vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
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NASA Ames Astrogram - May 2022 - NASA
Stephen Kuryla, KK6FKD, AARC Weekly Net Control at stephen.kuryla@kzsu.stanford.edu

Left photo: Desiree Baccus, N3DEZ, NASA Ames remotely operating for the Ames Amateur Radio Club, NA6MF, for a NASA radio-contact special event from Estes Lake Park, Rock Mountain National Park, Colorado. Right photo: Scott Reiff, KB7JWM, NASA Ames SBIR employee representing the Ames Amateur Radio Club, NA6MF, for a NASA radio-contact special event in his home location in Central Oregon
Credits: Ames Research Center – Ames Amateur Radio Club (AARC)

In Memoriam …
Former Innovative Aeronautical Engineer and Scientist, Michel Bader, Passes Away
Michel Bader passed away peacefully at home on Oct. 30, 2021. Michel was born in Paris, France, in 1930, where he lived with his parents, Marc and Lydia (Lily), and younger sister, Maryse, until they left for Southern France during the German occupation of WWII. At age 11, he and his family sailed on one of the last refugee boats to leave Spain. After a couple of years in Cuba and Mexico, the family settled in Carmel Valley, California.

Michael Bader with the Ion Accelerator, October 1959. The beam inside contained nitrogen ions which were being fired at a piece of metal used in construction of spacecraft. The purpose of this experiment was to learn the effects of collisions between spacecraft and high altitude molecules moving at speeds of more than 15,000 mph.
Credits: NASA

Michel earned his Ph.D. in physics at 24 from Cal Tech. In 1955, he joined NASA when it was initially NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), and began a 25-year career at NASA’s Ames Research Center.  Michel was instrumental in initiating several significant programs and research departments. One of his greatest accomplishments was the idea to send an aircraft up into the stratosphere and open the side up to put a telescope through the opening. At the time, he was told it couldn’t be done. He persisted, at the risk of losing his position, and the program he pursued materialized after he initiated the design study for the open-port airborne large aperture infrared telescope.
نصائح للسلامة الشتائية
وعندما تزيل الثلوج أو الجليد من السطح ، لا تدعها تسقط على مقاييس الكهرباء أو الغاز الطبيعي أو المعدات ذات الصلة.
بفتحات مجفف واضحة للثلج. إذا حجبته يمكن أن يسبب حريقا. وينبغي أيضا إزالة فتحات الفيونات لمنع دعم أول أكسيد الكربون.
ولابد من الاحتفاظ بمداخن وفتحات غاز خالية من أجهزة الغاز الطبيعي خالية من الثلوج والجليد لمنع تراكم أول أكسيد الكربون الذي يحتمل أن يكون قاتلا.
كن مستعدا إذا شممت الغاز الطبيعي. إذا شممت رائحة مثل رائحة الكبريت المميزة مثل رائحة البيض الفاسد ، والحصول على ما يصل ، والاتصال بك على الفور من الهاتف الخليوي أو الهاتف الجار.
NASA
Next to him, a second man wearing black glasses is standing while holding a pen and a stapled stack of papers." style="transform: scale(1); transform-origin: 50% 50%; object-position: 50% 50%; object-fit: cover;" block_context="nasa-block" srcset="https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg 5000w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=300,200 300w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=768,513 768w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=1024,683 1024w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=1536,1025 1536w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=2048,1367 2048w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=400,267 400w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=600,400 600w, https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/20240229-ksh5159.jpg?resize=900,601 900w,
موسم سرما میں حفاظتی نکات
موٹر مہلک کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ گیس خارج کرتی ہے۔
گھر کے اندر کھانا پکانے کے لیے چارکول کا استعمال نہ کریں۔ یہ بھی کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ گیس کی تعمیر کا سبب بن سکتا ہے۔
اپنے گھر کو گرم کرنے کے لیے گیس کے تندور کا استعمال نہ کریں۔ بند گھر میں کھلے تندور کا طویل استعمال کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ گیس پیدا کرسکتا ہے۔
یقینی بنائیں کہ ایندھن کی جگہ کے ہیٹر مناسب وینٹیلیشن کے ساتھ استعمال کیے گئے ہیں۔

