Tanganyika . Striking farther inland to the Lualaba , he followed that river down to the Atlantic Ocean -- which he reached in August 1877 -- and proved it to be the Congo .
Drink can
In the mid-1930s , some cans were developed with caps so that they could be opened and poured more like a bottle . These were called `` cone tops '' , as their tops had a conical taper up to the smaller diameter of the cap . Cone top cans were sealed by the same crimped caps that were put on bottles , and could be opened with the same bottle - opener tool . There were three types of conetops : high profile , low profile , and j - spout . The low profile and j - spout were the earliest , dating from about 1935 . The `` crowntainer '' was a different type of can that was drawn steel with a bottom cap . These were developed by Crown Cork & Seal ( now known as Crown Holdings , Inc . ) , a leading drink packaging and drink can producer . Various breweries used crowntainers and conetops until the late 1950s , but many breweries kept using the simple cylindrical cans .
Moss
Some sphagnum mosses can absorb up to 20 times their own weight in water . In World War I , Sphagnum mosses were used as first - aid dressings on soldiers ' wounds , as these mosses said to absorb liquids three times faster than cotton , retain liquids better , better distribute liquids uniformly throughout themselves , and are cooler , softer , and be less irritating . It was also claimed that they have mild antibacterial properties . Native Americans were one of the peoples to use Sphagnum for diapers and napkins , which is still done in Canada .
Baskin-Robbins
Baskin - Robbins has more than 7,500 shop locations in nearly 50 countries outside the U.S. , including locations in : Armenia , Aruba , Australia , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Belarus , Canada , China , Colombia , Curaçao , Denmark , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , Honduras , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Japan , Kazakhstan , Kuwait , Latvia , Malaysia , Maldives , Mauritius , Mexico , Nepal , Oman , Pakistan , Panama , the Philippines , Netherlands , Portugal , Puerto Rico , Qatar , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sri Lanka , St. Maarten , Taiwan , Thailand , Tajikistan , United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , Vietnam and Yemen . International locations feature flavors of ice cream popular to the tastes of each country , such as Red Bean , Green Tea , Litchi Gold , Black Currant , Cantaloupe , and Coconut Grove .
Halloween
While the first reference to `` guising '' in North America occurs in 1911 , another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears , place unknown , in 1915 , with a third reference in Chicago in 1920 . The earliest known use in print of the term `` trick or treat '' appears in 1927 , in the Blackie Herald Alberta , Canada . An
Keeping up with the Joneses
According to Roger Mason , `` the demand for status goods , fueled by conspicuous consumption , has diverted many resources away from investment in the manufacture of more material goods and services in order to satisfy consumer preoccupations with their relative social standing and prestige '' .
Italian Australians
Popular agitation was prompted mainly by growing unemployment ; even Italians had begun to write home about it . Italians , however , could still be readily employed , often in preference to other workmen , because of the contract system of employment . They had the virtue of comparative docility and temperance and the ability to work in the hottest of weather ; consequently , they were sought after by contractors , a few of whom were Italians themselves .
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Because the owners had locked the doors to the stairwells and exits -- a then - common practice to prevent workers from taking unauthorized breaks and to reduce theft -- many of the workers who could not escape from the burning building simply jumped from the high windows . The fire led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies ' Garment Workers ' Union ( ILGWU ) , which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers .
Causes of the Great Depression
The dramatic rise in productivity of major industries in the U.S. and the effects of productivity on output , wages and the work week are discussed by a Brookings Institution sponsored book .
Causes of the Great Depression
Sometime after the peak of the business cycle in 1923 , more workers were displaced by productivity improvements than growth in the employment market could meet , causing unemployment to slowly rise after 1925 . Also , the work week fell slightly in the decade prior to the depression . Wages did not keep up with productivity growth , which led to the problem of underconsumption .
Keeping up with the Joneses
Social status once depended on one 's family name ; however , the rise of consumerism in the United States gave rise to social mobility . With the increasing availability of goods , people became more inclined to define themselves by what they possessed and the subtle quest for higher status accelerated . Conspicuous consumption and materialism have been an insatiable juggernaut ever since . The desire to increase one 's position in the social hierarchy is responsible for much of the social mobility in America . The upward mobility over the past few decades in America is due in part to the large number of women joining the labor force . U.S. women have slowly and steadily increased their participation in the labor force from 46 % of all women ( age 16 + ) in 1974 to almost 60 % in 2004 .
