vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lead poisoning
Exposure to lead may also decrease lifespan and have health effects in the long term . Death rates from a variety of causes have been found to be higher in people with elevated blood lead levels ; these include cancer , stroke , and heart disease , and general death rates from all causes . Lead is considered a possible human carcinogen based on evidence from animal studies . Evidence also suggests that age - related mental decline and psychiatric symptoms are correlated with lead exposure . Cumulative exposure over a prolonged period may have a more important effect on some aspects of health than recent exposure . Some health effects , such as high blood pressure , are only significant risks when lead exposure is prolonged ( over about one year ) .
Cell nucleus
Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization , in particular , nucleosomes , have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases , such as systemic lupus erythematosus . These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies ( ANA ) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction . As in the case of progeria , the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious .
Megaloblastic anemia
Normal levels of both methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine rule out clinically significant cobalamin deficiency with virtual certainty .
Myelin
The immune system may play a role in demyelination associated with such diseases , including inflammation causing demyelination by overproduction of cytokines via upregulation of tumor necrosis factor or interferon . Symptoms
Lead poisoning
High blood lead levels in adults are also associated with decreases in cognitive performance and with psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety . It was found in a large group of current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea that blood lead levels in the range of 20 -- 50 μg / dL were correlated with neuro - cognitive defects . Increases in blood lead levels from about 50 to about 100 μg / dL in adults have been found to be associated with persistent , and possibly permanent , impairment of central nervous system function .
Lead poisoning
The brain is the organ most sensitive to lead exposure . Lead is able to pass through the endothelial cells at the blood brain barrier because it can substitute for calcium ions and be uptaken by calcium - ATPase pumps . Lead poisoning interferes with the normal development of a child 's brain and nervous system ; therefore children are at greater risk of lead neurotoxicity than adults are . In a child 's developing brain , lead interferes with synapse formation in the cerebral cortex , neurochemical development ( including that of neurotransmitters ) , and organization of ion channels . It causes loss of neurons ' myelin sheaths , reduces numbers of neurons , interferes with neurotransmission , and decreases neuronal growth .
White matter
Changes in white matter known as amyloid plaques are associated with Alzheimer 's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases . White matter injuries ( `` axonal shearing '' ) may be reversible , while gray matter regeneration is less likely . Other changes that commonly occur with age include the development of leukoaraiosis , which is a rarefaction of the white matter that can be caused by a variety of conditions , including loss of myelin , axonal loss , and a breakdown of the blood -- brain barrier .
Lead poisoning
A fetus developing in the womb of a woman who has elevated blood lead level is susceptible to lead poisoning by intrauterine exposure , and is at greater risk of being born prematurely or with a low birth weight .
Lead poisoning
Lead affects the peripheral nervous system ( especially motor nerves ) and the central nervous system . Peripheral nervous system effects are more prominent in adults and central nervous system effects are more prominent in children . Lead causes the axons of nerve cells to degenerate and lose their myelin coats .
Endocrine system
Extensive bidirectional interactions exist between the endocrine system and the immune system . Cortisol has major immunosuppressive effects , and dopamine has immunomodulatory functions . On the other hand , cytokines produced during inflammation activate the HPA axis at all three levels , sensible to negative feedback . Moreover , cytokines stimulate hepcidin release from the liver , which is eventually responsible for the anemia of chronic disease .
Polycythemia
It can be due to an increase in the number of red blood cells ( `` absolute polycythemia '' ) or to a decrease in the volume of plasma ( `` relative polycythemia '' ) . Polycythemia is sometimes called erythrocytosis , but the terms are not synonymous , because polycythemia refers to any increase in red blood cells , whereas erythrocytosis only refers to a documented increase of red cell mass .
Lead poisoning
In adults , symptoms can occur at levels above 40 μg / dL , but are more likely to occur only above 50 -- 60 μg / dL . Symptoms begin to appear in children generally at around 60 μg / dL . However , the lead levels at which symptoms appear vary widely depending on unknown characteristics of each individual . At blood lead levels between 25 and 60 μg / dL , neuropsychiatric effects such as delayed reaction times , irritability , and difficulty concentrating , as well as slowed motor nerve conduction and headache can occur . Anemia may appear at blood lead levels higher than 50 μg / dL . In adults , abdominal colic , involving paroxysms of pain , may appear at blood lead levels greater than 80 μg / dL . Signs that occur in adults at blood lead levels exceeding 100 μg / dL include wrist drop and foot drop , and signs of encephalopathy ( a condition characterized by brain swelling ) , such as those that accompany increased pressure within the skull , delirium , coma , seizures , and headache . In children , signs of encephalopathy such as bizarre behavior , discoordination , and apathy occur at lead levels exceeding 70 μg / dL . For both adults and children , it is rare to be asymptomatic if blood lead levels exceed 100 μg / dL .
