vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Windsor Castle
Charles was heavily influenced by Louis XIV style and imitated French design at his palace at Winchester and the Royal Hospital at Chelsea . At Windsor , Charles created `` the most extravagantly Baroque interiors ever executed in England '' . Much of the building work was paid for out of increased royal revenues from Ireland during the 1670s . French court etiquette at the time required a substantial number of enfiladed rooms to satisfy court protocol ; the demand for space forced architect Hugh May to expand out into the North Terrace , rebuilding and widening it in the process . This new building was called the Star Building , because Charles II placed a huge gilt Garter star on the side of it . May took down and rebuilt the walls of Edward III 's hall and chapel , incorporating larger windows but retaining the height and dimensions of the medieval building . Although Windsor Castle was now big enough to hold the entire court , it was not built with chambers for the King 's Council , as would be found in Whitehall . Instead Charles took advantage of the good road links emerging around Windsor to hold his council meetings at Hampton Court when he was staying at the castle . The result became an `` exemplar '' for royal buildings for the next twenty - five years . The result of May 's work showed a medievalist leaning ; although sometimes criticised for its `` dullness '' , May 's reconstruction was both sympathetic to the existing castle and a deliberate attempt to create a slightly austere 17th - century version of a `` neo-Norman '' castle .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men .
Andrew Carnegie
He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust , a grant - making foundation . He transferred to the trust the charge of all his existing and future benefactions , other than university benefactions in the United Kingdom . He gave the trustees a wide discretion , and they inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather than erecting library buildings , and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches .
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle - earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk - hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel .
English Reformation
Apart from these more spectacular pieces of resistance , in some places chantry priests continued to say prayers and landowners to pay them to do so . Opposition to the removal of images was widespread -- so much so that when during the Commonwealth , William Dowsing was commissioned to the task of image breaking in Suffolk , his task , as he records it , was enormous . In Kent and the southeast , compliance was mostly willing and for many , the sale of vestments and plate was an opportunity to make money ( but it was also true that in London and Kent , Reformation ideas had permeated more deeply into popular thinking ) .
House of Lords
When Michael Foot became leader of the Labour Party in 1980 , abolition of the House of Lords became a part of the party 's agenda ; under his successor , Neil Kinnock , however , a reformed Upper House was proposed instead . In the meantime , the creation of hereditary peerages ( except for members of the Royal Family ) has been arrested , with the exception of three creations during the administration of the Conservative Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s .
Stamp Act 1765
That it is highly expedient there should be a Meeting as soon as may be , of Committees from the Houses of Representatives or Burgesses in the several Colonies on this Continent to consult together on the present Circumstances of the Colonies , and the difficulties to which they are and must be reduced by the operation of the late Acts of Parliament for levying Duties and Taxes on the Colonies , and to consider of a general and humble Address to his Majesty and the Parliament to implore Relief .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
In the maritime theatre , a raid was organized on Lunenburg , Nova Scotia and several on the Chignecto . A British attempt to take Louisbourg in 1757 failed due to bad weather and poor planning . The following year , in part because of having expelled many Acadians , the Siege of Louisbourg ( 1758 ) succeeded , clearing the way for an advance on Quebec . Immediately after the fall of Louisbourg the expulsion of the Acadians continued with the removal of Acadians in the St. John River Campaign , the Petitcodiac River Campaign , the Ile Saint - Jean Campaign , and the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign ( 1758 ) .
London Company
In Renaissance England , wealthy merchants were eager to find investment opportunities , so they established a number of companies to trade in various parts of the world . Each company was made up of individuals who purchased shares of company stock . The Crown granted a charter to each company with a monopoly to explore , settle , or trade with a particular region of the world . Profits were shared among the investors according to the amount of stock that each owned . More than 6,300 Englishmen invested in joint stock companies between 1585 and 1630 , trading in Russia , Turkey , Africa , the East Indies , the Mediterranean , and North America .
