vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
As the battles raged , Darwin returned home from the spa to proceed with experiments on chloroforming carnivorous sundew plants , looking over his Natural Selection manuscript and drafting two chapters on pigeon breeding that would eventually form part of The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication . He wrote to Asa Gray and used the example of fantail pigeons to argue against Gray 's belief `` that variation has been led along certain beneficial lines '' , with the implication of Creationism rather than Natural Selection .
Agent Orange
More recent research established that veterans exposed to Agent Orange suffer more than twice the rate of highly aggressive prostate cancer . Additionally , recent reports from the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences show that Agent Orange exposure also doubles the risk of invasive skin cancers .
Vinegar
Many traditional remedies and treatments have been ascribed to vinegar over millennia and in many different cultures , although no medical uses are verified in controlled clinical trials . Some folk medicine uses have side effects that represent health risks . Diet
New Deal
Replying to DeLong et al. in the Journal of Economic History , J.R. Vernon argues that deficit spending leading up to and during World War II still played a large part in the overall recovery , according to his study `` half or more of the recovery occurred during 1941 and 1942 '' .
Insulin
The work published by Banting , Best , Collip and Macleod represented the preparation of purified insulin extract suitable for use on human patients . Although Paulescu discovered the principles of the treatment , his saline extract could not be used on humans ; he was not mentioned in the 1923 Nobel Prize . Professor Ian Murray was particularly active in working to correct `` the historical wrong '' against Nicolae Paulescu . Murray was a professor of physiology at the Anderson College of Medicine in Glasgow , Scotland , the head of the department of Metabolic Diseases at a leading Glasgow hospital , vice-president of the British Association of Diabetes , and a founding member of the International Diabetes Federation . Murray wrote :
Terror management theory
Mortality salience has an influence on individuals and their decisions regarding their health . Cox et al. ( 2009 ) discuss mortality salience in terms of suntanning . Specifically , the researchers found that participants who were prompted with the idea that pale was more socially attractive along with mortality reminders , tended to lean towards decisions that resulted in more protective measures from the sun . The participants were placed in two different conditions ; one group of participants were given an article relating to the fear of death , while the control group received an article unrelated to death dealing with the fear of public speaking . Additionally , they gave one group an article pertaining to the message that `` bronze is beautiful , '' one relating to the idea that `` pale is pretty , '' and one neutral article that did not speak of tan or pale skin tones . Finally , after introducing a delay activity , the researchers gave the participants a five - item questionnaire asking them about their future sun - tanning behaviors . The study illustrated that when tan skin was associated with attractiveness , mortality salience positively affected people 's intentions to suntan ; however , when pale skin was associated with attractiveness people 's intentions to tan decreased .
Human skin color
Dark skin with large concentrations of melanin protects against ultraviolet light and skin cancers ; light - skinned people have about a tenfold greater risk of dying from skin cancer , compared with dark - skinned persons , under equal sunlight exposure . Furthermore , UV - A rays from sunlight are believed to interact with folic acid in ways that may damage health . In a number of traditional societies the sun was avoided as much as possible , especially around noon when the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is at its most intense . Midday was a time when people stayed in the shade and had the main meal followed by a nap , a practice similar to the modern siesta .
Cigarette
German doctors were the first to identify the link between smoking and lung cancer , which led to the first antitobacco movement in Nazi Germany . During World War I and World War II , cigarettes were rationed to soldiers . During the Vietnam War , cigarettes were included with C - ration meals . In 1975 , the U.S. government stopped putting cigarettes in military rations . During the second half of the 20th century , the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking started to become widely known and text - only health warnings became common on cigarette packets .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
- Evolutionary Dynamics of a Natural Population : Large Cactus Finch of the Galapagos - Rosemary & Peter Grant - ( University of Chicago Press , 1989 ) ISBN 9780226305905
Lead poisoning
Lead was used extensively in Roman aqueducts from about 500 BCE to 300 CE Julius Caesar 's engineer , Vitruvius , reported , `` water is much more wholesome from earthenware pipes than from lead pipes . For it seems to be made injurious by lead , because white lead is produced by it , and this is said to be harmful to the human body . '' Gout , prevalent in affluent Rome , is thought to be the result of lead , or leaded eating and drinking vessels . Sugar of lead ( lead ( II ) acetate ) was used to sweeten wine , and the gout that resulted from this was known as `` saturnine '' gout . It is even hypothesized that lead poisoning may have contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire , a hypothesis thoroughly disputed :
Tooth decay
In the 1890s , W.D. Miller conducted a series of studies that led him to propose an explanation for dental caries that was influential for current theories . He found that bacteria inhabited the mouth and that they produced acids that dissolved tooth structures when in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates . This explanation is known as the chemoparasitic caries theory . Miller 's contribution , along with the research on plaque by G.V. Black and J.L. Williams , served as the foundation for the current explanation of the etiology of caries . Several of the specific strains of lactobacilli were identified in 1921 by Fernando E. Rodriguez Vargas .