Lead poisoning
Early symptoms of lead poisoning in adults are commonly nonspecific and include depression , loss of appetite , intermittent abdominal pain , nausea , diarrhea , constipation , and muscle pain . Other early signs in adults include malaise , fatigue , decreased libido , and problems with sleep . An unusual taste in the mouth and personality changes are also early signs .
Myelin
Demyelination results in diverse symptoms determined by the functions of the affected neurons . It disrupts signals between the brain and other parts of the body ; symptoms differ from patient to patient , and have different presentations upon clinical observation and in laboratory studies .
Human skin color
Vitiligo is a condition that causes depigmentation of sections of skin . It occurs when melanocytes die or are unable to function . The cause of vitiligo is unknown , but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune , genetic , oxidative stress , neural , or viral causes . The incidence worldwide is less than 1 % . Individuals affected by vitiligo sometimes suffer psychological discomfort because of their appearance .
Lead poisoning
Exposure to lead can occur by contaminated air , water , dust , food , or consumer products . Children are at greater risk as they are more likely to put objects in their mouth such as those that contain lead paint and absorb a greater proportion of the lead that they eat . Exposure at work is a common cause of lead poisoning in adults with certain occupations at particular risk . Diagnosis is typically by measurement of the blood lead level . The Centers for Disease Control ( US ) has set the upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 μg / dl ( 10 μg / 100 g ) and for children at 5 μg / dl . Elevated lead may also be detected by changes in red blood cells or dense lines in the bones of children as seen on X-ray .
Lyme disease
After several months , untreated or inadequately treated patients may go on to develop severe and chronic symptoms that affect many parts of the body , including the brain , nerves , eyes , joints , and heart . Many disabling symptoms can occur , including permanent impairment of motor or sensory function of the lower extremities in extreme cases . The associated nerve pain radiating out from the spine is termed Bannwarth syndrome , named after Alfred Bannwarth .
Lead poisoning
Ingestion of metallic lead , such as small lead fishing lures , increases blood lead levels and can be fatal . Ingestion of lead - contaminated food is also a threat . Ceramic glaze often contains lead , and dishes that have been improperly fired can leach the metal into food , potentially causing severe poisoning . In some places , the solder in cans used for food contains lead . When manufacturing medical instruments and hardware , solder containing lead may be present . People who eat animals hunted with lead bullets may be at risk for lead exposure . Bullets lodged in the body rarely cause significant levels of lead , but bullets lodged in the joints are the exception , as they deteriorate and release lead into the body over time .
Dental anesthesia
Thick cortical plate Active periodontal disease Fistula formation at the perforated sites Proximities of roots with the adjacent teeth Constricted cancellous bone in certain areas within the mandible
Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning Synonyms Plumbism , colica pictorum , saturnism , Devon colic , painter 's colic An X ray demonstrating the characteristic finding of lead poisoning in humans -- dense metaphyseal lines . Specialty Toxicology Symptoms Intellectual disability , abdominal pain , constipation , headaches , irritability , memory problems , inability to have children , tingling in the hands and feet Complications Anemia , seizures , coma Causes Exposure to lead via contaminated air , water , dust , food , consumer products Risk factors Being a child Diagnostic method Blood lead level Similar conditions Iron deficiency anemia , malabsorption , anxiety disorder , polyneuropathy Prevention Removing lead from the home , improved monitoring in the workplace , laws that ban lead in products Treatment Chelation therapy Medication Dimercaprol , edetate calcium disodium , succimer Deaths 853,000 ( 2013 ) ( edit on Wikidata )
Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning shares symptoms with other conditions and may be easily missed . Conditions that present similarly and must be ruled out in diagnosing lead poisoning include carpal tunnel syndrome , Guillain -- Barré syndrome , renal colic , appendicitis , encephalitis in adults , and viral gastroenteritis in children . Other differential diagnoses in children include constipation , abdominal colic , iron deficiency , subdural hematoma , neoplasms of the central nervous system , emotional and behavior disorders , and intellectual disability .
Eating disorder
Possible Symptoms and Complications of Eating Disorders acne xerosis amenorrhoea tooth loss , cavities constipation diarrhea water retention and / or edema lanugo telogen effluvium cardiac arrest hypokalemia death osteoporosis electrolyte imbalance hyponatremia brain atrophy pellagra scurvy kidney failure suicide
Bubonic plague
Other symptoms include heavy breathing , continuous vomiting of blood ( hematemesis ) , aching limbs , coughing , and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive . Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue , gastrointestinal problems , lenticulae ( black dots scattered throughout the body ) , delirium , and coma .