Rule of law
John Locke also discussed this issue in his Second Treatise of Government ( 1690 ) :
Precedent
The British House of Lords , as the court of last appeal outside Scotland before it was replaced by the UK Supreme Court , was not strictly bound to always follow its own decisions until the case London Street Tramways v London County Council ( 1898 ) AC 375 . After this case , once the Lords had given a ruling on a point of law , the matter was closed unless and until Parliament made a change by statute . This is the most strict form of the doctrine of stare decisis ( one not applied , previously , in common law jurisdictions , where there was somewhat greater flexibility for a court of last resort to review its own precedent ) .
English contract law
Incorporating contract terms Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams ( 1956 ) EWCA Civ 5 Parker v South Eastern Railway Company ( 1877 ) 2 CPD 416 L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd ( 1934 ) 2 KB 394 Chapelton v Barry UDC ( 1940 ) 1 KB 532 J Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw ( 1956 ) EWCA Civ 3 Olley v Marlborough Court ( 1949 ) 1 KB 532 McCutcheon v David MacBrayne Ltd ( 1964 ) UKHL 4 Henry Kendall Ltd v William Lillico Ltd ( 1969 ) 2 AC 31 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking ( 1970 ) EWCA Civ 2 Hollier v Rambler Motors Ltd ( 1971 ) EWCA Civ 12 Interfoto v Stiletto ( 1987 ) EWCA Civ 6 O'Brien v MGN Ltd ( 2001 ) EWCA Civ 1279 Incorporation of terms in English law
Ashoka
His Majesty felt remorse on account of the conquest of Kalinga because , during the subjugation of a previously unconquered country , slaughter , death , and taking away captive of the people necessarily occur , whereas His Majesty feels profound sorrow and regret .
White House
The White House remained accessible in other ways ; President Abraham Lincoln complained that he was constantly beleaguered by job seekers waiting to ask him for political appointments or other favors , or eccentric dispensers of advice like `` General '' Daniel Pratt , as he began the business day . Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer .
Trent Affair
From the beginning of the Trent crisis British leaders were aware that a viable military option was an essential part of defending the nation 's interests . The First Lord of the Admiralty believed Canada could not be defended from a serious attack by the U.S. and winning it back later would be difficult and costly . Bourne noted , `` After 1815 the ambiguity of Anglo - American relations , the parsimony of the house of commons ( sic ) and the enormous practical difficulties involved always seemed to have prevented adequate preparations being made for an Anglo - American war . '' Somerset suggested a naval war as opposed to a ground war .
Sugar Act
The Sugar Act of 1764 Parliament of Great Britain Long title An act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in America , for continuing , amending , and making perpetual , a act in the sixth year of the reign of his late majesty King George the Second , ( initituled , An act for the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Majesty 's sugar colonies in America ) for applying the produce of such duties , and of the duties to arise by virtue of the said act , towards defraying and disallowing several drawbacks on exports from this kingdom , and more effectually preventing the clandestine conveyance of goods to and from the said colonies and plantation , and improving and securing the trade between the same and Great Britain . Citation 4 Geo 3 c. 15 Introduced by The Rt . Hon . George Grenville , MP Prime Minister , Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons Territorial extent British America and the British West Indies Dates Royal assent 5 April 1764 Commencement 29 September 1764 Repealed 1766 Other legislation Amended by None Repealed by Revenue Act of 1766 Relates to Molasses Act Status : Repealed
English contract law
Misrepresentation sources Carter v Boehm ( 1766 ) 3 Burr 1905 Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co ( 1878 ) 3 App Cas 1218 Redgrave v Hurd ( 1881 ) 20 Ch D 1 Derry v Peek ( 1889 ) UKHL 1 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd ( 1963 ) UKHL 4 Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell ( 1965 ) 1 QB 525 Misrepresentation Act 1967 Lambert v Co-op Insurance Ltd ( 1975 ) 2 Lloyd 's Rep 485 Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon ( 1976 ) EWCA Civ 4 East v Maurer ( 1990 ) EWCA Civ 6 Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson ( 1991 ) EWCA Civ 12 Saamco v York Montague Ltd ( 1996 ) UKHL 10 Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson ( 2003 ) UKHL 62 Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005 / 29 / EC Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 ( SI 2008 / 1277 ) Misrepresentation in English law A
Elgin Marbles
A further effort to clean the marbles ensued in 1858 . Richard Westmacott , who was appointed superintendent of the `` moving and cleaning the sculptures '' in 1857 , in a letter approved by the British Museum Standing Committee on 13 March 1858 concluded
Peninsular War
