vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Red fox
Red foxes are still widely persecuted as pests , with human - caused deaths among the highest causes of mortality in the species . Annual fox kills are : UK 21,500 -- 25,000 ( 2000 ) ; Germany 600,000 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ; Austria 58,000 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ; Sweden 58,000 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ; Finland 56,000 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ; Denmark 50,000 ( 1976 -- 1977 ) ; Switzerland 34,832 ( 2001 ) ; Norway 17,000 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ; Saskatchewan ( Canada ) 2,000 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ; Nova Scotia ( Canada ) 491 ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ; Minnesota ( US ) 4,000 - 8,000 ( average annual trapping harvest 2002 - 2009 ) ; New Mexico ( US ) 69 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) .
Elk
Antlers are also used in artwork , furniture and other novelty items . All Asian subspecies , along with other deer , have been raised for their antlers in central and eastern Asia by Han Chinese , Turkic peoples , Tungusic peoples , Mongolians , and Koreans . Elk farms are relatively common in North America and New Zealand .
Water buffalo
Buffalo were exported live to Indonesia until 2011 , at a rate of about 3000 per year . After the live export ban that year , the exports dropped to zero , and had not resumed as of June 2013 .
Red panda
In south - west China , red pandas are hunted for their fur , especially for the highly valued bushy tails , from which hats are produced . In these areas , the fur is often used for local cultural ceremonies . In weddings , the bridegroom traditionally carries the hide . The `` good - luck charm '' red panda - tail hats are also used by local newly - weds . This practice may be quite old , as the red panda seems to be depicted in a 13th - century Chinese pen - and - ink scroll showing a hunting scene . Little or no mention of the red panda is made in the culture and folklore of Nepal .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
As the American colonies went to war , they needed soldiers , supplies , and lots of them . Soldiers needed uniforms and , as all shipping into the colonies had ceased , wool became an integral commodity to the war effort . During the Revolution the consumption of mutton ceased almost entirely in many areas , and in Virginia it became illegal to consume except in cases of extreme necessity .
Crab
Crabs are often boiled alive . In 2005 , Norwegian scientists concluded that crustaceans could not feel pain . However , a study by Bob Elwood and Mirjam Appel of Queens University in Belfast , found that hermit crabs reacted to electric shocks . This may indicate that some crustaceans are able to feel and remember pain .
Chipotle Mexican Grill
Founder Steve Ells has testified before the United States Congress in support of the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act , which aims to reduce the amount of antibiotics given to farm animals .
Whale shark
Hundreds of whale sharks are illegally killed every year in China for their fins , skins , and oil .
Kudzu in the United States
Another way to control kudzu is goats and sheep . A small herd can reduce an acre of kudzu every day . It has also been suggested that human - animal grazing be employed to help control the invasive vine .
Agriculture in Sudan
Livestock raising , pursued throughout Sudan except in the extremely dry areas of the north and the tsetse - fly - infested area in the far south , was almost entirely in the traditional sector . Camel farming is particularly popular . Because livestock raising provided employment for so many people , modernization proposals have been based on improving existing practices and marketing for export , rather than moving toward the modern ranching that requires few workers . Farming
Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Additionally , the sacrifice of animals was a common practice , for which the Aztecs bred dogs , eagles , jaguars and deer . The cult of Quetzalcoatl required the sacrifice of butterflies and hummingbirds .
Japanese cuisine
Japanese obsession with fresh food -- which manifested in certain aspect of Japanese cuisine traditions of eating live seafood , which includes Ikizukuri and Odori ebi , has gained criticism -- condemned as a form of animal cruelty .
Thanksgiving dinner
The consumption of turkey on Thanksgiving is so ingrained in American culture that each year since 1947 , the National Turkey Federation presents a live turkey to the President of the United States prior to each Thanksgiving . These turkeys were initially slaughtered and eaten for the President 's Thanksgiving dinner ; since 1989 , the presented turkeys have typically been given a mock pardon to great fanfare and sent to a park to live out the rest of their usually short natural lives .
Angora wool
In 2013 several clothing retailers suspended the sourcing of products containing angora wool after video evidence surfaced of live rabbits with their paws tied being plucked raw in Chinese fur farms . Major retailers that banned angora products in response to welfare concerns include Hugo Boss , Gap Inc. , Calvin Klein , Tommy Hilfiger , H&M and Esprit .
Christmas dinner
Romanian food served during the holidays is a large multi-coursed meal , most of which consists of pork ( organs , muscle , and fat ) . This is mainly a symbolic gesture for St. Ignatius of Antioch .
Coffee
In 2013 , The Seattle Times reported that global coffee prices dropped more than 50 percent year - over-year . In Thailand , black ivory coffee beans are fed to elephants whose digestive enzymes reduce the bitter taste of beans collected from dung . These beans sell for up to $1,100 a kilogram ( $500 per lb ) , achieving the world 's most expensive coffee some three times costlier than beans harvested from the dung of Asian palm civets .
