vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Maharashtrian cuisine
Increased urbanization has increased wheat 's popularity . Wheat is used for making flatbreads called chapati , trigonal ghadichi poli the deep - fried version called puri or the thick paratha . One of the ancient sought - after breads was Mande . As with rice , flatbreads accompany a meal of vegetables or dairy items . Rice
Thar Desert
The Thar region of Rajasthan is a major opium production and consumption area . The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan while the Government of India has started a centrally sponsored Desert Development Program based on watershed management with the objective of preventing the spread of desert and improving the living conditions of people in the desert .
Biomass
Agave : 1 -- 21 tons / acre Alfalfa : 4 -- 6 tons / acre Barley : grains -- 1.6 -- 2.8 tons / acre , straw -- 0.9 -- 2.5 tons / acre , total -- 2.5 -- 5.3 tons / acre Corn : grains -- 3.2 -- 4.9 tons / acre , stalks and stovers -- 2.3 -- 3.4 tons / acre , total -- 5.5 -- 8.3 tons / acre Jerusalem artichokes : tubers 1 -- 8 tons / acre , tops 2 -- 13 tons / acre , total 9 -- 13 tons / acre Oats : grains -- 1.4 -- 5.4 tons / acre , straw -- 1.9 -- 3.2 tons / acre , total -- 3.3 -- 8.6 tons / acre Rye : grains -- 2.1 -- 2.4 tons / acre , straw -- 2.4 -- 3.4 tons / acre , total -- 4.5 -- 5.8 tons / acre Wheat : grains -- 1.2 -- 4.1 tons / acre , straw -- 1.6 -- 3.8 tons / acre , total -- 2.8 -- 7.9 tons / acre
Narmada River
The valley is famous for the gorgeous Maheshwari saris , which are handwoven ; comfortable in warm and cold weather , dressy and yet light ; these saris have a dedicated , select following among Indian women .
Neolithic Revolution
hides and skins ( from undomesticated animals ) manure for soil conditioning ( from all domesticated animals ) wool ( from sheep , llamas , alpacas , and Angora goats ) milk ( from goats , cattle , yaks , sheep , horses and camels ) traction ( from oxen , onagers , donkeys , horses , camels and dogs ) guarding and herding assistance ( dogs )
Agriculture in Sudan
The Kinanah Sugar Project , unlike the country 's four other government - owned sugar projects , was a joint venture -- among the governments of Sudan , Kuwait , and Saudi Arabia , and the Arab Investment Company , the Sudan Development Corporation , Kinanah Limited , and the AAAID , including local Sudanese banks . An initial trial run in the 1979 - 80 cane season produced 20,000 tons of sugar . Yield increased to an estimated 135,000 to 150,000 tons the following season . Production at the Hajar Asalaya factory did not get under way until the 1979 - 80 season because of cane and sugar - processing difficulties . Problems have also affected the other three state sugar factories , but as a result of proposed World Bank management , the output total of these four government operations for the 1984 - 85 season improved to nearly 200,000 tons . Output declined to 159,000 tons in 1985 - 86 because of the drought . In 1989 sugarcane production reached 400,000 tons .
Maharashtrian cuisine
In the Vidarbha region , little coconut is used in daily preparations but dry coconut and peanuts are used in dishes such as spicy savji s , as well as in mutton and chicken dishes .
Maharashtrian cuisine
Puran Poli is one of the most popular sweet items in the Maharashtrian cuisine . It is a buttery flatbread stuffed with jaggery ( molasses or gur ) , yellow gram ( chana ) dal , plain flour , cardamom powder and ghee . It is consumed at almost all festivals . Puran Poli is usually served with milk or a sweet - and - sour dal preparation called katachi amti . In rural areas it used to be served with a thin hot sugar syrup called gulawani . Modak is a sweet dumpling that is steamed ( ukdiche modak ) or fried . Modak is prepared during the Ganesha Festival around August , when it is often given as an offering to Lord Ganesha , as it is reportedly his favorite sweet . The sweet filling is made up of fresh - grated coconut and jaggery , while the soft shell is made from rice flour , or wheat flour mixed with khava or maida flour . The dumpling can be fried or steamed . The steamed version called ukdiche modak is eaten hot with ghee . Chirote is a combination of semolina and plain flour . Anarsa is made from soaked powdered rice with jaggery or sugar . The traditional process for creating the anarsa batter takes three days . Basundi is as weetened dense milk dessert . Amras is a pulp or thick juice made from mangoes , with a bit of sugar and / or milk . Shrikhand is a sweetened yogurt flavoured with saffron , cardamom and charoli nuts . Shrikhand puri is prepared on Gudhipadwa ( Marathi new year ) . Amrakhand is Shrikhand flavoured with mango , saffron , cardamom and charoli nuts . Ladu are a popular snack traditionally prepared for Diwali . Ladus can be based on semolina , gram flour or bundi . Pedha are round balls made from a mixture of khoa , sugar and saffron . Amba barfi is made from mango pulp . Gul Poli is a stuffed wheat - flatbread with gul paste .