Events moved rapidly . The Emperor sent orders on 19 July 1807 to his Foreign Minister , Talleyrand , to order Portugal to declare war on Britain , close its ports to British ships , detain British subjects on a provisional basis and sequester their goods . After a few days , a large force started concentrating at Bayonne . Meanwhile , the Portuguese government 's resolve was stiffening , and shortly afterward Napoleon was once again told that Portugal would not go beyond its original agreements . Napoleon now had all the pretext that he needed , while his force , the First Corps of Observation of the Gironde with General of Division Jean - Andoche Junot in command , was prepared to march on Lisbon . After he received the Portuguese answer , he ordered Junot 's corps to cross the frontier into Spain .
History of the United Kingdom
People demanded an expansion of the welfare state as a reward to the people for their wartime sacrifices The goal was operationalized in a famous report by William Beveridge . It recommended that the various income maintenance services that a grown - up piecemeal since 1911 be systematized and made universal . Unemployment benefits and sickness benefits were to be universal . There would be new benefits for maternity . The old - age pension system would be revised and expanded , and require that a person retired . A full - scale National Health Service would provide free medical care for everyone . All the major parties endorsed the principles and they were largely put into effect when peace returned .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln began the process of constructing his cabinet on election night . As he did , Lincoln attempted to reach out to every faction of his party with a special emphasis on balancing anti-slavery former Whigs with former free - soil Democrats , in an effort to create a cabinet that would unite the Republican Party . Lincoln 's eventual cabinet would include all of his main rivals for the Republican nomination . He did not shy away from surrounding himself with strong - minded men , even those whose credentials for office appeared to be much more impressive than his own . Though the Cabinet appointees held different views on economic issues , all opposed the extension of slavery into the territories .
English contract law
Post-war , Denning LJ added to the doctrine , beyond its narrow legal confines , in line with the more permissive approach recognised throughout civil law countries , most of the Commonwealth and the United States . In Solle v Butcher he held that in equity a contract could be deemed voidable ( rather than outright void ) if it would be ' unconscientious ' for a court to hold someone to a bargain . This gave the courts some flexibility in the kind of remedy they would grant , and could be more generous in the circumstances they allowed escape . But in The Great Peace , Lord Phillips MR said that this more permissive doctrine had been contrary to the House of Lords authority in Bell v Lever Bros Ltd . Although it probably would not have been avoidable under the mistake in equity doctrine anyway , Lord Phillips MR held that a rescue company could not escape from an agreement to save a ship because both parties were mistaken that the distressed vessel was further than they originally thought . The result is that English contract law jealously prevents escape from an agreement , unless there is a serious breach because of the conduct of one party , which gives rise to the right to terminate .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition .
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson initiated a secret series of studies named The Inquiry , primarily focused on Europe , and carried out by a group in New York which included geographers , historians and political scientists ; the group was directed by Col. House . The studies culminated in a speech by Wilson to Congress on January 8 , 1918 , wherein he articulated America 's long term war objectives . It was the clearest expression of intention made by any of the belligerent nations . The speech , known as the Fourteen Points , was authored mainly by Walter Lippmann and projected Wilson 's progressive domestic policies into the international arena . The first six dealt with diplomacy , freedom of the seas and settlement of colonial claims . Then territorial issues were addressed and the final point , the establishment of an association of nations to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all nations -- a League of Nations . The address was translated into many languages for global dissemination . Peace
Lithuania
Initially inhabited by fragmented Baltic tribes , in the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas , who was crowned as King of Lithuania on 6 July 1253 . After his assassination in 1263 , pagan Lithuania was a target of the Christian crusades of the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order . Siege of Pilėnai is noted for the Lithuanians ' heroic defense against the intruders . Despite the devastating century - long struggle with the Orders , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded rapidly , overtaking former Slavic principalities of Kievan Rus ' .