Red panda
The red panda has become extirpated from the Chinese provinces of Guizhou , Gansu , Shaanxi , and Qinghai .
Institutional review board
In 2009 the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) set up a series of undercover tests to determine whether the IRB system was vulnerable to unethical manipulation . In one test , a fake product `` Adhesiabloc '' was submitted to a number of IRBs for approval for human tests . The product , company , and CVs of the supposed researchers were all fictitious and documents were forged by the GAO . The product was deliberately formulated to match some `` significant risk '' criteria of the FDA and was described by GAO as a `` gel that would be poured into a patient 's stomach after surgery to collect the bits and pieces left over from an operation . '' Despite this , one IRB approved the device for human testing . Other IRBs to whom the device was submitted rejected the application , one of them saying it was `` the riskiest thing I 've ever seen on this board '' . However , none of the IRBs approached detected that the company and product were fake . The GAO also set up a fake IRB and obtained requests for approval from companies . They succeeded in getting assurance approval from the HHS for their fake IRB . HHS has only three staff to deal with 300 IRB registrations and 300 assurance applications per month . HHS stated that it would not be worthwhile to carry out additional evaluation even if they had the staff to do it .
Barney & Friends
The use of the theme song , as a means of inflicting psychological stress , on Iraqi prisoners - of - war , was examined by Jon Ronson in his 2004 book The Men Who Stare At Goats .
Cross River gorilla
A study published in 2007 in the American Journal of Primatology announced the discovery of the subspecies fighting back against possible threats from humans . They `` found several instances of gorillas throwing sticks and clumps of grass '' . This is unusual . When encountered by humans , gorillas usually flee and rarely charge . Cross
Institutional review board
Generally , human research ethics guidelines require that decisions about exemption are made by an IRB representative , not by the investigators themselves .
Safety coffin
Dr. Adolf Gutsmuth was buried alive several times to demonstrate a safety coffin of his own design , and in 1822 he stayed underground for several hours and even ate a meal of soup , bratwurst , marzipan , sauerkraut , spätzle , beer , and for dessert , prinzregententorte , delivered to him through the coffin 's feeding tube .
Spider web
Administering certain drugs to spiders affects the structure of the webs they build . It has been proposed by some that this could be used as a method of documenting and measuring the toxicity of various substances .
Institutional review board
The result of these abuses was the National Research Act of 1974 and the development of the Belmont Report , which outlined the primary ethical principles in human subjects review ; these include `` respect for persons '' , `` beneficence '' , and `` justice '' . An IRB may only approve research for which the risks to subjects are balanced by potential benefits to society , and for which the selection of subjects presents a fair or just distribution of risks and benefits to eligible participants . A bona fide process for obtaining informed consent from participants is also generally needed . However , this requirement may be waived in certain circumstances -- for example , when the risk of harm to participants is clearly minimal .
Human brain
Other animals , including whales and elephants have larger brains than humans . However , when the brain - to - body mass ratio is taken into account , the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin , and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee . However , a high ratio does not of itself demonstrate intelligence : very small animals have high ratios and the treeshrew has the largest quotient of any mammal . Phrenology
Theory of mind
There has been some controversy over the interpretation of evidence purporting to show theory of mind ability -- or inability -- in animals . Two examples serve as demonstration : first , Povinelli et al. ( 1990 ) presented chimpanzees with the choice of two experimenters from whom to request food : one who had seen where food was hidden , and one who , by virtue of one of a variety of mechanisms ( having a bucket or bag over his head ; a blindfold over his eyes ; or being turned away from the baiting ) does not know , and can only guess . They found that the animals failed in most cases to differentially request food from the `` knower '' . By contrast , Hare , Call , and Tomasello ( 2001 ) found that subordinate chimpanzees were able to use the knowledge state of dominant rival chimpanzees to determine which container of hidden food they approached . William Field and Sue Savage - Rumbaugh have no doubt that bonobos have developed Theory of Mind and cite their communications with a well known captive bonobo , Kanzi , as evidence .
Institutional review board
While the Belmont principles and U.S. federal regulations were formulated with biomedical and social - behavioral research in mind , the enforcement of the regulations , the examples used in typical presentations regarding the history of the regulatory requirements , and the extensiveness of written guidance have been predominantly focused on biomedical research .
Scientific method
Science is a social enterprise , and scientific work tends to be accepted by the scientific community when it has been confirmed . Crucially , experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community . Researchers have given their lives for this vision ; Georg Wilhelm Richmann was killed by ball lightning ( 1753 ) when attempting to replicate the 1752 kite - flying experiment of Benjamin Franklin .
