vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton regarded the second Pittsburgh convention as a serious threat to the operation of the laws of the federal government . In September 1792 , he sent Pennsylvania tax official George Clymer to western Pennsylvania to investigate . Clymer only increased tensions with a clumsy attempt at traveling in disguise and attempting to intimidate local officials . His somewhat exaggerated report greatly influenced the decisions made by the Washington administration . Washington and Hamilton viewed resistance to federal laws in Pennsylvania as particularly embarrassing , since the national capital was then located in the same state . On his own initiative , Hamilton drafted a presidential proclamation denouncing resistance to the excise laws and submitted it to Attorney General Randolph , who toned down some of the language . Washington signed the proclamation on September 15 , 1792 , and it was published as a broadside and printed in many newspapers .
French and Indian War
The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln was called on to handle both the political and military aspects of the Civil War , facing challenges in both spheres . As commander - in - chief , he ordered the suspension of the constitutionally - protected right to habeas corpus in the state of Maryland in order to suppress Confederate sympathizers . He also became the first president to institute a military draft . As the Union faced several early defeats in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , Lincoln cycled through numerous military commanders during the war , finally settling on General Ulysses S. Grant , who had led the Union to several victories in the Western Theater . Lincoln 's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation freed about millions of slaves in Confederate - held territory , and established emancipation as a Union war goal . In 1865 , Lincoln was instrumental in the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment , which made slavery unconstitutional . Lincoln also presided over the passage of important domestic legislation , including the first of the Homestead Acts , the Morrill Land - Grant Act of 1862 , and the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 . He ran for re-election in 1864 on the National Union ticket , which was supported by War Democrats in addition to Republicans . Though Lincoln feared he might lose the contest , he defeated his former subordinate , General George B. McClellan of the Democratic Party , in a landslide . Months after the election , Grant would essentially end the war by defeating the Confederate army led by General Robert E. Lee . Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 , five days after the surrender of Lee , left the final challenge of reconstructing the nation to others .
Causes of World War II
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Articles of Confederation
George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war .
History of education in the United States
tried to explain the origins of the Vietnam War ; the persistence of racism and segregation ; the distribution Of power among gender and classes ; intractable poverty and the decay of cities ; and the failure of social institutions and policies designed to deal with mental illness , crime , delinquency , and education .
Spanish–American War
The US Navy 's investigation , made public on March 28 , concluded that the ship 's powder magazines were ignited when an external explosion was set off under the ship 's hull . This report poured fuel on popular indignation in the US , making the war inevitable . Spain 's investigation came to the opposite conclusion : the explosion originated within the ship . Other investigations in later years came to various contradictory conclusions , but had no bearing on the coming of the war . In 1974 , Admiral Hyman George Rickover had his staff look at the documents and decided there was an internal explosion . A study commissioned by National Geographic magazine in 1999 , using AME computer modelling , stated that the explosion could have been caused by a mine , but no definitive evidence was found .
History of the United States Constitution
In ratification conventions , the anti-slavery delegates sometimes began as anti-ratification votes . Still , the Constitution `` as written '' was an improvement over the Articles from an abolitionist point of view . The Constitution provided for abolition of the slave trade but the Articles did not . The outcome could be determined gradually over time . Sometimes contradictions among opponents were used to try to gain abolitionist converts . In Virginia , Federalist George Nicholas dismissed fears on both sides . Objections to the Constitution were inconsistent , `` At the same moment it is opposed for being promotive and destructive of slavery ! '' But the contradiction was never resolved peaceably , and the failure to do so contributed to the Civil War .