متبادل حرارتی حفاظتی نکات
متبادل حرارت کے صرف محفوظ ذرائع استعمال کریں جیسے کہ چمنی، چھوٹی اچھی طرح سے نکالی ہوئی لکڑی یا کوئلے کا چولہا یا پورٹیبل اسپیس ہیٹر۔ ہمیشہ مینوفیکچررز کی ہدایات پر عمل کریں۔
موسم سرما میں حفاظتی نکات
ممکنہ طور پر مہلک کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ کی تعمیر کو روکنے کے لیے قدرتی گیس کے آلات کی چمنیوں اور وینٹوں کو برف اور برف سے پاک رکھا جانا چاہیے۔
اگر آپ کو قدرتی گیس کی بو آ رہی ہے تو تیار رہیں۔ اگر آپ کو وہ مخصوص گندھک جیسی بو آتی ہے – جیسے کہ سڑے ہوئے انڈوں کی بو آتی ہے – اٹھیں، باہر نکلیں اور سیل فون یا پڑوسی کے فون سے فوری طور پر اپنی یوٹیلیٹی کو کال کریں۔
چھتوں سے برف ہٹانے کے لیے تجاویز:
برف ہٹانے کے لیے چھتوں پر نہ چڑھیں۔
	جب ممکن ہو، برف کی لمبی چوڑیوں یا کھمبوں کا استعمال کریں۔
اگر آپ کو سیڑھی کا استعمال کرنا ہے، تو یقینی بنائیں کہ بنیاد محفوظ طریقے سے لنگر انداز ہے۔ کسی دوست، پڑوسی یا بالغ خاندان کے رکن سے کہو کہ آپ چڑھتے وقت سیڑھی کو تھام لیں۔
Exoplanets People - NASA Science
Nicola “Nicky” Fox12 min readAs the Associate Administrator (AA) for the Science Mission Directorate, Dr. Nicola Fox directs ~100 NASA missions to explore the…BioPat Brennan5 min readScience WriterBioGiada Arney7 min readResearch ScientistBioElizabeth Landau8 min readSenior StorytellerBioMamta Patel Nagaraja6 min readAssociate Chief Scientist - NASA Office of the Chief ScientistBioSophia Sanchez-Maes5 min readSummer Research StudentBioTracy Drain10 min readFlight Systems Engineer - NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)BioJonathan Lunine6 min readScientist - Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary ScienceBioSarah “Sally” Dodson-Robinson8 min readAssistant Professor - University of TexasBioJim Kasting3 min readEvan Pugh Professor of Geosciences - Penn State UniversityBioSuzanne “Suzy” Dodd6 min readProject Manager - Jet Propulsion LaboratoryBioWilliam Borucki3 min readScience Principal Investigator - NASA Kepler MissionBioNeil Gehrels (1952-2017)5 min readAstrophysicist - Goddard Space Flight CenterBioDr. Jim Green8 min readNASA Chief Scientist (Retired) - NASA HeadquartersBioCarl Sagan (1934-1996)5 min readPlanetary Scientist - Cornell UniversityBioDr.
Facility Components | Glenn Research Center | NASA
Mechanics install a 20,000-pound thrust rocket engine in PSL No. 1 (6/14/1960).
	

	A technician examines a propellant tank setup inside the PSL No. 2 test chamber for the Weightless Analysis Sounding Probe (WASP) (4/13/1962).
	

	Instrumentation rakes used to measure pressure and temperature levels inside the PSL test chamber during the test of a Pratt & Whitney TF-30 engine (4/24/1968).
	

Exhauster System 
Large exhauster equipment in the Equipment Building reduced the density of the air inside the test chambers to simulate high altitudes and removed the hot gases produced by the engines. Coolers lowered the temperature of these gases before they reached the exhauster equipment. The coolers required a large quantity of water and a cooling tower.

Equipment Building Floor Plans (1956-62)

Exhaust Equipment
A series of Roots-Connersville exhausters in the Equipment Building pumped the air and engine exhaust out of the PSL system. The original configuration could remove 3500 °F gases at a rate of 100 pounds per second when the simulated altitude was 50,000 feet. Each of the thirteen 5100-horsepower exhauster units contained two J33 compressor wheels that could be adapted to work in tandem or as parallel units. The number of units could be varied to control the power load.
In 1955 the center added a fourth line of exhausters. The three centrifugal exhausters were capable of supplying 166 pounds of air per second at the test chamber altitude of 50,000 feet or 384 pounds per second at 32,000 feet. These exhausters had two first-stage castings driven by a 10,000-horsepower motor and thee additional stage castings driven by a 16,500-horsepower motor. The system’s total inlet volume was 1,650,000 cubic feet of gas per minute.