Extinction
Biologist E.O. Wilson has advocated the eradication of several species of mosquito , including malaria vector Anopheles gambiae . Wilson stated , `` I 'm talking about a very small number of species that have co-evolved with us and are preying on humans , so it would certainly be acceptable to remove them . I believe it 's just common sense . ''
Koko (gorilla)
Koko and Dr. Patterson 's work with her have been the subject of several books and documentaries .
Human skin color
Albinos often face social and cultural challenges ( even threats ) , as the condition is often a source of ridicule , racism , fear , and violence . Many cultures around the world have developed beliefs regarding people with albinism . Albinos are persecuted in Tanzania by witchdoctors , who use the body parts of albinos as ingredients in rituals and potions , as they are thought to possess magical power . Vitiligo
Caenorhabditis elegans
Wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans are regularly found with infections by Microsporidia fungi . One such species , Nematocida parisii , replicates in the intestines of C. elegans .
Institutional review board
Numerous other countries have equivalent regulations or guidelines governing human subject studies and the ethics committees that oversee them . However , the organizational responsibilities and the scope of the oversight purview can differ substantially from one nation to another , especially in the domain of non-medical research . The United States Department of Health and Human Services maintains a comprehensive compilation of regulations and guidelines in other countries , as well as related standards from a number of international and regional organizations .
Environmental policy of the United States
Underlying the policy decisions made by the United States is the concept of risk control , consisting of two parts : risk assessment and risk management . The science behind risk assessment varies greatly in uncertainty and tends to be the focus of political controversy . For example , animal testing is often used to determine the toxicity of various substances for humans . But assumptions made about expected dosage and exposure to chemicals are often disputed , and the dosage given to animals is typically much larger than what humans normally consume . While industry groups tend to take a risk - tolerant position , environmentalists take a risk - averse position , following the precautionary principle .
Utilitarianism
The utilitarian philosopher Peter Singer and many other animal rights activists have continued to argue that the well - being of all sentient beings ought to be seriously considered . Singer suggests that rights are conferred according to the level of a creature 's self - awareness , regardless of their species . He adds that humans tend to be speciesist ( discriminatory against non-humans ) in ethical matters , and argues that , on utilitarianism , speciesism can not be justified as there is no rational distinction that can be made between the suffering of humans and the suffering of nonhuman animals ; all suffering ought to be reduced . Singer writes : `` The racist violates the principle of equality by giving greater weight to the interests of members of his own race , when there is a clash between their interests and the interests of those of another race . Similarly the speciesist allows the interests of his own species to override the greater interests of members of other species . The pattern is the same in each case ... Most human beings are speciesists . ''
Zebra mussel
Similar tests were run in Illinois , Minnesota , and Michigan , using Zequanox , a biopesticide
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
In the scene where the knights were combatting the Rabbit of Caerbannog , a real white rabbit was used , switched with puppets for its killings . It was covered with red liquid to simulate blood , though the rabbit 's owner did not want the animal dirty and was kept unaware . The liquid was difficult to remove from the fur . He also stated that he thought that , had they been more experienced in filmmaking , the crew would have just purchased a rabbit instead . Otherwise , the rabbit himself was unharmed . Also , the rabbit - bite effects were done by special puppetry by both Gilliam and SFX technician John Horton .
Scientific method
The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis . Experiments can take place anywhere from a college lab to CERN 's Large Hadron Collider . There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method , however . Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps , it represents rather a set of general principles . Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry ( nor to the same degree ) , and they are not always in the same order . Some philosophers and scientists have argued that there is no scientific method ; they include physicist Lee Smolin and philosopher Paul Feyerabend ( in his Against Method ) . Robert Nola and Howard Sankey remark that `` For some , the whole idea of a theory of scientific method is yester - year 's debate , the continuation of which can be summed up as yet more of the proverbial deceased equine castigation . We beg to differ . ''
Caenorhabditis elegans
The developmental fate of every single somatic cell ( 959 in the adult hermaphrodite ; 1031 in the adult male ) has been mapped . These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals , whereas in mammals , cell development is more dependent on cellular cues from the embryo .
Safety coffin
Despite the fear of burial while still alive , there are no documented cases of anybody being saved by a safety coffin .
Institutional review board
In the United States , IRBs are governed by Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46 . These regulations define the rules and responsibilities for institutional review , which is required for all research that receives support , directly or indirectly , from the United States federal government . IRBs are themselves regulated by the Office for Human Research Protections ( OHRP ) within the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) . Additional requirements apply to IRBs that oversee clinical trials of drugs involved in new drug applications , or to studies that are supported by the United States Department of Defense .
