vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kent State shootings
By the time police arrived , a crowd of 120 had already gathered . Some people from the crowd lit a small bonfire in the street . The crowd appeared to be a mix of bikers , students , and transient people . A few members of the crowd began to throw beer bottles at the police , and then started yelling obscenities at them . The entire Kent police force was called to duty as well as officers from the county and surrounding communities . Kent Mayor LeRoy Satrom declared a state of emergency , called the office of Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes to seek assistance , and ordered all of the bars closed . The decision to close the bars early increased the size of the angry crowd . Police eventually succeeded in using tear gas to disperse the crowd from downtown , forcing them to move several blocks back to the campus .
Surat Split
As Surat was not hometown of tilak he could not preside the meeting . Hence it was decided that Ghosh would be president . Extremists protested in the INC meeting as tilak was not given permission even to speak by pandit Madanmohan Malviya extremists then reacted by throwing eggs , chappals etc and wanted the meeting to be cancelled . Moderates then held a secret meeting and decided to abdicate extremists .
April 2018 caste protests in India
Twenty four government vehicles and sixty private vehicles were damaged in Haryana. 84 police officials and eight civilians were injured during the violence on 2 April in Haryana . Nine policemen were injured in Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh .
Iran hostage crisis
At first , the students planned a symbolic occupation , in which they would release statements to the press and leave when government security forces came to restore order . This was reflected in placards saying : `` Do n't be afraid . We just want to sit in . '' When the embassy guards brandished firearms , the protesters retreated , with one telling the Americans , `` We do n't mean any harm . '' But as it became clear that the guards would not use deadly force and that a large , angry crowd had gathered outside the compound to cheer the occupiers and jeer the hostages , the plan changed . According to one embassy staff member , buses full of demonstrators began to appear outside the embassy shortly after the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam 's Line broke through the gates .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The Indian rebellion was fed by resentments born of diverse perceptions , including invasive British - style social reforms , harsh land taxes , summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes , as well as scepticism about the improvements brought about by British rule . Many Indians did rise against the British , however , very many also fought for the British , and the majority remained seemingly complying to British rule . Violence , which sometimes betrayed exceptional cruelty , was inflicted on both sides , on British officers , and civilians , including women and children , by the rebels , and on the rebels , and their supporters , including sometimes entire villages , by British reprisals ; the cities of Delhi and Lucknow were laid waste in the fighting and the British retaliation .
Lithuania
Even with the suppression of partisan resistance , the Soviet government failed to stop the movement for the independence of Lithuania . The underground dissident groups were active publishing the underground press and Catholic literature . The most active participants of the movement had been Vincentas Sladkevičius , Sigitas Tamkevičius and Nijolė Sadūnaitė . In 1972 , after Romas Kalanta 's public self - immolation , the unrest in Kaunas lasted for several days . Baltic
St. Augustine, Florida
In the spring of 1964 , St. Augustine civil rights leader Robert Hayling asked the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) and its leader Martin Luther King , Jr. for assistance . From May until July 1964 , King and Hayling , along with Andrew Young , organized marches , sit - ins , and other forms of peaceful protest in St. Augustine . Hundreds of black and white civil rights supporters were arrested , and the jails were filled to capacity . At the request of Hayling and King , white civil rights supporters from the North , including students , clergy , and well - known public figures , came to St. Augustine and were arrested together with Southern activists .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Student opposition groups on many college and university campuses seized campus administration offices , and in several instances forced the expulsion of ROTC programs from the campus .
Jim Crow laws
After World War II , African Americans increasingly challenged segregation , as they believed they had more than earned the right to be treated as full citizens because of their military service and sacrifices . The Civil Rights Movement was energized by a number of flashpoints , including the 1946 police beating and blinding of World War II veteran Isaac Woodard while he was in U.S. Army uniform . In 1948 President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 , desegregating the armed services .
Kent State shootings
During the day , some students came to downtown Kent to help with cleanup efforts after the rioting , which was met with mixed reactions from local businessmen . Mayor Satrom , under pressure from frightened citizens , ordered a curfew until further notice .