Labor history of the United States
Part of a series on Socialism in the United States History ( hide ) Utopian socialism New Harmony Brook Farm Oneida Community Icarians Bishop Hill Commune Progressive Era St. Louis Commune 1912 Lawrence Textile Strike Labor unionisation Women 's suffrage Haymarket affair May Day Green Corn Rebellion Repression and persecution Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare American Defense Society American Protective League Seattle General Strike Communist Party USA and African Americans Communism in the Labor Movement 1919 -- 37 Communism in the Labor Movement 1937 -- 50 McCarthyism Smith Act / Smith Act trials John Birch Society Civil rights / anti-War movements COINTELPRO New Left Great Society War on Poverty Poor People 's Campaign Black Power movement Active parties ( show ) American Party of Labor Black Riders Liberation Party Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism ( CDCS ) Communist Party USA Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Party Industrial Workers of the World International Socialist Organization Legal Marijuana Now Party New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Students for a Democratic Society Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Revolutionary Communist Party Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Party Socialist Organizer Socialist Party Socialist Workers Party Spartacist League Workers World Party World Socialist Party of the United States Defunct parties ( show ) American Labor Party American Workers Party Black Panther Party Communist League of America Communist Workers ' Party Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Farmer -- Labor Party Maoist Internationalist Movement New American Movement Proletarian Party of America Puerto Rican Socialist Party Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Social Democrats , USA Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America Students for a Democratic Society Weather Underground White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Youth International Party Literature ( show ) The Jungle Appeal to Reason International Socialist Review Looking Backward The Other America Daily Worker Monthly Review Voluntary Socialism Monopoly Capital Related topics ( show ) American Left Anarchism Anarchism in the United States Socialism Utopian socialism Scientific socialism Marxism Marxism -- Leninism Labor history Labor unions Libertarian socialism Labor laws Minimum wage Socialism portal United States portal New
English Civil War
Specifically , Hobbes analyses the following aspects of English thought during the war ( listed in order of his discussions in Behemoth ) : the opinions of divinity and politics that spurred rebellion ; rhetoric and doctrine used by the rebels against the king ; and how opinions about `` taxation , the conscription of soldiers , and military strategy '' affected the outcomes of battles and shifts of sovereignty .
United States antitrust law
Tacit collusion sources Sherman Act 1890 § § 1 and 2 US v. American Tobacco Company , 221 U.S. 106 ( 1911 ) Interstate Circuit , Inc. v. US , 306 U.S. 208 ( 1939 ) American Tobacco Co. v. US , 328 U.S. 781 ( 1946 ) Theatre Enterp. Inc. v. Paramount , 346 U.S. 537 ( 1954 ) Matsushita Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp. , 475 U.S. 574 ( 1986 ) Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544 ( 2007 ) see US antitrust law and oligopoly Main
United States antitrust law
United States v. Trenton Potteries Co. , 273 U.S. 392 ( 1927 ) per se illegality of price fixing Appalachian Coals , Inc. v. United States , 288 U.S. 344 ( 1933 ) United States v. Socony - Vacuum Oil Co. , 310 U.S. 150 ( 1940 )
American Indian Wars
Because of the small U.S. Army garrison west of the Rockies , and the economic and political effects of the California Gold Rush , most of the early conflicts with the mostly unwarlike California Indians involved local parties of miners or settlers . Occasionally companies of the California Militia were involved whose actions were dignified with the name of an `` Expedition '' or a `` War '' . The first of these , the Gila Expedition , was a dismal failure and nearly bankrupted the state .
History of United States prison systems
The American Civil War and its aftermath witnessed renewed efforts to reform America 's system and rationale for imprisonment . Most state prisons remained unchanged since the wave of penitentiary building during the Jacksonian Era and , as a result , were in a state of physical and administrative deterioration . Auburn and Eastern State penitentiaries , the paradigmatic prisons of Jacksonian reform , were little different . New reformers confronted the problems of decaying antebellum prisons with a new penal regime that focused on the rehabilitation of the individual -- this time with an emphasis on using institutional inducements as a means of affecting behavioral change . At the same time , Reconstruction - era penology also focused on emerging `` scientific '' views of criminality related to race and heredity , as the post-war years witnessed the birth of a eugenics movement in the United States . Northern
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Momentum from the protest organizations and the war 's impact on the environment became focal point of issues to an overwhelmingly main force for the growth of an environmental movement in the United States . Many of the environment - oriented demonstrations were inspired by Rachel Carson 's 1962 book Silent Spring , which warned of the harmful effects of pesticide use on the earth . For demonstrators , Carson 's warnings paralleled with the United States ' use of chemicals in Vietnam such as Agent Orange , a chemical compound which was used to clear forestry being used as cover , initially conducted by the United States Air Force in Operation Ranch Hand in 1962 .
Constitutional Convention (United States)
Another impetus for the convention was Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 - 1787 . A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues including tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion . This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain , Daniel Shays , a small farmer with tax debts , who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely , and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections .
Federalist Era
Outraged by news of the defeat , Washington urged Congress to raise an army capable of conducting a successful offense against the Indian confederacy , which it did in March 1792 -- establishing additional Army regiments ( the Legion of the United States ) , adding three - year enlistments , and increasing military pay . Congress passed also two Militia Acts empowering the president to call out the militias of the several states and requiring every free able - bodied white male citizen of between the ages of 18 and 45 to enroll in the state militia . Washington ordered General Anthony Wayne to lead a new expedition against Western Confederacy . Wayne 's soldiers encountered Indian confederacy forces led by Blue Jacket , in what has become known as the Battle of Fallen Timbers . Wayne 's cavalry outflanked and routed Blue Jacket 's warriors , who fled towards Fort Miami . Unwilling to start a war with the United States , the British commander of Fort Miami refused to assist the Indians . Wayne 's soldiers spent several days destroying the nearby Indian villages and crops , before withdrawing .