Child labour
In 2007 , The New York Times reported that GAP , after the child labour discovery , created a $200,000 grant to improve working conditions in the supplier community .
Labor history of the United States
Union membership among workers in private industry shrank dramatically , though after 1970 there was growth in employees unions of federal , state and local governments . The intellectual mood in the 1970s and 1980s favored deregulation and free competition . Numerous industries were deregulated , including airlines , trucking , railroads and telephones , over the objections of the unions involved .
London Company
In addition to survival , the early colonists were expected to make a profit for the owners of the Virginia Company . Although the settlers were disappointed that gold did not wash up on the beach and gems did not grow in the trees , they realised there was great potential for wealth of other kinds in their new home . Early industries , such as glass manufacture , pitch and tar production for naval stores , and beer and wine making took advantage of natural resources and the land 's fertility . From the outset settlers thought that the abundance of timber would be the primary leg of the economy , as Britain 's forests had long been felled . The seemingly inexhaustible supply of cheap American timber was to be the primary enabler of England 's ( and then Britain 's ) rise to maritime ( merchant and naval ) supremacy . However , the settlers could not devote as much time as the Virginia Company would have liked to developing commodity products for export . They were too busy trying to survive .
Great Depression
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Labor history of the United States
The war mobilization dramatically expanded union membership , from 8.7 million in 1940 to over 14.3 million in 1945 , about 36 % of the work force . For the first time large numbers of women factory workers were enrolled . Both the AFL and CIO supported Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 , with 75 % or more of their votes , millions of dollars , and tens of thousands of precinct workers .
Decline of Detroit
State and local governments responded to the riot with a dramatic increase in minority hiring , including the State Police hiring blacks for the first time , and Detroit more than doubling the number of black police . The Michigan government used its reviews of contracts issued by the state to secure an increase in nonwhite employment . Between August 1967 and the end of fiscal year 1969 - 1970 , minority group employment by the contracted companies increased by 21.1 percent .
Labor history of the United States
Despite the impact of such changes on the United States ' political structure and on workers ' empowerment , some scholars have criticized the impacts of these policies from a classical economic perspective . Cole and Ohanian ( 2004 ) find that the New Deal 's pro-labor policies are an important factor in explaining the weak recovery from the Great Depression and the rise in real wages in some industrial sectors during this time .
Carnegie Corporation of New York
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
History of coal mining
Technological development throughout the 19th and 20th centuries helped both to improve the safety of colliers and the productive capacity of collieries they worked . In the late 20th century , improved integration of coal extraction with bulk industries such as electrical generation helped coal maintain its position despite the emergence of alternative energies supplies such as oil , natural gas and , from the late 1950s , nuclear power used for electricity . More recently coal has faced competition from renewable energy sources and bio-fuels .
Causes of the Great Depression
It can not be emphasized too strongly that the ( productivity , output and employment ) trends we are describing are long - time trends and were thoroughly evident prior to 1929 . These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression , nor are they the result of the World War . On the contrary , the present depression is a collapse resulting from these long - term trends . -- M. King Hubbert
Economy of New Zealand
The percentage of the population employed also increased in recent years , to 68.8 % of all inhabitants , with full - time jobs increasing slightly , and part - time occupations decreasing in turn . The increase in the working population percentage is attributed to increasing wages and higher costs of living moving more people into employment . The low unemployment also had some disadvantages , with many companies unable to fill jobs .
History of coal mining
Although other factors were involved , one cause of the UK General Strike of 1926 was concerns colliers had over very dangerous working conditions , reduced pay and longer shifts .
Labor history of the United States
One important strike was won by labor . Moved to action by the rising cost of living , the president of the Boston Telephone Operator 's Union , Julia O'Connor , asked for higher wages from the New England Telephone Company . Wages of operators averaged a third less than women in manufacturing . In April , 9,000 women operators in New England went on strike , shutting down most telephone service . The company hired college students as strikebreakers , but they came under violent attack by men supporting the strikers . In a few days a settlement was reached giving higher wages . After the success O'Connor began a national campaign to organize women operators .
