vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Prairie dog
From George Wilkins Kendall 's account of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition : `` In their habits , they are clannish , social , and extremely convivial , never living alone like other animals , but , on the contrary , always found in villages or large settlements . They are a wild , frolicsome , madcap set of fellows when undisturbed , uneasy and ever on the move , and appear to take especial delight in chattering away the time , and visiting from hole to hole to gossip and talk over each other 's affairs -- at least so their actions would indicate . On several occasions I crept close to their villages , without being observed , to watch their movements . Directly in the centre of one of them I particularly noticed a very large dog , sitting in front of the door or entrance to his burrow , and by his own actions and those of his neighbors it really seemed as though he was the president , mayor , or chief -- at all events , he was the ' big dog ' of the place . For at least an hour I secretly watched the operations in this community . During that time the large dog I have mentioned received at least a dozen visits from his fellow - dogs , which would stop and chat with him a few moments , and then run off to their domiciles . All this while he never left his post for a moment , and I thought I could discover a gravity in his deportment not discernible in those by which he was surrounded . Far is it from me to say that the visits he received were upon business , or had anything to do with the local government of the village ; but it certainly appeared so . If any animal has a system of laws regulating the body politic , it is certainly the prairie dog . '' ``
Desert tortoise
Shelters are important for controlling body temperature and water regulation , as they allow desert tortoises to slow their rate of heating in summer and provide protection from cold during the winter . The humidity within burrows prevents dehydration . Burrows also provide protection from predators . The availability of adequate burrow sites influences desert tortoise densities .
Mourning dove
The mourning dove occupies a wide variety of open and semi-open habitats , such as urban areas , farms , prairie , grassland , and lightly wooded areas . It avoids swamps and thick forest . The species has adapted well to areas altered by humans . They commonly nest in trees in cities or near farmsteads . Adult
Desert tortoise
The number of burrows used by desert tortoises varies spatially and temporally , from about 5 to 25 per year . Some burrows are used repeatedly , sometimes for several consecutive years . Desert tortoises share burrows with various mammals , reptiles , birds , and invertebrates , such as white - tailed antelope squirrels ( Ammospermophilus leucurus ) , woodrats ( Neotoma ) , collared peccaries ( Pecari tajacu ) , burrowing owls ( Athene cunicularia ) , Gambel 's quail ( Callipepla gambelii ) , rattlesnakes ( Crotalus spp . ) , Gila monsters ( Heloderma suspectum ) , beetles , spiders , and scorpions . One burrow can host up to 23 desert tortoises -- such sharing is more common for desert tortoises of opposite sexes than for desert tortoises of the same sex .
Wolf spider
Wolf spiders can be found in a wide range of habitats both coastal and inland . These include shrublands , woodland , wet coastal forest , alpine meadows , suburban gardens , and homes . Spiderlings disperse aerially and consequently wolf spiders have wide distributions . Although some species have very specific microhabitat needs ( such as stream - side gravel beds or montane herb - fields ) most are wanderers without permanent homes . Some build burrows which can be left open or have a trapdoor ( depending on species ) . Arid zone species construct turrets or plug their holes with leaves and pebbles during the rainy season to protect themselves from flood waters . Often they are found in man made locations such as sheds and other outdoor equipment .
Rabbit
As a result of the position of the eyes in its skull , the rabbit has a field of vision that encompasses nearly 360 degrees , with just a small blind spot at the bridge of the nose .
Cross River gorilla
Cross River gorillas have certain nesting behaviors ( i.e. mean nest group size , style of the nest , location of the nest , and nest reuse patterns ) that depend on things such as their current habitat , climate , food source availability and risk of attack or vulnerability . According to research done on the Cross River gorillas living in the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary , there is a high correlation between whether a nest is constructed on the ground or in a tree and the season . From April up until November , Cross River gorillas are more likely to build their nests within a tree , and from November on they are more likely to build it on the ground . Overall , it was found that more nests built at night were built on the ground as opposed to in trees . This species is also more likely to construct nests during the wet season than the dry season , as well as construct more arboreal nests in the wet season . It was found that day nest construction was more common , especially in the wet season . Reuse of nesting sites was also found to be common , although it did not have any relation to the season . And , their mean nest group size is from four to seven individuals . Although , nest group size varies depending on the location of the species .
House sparrow
Nest sites are varied , though cavities are preferred . Nests are most frequently built in the eaves and other crevices of houses . Holes in cliffs and banks , or tree hollows , are also used . A sparrow sometimes excavates its own nests in sandy banks or rotten branches , but more frequently uses the nests of other birds such as those of swallows in banks and cliffs , and old tree cavity nests . It usually uses deserted nests , though sometimes it usurps active ones . Tree hollows are more commonly used in North America than in Europe , putting the sparrows in competition with bluebirds and other North American cavity nesters , and thereby contributing to their population declines .