Kent State shootings
We 've seen here at the city of Kent especially , probably the most vicious form of campus - oriented violence yet perpetrated by dissident groups . They make definite plans of burning , destroying , and throwing rocks at police and at the National Guard and the Highway Patrol . This is when we 're going to use every part of the law enforcement agency of Ohio to drive them out of Kent . We are going to eradicate the problem . We 're not going to treat the symptoms . And these people just move from one campus to the other and terrorize the community . They 're worse than the brown shirts and the communist element and also the night riders and the vigilantes . They 're the worst type of people that we harbor in America . Now I want to say this . They are not going to take over ( the ) campus . I think that we 're up against the strongest , well - trained , militant , revolutionary group that has ever assembled in America .
Soweto uprising
Emergency clinics were swamped with injured and bloody children . The police requested that the hospital provide a list of all victims with bullet wounds to prosecute them for rioting . The hospital administrator passed this request to the doctors , but the doctors refused to create the list . Doctors recorded bullet wounds as abscesses .
Easter Island
The incident ended in February 2011 , when up to 50 armed police broke into the hotel to remove the final five occupiers . They were arrested by the government and no injuries were reported .
English Reformation
The enforcement of the new liturgy did not always take place without a struggle . Conformity was the order of the day , but in East Anglia and in Devon there were rebellions , as also in Cornwall , to which many parishes sent their young men ; they were put down only after considerable loss of life . In other places the causes of the rebellions were less easy to pin down , but by July throughout southern England , there was `` quavering quiet , '' which burst out into `` stirs '' in many places , most significantly in Kett 's Rebellion in Norwich .
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
The Arab Higher Committee responded to the partition resolution and declared a three - day general strike in Palestine to begin the following day . On 2 December a large Arab mob , armed with clubs and knives , attacked the Jerusalem New Commercial Center attacking Jewish passersby and shops . The Haganah intelligence identified two AHC officials , as leading the crowd .
Soweto uprising
Many white South African citizens were outraged at the government 's actions in Soweto , and about 300 white students from the University of the Witwatersrand marched through Johannesburg 's city centre in protest of the killing of children . Black workers went on strike as well and joined them as the campaign progressed . Riots also broke out in the black townships of other cities in South Africa .
Apartheid
In 1959 , a group of disenchanted ANC members formed the Pan Africanist Congress ( PAC ) , which organised a demonstration against pass books on 21 March 1960 . One of those protests was held in the township of Sharpeville , where 69 people were killed by police in the Sharpeville massacre .
Partition of India
Places ( show ) Number Amritsar ( East Punjab ) 741,444 Jalandhar ( East Punjab ) 520,189 Gurdaspur ( East Punjab ) 499,793 Hoshiarpur ( East Punjab ) 384,448 Karnal ( East Punjab ) 306,509 Hissar ( East Punjab ) 287,479 Ludhiana ( East Punjab ) 255,864 Ambala ( East Punjab ) 222,939 Gurgaon ( East Punjab ) 80,537 Rohtak ( East Punjab ) 172,640 Delhi 91,185 Kangra ( East Punjab ) 33,826 United Provinces 28,363 Shimla ( East Punjab ) 11,300
Partition of India
Name ( show ) Number Patiala ( East Punjab ) 308,948 Alwar ( Rajputana ) 191,567 Kapurthala ( East Punjab ) 172,079 Faridkot ( East Punjab ) 66,596 Bharatpur ( Rajputana ) 43,614 Nabha ( East Punjab ) 43,538 Jind ( East Punjab ) 41,696 Together other small states 39,322
History of India
The numbers of British in India were small , yet they were able to rule two - thirds of the subcontinent directly and exercise considerable leverage over the princely states that accounted for the remaining one - third of the area .
Axis powers
The Axis population in 1938 was 258.9 million , while the Allied population ( excluding the Soviet Union and the United States , which later joined the Allies ) was 689.7 million . Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1 . The leading Axis states had the following domestic populations : Germany 75.5 million ( including 6.8 million from recently annexed Austria ) , Japan 71.9 million ( excluding its colonies ) , and Italy 43.4 million ( excluding its colonies ) . The United Kingdom ( excluding its colonies ) had a population of 47.5 million and France ( excluding its colonies ) 42 million .