North Africa
Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains , the Nile Valley and Delta , and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land . A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals , rice and cotton , and woods such as cedar and cork , are grown . Typical Mediterranean crops , such as olives , figs , dates and citrus fruits , also thrive in these areas . The Nile Valley is particularly fertile , and most of the population in Egypt live close to the river . Elsewhere , irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins .
Maharashtrian cuisine
In other areas of Maharashtra such as Desh , Maharashtra , Khandesh , Marathwada and Vidarbha , the traditional staple was bhakri with a combination of dal , and vegetables . The bhakri is increasingly replaced by wheat - based chapatis .
Fresh water
Crop Crop water needs mm / total growing period Sugar Cane 1500 -- 2500 Banana 1200 -- 2200 Citrus 900 -- 1200 Potato 500 -- 700 Tomato 400 -- 800 Barley / Oats / Wheat 450 -- 650 Cabbage 350 -- 500 Onions 350 -- 550 Pea 350 -- 500
Biomass
Oil palm : fronds 11 ton / acre , whole fruit bunches 1 ton / acre , trunks 30 ton / acre
Maharashtrian cuisine
Other popular sweets include : kaju katli , gulab jamun , jalebi , various kinds of barfi , and rasmalai .
Agriculture in Sudan
In the 1920s , private irrigation projects using diesel pumps also had begun to appear in Al Khartum Province , mainly along the White Nile , to provide vegetables , fruit , and other foods to the capital area . In 1937 a dam was built by the Anglo - Egyptian condominium upstream from Khartoum on the White Nile at Jabal al Awliya to regulate the supply of water to Egypt during the August to April period of declining flow . Grazing and cultivated land along the river was flooded for almost 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) . The government thereupon established seven pump irrigation projects , partially financed by Egypt , to provide the area 's inhabitants with an alternative to transhumance .
Indian rupee
All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs including ​ ⁄ , ​ ⁄ , ​ ⁄ in Bengal , ​ ⁄ ( a gold rupee ) and ​ ⁄ ( pancia ) in Bombay and ​ ⁄ , ​ ⁄ and ​ ⁄ in Madras .
History of agriculture
A system of companion planting called the Three Sisters was developed in North America . Three crops that complemented each other were planted together : winter squash , maize ( corn ) , and climbing beans ( typically tepary beans or common beans ) . The maize provides a structure for the beans to climb , eliminating the need for poles . The beans provide the nitrogen to the soil that the other plants use , and the squash spreads along the ground , blocking the sunlight , helping prevent the establishment of weeds . The squash leaves also act as a `` living mulch '' .
Midwestern United States
Mississippian peoples in the Midwest were mostly farmers who followed the rich , flat floodplains of Midwestern rivers . They brought with them a well - developed agricultural complex based on three major crops -- maize , beans , and squash . Maize , or corn , was the primary crop of Mississippian farmers . They gathered a wide variety of seeds , nuts , and berries , and fished and hunted for fowl to supplement their diets . With such an intensive form of agriculture , this culture supported large populations .
Maharashtrian cuisine
Diwali is one of the most popular Hindu festivals . In Maharashtrian tradition family members have a ritual bath before dawn and then sit down for a breakfast of fried sweets and savory snacks called as Diwali Faral . These sweets and snacks are offered to visitors and exchanged with neighbors . Typical sweet preparations include ladu , anarse , shankarpali and karanjya . Popular savory treats include chakli , shev and chiwda . High in fat and low in moisture , these snacks can be stored at room temperature for many weeks without spoiling .