Apoptosis
A recently described example of this concept in action can be seen in the development of a lung cancer called NCI - H460 . The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein ( XIAP ) is overexpressed in cells of the H460 cell line . XIAPs bind to the processed form of caspase - 9 , and suppress the activity of apoptotic activator cytochrome c , therefore overexpression leads to a decrease in the amount of proapoptotic agonists . As a consequence , the balance of anti-apoptotic and proapoptotic effectors is upset in favour of the former , and the damaged cells continue to replicate despite being directed to die . Dysregulation
Saliva
Saliva contributes to the digestion of food and to the maintenance of oral hygiene . Without normal salivary function the frequency of dental caries , gum disease ( gingivitis and periodontitis ) , and other oral problems increases significantly .
Lead poisoning
In adults , blood lead levels steadily increase with increasing age . In adults of all ages , men have higher blood lead levels than women do . Children are more sensitive to elevated blood lead levels than adults are . Children may also have a higher intake of lead than adults ; they breathe faster and may be more likely to have contact with and ingest soil . Children of ages one to three tend to have the highest blood lead levels , possibly because at that age they begin to walk and explore their environment , and they use their mouths in their exploration . Blood levels usually peak at about 18 -- 24 months old . In many countries including the US , household paint and dust are the major route of exposure in children .
Epiphyseal plate
Defects in the development and continued division of epiphyseal plates can lead to growth disorders . The most common defect is achondroplasia , where there is a defect in cartilage formation . Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism .
Tooth decay
Another pattern of decay is `` rampant caries '' , which signifies advanced or severe decay on multiple surfaces of many teeth . Rampant caries may be seen in individuals with xerostomia , poor oral hygiene , stimulant use ( due to drug - induced dry mouth ) , and / or large sugar intake . If rampant caries is a result of previous radiation to the head and neck , it may be described as radiation - induced caries . Problems can also be caused by the self - destruction of roots and whole tooth resorption when new teeth erupt or later from unknown causes .
Amniotic fluid
Too little amniotic fluid ( oligohydramnios ) can be a cause or an indicator of problems for the mother and baby . The majority of pregnancies proceed normally and the baby is born healthy , but this is n't always the case . Babies with too little amniotic fluid can develop contractures of the limbs , clubbing of the feet and hands , and also develop a life - threatening condition called hypoplastic lungs . If a baby is born with hypoplastic lungs , which are small underdeveloped lungs , this condition is potentially fatal and the baby can die shortly after birth due to inadequate oxygenation . Potter sequence refers to a constellation of findings related to insufficient amniotic fluid and includes shortened and malformed limbs with clubbed feet and the underdeveloped lungs that can lead to perinatal death .
Lead poisoning
Chronic poisoning usually presents with symptoms affecting multiple systems , but is associated with three main types of symptoms : gastrointestinal , neuromuscular , and neurological . Central nervous system and neuromuscular symptoms usually result from intense exposure , while gastrointestinal symptoms usually result from exposure over longer periods . Signs of chronic exposure include loss of short - term memory or concentration , depression , nausea , abdominal pain , loss of coordination , and numbness and tingling in the extremities . Fatigue , problems with sleep , headaches , stupor , slurred speech , and anemia are also found in chronic lead poisoning . A `` lead hue '' of the skin with pallor and / or lividity is another feature . A blue line along the gum with bluish black edging to the teeth , known as a Burton line , is another indication of chronic lead poisoning . Children with chronic poisoning may refuse to play or may have hyperkinetic or aggressive behavior disorders . Visual disturbance may present with gradually progressing blurred vision as a result of central scotoma , caused by toxic optic neuritis .
Toxic shock syndrome
The severity of this disease frequently warrants hospitalization . Admission to the intensive care unit is often necessary for supportive care ( for aggressive fluid management , ventilation , renal replacement therapy and inotropic support ) , particularly in the case of multiple organ failure . The source of infection should be removed or drained if possible : abscesses and collections should be drained . Anyone wearing a tampon at the onset of symptoms should remove it immediately . Outcomes are poorer in patients who do not have the source of infection removed .
Thalidomide
In 2010 , the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) stated that it did not recommend thalidomide due the difficulty of adequately controlling its use , and due to the availability of clofazimine .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Small amounts of CO are beneficial and enzymes exist that produce it at times of oxidative stress . Drugs are being developed to introduce small amounts of CO during certain kinds of surgery , these drugs are called carbon monoxide - releasing molecules .
