vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Munich Agreement
By seizing Bohemia and Moravia the Third Reich gained all the skilled labour force and heavy industry placed there as well as all the weapons of the Czechoslovakian army . At the time of Hitler 's later attack on France , roughly 25 % of all German weapons came from the protectorate Böhmen und Mähren . The Third Reich also gained the whole Czechoslovakian gold treasure , including gold stored in the Bank of England . Of a total 227 tons of gold found after the war in salt mines , only 18.4 tons were returned to Czechoslovakia in 1982 , although most of this gold came from Czechoslovakia . Czechoslovakia was also forced to `` sell '' to the Wehrmacht war material for 648 million of pre-war Czechoslovak crowns . This debt was never repaid .
Treaty of Versailles
After Scheidemann ′ s resignation , a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer . President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible situation . Although he shared his countrymen 's disgust with the treaty , he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it . He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty , the Allies would invade Germany from the west -- and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion . With this in mind , he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war . If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out , Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty . Hindenburg -- after prodding from his chief of staff , Wilhelm Groener -- concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale . However , rather than inform Ebert himself , he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities . Upon receiving this , the new government recommended signing the treaty . The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138 , with five abstentions ( there were 421 delegates in total ) . This result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline . Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany . The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116 . Demonstration
Axis powers
Reichskommissariat Ostland was established in the Baltic region in 1941 . Unlike the western Reichskommissariats that sought the incorporation of their majority Germanic peoples , Ostland were designed for settlement by Germans who would displace the non-Germanic majority living there , as part of lebensraum .
Age of Enlightenment
Prussia took the lead among the German states in sponsoring the political reforms that Enlightenment thinkers urged absolute rulers to adopt . There were important movements as well in the smaller states of Bavaria , Saxony , Hanover and the Palatinate . In each case , Enlightenment values became accepted and led to significant political and administrative reforms that laid the groundwork for the creation of modern states . The princes of Saxony , for example , carried out an impressive series of fundamental fiscal , administrative , judicial , educational , cultural and general economic reforms . The reforms were aided by the country 's strong urban structure and influential commercial groups and modernized pre-1789 Saxony along the lines of classic Enlightenment principles . Weimar
Marshall Plan
After six weeks of negotiations , Molotov rejected all of the American and British proposals . Molotov also rejected the counter-offer to scrap the British - American `` Bizonia '' and to include the Soviet zone within the newly constructed Germany . Marshall was particularly discouraged after personally meeting with Stalin to explain that the United States could not possibly abandon its position on Germany , while Stalin expressed little interest in a solution to German economic problems .
World War I
The front moved to within 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) of Paris . Three heavy Krupp railway guns fired 183 shells on the capital , causing many Parisians to flee . The initial offensive was so successful that Kaiser Wilhelm II declared 24 March a national holiday . Many Germans thought victory was near . After heavy fighting , however , the offensive was halted . Lacking tanks or motorised artillery , the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains . The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell - torn and often impassable to traffic .
Government of the Soviet Union
The Government managed the internal sphere of the Union of Soviet of Socialist Republics ' social policy . It was responsible for implementing measures which would either promote or ensure the well - being of Soviet citizens through economic , social and economic development . On the economic sphere , the government was responsible for monetary , technological , pollution , price wages and social security policies , controlled all All - Union , literally institutions controlled by the Central Government , and All - Republican institutions . For instance , the Government controlled the State Bank and was responsible for the organisation of state insurance and accounting . It was the Government which drafted the five - year plans for economic and social development , through its control of the State Planning Committee , and the country 's budget , through its control of the Ministry of Finance . Both the five - year plan and the budget needed approval from the Supreme Soviet to be implemented . It was responsible for socialist property , public order and the protection of its citizen 's .