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
The Scarecrow as a representation of American farmers and their troubles in the late 19th century The Tin Man representing the industrial workers , especially those of American steel industries The Cowardly Lion as a metaphor for William Jennings Bryan
Kingdom of England
Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worthing York England portal
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The weakness of Congress under the Articles of Confederation prevented retaliation by the central government . Power was repeatedly asked to regulate commerce , but was refused by the states , upon whom rested the carrying out of such commercial treaties as Congress might negotiate . Eventually the states themselves attempted retaliatory measures , and during the years 1783 -- 88 , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New York , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia levied tonnage dues upon British vessels or discriminating tariffs upon British goods . Whatever effect these efforts might have had were neutralized by the fact that the duties were not uniform , varying in different states from no tariffs whatever to duties of 100 percent . This simply drove British ships to the free or cheapest ports and their goods continued to flood the market . Commercial war between the states followed and turned futility into chaos .
Southern strategy
According to Lassiter , political scientists and historians point out , that the timing does not fit the `` Southern strategy '' model . Nixon carried 49 states in 1972 , so he operated a successful national rather than regional strategy . but the Republican Party remained quite weak at the local and state level across the entire South for decades . Lassiter argues that Nixon 's appeal was not to the Wallacites or segregationists , but rather to the rapidly emerging suburban middle class . Many had Northern antecedents , wanted rapid economic growth and saw the need to put backlash politics to rest . Lassiter says the Southern strategy was a `` failure '' for the GOP and that the Southern base of the Republican Party `` always depended more on the middle - class corporate economy and on the top - down politics of racial backlash '' . Furthermore , realignment in the South `` came primarily from the suburban ethos of New South metropolises such as Atlanta and Charlotte , North Carolina , not to the exportation of the working - class racial politics of the Black Belt '' .
Hundred Years' War
Relations with Flanders were also tied to the English wool trade , since Flanders ' principal cities relied heavily on textile production and England supplied much of the raw material they needed . Edward III had commanded that his chancellor sit on the woolsack in council as a symbol of the pre-eminence of the wool trade . At the time there were about 110,000 sheep in Sussex alone . The great medieval English monasteries produced large surpluses of wool that were sold to mainland Europe . Successive governments were able to make large amounts of money by taxing it . France 's sea power led to economic disruptions for England , shrinking the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony .
Containment
The Federal government would surround the south with free states , free territories , and free waters , building what they called a ' cordon of freedom ' around slavery , hemming it in until the system 's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery .
Southern strategy
During the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , the Republican Party built up its base across the South and for a while had control in each state except Virginia , but from a national perspective the Republican Party always gave priority to its much better established Northern state operations . The Northern party distrusted the scalawags , found the avaricious carpetbaggers distasteful and lacked respect for the black component of their Republican Party in the South . Richard Abbott says that national Republicans always `` stressed building their Northern base rather than extending their party into the South , and whenever the Northern and Southern needs conflicted the latter always lost '' . In 1868 , the GOP spent only 5 % of its war chest in the South . Ulysses S. Grant was reelected and the New York Tribune advised it was now time for Southern Republicans to `` root , hog , or die ! '' ( that is , to take care of themselves ) . 1920
Climate of the United Kingdom
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Southern strategy
From 1890 to 1908 , the white Democratic legislatures in every Southern state enacted new constitutions or amendments with provisions to disenfranchise most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites . Provisions required payment of poll taxes , complicated residency , literacy tests and other requirements which were subjectively applied against blacks . As blacks lost their vote , the Republican Party lost its ability to effectively compete in the South . There was a dramatic drop in voter turnout as these measures took effect , a decline in African American participation that was enforced for decades in all Southern states .
English Civil War
Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby York England portal
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
The wool and cloth trade was primarily now being run by English merchants themselves rather than by foreigners . Increasingly , the trade was also passing through London and the ports of the South - West . By the 1360s , 66 -- 75 % of the export trade was in English hands and by the 15th century this had risen to 80 % ; London managed around 50 % of these exports in 1400 , and as much as 83 % of wool and cloth exports by 1540 . The growth in the numbers of chartered trading companies in London , such as the Worshipful Company of Drapers or the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London , continued , and English producers began to provide credit to European buyers , rather than the other way around . Usury grew during the period , and few cases were prosecuted by the authorities . A
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
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The Land of Stories
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Jim Crow laws
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