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
While CARP ( er ) has had some success in improving food security and reducing poverty overall - through improved farm productivity and increased farmer incomes - the program has not escaped criticism . Major implementation problems include resistance from existing landowners ( often objecting to the undervaluation of their properties ) , legislative gaps and funding shortfalls .
Standard of living in China
The change in farm production from primarily collective to primarily household operations is reflected in household survey data on the sources of rural incomes . Before the 1980s farmers received income in the form of shares of the profits earned by their production teams plus supplementary income from household sideline activities . In 1978 two - thirds of the net income of farm families came from the collective , and only 27 percent was derived from household production . With the shift to the responsibility system these ratios were reversed . By 1982 the collective provided only 21 percent of farm income , while household production provided 69 percent . In 1985 the collective share of farm income had fallen to just over 8 percent , and the family production share had risen to 81 percent .
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
The policies on agrarian reform under the Ramos administration focused on accelerating the direct land transfer and non-land transfer through adopting more rational , fair and inexpensive settlements . It encouraged landowners to invest in rural - based industries that are connected to agriculture . It made an amendment to Section 63 of CARL to increase the fund of this project to 100 billion . Salaries of workers and members of DAR board were increased to motivate them for more successful results as well .
Agriculture in Sudan
In the 1970s , when the consumption and import of sugar grew rapidly , domestic production became a priority , and two major pump - irrigated sugar plantations were established on the White Nile in the Kusti area . The Hajar Asalaya Sugar Project , begun in 1975 , had an irrigated area of about 7,600 hectares . The sugar factory , completed in 1977 , had a potential annual capacity of 110,000 tons . The Kinanah Sugar Project , which had almost 16,200 hectares ( 40,000 acres ) under irrigation in 1981 and had a future potential of over 33,000 hectares ( 82,000 acres ) , was one of the world 's largest sugar - milling and refining operations . In 1985 - 86 production reached more than 330,000 tons a year . This project , first proposed in 1971 , was beset with funding problems and overruns that increased overall costs from the equivalent of US $113 million estimated in 1973 to more than US $750 million when the plant opened officially in early 1981 .
Agriculture in Sudan
The investment requirements for mechanized farming favored prosperous cultivators , and eventually most farms came to be operated by entrepreneurs who raised capital through mortgageable property or other assets in the urban centers . Through arrangements with other individuals , these entrepreneurs frequently managed to control additional plots beyond the legal limit of two . Their ability to obtain capital also permitted them to abandon depleted land and to move into newly demarcated uncleared areas , a practice that had a deleterious impact upon the environment , deprived the indigenous inhabitants of work opportunities , and increased desertification . In 1968 , to expand the operator base and to introduce more control over land allocation , crops , and farming methods , the government established the Mechanized Farming Corporation ( MFC ) , an autonomous agency under the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources . From 1968 through 1978 , the IDA made three loans to the government to enable the MFC to provide technical assistance , credit for landclearing and machinery , and marketing aid to individual farmers and cooperative groups . The MFC also became the operator of state farms . A
Kenya
Kenya has a Human Development Index ( HDI ) of 0.555 ( medium ) , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world . As of 2005 , 17.7 % of Kenyans lived on less than $1.25 a day . In 2017 , Kenya ranked 92nd in the World Bank ease of doing business rating from 113rd in 2016 ( of 190 countries ) . The important agricultural sector is one of the least developed and largely inefficient , employing 75 % of the workforce compared to less than 3 % in the food secure developed countries . Kenya is usually classified as a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market , but it is not one of the least developed countries .
Indigenous Australians
In 2002 , the average household income for Indigenous Australian adults ( adjusted for household size and composition ) was 60 % of the non-Indigenous average .
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005
Union Rural Development Minister , Nitin Gadkari , proposed to limit MGNREGA programmes within tribal and poor areas . He also proposed to change the labour : material ratio from 60 : 40 to 51 : 49 . As per the new proposal , the programme will be implemented in 2,500 backward blocks coming under Intensive Participatory Planning Exercise . These blocks are identified per the Planning Commission Estimate of 2013 and a Backwardness Index prepared by Planning Commission using 2011 census . This backwardness index consists of following five parameters - percentage of households primarily depended on agriculture , female literacy rates , households without access to electricity , households without access to drinking water and sanitation within the premises and households without access to banking facilities .