	PSL Equipment Building control room was used to operate the large exhauster and compressor equipment (1/27/1953).
	

	An engineer inspects an impeller from one of the large exhausters in the PSL Equipment Building (1/30/1956).
	

	Technician working with exhauster in the PSL Equipment Building (8/15/1963).
Советы по безопасности зимой
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ווינטער סאַפעטי עצות
קלאָר דרייער ווענץ פון שניי. אויב בלאַקט עס קען פאַרשאַפן פירעס. אויוון ווענץ זאָל אויך זיין קלירד צו פאַרמייַדן טשאַד מאַנאַקסייד באַקינג אַרויף.
טשימניז און ווענץ פון נאַטירלעך גאַז אַפּפּליאַנסעס זאָל זיין געהאלטן פריי פון שניי און אייז צו פאַרמייַדן די אַנטוויקלונג פון פּאַטענטשאַלי דעדלי טשאַד מאַנאַקסייד.
זיין צוגעגרייט אויב איר שמעקן נאַטירלעך גאַז. אויב איר שמעקן דעם אָפּשיידנדיק שוועבל-ווי רייעך - ווי דער שמעקן פון פּאַסקודנע עגגס - שטיי אויף, באַקומען אויס און רופן דיין נוצן גלייך פון אַ מאָביל טעלעפאָן אָדער חבר ס טעלעפאָן.
עצות פֿאַר רימוווינג שניי פון רופס:
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Propulsion Systems Laboratory No. 1 and 2 | Glenn Research Center | NASA
Missiles and TurbojetsIn the 1950s, PSL tested turbojet and ramjet engines for military aircraft and missile systems, before transitioning in the 1960s to rocket engines for NASA’s early space program.Electrical Engineer Fred Looft (left) and Engineering Services Chief Robert Godman inspect a Pratt & Whitney TF30 turbofan engine at PSL. (10/6/1967)
Return to Jet EnginesIn the late 1960s and 1970s, PSL undertook a series of engine studies for civilian and military aircraft. NASA also created two larger PSL test chambers to support the increased aeronautics work.Demolition of PSL's primary coolers (01/07/2009).PSL’s Final YearsNASA ceased operation of PSL No. 1 and 2 in the late 1970s. After nearly 30 years of disuse, NASA demolished the facility in 2009.
Facility
 Grid View List ViewPSL exterior at night (9/24/1952).Facility ComponentsPSL No. 1 and 2 included two altitude chambers, a modern control room, a combustion air supply system, an exhauster system, and cooling water system.The PSL complex as it appeared shortly after the facility became operational in the fall of 1952. PSL Support BuildingsThe PSL complex included the Equipment Building, which contained the powerful exhausters and compressors, the Shop and Access Building with the two test chambers, an office building, and a cooling tower.Blue arrows show flow of air from the combustors to the air heaters, the green arrows indicate air flow from the heaters into the test chambers, and the red arrows show the hot exhaust air flow from the test chambers to the exhauster equipment (11/15/1954).How the PSL WorkedA brief overview of how the PSL No. 1 and 2 was able to test large engines in simulated altitude conditions.
Research
 Grid View List ViewNACA Inspection stop at the PSL No. 1 and 2 (1957).PSL No. 1 and 2 TimelinesList of events that impacted PSL No. 1 and 2 and catalog of tests conducted in all four PSL test chambers through 1979.Library personnel file technical reports (1961).Historic DocumentsCollection of links to PDFs of historical documents, reference material, and technical reports related to PSL No. 1 and 2.
نصائح للسلامة الشتائية
ولا تعمل المولدات الكهربائية في الداخل ؛ فالمحرك ينبعث من غاز أول أكسيد الكربون القاتل.
لا تستخدم الفحم لطهي الطعام في الداخل. ومن الممكن أيضا أن يؤدي ذلك إلى تراكم غاز أول أكسيد الكربون.
لا تستخدم الفرن الخاص بك لتسخين منزلك ويمكن للاستخدام الطويل لفرن مفتوح في منزل مغلق أن يخلق غاز أول أكسيد الكربون.
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NASA, Industry to Start Designing More Sustainable Jet Engine Core - NASA
About the AuthorJohn GouldAeronautics Research Mission DirectorateJohn Gould is a member of NASA Aeronautics' Strategic Communications team at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC. He is dedicated to public service and NASA’s leading role in scientific exploration. Prior to working for NASA Aeronautics, he was a spaceflight historian and writer, having a lifelong passion for space and aviation. 