Rabbit
During the summer , the rabbit has the capability to stretch its pinnae which allows for greater surface area and increase heat dissipation . In the winter , the rabbit does the opposite and folds its ears in order to decrease its surface area to the ambient air which would decrease their body temperature .
Bird nest
Trogons excavate their nests by chewing cavities into very soft dead wood ; some species make completely enclosed chambers ( accessed by upward - slanting entrance tunnels ) , while others -- like the extravagantly plumed resplendent quetzal -- construct more open niches . In most trogon species , both sexes help with nest construction . The process may take several months , and a single pair may start several excavations before finding a tree or stump with wood of the right consistency .
Bird nest
Not all burrow - nesting species incubate their young directly . Some megapode species bury their eggs in sandy pits dug where sunlight , subterranean volcanic activity , or decaying tree roots will warm the eggs . The crab plover also uses a burrow nest , the warmth of which allows it to leave the eggs unattended for as long as 58 hours .
Desert
Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment . Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves , water - resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory . Some annual plants germinate , bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long - lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture . Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive . Many are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day . They tend to be efficient at conserving water , extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine . Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods , ready to become active again when the rare rains fall . They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy .
Barn owl
In some areas , it may be an insufficiency of suitable nesting sites that is the factor limiting barn owl numbers . Nest boxes are popular among conservationists who motivate farmers and land owners to install them for use as natural rodent control .
Desert tortoise
The desert tortoises live about 50 to 80 years ; they grow slowly and generally have low reproductive rates . They spend most of their time in burrows , rock shelters , and pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss . They are most active after seasonal rains and are inactive during most of the year . This inactivity helps reduce water loss during hot periods , whereas winter hibernation facilitates survival during freezing temperatures and low food availability . Desert tortoises can tolerate water , salt , and energy imbalances on a daily basis , which increases their lifespans .
Prairie dog
As a result , prairie dog habitat has been affected by direct removal by farmers , as well as the more obvious encroachment of urban development , which has greatly reduced their populations . The removal of prairie dogs `` causes undesirable spread of brush '' , the costs of which to livestock range may outweigh the benefits of removal . Black - tailed prairie dogs comprise the largest remaining community . In spite of human encroachment , prairie dogs have adapted , continuing to dig burrows in open areas of western cities .
Bird nest
Most burrow nesting species dig a horizontal tunnel into a vertical ( or nearly vertical ) dirt cliff , with a chamber at the tunnel 's end to house the eggs . The length of the tunnel varies depending on the substrate and the species ; sand martins make relatively short tunnels ranging from 50 -- 90 cm ( 20 -- 35 in ) , for example , while those of the burrowing parakeet can extend for more than three meters ( nearly 10 ft ) . Some species , including the ground - nesting puffbirds , prefer flat or gently sloping land , digging their entrance tunnels into the ground at an angle . In a more extreme example , the D'Arnaud's barbet digs a vertical tunnel shaft more than a meter ( 39 in ) deep , with its nest chamber excavated off to the side at some height above the shaft 's bottom ; this arrangement helps to keep the nest from being flooded during heavy rain . Buff - breasted paradise - kingfishers dig their nests into the compacted mud of active termite mounds , either on the ground or in trees . Specific soil types may favour certain species and it is speculated that several species of bee - eater favor loess soils which are easy to penetrate . Increased
Bird nest
Predation levels on some burrow - nesting species can be quite high ; on Alaska 's Wooded Islands , for example , river otters munched their way through some 23 percent of the island 's fork - tailed storm - petrel population during a single breeding season in 1977 . There is some evidence that increased vulnerability may lead some burrow - nesting species to form colonies , or to nest closer to rival pairs in areas of high predation than they might otherwise do .
Desert tortoise
Desert tortoises are sensitive to the soil type , owing to their reliance on burrows for shelter , reduction of water loss , and regulation of body temperature . The soil should crumble easily during digging and be firm enough to resist collapse . Desert tortoises prefer sandy loam soils with varying amounts of gravel and clay , and tend to avoid sands or soils with low water - holding capacity , excess salts , or low resistance to flooding . They may consume soil to maintain adequate calcium levels , so may prefer sites with higher calcium content .
Grand Canyon
Of the 90 mammal species found along the Colorado River corridor , 18 are rodents and 22 are bats .
Wolf spider
Some members of the Lycosidae , such as H. carolinensis , make deep tubular burrows in which they lurk much of the time . Others , such as H. helluo , seek shelter under rocks and other shelters as nature may provide . They may wander from place to place , and are therefore more likely to be the ones attracted into human habitation when the weather starts to turn colder in autumn . As with spiders in general , males of almost any species can sometimes be found inside homes and buildings as they wander in search for females during the autumn months .
