vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
First Nations
Approximately 400 First Nation communities in Canada have had , and continue to have serious problems with the quality of their drinking water . The residents of Neskantaga First Nation in Ontario have been forced to boil their water for the past 20 years to make it safe . The newly elected Prime Minister Justin Trudeau promised to solve the drinking water problem within five years , by investing $1.8 billion .
Yemen
The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year ( 101 gallons per day ) for all uses , while the Middle Eastern average is 1000 m / yr , and the internationally defined threshold for water stress is 1700 cubic meters per year . Yemen 's groundwater is the main source of water in the country but the water tables have dropped severely leaving Yemen without a viable source of water . For example , in Sana'a , the water table was 30 meters below surface in the 1970s but had dropped to 1200 meters below surface by 2012 . The groundwater has not been regulated by Yemen 's governments .
Yemen
Due to the 2015 Yemeni Civil War , the situation is increasingly dire . 80 % of Yemen 's population struggles to access water to drink and bathe . Bombing has forced many Yemenis to leave their homes for other areas , and so wells in those areas are under increasing pressure .
Wetland
Human impact : Over-fishing is the major problem for sustainable use of wetlands . The field of aquaculture within the fisheries industries is eliminating mass areas of wetland systems through practices seen such as in the shrimp farming industry 's destruction of mangroves . Aquaculture is continuing to develop rapidly throughout the Asia - Pacific region specifically in China with world holdings in Asia equal to 90 % of the total number of aquaculture farms and 80 % of its global value . Threats to rice fields mainly stem from inappropriate water management , introduction of invasive alien species , agricultural fertilizers , pesticides , and land use changes . Industrial - scale production of palm oil threatens the biodiversity of wetland ecosystems in parts of southeast Asia , Africa , and other developing countries .
Megacity
Megacities often have significant numbers of homeless people . The actual legal definition of homelessness varies from country to country , or among different entities or institutions in the same country or region .
Libya
Unemployment has risen from 8 % in 2008 to 21 % , according to the latest census figures . According to an Arab League report , based on data from 2010 , unemployment for women stands at 18 % while for the figure for men is 21 % , making Libya the only Arab country where there are more unemployed men than women . Libya has high levels of social inequality , high rates of youth unemployment and regional economic disparities . Water supply is also a problem , with some 28 % of the population not having access to safe drinking water in 2000 . Pivot
Red Sea
There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm brine and treatment chemicals ( chlorine and anti-scalants ) that bleach and kill corals and cause diseases to the fish . This is only localized , but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry .
Megacity
As of 2017 , there are 47 megacities in existence . Most of these urban agglomerations are in China and other countries of Asia . The largest are the metropolitan areas of Tokyo , Shanghai , and Jakarta , each having over 30 million inhabitants . China alone has 15 megacities , and India has six . South America has five ; Africa , Europe , and North America have three each .
Lead poisoning
15,000 people are being relocated from Jiyuan in central Henan province to other locations after 1000 children living around China 's largest smelter plant ( owned and operated by Yuguang Gold and Lead ) were found to have excess lead in their blood . The total cost of this project is estimated to around 1 billion yuan ( $150 million ) . 70 % of the cost will be paid by local government and the smelter company , while the rest will be paid by the residents themselves . The government has suspended production at 32 of 35 lead plants . The affected area includes people from 10 different villages .
Great Lakes
Until 1970 , mercury was not listed as a harmful chemical , according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration . Within the past ten years mercury has become more apparent in water tests . Mercury compounds have been used in paper mills to prevent slime from forming during their production , and chemical companies have used mercury to separate chlorine from brine solutions . Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water , it forms the compound methyl mercury , which has a much greater impact on human health than elemental mercury due to a higher propensity for absorption . This form of mercury is not detrimental to a majority of fish types , but is very detrimental to people and other wildlife animals who consume the fish . Mercury has been known for health related problems such as birth defects in humans and animals , and the near extinction of eagles in the Great Lakes region .