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Last Updated

May 21, 2024

EditorJim BankeContactBrian Newbacherbrian.t.newbacher@nasa.gov 

Related TermsAeronauticsAdvanced Air Vehicles ProgramAeronautics Research Mission DirectorateGreen Aviation TechHybrid Thermally Efficient Core

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	Page Last Updated:	

	May 21, 2024	

	Page Editor:
Konsèy Sekirite Ivè
Lè w ap retire nèj ak glas nan antre kay ak twotwa, rete lwen kontè elektrik ak gaz natirèl pou evite domaje yo, deranje sèvis envolontè oswa mete tèt ou an danje. Nèj ak glas ka domaje mèt elektrik ak gaz natirèl, tiyo gaz natirèl ak regilatè gaz natirèl, kidonk pa janm antere nenpòt nan ekipman sa a lè w ap pèle, lè w ap itilize yon soufle nèj oswa lè w ap raboure.
Lè w ap retire nèj oswa glas nan yon do kay, pa janm kite l tonbe sou kontè elektrik oswa gaz natirèl oswa ekipman ki gen rapò.
Netwaye vantilasyon seche rad nèj la. Si bloke li ka lakòz dife. Yo ta dwe netwaye vantilasyon fou a tou pou anpeche monoksid kabòn fè bak.
Chemine ak vantilasyon aparèy gaz natirèl yo ta dwe rete san nèj ak glas pou anpeche monoksid kabòn ki kapab danjere.
Prepare si ou pran sant gaz natirèl. Si ou santi odè diferan ki sanble ak souf sa a - tankou sant ze pouri - leve, soti epi rele sèvis piblik ou imedyatman nan yon telefòn selilè oswa telefòn vwazen an.
Konsèy pou retire nèj sou do kay:
Pa monte sou do kay pou retire nèj
	Lè sa posib, sèvi ak rato nèj ki gen manch long oswa poto.
Si ou dwe itilize yon nechèl, asire w ke baz la byen ankre.
শীতকালীন নিরাপত্তা টিপস
তুষার এবং বরফ বৈদ্যুতিক এবং প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস মিটার, প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস পাইপ এবং প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস নিয়ন্ত্রকদের ক্ষতি করতে পারে, তাই বেলচা, স্নোব্লোয়ার বা লাঙ্গল ব্যবহার করার সময় এই সরঞ্জামগুলির কোনওটিকে কখনই পুঁতে দেবেন না।
ছাদ থেকে তুষার বা বরফ অপসারণ করার সময়, এটি কখনই বৈদ্যুতিক বা প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাস মিটার বা সম্পর্কিত সরঞ্জামগুলিতে পড়তে দেবেন না।
তুষার পরিষ্কার ড্রায়ার ভেন্ট. এটি ব্লক করা হলে আগুনের কারণ হতে পারে। কার্বন মনোক্সাইড ব্যাক আপ প্রতিরোধ করার জন্য ফার্নেস ভেন্টগুলিও পরিষ্কার করা উচিত।
সম্ভাব্য মারাত্মক কার্বন মনোক্সাইডের বিল্ড আপ প্রতিরোধ করার জন্য প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাসের যন্ত্রের চিমনি এবং ভেন্টগুলিকে তুষার এবং বরফ মুক্ত রাখতে হবে।
আপনি যদি প্রাকৃতিক গ্যাসের গন্ধ পান তবে প্রস্তুত থাকুন।
نصائح للسلامة الشتائية
إذا خرجت الحرارة خلال عاصفة شتوية فلتبقيه دافئا بإغلاق الغرف التي لا تحتاجها
للمساعدة في منع التجمد الأنابيب ، بدوره في الصنابير قليلا. المياه الجارية لن تتجمد بالسرعة
وأغلق البراد والثلاجة بأكبر قدر ممكن للمساعدة في الحد من تلف المواد الغذائية.
: احمي نفسك من التسمم بأول أكسيد الكربون
	ولا تعمل المولدات الكهربائية في الداخل ؛ فالمحرك ينبعث من غاز أول أكسيد الكربون القاتل.
لا تستخدم الفحم لطهي الطعام في الداخل. ومن الممكن أيضا أن يؤدي ذلك إلى تراكم غاز أول أكسيد الكربون.
ווינטער סאַפעטי עצות
שניי און אייז קענען שעדיקן עלעקטריק און נאַטירלעך גאַז מעטער, נאַטירלעך גאַז רערן און נאַטירלעך גאַז רעגולאַטאָרס, אַזוי קיינמאָל באַגראָבן קיין פון די ויסריכט ווען שאָוולינג, ניצן אַ סנאָובלאָווער אָדער פּלאַוינג.
ווען רימוווינג שניי אָדער אייז פון אַ דאַך, קיינמאָל לאָזן עס פאַלן אויף עלעקטריק אָדער נאַטירלעך גאַז מעטער אָדער פֿאַרבונדענע ויסריכט.
קלאָר דרייער ווענץ פון שניי. אויב בלאַקט עס קען פאַרשאַפן פירעס. אויוון ווענץ זאָל אויך זיין קלירד צו פאַרמייַדן טשאַד מאַנאַקסייד באַקינג אַרויף.
Design and Construction | Glenn Research Center | NASA
The facility consisted of two test chambers, three exhaust gas coolers, an equipment building to house the exhausters and compressors, an access building, cooling tower, pump house, and an office building. It also included a compressed air system that supplied combustion air, an altitude exhaust gas system, research equipment installations, a cooling water system, electrical power system, as well as basic utilities, an intercommunication system, control rooms, roads, and a fire protection system.
Documents