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films
Thor reunites with astrophysicist Jane Foster as a series of portals , linking worlds at random , begin to appear . He discovers that Malekith and his army of Dark Elves have returned after thousands of years , and they seek a powerful weapon known as the Aether . Thor must join forces with his now - imprisoned brother Loki to stop them .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
In a post-credits scene , an Egyptian crowd is chanting to En Sabah Nur , who telekinetically elevates building blocks to forge pyramids as four horsemen observes him .
Tree of life
The Marvel Cinematic Universe film franchise features a Tree of Life , in a more science - based version of the mythical tree . In the 2011 Marvel Studios superhero film Thor , the Asgardian warrior Thor explains that the Nine Realms of the Asgardian cosmos are linked by Yggdrasil , the Norse mythological Tree of Life , which is here interpreted as a nebula in space connecting the planets in an orbit .
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films
Tony Stark faces a powerful enemy , the Mandarin , who attacks and destroys his mansion . Left to his own devices and battling posttraumatic stress disorder , Stark struggles to get to the bottom of a series of mysterious explosions .
Magick (Thelema)
My own experience was very convincing on this point ; for one power after another came popping up when it was least wanted , and I saw at once that they represented so many leaks in my boat . They argued imperfect insulation . And really they are quite a bit of a nuisance . Their possession is so flattering , and their seduction so subtle . One understands at once why all the first - class Teachers insist so sternly that the Siddhi ( or Iddhi ) must be rejected firmly by the Aspirant , if he is not to be sidetracked and ultimately lost . Nevertheless , `` even the evil germs of Matter may alike become useful and good '' as Zoroaster reminds us . For one thing , their possession is indubitably a sheet - anchor , at the mercy of the hurricane of Doubt -- doubt as to whether the whole business is not Tommy - rot ! Such moments are frequent , even when one has advanced to a stage when Doubt would seem impossible ; until you get there , you can have no idea how bad it is ! Then , again , when these powers have sprung naturally and spontaneously from the exercise of one 's proper faculties in the Great Work , they ought to be a little more than leaks . You ought to be able to organize and control them in such wise that they are of actual assistance to you in taking the Next Step . After all , what moral or magical difference is there between the power of digesting one 's food , and that of transforming oneself into a hawk ? --
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films
Thor , crown prince of Asgard , is banished to Earth and stripped of his powers after he reignites a dormant war . As his brother , Loki , plots to take the throne for himself , Thor must prove himself worthy and reclaim his hammer Mjölnir .
Carol Danvers
Carol Danvers initially possessed superhuman strength , endurance , stamina , flight , physical durability , a limited precognitive `` sixth sense '' , and a perfectly amalgamated human / Kree physiology that rendered her resistant to most toxins and poisons . As Binary , the character could tap the energy of a `` white hole '' , allowing full control and manipulation of stellar energies , and therefore control over heat , the electromagnetic spectrum and gravity . Light speed travel and the ability to survive in the vacuum of space were also possible .
List of Avengers members
During the AXIS storyline , Magneto assembles an unnamed group consisting of Absorbing Man , Carnage , Deadpool , Doctor Doom , Enchantress , Hobgoblin , Jack O'Lantern V , Loki , Mystique and Sabretooth to combat the Red Skull . When the Red Skull was defeated , the villains went their separate ways , but were inverted due the spell cast by Scarlet Witch and Doctor Doom . The inverted villains were reassembled by Steve Rogers when he noticed something was wrong with the Avengers and X-Men to assemble an effective resistance against the heroes after the other Avengers - with the exception of Spider - Man and Nova - were captured , naming the new team the Astonishing Avengers . During the subsequent fight , Carnage sacrifices himself to prevent the inverted X-Men detonating a ' gene bomb ' that would have killed every non-mutant in the blast radius , with the fight concluding with the rest of the ' Astonishing Avengers ' - with the exception of Sabretooth , who was protected by a shield generated by Iron Man - being returned to normal . However , the team left a video message claiming responsibility for the heroes ' actions while corrupted before they returned to their own villainous ways , identifying themselves as the ' Axis of Evil ' , allowing the Avengers and X-Men to rebuild their reputations .
Thor (film)
Loki discovers that he is Laufey 's biological son , adopted by Odin after the war ended . A weary Odin falls into the deep `` Odinsleep '' to recover his strength . Loki seizes the throne in Odin 's stead and offers Laufey the chance to kill Odin and retrieve the Casket . Sif and the Warriors Three , unhappy with Loki 's rule , attempt to return Thor from exile , convincing Heimdall , gatekeeper of the Bifröst -- the means of traveling between worlds -- to allow them passage to Earth . Aware of their plan , Loki sends the Destroyer , a seemingly indestructible automaton , to pursue them and kill Thor . The warriors find Thor , but the Destroyer attacks and defeats them , prompting Thor to offer himself instead . Struck by the Destroyer and near death , Thor 's sacrifice proves him worthy to wield Mjolnir . The hammer returns to him , restoring his powers and enabling him to defeat the Destroyer . Kissing Jane goodbye and vowing to return , he and his fellow Asgardians leave to confront Loki .