Thalidomide
In 1998 the FDA approved the drug 's use in the treatment of ENL . Because of thalidomide 's potential for causing birth defects , the drug may be distributed only under tightly controlled conditions . The FDA required that Celgene Corporation , which planned to market thalidomide under the brand name Thalomid , establish a system for thalidomide education and prescribing safety ( STEPS ) oversight program . The conditions required under the program include limiting prescription and dispensing rights to authorized prescribers and pharmacies only , keeping a registry of all patients prescribed thalidomide , providing extensive patient education about the risks associated with the drug , and providing periodic pregnancy tests for women who take the drug .
Thalidomide
Thalidomide is provided as a racemic mixture of two enantiomers ; while there are reports that only one of the enantiomers may cause birth defects , the body converts each enantiomer into the other through mechanisms that are not well understood .
Statin
In children statins are effective at reducing cholesterol levels in those with familial hypercholesterolemia . Their long term safety is , however , unclear . Some recommend that if lifestyle changes are not enough statins should be started at 8 years old .
Cell-free fetal DNA
Routine determination of fetal RhD status from cffDNA in maternal serum allows early management of at risk pregnancies while decreasing unnecessary use of Anti-D by over 25 percent .
Vasopressin
Vasopressin infusions are also used as second line therapy in septic shock patients not responding to fluid resuscitation or infusions of catecholamines ( e.g. , dopamine or norepinephrine ) .
Xenon
Xenon gas was added to the ventilation mix for a newborn baby at St. Michael 's Hospital , Bristol , England , whose life chances were otherwise grim , and was successful , leading to the authorisation of clinical trials for similar cases . The treatment is done simultaneously with cooling the body temperature to 33.5 ° C . Sports
Lead poisoning
A chelating agent is a molecule with at least two negatively charged groups that allow it to form complexes with metal ions with multiple positive charges , such as lead . The chelate that is thus formed is nontoxic and can be excreted in the urine , initially at up to 50 times the normal rate . The chelating agents used for treatment of lead poisoning are edetate disodium calcium ( CaNa EDTA ) , dimercaprol ( BAL ) , which are injected , and succimer and d - penicillamine , which are administered orally . Chelation therapy is used in cases of acute lead poisoning , severe poisoning , and encephalopathy , and is considered for people with blood lead levels above 25 μg / dL . While the use of chelation for people with symptoms of lead poisoning is widely supported , use in asymptomatic people with high blood lead levels is more controversial . Chelation therapy is of limited value for cases of chronic exposure to low levels of lead . Chelation therapy is usually stopped when symptoms resolve or when blood lead levels return to premorbid levels . When lead exposure has taken place over a long period , blood lead levels may rise after chelation is stopped because lead is leached into blood from stores in the bone ; thus repeated treatments are often necessary .
Lead poisoning
Screening is an important method in preventive medicine strategies . Screening programs exist to test the blood of children at high risk for lead exposure , such as those who live near lead - related industries .
Blood plasma
Simulated body fluid ( SBF ) is a solution having a similar ion concentration to that of human blood plasma . SBF is normally used for the surface modification of metallic implants , and more recently in gene delivery application .
Estrogen
Estrogen has also been used in studies which indicate that it may be an effective drug for use in the treatment of traumatic liver injury .
Pleurisy
The surgical procedures used to drain fluid , air , or blood from the pleural space are as follows :
Diphtheria
Metronidazole Erythromycin is given ( orally or by injection ) for 14 days ( 40 mg / kg per day with a maximum of 2 g / d ) , or Procaine penicillin G is given intramuscularly for 14 days ( 300,000 U / d for patients weighing < 10 kg and 600,000 U / d for those weighing > 10 kg ) ; patients with allergies to penicillin G or erythromycin can use rifampin or clindamycin .
Thalidomide
Other than the above , very common ( reported in more than 10 % of people ) adverse effects include tremor , dizziness , tingling , numbness , constipation , and peripheral edema .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
The use of oxygen as treatment began in 1868 . The use of hyperbaric oxygen in rats following poisoning was studied by Haldane in 1895 while its use in humans began in the 1960s .
Glycogen
In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin , liver glycogen levels are high , but the high insulin levels prevent the glycogenolysis necessary to maintain normal blood sugar levels . Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia .
Pleurisy
Paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or anti-inflammatory agents to control pain and decrease inflammation . Only indomethacin ( brand name Indocin ) has been studied with respect to relief of pleurisy . Codeine - based cough syrups to control the cough
Southern United States
European immigration resulted in a corresponding die off of Native Americans who had not been exposed to various diseases .
Extinction
Habitat degradation through toxicity can kill off a species very rapidly , by killing all living members through contamination or sterilizing them . It can also occur over longer periods at lower toxicity levels by affecting life span , reproductive capacity , or competitiveness .