Bird nest
Cup - shaped nest insulation has been found to be related to nest mass , nest wall thickness , nest depth , nest weave density / porosity , surface area , height above ground and elevation above sea level .
Barn swallow
Isotope studies have shown that wintering populations may utilise different feeding habitats , with British breeders feeding mostly over grassland , whereas Swiss birds utilised woodland more . Another study showed that a single population breeding in Denmark actually wintered in two separate and different areas .
Bird nest
Birds use a combination of their beaks and feet to excavate burrow nests . The tunnel is started with the beak ; the bird either probes at the ground to create a depression , or flies toward its chosen nest site on a cliff wall and hits it with its bill . The latter method is not without its dangers ; there are reports of kingfishers being fatally injured in such attempts . Some birds remove tunnel material with their bills , while others use their bodies or shovel the dirt out with one or both feet . Female paradise - kingfishers are known to use their long tails to clear the loose soil .
Red panda
Small groups of animals with little opportunity for exchange between them face the risk of inbreeding , decreased genetic diversity , and even extinction . In addition , clearcutting for firewood or agriculture , including hillside terracing , removes old trees that provide maternal dens and decreases the ability of some species of bamboo to regenerate .
Polistes carolina
It prefers to nest in protected areas such as hollow trees and is often observed in woodlands . However , given the opportunity , it will also construct nests near humans , such as the undersides of roofs .
Prairie dog
Order Rodentia Suborder Sciuromorpha Family Sciuridae ( squirrels , chipmunks , marmots , and prairie dogs ) Subfamily Xerinae Genus Cynomys Gunnison 's prairie dog , Cynomys gunnisoni White - tailed prairie dog , Cynomys leucurus Black - tailed prairie dog , Cynomys ludovicianus Mexican prairie dog , Cynomys mexicanus Utah prairie dog , Cynomys parvidens About 14 other genera in subfamily
Bird nest
The sphere nest is a roundish structure ; it is completely enclosed , except for a small opening which allows access .
Moose
There are also ( animals ) , which are called moose . The shape of these , and the varied color of their skins , is much like roes , but in size they surpass them a little and are destitute of horns , and have legs without joints and ligatures ; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest , nor , if they have been thrown down by any accident , can they raise or lift themselves up . Trees serve as beds to them ; they lean themselves against them , and thus reclining only slightly , they take their rest ; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves , they either undermine all the trees at the roots , or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing . When they have leant upon them , according to their habit , they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees , and fall down themselves along with them . Long
Bird nest
Some aquatic species such as grebes are very careful when approaching and leaving the nest so as not to reveal the location . Some species will use leaves to cover up the nest prior to leaving .
Barn owl
The provision of nest boxes under the eaves of buildings and in other locations can be very successful in increasing the local population . The upper bound to the number of barn owl pairs is set by food or nesting sites .
Bird nest
Many species of bird conceal their nests to protect them from predators . Some species may choose nest sites that are inaccessible or build the nest so as to deter predators . Bird nests can also act as habitats for other inquiline species which may not affect the bird directly . Birds have also evolved nest sanitation measures to reduce the effects of parasites and pathogens on nestlings .
Bird nest
Some birds use pieces of snake slough in their nests . It has been suggested that these may deter some nest predators such as squirrels .
Barn owl
Females are ready to breed at ten to eleven months of age although males sometimes wait till the following year . Barn owls are usually monogamous , sticking to one partner for life unless one of the pair dies . During the non-breeding season they may roost separately , but as the breeding season approaches they return to their established nesting site , showing considerable site fidelity . In colder climates , in harsh weather and where winter food supplies may be scarce , they may roost in farm buildings and in barns between hay bales , but they then run the risk that their selected nesting hole may be taken over by some other , earlier - nesting species . Single males may establish feeding territories , patrolling the hunting areas , occasionally stopping to hover , and perching on lofty eminences where they screech to attract a mate . Where a female has lost her mate but maintained her breeding site , she usually seems to manage to attract a new spouse .