Demographics of Mexico
1966 46 784 1 954 340 424 141 1 530 199 41.8 9.1 32.7 1967 48 264 1 981 363 420 298 1 561 065 41.1 8.7 32.3 1968 49 788 2 058 251 452 910 1 605 341 41.3 9.1 32.2 1969 51 361 2 037 561 458 886 1 578 675 39.7 8.9 30.7 1970 52 988 2 132 630 485 656 1 646 974 40.2 9.2 31.1 1971 54 669 2 231 399 458 323 1 773 076 40.8 8.4 32.4 1972 56 396 2 346 002 476 206 1 869 796 41.6 8.4 33.2 1973 58 156 2 572 287 458 915 2 113 372 44.2 7.9 36.3 59 931 2 522 580 433 104 2 089 476 42.1 7.2 34.9 61 708 2 254 497 435 888 1 818 609 36.5 7.1 29.5 1976 63 486 2 366 305 455 660 1 910 645 37.3 7.2 30.1 5.7 1977 65 261 2 379 327 450 454 1 928 873 36.5 6.9 29.6 1978 67 013 2346 862 418 381 1928 481 35.0 6.2 28.8 1979 68 715 2 274 267 428 217 1 846 050 33.1 6.2 26.9 1980 70 353 2 446 238 434 465 2 011 773 34.8 6.2 28.6 1981 71 916 2 530 662 424 274 2 106 388 35.2 5.9 29.3 4.4 1982 73 416 2 392 849 412 345 1 980 504 32.6 5.6 27.0 74 880 2 609 088 413 403 2 195 685 34.8 5.5 29.3
Partition of India
The Congress , on the other hand , with 716 wins in the total of 1585 provincial assemblies seats , was able to form governments in 7 out of the 11 provinces of British India . In its manifesto the Congress maintained that religious issues were of lesser importance to the masses than economic and social issues , however , the election revealed that the Congress had contested just 58 out of the total 482 Muslim seats , and of these , it won in only 26 . In UP , where the Congress won , it offered to share power with the League on condition that the League stop functioning as a representative only of Muslims , which the League refused . This proved to be a mistake as it alienated the Congress further from the Muslim masses . In addition , the new UP provincial administration promulgated cow protection and the use of Hindi . The Muslim elite in UP was further alienated , when they saw chaotic scenes of the new Congress Raj , in which rural people who sometimes turned up in large numbers in Government buildings , were indistinguishable from the administrators and the law enforcement personnel .
Geography of Asia
704 Vietnam 331,690 86,116,559 259.6 Hanoi 034 Southern Asia 004 Afghanistan 647,500 32,738,775 42.9 Kabul 050 Bangladesh 147,570 153,546,901 1040.5 Dhaka 064 Bhutan 38,394 682,321 17.8 Thimphu 356 India 3,287,263 1,147,995,226 349.2 New Delhi 462 Maldives 300 379,174 1,263.3 Malé 524 Nepal 147,181 29,519,114 200.5 Kathmandu 586 Pakistan 881,913 207,774,520 244.4 Islamabad 144 Sri Lanka 65,610 21,128,773 322.0 Sri Jayawardenapura - Kotte 145 Western Asia 051 Armenia 29,800 3,299,000 280.7 Yerevan 031 Azerbaijan 86,660 8,845,127 102.736 Baku 048 Bahrain 665 718,306 987.1 Manama 196 Cyprus 9,250 792,604 83.9 Nicosia 268 Georgia 69,700 4,636,400 65.1 Tbilisi 364 Iran 1,648,195 70,472,846 42.8 Tehran 368 Iraq 437,072 28,221,181 54.9 Baghdad 376 Israel 20,770 7,112,359 290.3 Jerusalem 400 Jordan 92,300 6,198,677 57.5 Amman 414 Kuwait 17,820 2,596,561 118.5 Kuwait City 422 Lebanon 10,452 3,971,941 353.6 Beirut 512 Oman 212,460 3,311,640 12.8 Muscat 275 State of Palestine 6,257 4,277,000 683.5 Ramallah 634 Qatar 11,437 928,635 69.4 Doha 682 Saudi Arabia 1,960,582 23,513,330 12.0 Riyadh 760 Syria 185,180 19,747,586 92.6 Damascus 792 Turkey Ankara 784 United Arab Emirates 82,880 4,621,399 29.5 Abu Dhabi 887 Yemen 527,970 23,013,376 35.4 Sanaá 142 Asia 43,810,582 4,162,966,086 89.07 -- Table
Wales
Year Population of Wales 1536 278,000 1620 360,000 1770 500,000 1801 587,000 1851 1,163,000 1911 2,421,000 1921 2,656,000 1939 2,487,000 1961 2,644,000 1991 2,811,865 2011 3,063,000
United Kingdom
England 's population in 2011 was found to be 53 million . It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world , with 420 people resident per square kilometre in mid-2015 . with a particular concentration in London and the south - east . The 2011 census put Scotland 's population at 5.3 million , Wales at 3.06 million and Northern Ireland at 1.81 million . In percentage terms England has had the fastest growing population of any country of the UK in the period from 2001 to 2011 , with an increase of 7.9 % .