Preliminary Proposal for PSL (1948)
Wasielewski Retirement article (1956)
PSL Test Chamber Specifications (1948)

	Model of PSL facility that includes new addition to the Equipment Building. (11/19/1954)

	

	PSL facility layout with the test chambers, control room, and primary coolers to the left, and the Equipment Building is to the right. (2/10/1953)

	

	Aerial view of the PSL facility. The Equipment Building is to the left, the coolers near the center, and Shop and Access Building to the right. (4/28/1955)

	

	Eugene Wasielewski gives a tour of NACA Lewis facilities to local officials. (9/14/1955)

	

Original Construction 
The NACA decided to construct the PSL in two phases.
The plan was to build the facility in two phases. The first provided the primary construction of the facility. The second phase, which began shortly after the facility became operational, significantly increased the PSL’s capacity. The Sam W. Emerson Company, which had built many of the lab’s buildings in the early 1940s, performed much of the basic construction work. The Elliott Company and the Ross Heater Company designed the massive compressors and coolers.
Construction began in late summer 1949 with the installation of an overhead exhaust pipe connecting PSL to the AWT and the Engine Research Building. Excavations for PSL began in September. In the spring of 1950, the crew erected the facility’s supports and installed the two large exhaust gas coolers. The large test section pieces arrived in early 1951 and work on the Access Building commenced.
موسم سرما میں حفاظتی نکات
بجلی کب بحال ہوئی ہے اس کی نشاندہی کرنے کے لیے ایک لائٹ آن رکھیں۔
اگر موسم سرما کے طوفان کے دوران گرمی نکل جاتی ہے، تو ان کمروں کو بند کرکے گرم رکھیں جن کی آپ کو ضرورت نہیں ہے۔
پائپوں کو جمنے سے روکنے کے لیے، نل کو تھوڑا سا آن کریں۔ بہتا ہوا پانی اتنی جلدی نہیں جمے گا۔
کھانے کی خرابی کو کم کرنے میں مدد کے لیے فریج اور فریزر کے دروازے جتنا ممکن ہو بند رکھیں۔
کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ زہر سے خود کو بچائیں:
	گھر کے اندر جنریٹر نہ چلائیں۔ موٹر مہلک کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ گیس خارج کرتی ہے۔
گھر کے اندر کھانا پکانے کے لیے چارکول کا استعمال نہ کریں۔ یہ بھی کاربن مونو آکسائیڈ گیس کی تعمیر کا سبب بن سکتا ہے۔