Munich Agreement
Because of their knowledge of the Czech language , many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia as well as in Nazi organizations ( Gestapo , etc . ) . The most notable was Karl Hermann Frank : the SS and Police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate . German
Gerontocracy
Other Communist countries with leaders in their 70s or 80s have included Albania ( First Secretary Enver Hoxha was 76 at death ) , Czechoslovakia ( President Gustáv Husák was 76 at his resignation ) , East Germany ( General Secretary and head of state Erich Honecker was 77 when forced out ) , Hungary ( General Secretary János Kádár was 75 when forced out ) , Laos ( President Nouhak Phoumsavanh was 83 at retirement ) , North Korea ( President Kim Il - sung was 82 at death ) , Romania ( General Secretary and President Nicolae Ceauşescu was 71 when he was killed ) , Vietnam ( President Trường Chinh was 80 at retirement ) , Yugoslavia ( President Josip Broz Tito was 87 at death ) . On the sub-national level , Georgia 's Party head Vasil Mzhavanadze was 70 when forced out , and his Lithuanian counterpart Antanas Sniečkus was 71 at death . Nowadays , Cuba has been characterized as a gerontocracy : `` Although the population is now mainly black or mulatto and young , its rulers form a mainly white gerontocracy . ''
Cold War
By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state .
Cold War
Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations .
Gerontocracy
In 1980 , the average Politburo member was 70 years old ( as opposed to 55 in 1952 and 61 in 1964 ) , and by 1982 , Brezhnev 's Minister of Foreign Affairs Andrei Gromyko , his Minister of Defense Dmitriy Ustinov and his Premier Nikolai Tikhonov were all in their mid-to - late seventies . Yuri Andropov , Brezhnev 's 68 - year - old successor , was seriously ill with kidney disease when he took over , and after his death fifteen months later , he was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko , then 72 , who lasted thirteen months before his death and replacement with Gorbachev . Chernenko became the third Soviet leader to die in less than three years , and , upon being informed in the middle of the night of his death , U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who was seven months older than Chernenko and just over three years older than his predecessor Andropov , is reported to have remarked `` How am I supposed to get anyplace with the Russians if they keep dying on me ? ''
Cold War
Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy .
We Didn't Start the Fire
Joseph Stalin , leader of the Soviet Union , dies on March 5 . Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Stalin for six months following his death . Malenkov had presided over Stalin 's purges , but would be spared a similar fate by his successor Nikita Khrushchev . Gamal Abdel Nasser acts as the true power behind the new Egyptian nation as Muhammad Naguib 's minister of the interior . Sergei Prokofiev , the composer , dies on March 5 , the same day as Stalin . Winthrop Rockefeller and his wife Barbara are involved in a highly publicized divorce , culminating in 1954 with a record - breaking $5.5 million settlement . Roy Campanella , an Italian - American / African - American baseball catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers , receives the National League 's Most Valuable Player award for the second time . Communist bloc : The uprising of 1953 in East Germany is crushed by the Volkspolizei and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany . 1954
Cold War
In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola .
First they came ...
However , as claimed by Richard John Neuhaus in the November 2001 issue of First Things , when `` asked in 1971 about the correct version of the quote , Niemöller said he was not quite sure when he had said the famous words but , if people insist upon citing them , he preferred a version that listed ' the Communists ' , ' the trade unionists ' , ' the Jews ' , and ' me ' . '' However , historian Harold Marcuse could not verify that interview . Rather , he found a 1976 interview in which Niemöller referred to a 1974 discussion with the general bishop of the Lutheran Church of Slovakia .
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
In his visit to Cuba in April 1989 , Gorbachev attempted to convince Castro to take a more positive attitude towards reformism and more flexibility in fixing Cuba 's economy . Gorbachev was only the second Soviet leader to visit Latin America , and rather than resolve the increasing tensions between the two nations , the visit was mostly a symbolic gesture . Despite Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze declaring the meeting a `` milestone in Soviet - Cuban relations , '' Soviet - Cuban relations rapidly declined following Gorbachev 's return to Moscow . 1989
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
Heightened tensions best characterize diplomatic relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union throughout the Gorbachev era . The introduction of Gorbachev 's reforms of perestroika , glasnost , and his `` new thinking '' on foreign policy set off an economic crisis in the Soviet Union , opened up the Soviets and their allies to increasing internal criticism from dissidents , and sparked an ideological conflict with Fidel Castro 's regime . 1985
Cuba–Soviet Union relations
In the international sphere , Gorbachev 's `` new thinking '' attempted to remove Marxist ideology from East - West relations . Soviet foreign policy took on a new orientation that stressed international independence , non-offensive defense , multilateral cooperation , and use of the political process to solve security issues . At first , Castro took a relatively positive outlook on `` new thinking : '' `` this was the first time since the appearance of these awesome weapons of mass destruction ... that such a categorical , resolute and concrete proposal had been made , '' he commented . However , ideological divergences over disarmament , international conflicts in Nicaragua and Angola , and the debt crisis in the developing world quickly created irreconcilable differences between Castro and Gorbachev . Demonstrative of the cooling of Cold War tensions and `` new thinking , '' Gorbachev announced on September 11 , 1991 that all Soviet troops would be removed from Cuba . This move symbolized Gorbachev 's efforts to eliminate Marxism from Soviet foreign policy , which Castro believed undermined Cuba 's struggle against U.S. imperialism .
Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
During the 1848 turmoil in Germany , Albert had been constructing his own liberal reform plan , under which a single monarch , chancellor , and parliament would unite the German states ; in addition , each state would retain its own current ruling dynasty . As this plan pertained to his brother , Ernest was given a copy in the hope that he would develop his own liberal constitution . Ernest subsequently made a few concessions , but his position remained sound , not counting the increasing problem of his debts . A constitution was drafted and promulgated in 1849 in Gotha , though one had existed in Coburg since 1821 . In 1852 , both constitutions were converged into one , which converted the personal union of the two duchies into a real union ; the duchies were now inseparable , with a common set of institutions . During the political turmoil , timely concessions and Ernest 's popular habit of mingling with `` the people in their pleasures '' were instrumental in keeping him from losing his throne . Furthermore , various contemporary sources state that Ernest was an able , just and very popular ruler , which may have also helped keep him in power .
Eduard Khil
Khil 's son was quoted as saying `` He thinks maybe someone is trying to make a fool of him , '' and `` He keeps asking , ' Where were all these journalists 40 years ago ? ' ''
Reichstag fire
During the summer of 1933 , a mock counter-trial was organised in London by a group of lawyers , democrats and other anti-Nazis under the aegis of German Communist émigrés . The chairman of the mock trial was Labour barrister ( and Stalin apologist ) DN Pritt KC and the chief organiser was the KPD propaganda chief Willi Münzenberg . The other `` judges '' were Meester Piet Vermeylen of Belgium , George Branting of Sweden , Maître Vincent de Moro - Giafferi and Maître Gaston Bergery of France , Betsy Bakker - Nort of the Netherlands , Vald Hvidt of Denmark and Arthur Garfield Hays of the United States .
Humanism
After World War II , three prominent Humanists became the first directors of major divisions of the United Nations : Julian Huxley of UNESCO , Brock Chisholm of the World Health Organisation , and John Boyd - Orr of the Food and Agricultural Organisation .
Reichstag fire
I had no reason or motive for setting fire to the Reichstag . From the artistic point of view I did not at all regret that the assembly chamber was burned ; I hoped to build a better one . But I did regret very much that I was forced to find a new meeting place for the Reichstag and , not being able to find one , I had to give up my Kroll Opera House ... for that purpose . The opera seemed to me much more important than the Reichstag .
Reichstag fire
Dimitrov : Is the Reichsminister aware of the fact that those that possess this alleged criminal mentality today control the destiny of a sixth part of the world -- the Soviet Union ?
Bradford
Among Bradford born people who made significant contributions to the arts were David Hockney , painter , draughtsman , printmaker , stage designer and photographer , who was born in the city and educated at Bradford Grammar School . Frederick Delius ( 1862 -- 1934 ) was a composer born to a family of German descent in the city and J.B. Priestley ( 1894 -- 1984 ) was a novelist and playwright . Sir William Rothenstein was a painter , draughtsman and writer on art who was principal of the Royal College of Art from 1920 to 1935 . In the genre of classical music Rodney Friend is an English violinist , born ( 1940 ) , In 1964 he became the youngest ever leader of the London Philharmonic Orchestra . In the field of science and medicine , Friederich Wilhelm Eurich ( 1867 -- 1945 ) , professor of forensic medicine and bacteriologist , did much to conquer anthrax in the wool trade . Sir
Prague
The annual conference Forum 2000 , which was founded by former Czech President Václav Havel , Japanese philanthropist Yōhei Sasakawa , and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel in 1996 , is held in Prague . Its main objective is `` to identify the key issues facing civilization and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion , culture or ethnicity as their primary components '' , and also intends to promote democracy in non-democratic countries and to support civil society . Conferences have attracted a number of prominent thinkers , Nobel laureates , former and acting politicians , business leaders and other individuals like : Frederik Willem de Klerk , Bill Clinton , Nicholas Winton , Oscar Arias Sánchez , Dalai Lama , Hans Küng , Shimon Peres and Madeleine Albright .