Demographics of Mexico
Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1865 8,259,080 -- 1910 15,160,369 + 83.6 % 1921 14,334,780 − 5.4 % 1930 16,552,722 + 15.5 % 1940 19,653,552 + 18.7 % 1950 25,791,017 + 31.2 % 1960 34,923,129 + 35.4 % 1970 48,225,238 + 38.1 % 1980 66,846,833 + 38.6 % 1990 81,249,645 + 21.5 % 2000 97,483,412 + 20.0 % 113,580,528 + 16.5 % 2017 123,675,325 + 8.9 % Source : INEGI
United Kingdom
Year Foreign born population of England and Wales Total population Irish born population Percentage of total population that was born abroad 1851 100,000 17,900,000 520,000 0.6 1861 150,000 20,100,000 600,000 0.7 1871 200,000 22,700,000 565,000 0.9 1881 275,000 26,000,000 560,000 1891 350,000 29,000,000 460,000 1901 475,000 32,500,000 425,000 1.5 1911 900,000 32,500,000 375,000 2.5 1921 750,000 37,900,000 365,000 1931 1,080,000 40,000,000 380,000 2.7 1951 1,875,000 43,700,000 470,000 4.3 1961 2,290,000 46,000,000 645,000 5.0 1971 3,100,000 48,700,000 585,000 6.4 1981 3,220,000 48,500,000 580,000 6.6 1991 3,625,000 49,900,000 570,000 7.3 2001 4,600,000 52,500,000 475,000 8.8 2011 7,500,000 56,000,000 400,000 13.4
Indian rupee
`` However , the price of gold in India , on the basis of the exchange rate of the rupee around 1S. 6d. , was lower than the price prevailing abroad practically throughout ; the disparity in prices made the export of the metal profitable , which phenomenon continued for almost a decade . Thus , in 1931 -- 32 , there were net exports of 7.7 million ounces , valued at Rs. 57.98 crores . In the following year , both the quantity and the price rose further , net exports totaling 8.4 million ounces , valued at Rs. 65.52 crores . In the ten years ended March 1941 , total net exports were of the order of 43 million ounces ( 1337.3 Tons ) valued at about Rs. 375 crores , or an average price of Rs. 32 - 12 - 4 per tola . ''
Illinois
At the turn of the 20th century , Illinois had a population of nearly 5 million . Many people from other parts of the country were attracted to the state by employment caused by the then - expanding industrial base . Whites were 98 % of the state 's population . Bolstered by continued immigration from southern and eastern Europe , and by the African - American Great Migration from the South , Illinois grew and emerged as one of the most important states in the union . By the end of the century , the population had reached 12.4 million .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
The plan of 16 May 1946 had a united India , in line with Congress and Muslim League aspirations , but that was where the consensus between the two parties ended since Congress abhorred the idea of having the groupings of Muslim - majority provinces and that of Hindu - majority provinces with the intention of balancing one another at the central legislature . The Muslim League could not accept any changes to this plan since they wanted to keep the safeguards of British Indian laws to prevent absolute rule of Hindus over Muslims .
Economy of India
Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts .
History of the United Kingdom
Keynesian economic management enabled British workers to enjoy a golden age of full employment which , combined with a more relaxed attitude towards working mothers , led to the spread of the two - income family . Inflation was around 4 per cent , money wages rose from an average of £ 8 a week in 1951 to £ 15 a week by 1961 , home - ownership spread from 35 per cent in 1939 to 47 per cent by 1966 , and the relaxation of credit controls boosted the demand for consumer goods .