Institutional review board
A key goal of IRBs is to protect human subjects from physical or psychological harm , which they attempt to do by reviewing research protocols and related materials . The protocol review assesses the ethics of the research and its methods , promotes fully informed and voluntary participation by prospective subjects capable of making such choices ( or , if that is not possible , informed permission given by a suitable proxy ) , and seeks to maximize the safety of subjects .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
If these men were `` bums , '' `` drunkards , '' `` crazy men '' etc. then it was all the more necessary that every precaution be taken to protect them . If they fell into this category they were subnormal men and should have been treated as such . If they were incapable of caring for themselves then the government should have placed them in hospitals and not have sent them to a wilderness in the high - seas on a so called `` rehabilitation program . '' Others
Insulin
Banting and Best presented their results to Macleod on his return to Toronto in the fall of 1921 , but Macleod pointed out flaws with the experimental design , and suggested the experiments be repeated with more dogs and better equipment . He moved Banting and Best into a better laboratory and began paying Banting a salary from his research grants . Several weeks later , the second round of experiments was also a success , and Macleod helped publish their results privately in Toronto that November . Bottlenecked by the time - consuming task of duct - tying dogs and waiting several weeks to extract insulin , Banting hit upon the idea of extracting insulin from the fetal calf pancreas , which had not yet developed digestive glands . By December , they had also succeeded in extracting insulin from the adult cow pancreas . Macleod discontinued all other research in his laboratory to concentrate on the purification of insulin . He invited biochemist James Collip to help with this task , and the team felt ready for a clinical test within a month .
Psychiatric hospital
Erving Goffman coined the term `` Total Institution '' for mental hospitals and similar places which took over and confined a person 's whole life . Goffman placed psychiatric hospitals in the same category as concentration camps , prisons , military organizations , orphanages , and monasteries . In his book Asylums Goffman describes how the institutionalisation process socialises people into the role of a good patient , someone `` dull , harmless and inconspicuous '' ; in turn , it reinforces notions of chronicity in severe mental illness . The Rosenhan experiment of 1973 demonstrated the difficulty of distinguishing sane patients from insane patients .
Utilitarianism
Moreover , John Stuart Mill himself , in Whewell on Moral Philosophy , defends Bentham 's advocacy for animal rights , calling it a ' noble anticipation ' , and writing : `` Granted that any practice causes more pain to animals than it gives pleasure to man ; is that practice moral or immoral ? And if , exactly in proportion as human beings raise their heads out of the slough of selfishness , they do not with one voice answer ' immoral ' , let the morality of the principle of utility be for ever condemned . ''
Institutional review board
Numerous complaints by investigators about the fit between the federal regulations and its IRB review requirements as they relate to social science research have been received . Broad complaints range from the legitimacy of IRB review , the applicability of the concepts of risk as it pertains to social science ( e.g. , possibly unneeded , over-burdensome requirements ) , and the requirements for the documentation of participants ' informed consent ( i.e. , consent forms ) . Researchers have tried to determine under what instances participants are more likely to read informed consent forms , and ways to improve their efficacy in the social sciences . Social scientists have criticized biomedical IRBs for failing to adequately understand their research methods ( such as ethnography ) . In 2003 , the Office for Human Research Protections ( OHRP ) , in conjunction with the Oral History Association and American Historical Association , issued a formal statement that taking oral histories , unstructured interviews ( as if for a piece of journalism ) , collecting anecdotes , and similar free speech activities often do not constitute `` human subject research '' as defined in the regulations and were never intended to be covered by clinical research rules .
William Beaumont
During 1826 and 1827 , Dr. Beaumont was stationed at Fort Howard in Green Bay , Wisconsin . In 1828 he was transferred to St. Louis , Missouri . While en route to St. Louis , Alexis St. Martin was ordered to stop at Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin , to serve as Dr. Beaumont 's handyman again . In early 1831 , Dr. Beaumont conducted another set of experiments on St. Martin 's stomach , ranging from the simple observation of normal digestion to the effects that temperature , exercise and even emotions have on the digestive process .
Institutional review board
U.S. regulations identify several research categories that are considered exempt from IRB oversight . These categories include :
Stem cell
Nearly all research to date has made use of mouse embryonic stem cells ( mES ) or human embryonic stem cells ( hES ) derived from the early inner cell mass . Both have the essential stem cell characteristics , yet they require very different environments in order to maintain an undifferentiated state . Mouse ES cells are grown on a layer of gelatin as an extracellular matrix ( for support ) and require the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) in serum media . A drug cocktail containing inhibitors to GSK3B and the MAPK / ERK pathway , called 2i , has also been shown to maintain pluripotency in stem cell culture . Human ES cells are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( MEFs ) and require the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF or FGF - 2 ) . Without optimal culture conditions or genetic manipulation , embryonic stem cells will rapidly differentiate .