Chennai
Per 2011 census , there are 1.1 million households in the city and the residential housing stock available is 1,150,000 -- a surplus of about 50,000 houses . About 43,700 of them are kept vacant . In the suburbs of Chennai located in Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts , the figures of vacant houses 56,000 and 71,000 , respectively . Of the existing housing stock in the city , about 200,000 houses are not in good condition , necessitating either to rebuild or build new units . About 26,000 households live in houses without any room and another 427,000 families ( with an average size of five members ) live in small dwelling units with only one room . An earlier estimate shows that there is a need to generate about 420,000 units for low - income groups by 2016 .
Agenda 21
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2012 )
Kenya
Kenya 's capital , Nairobi , is home to Kibera , one of the world 's largest slums . The shanty town is believed to house between 170,000 and 1 million locals . The UNHCR base in Dadaab in the north also currently houses around 500,000 people .
First Nations
In 1970 , severe mercury poisoning , called Ontario Minamata disease , was discovered among Asubpeeschoseewagong First Nation and Wabaseemoong Independent Nations people , who lived near Dryden , Ontario . There was extensive mercury pollution caused by Dryden Chemicals Company 's waste water effluent in the Wabigoon - English River system . Because local fish were no longer safe to eat , the Ontario provincial government closed the commercial fisheries run by the First Nation people and ordered them to stop eating local fish . Previously it had made up the majority of their diet . In addition to the acute mercury poisoning in northwestern Ontario , Aamjiwnaang First Nation people near Sarnia , Ontario , experienced a wide range of chemical effects , including severe mercury poisoning . They suffered low birth rates , skewed birth - gender ratio , and health effects among the population . This led to legislation and eventually the Indian Health Transfer Policy that provided a framework for the assumption of control of health services by First Nations people , and set forth a developmental approach to transfer centred on the concept of self - determination in health . Through this process , the decision to enter into transfer discussions with Health Canada rests with each community . Once involved in transfer , communities are able to take control of health programme responsibilities at a pace determined by their individual circumstances and health management capabilities .
Sea of Galilee
The Israeli government monitors water levels and publishes the results daily at this web page . The level over the past eight years can be retrieved from that site . Increasing water demand in Israel , Lebanon and Jordan , as well as dry winters , have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line to dangerously low levels at times . The Sea of Galilee is at risk of becoming irreversibly salinized by the salt water springs under the lake , which are held in check by the weight of the freshwater on top of them .
Ecuador
Despite being on the UNESCO list , the Galápagos are endangered by a range of negative environmental effects , threatening the existence of this exotic ecosystem . Additionally , oil exploitation of the Amazon rainforest has led to the release of billions of gallons of untreated wastes , gas , and crude oil into the environment , contaminating ecosystems and causing detrimental health effects to Amerindian peoples .
Sea of Galilee
Up until the mid-2010s , about 400,000,000 cubic metres ( 1.4 × 10 cu ft ) of water was pumped through the National Water Carrier each year . Under the terms of the Israel -- Jordan peace treaty , Israel also supplies 50,000,000 cubic metres ( 1.8 × 10 cu ft ) of water annually from the lake to Jordan . In recent years the Israeli government has made extensive investments in water conservation , reclamation and desalination infrastructure in the country . This has allowed it to significantly reduce the amount of water pumped from the lake annually in an effort to restore and improve its ecological environment , as well as respond to some of the most extreme drought conditions in hundreds of years affecting the lake 's intake basin since 1998 . Therefore , it is expected that in 2016 only about 25,000,000 cubic metres ( 880,000,000 cu ft ) of water will be drawn from the lake for Israeli domestic consumption , a small fraction of the amount typically drawn from the lake over the previous decades .
Sustainability
Ocean circulation patterns have a strong influence on climate and weather and , in turn , the food supply of both humans and other organisms . Scientists have warned of the possibility , under the influence of climate change , of a sudden alteration in circulation patterns of ocean currents that could drastically alter the climate in some regions of the globe . Ten per cent of the world 's population -- about 600 million people -- live in low - lying areas vulnerable to sea level rise . Land
Germ theory of disease
Snow 's 1849 recommendation that water be `` filtered and boiled before it is used '' is one of the first practical applications of germ theory in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil - water advisory .
Dead Sea
In October 2009 , the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres ( 11 billion cubic feet ) of water per year from the Red Sea , desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel , despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact . According to Jordan 's minister for water , General Maysoun Zu'bi , this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance .
Gulf of Mexico
There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf . These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Industrialization and urbanization reinforced each other and urban areas became increasingly congested . As a result of unsanitary living conditions , diseases like cholera , dysentery , and typhoid fever struck urban areas with increasing frequency . Cities responded by paving streets , digging sewers , sanitizing water , constructing housing , and creating public transportation systems .
Industrial Revolution
The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution . The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers ; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste . The first large - scale , modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain 's Alkali Acts , passed in 1863 , to regulate the deleterious air pollution ( gaseous hydrochloric acid ) given off by the Leblanc process , used to produce soda ash . An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution . The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded , culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke , grit , dust and fumes under supervision .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Miasma theorists concluded that cholera was caused by disease - causing particles in the air , or `` miasmata '' , which arose from decaying organic matter or other dirty organic sources . `` Miasma '' particles were thought to travel through the air and infect individuals , and thus cause cholera . Dr William Farr , the commissioner for the 1851 London census and a member of the General Register 's Office , believed that miasma arose from the soil surrounding the River Thames . It contained decaying organic matter which contained miasmatic particles and were released into the London air . Miasma theorists believed in `` cleansing and scouring , rather than through the purer scientific approach of microbiology '' . Dr William Farr later agreed with Snow 's germ theory following Snow 's publications .
History of United States prison systems
In 1557 , many in England perceived that vagrancy was on the rise . That same year , the City of London reopened the Bridewell as a warehouse for vagrants arrested within the city limits . By order of any two of the Bridewell 's governors , a person could be committed to the prison for a term of custody ranging from several weeks to several years . In the decades that followed , `` houses of correction '' or `` workhouses '' like the Bridewell became a fixture of towns across England -- a change made permanent when Parliament began requiring every county in the realm to build a workhouse in 1576 .
Karachi
In response to a cholera epidemic in 1846 , the Karachi Conservancy Board was organized by British administrators . The board became the Karachi Municipal Commission in 1852 , and the Karachi Municipal Committee the following year . The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into the Karachi Municipal Corporation with a mayor , a deputy mayor and 57 councillors . In 1976 , the body became the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation .
Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
In 1986 Professor Sir Leon Radzinowitz noted the practice of Economic conscription , where , ' there was a network of 208 schools : 43 reformatories , 132 industrial schools , 21 day industrial schools and 12 truant schools ' by the eve of the First World War , alongside a negligible education system for the poor . 1870 UK Government Prior to the Elementary Education Act 1870 act , very few schools existed , other than those run by the Church . The National Education League was established to promote elementary education for all children , free from religious control . The Act first introduced and enforced compulsory school attendance between the ages of 5 and 12 , with school boards set up to ensure that children attended school ; although exemptions were made for illness and travelling distance . The London School Board was highly influential and launched a number of political careers . The Church / State ethical divide in schooling , persists into the present day . 1870 Thomas John Barnardo The first of 112 Barnardo 's Homes was founded , with destitution as the criterion for qualification . The project was supported by the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury and the first Earl Cairns . The system of operation was broadly as follows : infants and younger girls and boys are chiefly `` boarded out '' in rural districts ; girls above 14 years of age are sent to ' industrial training homes ' to be taught useful domestic occupations ; boys above 17 years old are first tested in labour homes and then placed in employment at home , sent to sea or emigrated ; boys between 13 -- 17 years old were trained for trades for which they may be mentally or physically fitted . 1880 UK Government Following campaigning by the National Education League the Elementary Education Act 1880 made schooling compulsory until the age of ten and also established attendance officers to enforce attendance , so that parents who objected to compulsory education , arguing they needed children to earn a wage , could be fined for keeping their children out of school . School leaving age was raised with successive Acts from ten to age fourteen in 1918 . 1885 UK Government Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raises age of consent from 13 to 16 , introduced measures intended to protect girls from sexual exploitation and widens the criminalisation of male homosexual behaviour .
Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
In the twentieth century Mettray became the focus for Michel Foucault because of its various systems and expressions of power and led Foucault to suggest that Mettray began the descent into modern penal theories and their inherent power structures . 1847 Juvenile Offenders Act The Act allowed children under the age of fourteen to be tried summarily before two magistrates , speeding up the process of trial for children , and removing it from the publicity of the higher courts . The age limit was raised to sixteen in 1850 . 1850 Irish Workhouse Returns , 8 June 1850 . The number of children aged 15 years and younger in Irish Workhouses reaches its historic high , at 115,639 . 1854 Reformatory Schools Mary Carpenter 's research and lobbying contributed to the Youthful Offenders Act 1854 and the Reformatory Schools ( Scotland ) Act 1854 . These enabled voluntary schools to be certified as efficient by the Inspector of Prisons , and allowed courts to send them convicted juvenile offenders under 16 for a period of 2 to 5 years , instead of prison . Parents were required to contribute to the cost . Carpenter 's 1851 publication Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes and for Juvenile Offenders was the first to coin the term ' Dangerous Classes ' with respect to the lower classes , and the perceived propensity to criminality , of poor people . 1857 Industrial Schools The Industrial Schools Act 1857 allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school , resolving the problems of juvenile delinquency by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment into a boarding school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind . In 1986 Professor Sir Leon Radzinowitz noted the practice of Economic conscription , where , ' there was a network of 208 schools : 43 reformatories , 132 industrial schools , 21 day industrial schools and 12 truant schools ' by the eve of the First World War , alongside a negligible education system for the poor . 1870 UK Government Prior to the Elementary Education Act 1870 act , very few schools existed , other than those run by the Church . The National Education League was established to promote elementary education for all children , free from religious control .
Bradford
Bradford had ample supplies of locally mined coal to provide the power that the industry needed . Local sandstone was an excellent resource for building the mills , and with a population of 182,000 by 1850 , the town grew rapidly as workers were attracted by jobs in the textile mills . A desperate shortage of water in Bradford Dale was a serious limitation on industrial expansion and improvement in urban sanitary conditions . In 1854 Bradford Corporation bought the Bradford Water Company and embarked on a huge engineering programme to bring supplies of soft water from Airedale and Wharfedale . By 1882 water supply had radically improved . Meanwhile , urban expansion took place along the routes out of the city towards the Hortons and Bowling and the townships had become part of a continuous urban area by the late 19th century .
Tower of London
When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne , their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind , the Tower of London was repaired . Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed . The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45 , and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle `` would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege '' . For the most part , the 18th - century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal , although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774 . The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it . It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences , so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower , the Duke of Wellington , ordered a large - scale clearance of several feet of silt . However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply , resulting in several deaths . To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems , it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth . The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later . The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845 , when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone . The building could accommodate 1,000 men ; at the same time , separate quarters for the officers were built to the north - east of the White Tower . The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest . It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle . Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period .
Siege
Where sieges occurred ( such as the Siege of Delhi and the Siege of Cawnpore during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 ) , the attackers were usually able to defeat the defences within a matter of days or weeks , rather than weeks or months as previously . The great Swedish white - elephant fortress of Karlsborg was built in the tradition of Vauban and intended as a reserve capital for Sweden , but it was obsolete before it was completed in 1869 .
History of United States prison systems
Incarceration as a form of criminal punishment is `` a comparatively recent episode in Anglo - American jurisprudence , '' according to historian Adam J. Hirsch . Before the nineteenth century , sentences of penal confinement were rare in the criminal courts of British North America . But penal incarceration had been utilized in England as early as the reign of the Tudors , if not before . When post-revolutionary prisons emerged in United States , they were , in Hirsch 's words , not a `` fundamental departure '' from the former American colonies ' intellectual past . Early American prisons systems like Massachusetts ' Castle Island Penitentiary , built in 1780 , essentially imitated the model of the 1500s English workhouse .
Bradford
Other major employers were Samuel Lister and his brother who were worsted spinners and manufacturers at Lister 's Mill ( Manningham Mills ) . Lister epitomised Victorian enterprise but it has been suggested that his capitalist attitude made trade unions necessary . Unprecedented growth created problems with over 200 factory chimneys continually churning out black , sulphurous smoke , Bradford gained the reputation of being the most polluted town in England . There were frequent outbreaks of cholera and typhoid , and only 30 % of children born to textile workers reached the age of fifteen . This extreme level of infant and youth mortality contributed to a life expectancy for Bradford residents of just over eighteen years , which was one of the lowest in the country .