Economic history of Argentina
Krieger 's tenure witnessed increased concentration and centralization of capital , coupled with privatisation of many important sectors of the economy . The international financial community offered strong support for this program , and economic growth continued . GDP expanded at an average annual rate of 5.2 % between 1966 and 1970 , compared to 3.2 % during the 1950s .
History of the United Kingdom
The significant real wage increases in the 1950s and 1960s contributed to a rapid increase in working - class consumerism , with British consumer spending rising by 45 % between 1952 and 1964 . In addition , entitlement to various fringe benefits was improved . In 1955 , 96 % of manual labourers were entitled to two weeks ' holiday with pay , compared with 61 % in 1951 . By the end of the 1950s , Britain had become one of the world 's most affluent countries , and by the early Sixties , most Britons enjoyed a level of prosperity that had previously been known only to a small minority of the population . For the young and unattached , there was , for the first time in decades , spare cash for leisure , clothes , and luxuries . In 1959 , Queen magazine declared that `` Britain has launched into an age of unparalleled lavish living . '' Average wages were high while jobs were plentiful , and people saw their personal prosperity climb even higher . Prime Minister Harold Macmillan claimed that `` the luxuries of the rich have become the necessities of the poor . '' Levels of disposable income rose steadily , with the spending power of the average family rising by 50 % between 1951 and 1979 , and by the end of the Seventies , 6 out of 10 families had come to own a car .
Economy of India
Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances .
East Pakistan
The constitutionally obliged National Finance Commission Program ( NFC Program ) was immediately suspended by Prime Minister Suhrawardy despite the reserves of the four provinces of the West Pakistan in 1956 . Suhrawardy advocated for the USSR - based Five - Year Plans to centralize the national economy . In this view , the East Pakistan 's economy was quickly centralized and all major economic planning shifted to West Pakistan .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
Definitives included a technology and development theme in 1955 , a series all showing the map of India in 1957 , denominated in naye paisa ( decimal currency ) , and a series with a broad variety of images in 1965 . Satrunjaya
New Deal
From 1933 to 1941 , the economy expanded at an average rate of 7.7 % per year . Despite high economic growth , unemployment rates fell slowly .
Portuguese Mozambique
From the late stages of this notable period of high growth and huge development effort started in the 1950s , was the construction of Cahora Bassa dam by the Portuguese , which started to fill in December 1974 after construction was commenced in 1969 . In 1971 construction work of the Massingir Dam began . At independence , Mozambique 's industrial base was well - developed by Sub-Saharan Africa standards , thanks to a boom in investment in the 1960s and early 1970s . Indeed , in 1973 , value added in manufacturing was the sixth highest in Sub-Saharan Africa .
India
In the 6th and 7th centuries , the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language . They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent . Indian royalty , big and small , and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities , which became economic hubs as well . Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation . By the 8th and 9th centuries , the effects were felt in South - East Asia , as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern - day Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Cambodia , Vietnam , Philippines , Malaysia , and Java . Indian merchants , scholars , and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission ; South - East Asians took the initiative as well , with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages .
Dow Jones Industrial Average
During the 1950s , the Korean War , the Algerian War , the Cold War and other political tensions such as the Cuban Revolution , as well as widespread political and economic changes in Africa during the initial stages of European Decolonization , did not stop the Dow 's bullish climb higher . Additionally , the U.S. would also make its way through two grinding recessions ; one in 1953 and another in 1958 . A 200 % increase in the average from a level of 206 to 616 ensued over the course of that decade . The
Economic history of Argentina
In the 1950s and part of the 1960s , the country had a slow rate of growth in line with most Latin American countries , while most of the rest of the world enjoyed a golden era . Stagnation prevailed during this period , and the economy often found itself contracting , mostly the result of union strife .
Great Depression
Protectionist policies coupled with a weak drachma , stifling imports , allowed Greek industry to expand during the Great Depression . In 1939 Greek Industrial output was 179 % that of 1928 . These industries were for the most part `` built on sand '' as one report of the Bank of Greece put it , as without massive protection they would not have been able to survive . Despite the global depression , Greece managed to suffer comparatively little , averaging an average growth rate of 3.5 % from 1932 to 1939 . The dictatorial regime of Ioannis Metaxas took over the Greek government in 1936 , and economic growth was strong in the years leading up to the Second World War .