Standard of living in China
In China , as in other countries , an important determinant of the affluence of a household was the dependency ratio - the number of nonworkers supported by each worker . In 1985 the average cost of living for one person in urban areas was ¥ 732 a year , and the average state enterprise worker , even with food allowance and other benefits added to the basic wage , had difficulty supporting one other person . Two average wage earners , however , could easily support one dependent . Families with several workers and few or no dependents had substantial surplus earnings , which they saved or used to buy nonessential goods . An important positive influence on the per capita consumption levels of urban families was a decline in the number of dependents per urban worker , from 2.4 in 1964 to 0.7 in 1985 . In farm families the dependency ratio fell from 1.5 in 1978 to 0.7 in 1985 . Farm incomes rose rapidly in the 1980s under the stimulus of the responsibility system but on average remained considerably lower than urban incomes . Household surveys found that in 1985 average net per capita income for rural residents was ¥ 398 , less than half the average per capita urban income , which was ¥ 821 . The value of goods farmers produced and consumed themselves accounted for 31 percent of rural income in 1985 . The largest component of income in kind was food , 58 percent of which was self - produced .
New Spain
In the late colonial period , renting complemented estate employment for many non-Indians in more central areas of the Bajío with access to markets . As with hacendados , renters produced for the commercial market . While these Bajío renters could prosper in good times and achieved a level of independence , drought and other disasters made their choice more risky than beneficial .
Economy of Mexico
Up until the 1980s , the government encouraged the production of basic crops ( mainly corn and beans ) by maintaining support prices and controlling imports through the National Company for Popular Subsistence ( CONASUPO ) . With trade liberalization , however , CONASUPO was to be gradually dismantled and two new mechanisms were implemented : Alianza and Procampo . Alianza provides income payments and incentives for mechanization and advanced irrigation systems . Procampo is an income transfer subsidy to farmers . This support program provides 3.5 million farmers who produce basic commodities ( mostly corn ) , and which represent 64 % of all farmers , with a fixed income transfer payment per unit of area of cropland . This subsidy increased substantially during president Fox 's administration , mainly to white corn producers in order to reduce the amount of imports from the United States . This program has been successful , and in 2004 , roughly only 15 % of corn imports are white corn -- the one used for human consumption and the type that is mostly grown in Mexico -- as opposed to 85 % of yellow and crashed corn -- the one use for feeding livestock , and which is barely produced in Mexico . Crops
Carthage
In Punic farming society , according to Mago , the small estate owners were the chief producers . They were , two modern historians write , not absent landlords . Rather , the likely reader of Mago was `` the master of a relatively modest estate , from which , by great personal exertion , he extracted the maximum yield . '' Mago counselled the rural landowner , for the sake of their own ' utilitarian ' interests , to treat carefully and well their managers and farm workers , or their overseers and slaves . Yet elsewhere these writers suggest that rural land ownership provided also a new power base among the city 's nobility , for those resident in their country villas . By many , farming was viewed as an alternative endeavour to an urban business . Another modern historian opines that more often it was the urban merchant of Carthage who owned rural farming land to some profit , and also to retire there during the heat of summer . It may seem that Mago anticipated such an opinion , and instead issued this contrary advice ( as quoted by the Roman writer Columella ) :
Plant breeding
Critics of organic agriculture claim it is too low - yielding to be a viable alternative to conventional agriculture . However , part of that poor performance may be the result of growing poorly adapted varieties . It is estimated that over 95 % of organic agriculture is based on conventionally adapted varieties , even though the production environments found in organic vs. conventional farming systems are vastly different due to their distinctive management practices . Most notably , organic farmers have fewer inputs available than conventional growers to control their production environments . Breeding varieties specifically adapted to the unique conditions of organic agriculture is critical for this sector to realize its full potential . This requires selection for traits such as :
Environmental impact of irrigation
Due to this careful planning this project was successful both in improving the socialeconomic conditions in the region and ensuring that land and water are sustainability into the future .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
IRDP in India is among the world 's most ambitious programs to alleviate rural poverty by providing income - generated assets to the poorest of the poor . This program was first introduced in 1978 - 79 in some selected areas , but covered all the areas by November 1980 . During the sixth five - year plan ( 1980 -- 85 ) assets worth 47.6 billion rupees were distributed to about 16.6 million poor families . During 1987 - 88 , another 4.2 million families were assisted with an average investment of 4,471 per family or 19 billion rupees overall .