Woodrow Wilson
In 1919 , Wilson guided American foreign policy to `` acquiesce '' in the Balfour Declaration without supporting Zionism in an official way . Wilson expressed sympathy for the plight of Jews , especially in Poland and France .
Friedrich Engels
However , Labour Party politician Tristram Hunt argues that Engels has become a convenient scapegoat , too easily blamed for the state crimes of the Soviet Union , Communist Southeast Asia and China . `` Engels is left holding the bag of 20th century ideological extremism , '' Hunt writes , `` while Marx is rebranded as the acceptable , postpolitical seer of global capitalism . '' Hunt largely exonerates Engels stating that `` in no intelligible sense can Engels or Marx bear culpability for the crimes of historical actors carried out generations later , even if the policies were offered up in their honor . ''
Andre Gunder Frank
His work in the 1990s focused on world history . He returned to his analysis of global political economy in the new millennium inspired by a lecture he gave at the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga ( SSE Riga ) . In 2006 SSE Riga received Andre Gunder Frank 's personal library collection and set - up the Andre Gunder Frank Memorial Library in his honor , with the support of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation .
United Nations
After World War II , the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France , and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization . The future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN , famously calling it a machin ( `` contraption '' ) , and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace , preferring direct defence treaties between countries . Throughout the Cold War , both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other . In 1953 , the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie , the Secretary - General , through its refusal to deal with him , while in the 1950s and 1960s , a popular US bumper sticker read , `` You ca n't spell communism without U.N. '' In a sometimes - misquoted statement , President George W. Bush stated in February 2003 ( referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime ) that `` free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective , irrelevant debating society . '' In contrast , the French President , François Hollande , stated in 2012 that `` France trusts the United Nations . She knows that no state , no matter how powerful , can solve urgent problems , fight for development and bring an end to all crises ... France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance . '' Critics such as Dore Gold , an Israeli diplomat , Robert S. Wistrich , a British scholar , Alan Dershowitz , an American legal scholar , Mark Dreyfus , an Australian politician , and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel 's treatment of Palestinians to be excessive . In September 2015 , Saudi Arabia 's Faisal bin Hassan Trad has been elected Chair of the UN Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts , a move criticized by human rights groups .
Marshall Plan
Former US Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan gives most credit to German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard for Europe 's economic recovery . Greenspan writes in his memoir The Age of Turbulence that Erhard 's economic policies were the most important aspect of postwar Western Europe recovery , even outweighing the contributions of the Marshall Plan . He states that it was Erhard 's reductions in economic regulations that permitted Germany 's miraculous recovery , and that these policies also contributed to the recoveries of many other European countries . Its recovery is attributed to traditional economic stimuli , such as increases in investment , fueled by a high savings rate and low taxes . Japan saw a large infusion of US investment during the Korean War . The
History of the United Kingdom
a patient , pragmatic practitioner , with a keen understanding of Britain 's historic interests ... He oversaw the partition of Africa , the emergence of Germany and the United States as imperial powers , and the transfer of British attention from the Dardanelles to Suez without provoking a serious confrontation of the great powers .
Midwestern United States
A favorite destination was Milwaukee , known as `` the German Athens '' . Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city 's Socialists . Skilled workers dominated many crafts , while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry ; the most famous brands included Pabst , Schlitz , Miller , and Blatz .
Warsaw
John Paul II 's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding `` Solidarity '' movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there . In 1979 , less than a year after becoming pope , John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to `` renew the face '' of Poland : Let Thy Spirit descend ! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land ! This land ! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for liberal - democratic reforms .
Bobby Sands
In Tehran , Iran , President Abolhassan Bani - Sadr sent a message of condolence to the Sands family .