Bird nest
Woodpeckers use their chisel - like bills to excavate their cavity nests , a process which takes , on average , about two weeks . Cavities are normally excavated on the downward - facing side of a branch , presumably to make it more difficult for predators to access the nest , and to reduce the chance that rain floods the nest . There is also some evidence that fungal rot may make the wood on the underside of leaning trunks and branches easier to excavate . Most woodpeckers use a cavity for only a single year . The endangered red - cockaded woodpecker is an exception ; it takes far longer -- up to two years -- to excavate its nest cavity , and may reuse it for more than two decades . The typical woodpecker nest has a short horizontal tunnel which leads to a vertical chamber within the trunk . The size and shape of the chamber depends on species , and the entrance hole is typically only as large as is needed to allow access for the adult birds . While wood chips are removed during the excavation process , most species line the floor of the cavity with a fresh bed of them before laying their eggs . Only
Red fox
A 2008 -- 2010 study of 84 red foxes in the Czech Republic and Germany found that successful hunting in long vegetation or under snow appeared to involve an alignment of the fox with the Earth 's magnetic field .
Bird nest
Ground birds such as plovers may use broken wing or rodent run displays to distract predators from nests .
Prairie dog
The average prairie dog territory takes up 0.05 -- 1.01 hectares . Territories have well - established borders that coincide with physical barriers such as rocks and trees . The resident male of a territory defends it and antagonistic behavior will occur between two males of different families to defend their territories . These interactions may happen 20 times per day and last five minutes . When two prairie dogs encounter each other at the edges of their territories , they will start staring , make bluff charges , flare their tails , chatter their teeth , and sniff each other 's perianal scent glands . When fighting , prairie dogs will bite , kick and ram each other . If their competitor is around their size or smaller , the females will participate in fighting . Otherwise , if a competitor is sighted , the females signal for the resident male .
Thermoregulation
Convection : Climbing to higher ground up trees , ridges , rocks . Entering a warm water or air current . Building an insulated nest or burrow . The
Grand Canyon
The conifer forests provide habitat for 52 mammal species . Porcupines , shrews , red squirrels , tassel eared Kaibab and Abert 's squirrels , black bear , mule deer , and elk are found at the park 's higher elevations on the Kaibab Plateau .
Desert tortoise
Much of the tortoise 's water intake comes from moisture in the grasses and wildflowers they consume in the spring . A large urinary bladder can store over 40 % of the tortoise 's body weight in water , urea , uric acid , and nitrogenous wastes . During very dry times , they may give off waste as a white paste rather than a watery urine . During periods of adequate rainfall , they drink copiously from any pools they find , and eliminate solid urates . The tortoises can increase their body weight by up to 40 % after copious drinking . Adult tortoises can survive a year or more without access to water . During the summer and dry seasons , they rely on the water contained within cactus fruits and mesquite grass . To maintain sufficient water , they reabsorb water in their bladders , and move to humid underground burrows in the morning to prevent water loss by evaporation .
Bird nest
Some species of birds are also considered nuisances when they nest in the proximity of human habitations . Feral pigeons are often unwelcome and sometimes also considered as a health risk .
Centipede
Centipedes live in many different habitat types -- forest , savannah , prairie , and desert , to name a few . Some geophilomorphs are adapted to littoral habitats , where they feed on barnacles . Species of all orders excluding the Craterostigmomorpha have adapted to caves . Centipede densities have been recorded as high as 600 / m and biomass as high as 500 mg / m wet weight . Small geophilomorphs attain highest densities , followed by small lithobiomorphs . Large lithobiomorphs attain densities of 20 / m . One study of scolopendromorphs records Scolopendra morsitans in a Nigerian savannah at a density of 0.16 / m and a biomass of 140 mg / m wet weight .
Bobcat
The bobcat is an adaptable animal . It prefers woodlands -- deciduous , coniferous , or mixed -- but unlike the other Lynx species , it does not depend exclusively on the deep forest . It ranges from the humid swamps of Florida to desert lands of Texas or rugged mountain areas . It makes its home near agricultural areas , if rocky ledges , swamps , or forested tracts are present ; its spotted coat serves as camouflage . The population of the bobcat depends primarily on the population of its prey ; other principal factors in the selection of habitat type include protection from severe weather , availability of resting and den sites , dense cover for hunting and escape , and freedom from disturbance .
Grand Canyon
Above the river corridor a desert scrub community , composed of North American desert flora , thrives . Typical warm desert species such as creosote bush , white bursage , brittlebush , catclaw acacia , ocotillo , mariola , western honey mesquite , four - wing saltbush , big sagebrush , blackbrush and rubber rabbitbrush grow in this community . The mammalian fauna in the woodland scrub community consists of 50 species , mostly rodents and bats . Three of the five Park woodrat species live in the desert scrub community .
Barn owl
Nest boxes are used primarily when populations suffer declines although these have many causes . Among them are the availability of natural sites . Early successes among conservationists have led to the widespread application of this method which has become the most used form of population management . The barn owl accepts the provided nest boxes and sometimes prefers them to natural sites , when these are available .
Mourning dove
Like other columbids , the mourning dove drinks by suction , without lifting or tilting its head . It often gathers at drinking spots around dawn and dusk .