Age of Enlightenment
As the economy and the middle class expanded , there was an increasing number of amateur musicians . One manifestation of this involved women , who became more involved with music on a social level . Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers and increased their presence in the amateur performers ' scene , especially with keyboard music . Music publishers begin to print music that amateurs could understand and play . The majority of the works that were published were for keyboard , voice and keyboard and chamber ensemble . After these initial genres were popularized , from the mid-century on , amateur groups sang choral music , which then became a new trend for publishers to capitalize on . The increasing study of the fine arts , as well as access to amateur - friendly published works , led to more people becoming interested in reading and discussing music . Music magazines , reviews and critical works which suited amateurs as well as connoisseurs began to surface .
Wooden nickel
This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Office
Carnegie Corporation of New York
White poverty contradicted notions of racial superiority and hence it became the emphasis of `` scientific '' study . The report recommended that `` employment sanctuaries '' be established for poor white workers and that poor white workers should replace `` native '' black workers in most skilled aspects of the economy . The authors of the report suggested that unless something was done to help poor whites , racial deterioration and miscegenation would be the outcome .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
The Progressive movement and the Progressive Era that emerged from it was in part a reaction to excesses of the new industrial age . `` Muckraking '' journalists reported on a wide array of social issues , and the reaction of the public lent urgency to reforms that led to increased government regulation , such as the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act ( 1906 ) . The
Factory Acts
Nonetheless , the Commission reported that mill children did work unduly long hours , leading to
Migration in China
The causes of migration can originate from various factors within Chinese societies . Migration in some contexts can refer to the search for self - identity and self - transformation which pushed many young workers to migrate to more urbanized areas of China . This search for self - identity and self transformation was consequence of recent globalization . `` Mobility and modernity have become inextricably linked in the contemporary era of globalization '' . Secondly , migration to distant cities for work was not an option for most rural workers of previous generations . Migration created many opportunities for both women and men to extricate themselves from their current rural status and create a new name for themselves and their family . Thirdly , migration enabled the rural youth to become wage earners , consumers and city - dwellers which allowed them to become more globalized and mobile than they would have within their own respective villages . While the urbanization of Chinese workers provides them with more opportunity , it also can constrain them , as migrant workers , specifically females , typically make lower wages and are viewed as replaceable labor . A
Great Depression in Canada
During the depression , there was a rise of working class militancy organized by the Communist Party . The labour unions largely retreated in response to the ravages of the depression at the same time that significant portions of the working class , including the unemployed , clamoured for collective action .
Causes of the Great Depression
Barber says a decline in the population growth rate is likely to affect the demand for housing , and claims this is apparently what happened during the 1920s . He concludes :
Labor history of the United States
By the 1960s and 1970s public - sector unions expanded rapidly to cover teachers , clerks , firemen , police , prison guards and others . In 1962 , President John Kennedy issued Executive Order 10988 , upgrading the status of unions of federal workers .
Labor history of the United States
Although the National Industrial Recovery Act was ultimately deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and replaced by the Wagner Act two months after that , it fueled workers to join unions and strengthened those organizations .
Gilded Age
Craft - oriented labor unions , such as carpenters , printers , shoemakers and cigar makers , grew steadily in the industrial cities after 1870 . These unions used frequent short strikes as a method to attain control over the labor market , and fight off competing unions . They generally blocked women , blacks and Chinese from union membership , but welcomed most European immigrants .
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Congress also believed that the Wards Cove case made it too difficult to prove disparate impact claims under Title VII . The Act was amended to provide that an employee could prove a case by showing either that an individual practice or group of practices resulted in `` a disparate impact on the basis of race , color , religion , sex , or national origin , and the respondent fails to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity . '' Congress added , however , `` The mere existence of a statistical imbalance in an employer 's workforce on account of race , color , religion , sex , or national origin is not alone sufficient to establish a prima facie case of disparate impact violation . ''
History of coal mining
In 2008 , competition was intense in the US coal mining industry with some U.S. mines approaching the end of their useful life ( mine closure ) . Other coal - producing countries also stepped up production to win a share of traditional US export markets . Coal is used primarily to generate electricity , but the rapid drop in natural gas prices after 2008 created severe competition .
Great Depression
It can not be emphasized too strongly that the ( productivity , output and employment ) trends we are describing are long - time trends and were thoroughly evident prior to 1929 . These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression , nor are they the result of the World War . On the contrary , the present depression is a collapse resulting from these long - term trends . --