Battles of Lexington and Concord
Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines .
London Bridge
By 1722 congestion was becoming so serious that the Lord Mayor decreed that `` all carts , coaches and other carriages coming out of Southwark into this City do keep all along the west side of the said bridge : and all carts and coaches going out of the City do keep along the east side of the said bridge . '' This has been suggested as one possible origin for the practice of traffic in Britain driving on the left .
Whiskey Rebellion
October 3d Marched early in the morning for Harrisburgh , where we arrived about 12 O'clock . About 1 O'Clock recd . information of the Presidents approach on which , I had the regiment paraded , timely for his reception , & considerably to my satisfaction . Being afterwards invited to his quarters he made enquiry into the circumstances of the man ( an incident between an `` Itinerant Person '' and `` an Old Soldier '' mentioned earlier in the journal ( p. 3 ) ) & seemed satisfied with the information .
Trent Affair
A minor stir occurred when General Winfield Scott , until recently the commander of all Union troops , and Thurlow Weed , a known confidant of Seward , arrived in Paris . Their mission , to counter Confederate propaganda efforts with propaganda efforts of their own , had been determined before the Trent affair , but the timing was considered odd by Cowley . Rumors circulated that Scott was blaming the whole incident on Seward who had somehow manipulated Lincoln into acquiescing with the seizure . Scott put the rumors to rest with a December 4 letter that was published in the Paris Constitutional and reprinted throughout Europe , including most London papers . Denying the rumors , Scott stated that `` every instinct of prudence as well as of good neighborhood prompts our government to regard no honorable sacrifice too great for the preservation of the friendship of Great Britain . ''
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that throughout the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Gurjars and Ranghars ( Muslim rajpoots ) proved the `` most irreconcilable enemies '' of the British in the Bulandshahr area .
National Convention
On 25 May the Paris Commune demanded that arrested patriots be released . In reply , Isnard , who was presiding over the Convention , launched into a diatribe against Paris which was reminiscent of the Brunswick Manifesto : `` If any attack made on the persons of the representatives of the nation , then I declare to you in the name of the whole country that Paris would be destroyed '' . On the next day the Jacobins declared themselves in a state of insurrection . On 28 May the Cité section called the other sections to a meeting in order to organize the insurrection . On 29 May the delegates representing 33 of the sections formed an insurrectionary committee of nine members . Main
Bangladesh Liberation War
Bangladesh Liberation War Mukti Bahini resistance Searchlight Jackpot Barisal Kamalpur Daruin Nakshi Border Outpost Rangamati - Mahalchari waterway Goalhati Dhalai Border Outpost Garibpur Gazipur Sylhet Kushtia Ghasipur Bogra Indian intervention Cactus - Lilly Chengiz Khan Jackpot PNS Ghazi Trident Python Atgram Basantar Boyra Chamb Dhalai Hilli Longewala Sylhet Meghna Heli Bridge Tangail Air War Naval War 1971 Bangladesh Genocide Dhaka University Shankharipara Jinjira Akhira Jathibhanga Demra Chuknagar Madhyapara Bakhrabad Burunga Systematic events Killing of intellectuals Rape Provisional Government Refugees in India Instrument of Surrender § indicates events in the internal resistance movement linked to the Indo - Pakistani War . ‡ indicates events in the Indo - Pakistani War linked to the internal resistance movement in Bangladesh .