Dust Bowl
Capital - intensive agribusiness had transformed the scene ; deep wells into the aquifer , intensive irrigation , the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers , and giant harvesters were creating immense crops year after year whether it rained or not . According to the farmers he interviewed , technology had provided the perfect answer to old troubles , such of the bad days would not return . In Worster 's view , by contrast , the scene demonstrated that America 's capitalist high - tech farmers had learned nothing . They were continuing to work in an unsustainable way , devoting far cheaper subsidized energy to growing food than the energy could give back to its ultimate consumers .
Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter is one of the most stable fats known , a quality that , coupled with natural antioxidants , prevents rancidity , giving it a storage life of two to five years . The velvety texture , pleasant fragrance and emollient properties of cocoa butter have made it a popular ingredient in products for the skin , such as soaps and lotions .
Cocoa butter
Pharmaceutical companies heavily use cocoa butter 's physical properties . As a nontoxic solid at room temperature that melts at body temperature , it is considered an ideal base for medicinal suppositories .
Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter Raw cocoa butter ( with coconut ) Fat composition Saturated fats Total saturated 57 -- 64 % : stearic acid ( 24 -- 37 % ) , palmitic acid ( 24 -- 30 % ) , myristic acid , ( 0 -- 4 % ) , arachidic acid ( 1 % ) , lauric acid ( 0 -- 1 % ) Unsaturated fats Total unsaturated 36 -- 43 % Monounsaturated 29 -- 43 % : oleic acid ( 29 -- 38 % ) , palmitoleic acid ( 0 -- 2 % ) Polyunsaturated 0 -- 5 % : linoleic acid ( 0 -- 4 % ) , α - Linolenic acid ( 0 -- 1 % ) Properties Food energy per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) 3,699 kilojoules ( 884 kcal ) Melting point 34.1 ° C ( 93.4 ° F ) , 35 -- 36.5 ° C ( 95.0 -- 97.7 ° F ) Solidity at 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) solid Refractive index 1.44556 -- 1.44573 Iodine value 32.11 -- 35.12 , 35.575 Acid value 1.68 Saponification value 191.214 , 192.88 -- 196.29
Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter , also called theobroma oil , is a pale - yellow , edible vegetable fat extracted from the cocoa bean . It is used to make chocolate , as well as some ointments , toiletries , and pharmaceuticals . Cocoa butter has a cocoa flavor and aroma . Its best - known attribute is its melting point , which is just below human body temperature .
Avocado
Although costly to produce , nutrient - rich avocado oil has diverse uses for salads or cooking and in cosmetics and soap products .
Castoreum
At least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum . Some of these have pheromonal activity . These are the phenols 4 - ethylphenol and 1 , 2 - dihydroxybenzene ( catechol ) and the ketones acetophenone and 3 - hydroxyacetophenone . Five additional compounds noted are 4 - methyl - 1 , 2 - dihydroxybenzene ( 4 - methylcatechol ) , 4 - methoxyacetophenone , 5 - methoxysalicylic acid , salicylaldehyde , and 3 - hydroxybenzoic acid . Other neutral compounds are oxygen - containing monoterpenes such as 6 - methyl - l - heptanol , 4 , 6 - dimethyl - l - heptanol , isopinocamphone , pinocamphone , two linalool oxides and their acetates . Other compounds are : benzoic acid , benzyl alcohol , borneol , o - cresol , 4 - ( 4 ' - hydroxyphenyl ) - 2 - butanone , hydroquinone , phenol . All those compounds are gathered from plant food . It also contains nupharamine alkaloids and castoramine , and cis - cyclohexane - 1 , 2 - diol .
Saturated and unsaturated compounds
Butanol , acetaldehyde , propanone , butyric acid saturated fatty acids ( e.g. , stearic acid and palmitic acid )
Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter contains a high proportion of saturated fats , derived from stearic and palmitic acids . Cocoa butter , unlike cocoa solids , has no more than trace amounts of caffeine and theobromine .