Magick (Thelema)
Even so , Crowley recognized that paranormal effects and magical powers have some level of value for the individual :
Thor (film)
In the present , Odin 's son Thor prepares to ascend to the throne of Asgard , but is interrupted when Frost Giants attempt to retrieve the Casket . Against Odin 's order , Thor travels to Jotunheim to confront Laufey , accompanied by his brother Loki , childhood friend Sif and the Warriors Three : Volstagg , Fandral , and Hogun . A battle ensues until Odin intervenes to save the Asgardians , destroying the fragile truce between the two races . For Thor 's arrogance , Odin strips his son of his godly power and exiles him to Earth as a mortal , accompanied by his hammer Mjolnir , now protected by an enchantment that allows only the worthy to wield it .
Carol Danvers
Although the link to the white hole was eventually severed , Danvers retains her Binary powers on a smaller scale , enabling her to both absorb energy and project it in photonic form . She can also still survive in space . While she lacks a constant source of energy to maintain the abilities at their previous cosmic level , she can temporarily assume her Binary form if empowered with a high enough infusion of energy .
Magic in Harry Potter
The following is a list of special abilities that a wizard or witch in the Harry Potter universe may have .
Vision (Marvel Comics)
After the Age of Ultron , Vision joins the Avengers A.I. team where his `` evolve '' protocols were activated and now his body is formed from millions of nanobots . He can now split himself into smaller parts and change shape .
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films
Billionaire industrialist Tony Stark builds himself a suit of armor after he is taken captive by a terrorist organization . Free from his captors , he decides to upgrade and don his armor in order to hunt down weapons that were sold under the table .
Thor: Ragnarok
After Hela invades Asgard , he helps to hide its vulnerable citizens . Describing Heimdall 's character arc in the film , Winderbaum says , `` he 's gone from this elder statesmen , the gatekeeper to Asgard , to this badass warrior - wizard character who lives in the hills and kicks a lot of ass throughout the entire film . '' Jeff Goldblum as Grandmaster : One of the Elders of the Universe , who rules the planet Sakaar , and enjoys manipulating lesser life - forms . Goldblum described the character as `` a hedonist , a pleasure - seeker , an enjoyer of life and tastes and smells '' . He also said that Waititi encouraged improvisation in order for Goldblum to `` make ( the character his ) own '' . Waititi explained that Grandmaster does not have blue skin in the film as the character does in the comics , because Goldblum had already played a blue - colored character in Earth Girls Are Easy , and because Waititi did not want to detract from Goldblum 's personality by concealing his appearance . Grandmaster is the brother of Benicio del Toro 's Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy , and producer Kevin Feige expressed interest in seeing the two together in a future film . Tessa Thompson as Valkyrie : A tough , hard - drinking Asgardian bounty hunter , based on the mythological being Brynhildr , who was once a legendary warrior of the Valkyrior and now works for the Grandmaster under the designation `` Scrapper 142 '' . Thompson said the various versions of the character from the comics `` left us a lot of leeway '' in creating the film version . Waititi `` wanted to make sure we were n't making a female character that was boring and pretty '' , and Feige said Marvel wanted to pair Thor with a love interest more his equal than Jane Foster . Co-screenwriters Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost 's original draft of the film had more of a romantic relationship between Thor and Valkyrie . When Pearson started working on the film , he moved away from that storyline , instead focusing more on `` the mutual respect '' between the characters and Valkyrie `` dealing with her PTSD .
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films
Peter Quill / Star - Lord and a group of misfits , including Gamora , Rocket , Drax the Destroyer and Groot , fight to keep a powerful orb from the clutches of the villainous Ronan .
Magick (Thelema)
Those who regard this ritual as a mere devise to invoke or banish spirits , are unworthy to possess it . Properly understood , it is the Medicine of Metals and the Stone of the Wise .
Thor: Ragnarok
Waititi `` wanted to make sure we were n't making a female character that was boring and pretty '' , and Feige said Marvel wanted to pair Thor with a love interest more his equal than Jane Foster . Co-screenwriters Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost 's original draft of the film had more of a romantic relationship between Thor and Valkyrie . When Pearson started working on the film , he moved away from that storyline , instead focusing more on `` the mutual respect '' between the characters and Valkyrie `` dealing with her PTSD . She 's someone who 's drowning her sorrows in the bottle , and I just thought that was such a cool thing that you do n't often see '' . Thompson was inspired by pictures of Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day while training for the role , and worked with dialect coach Andrew Jack to create an Asgardian - sounding accent that was different enough to sound like she had been away from there for a long time . Thompson will appear in future MCU films . Karl Urban as Skurge : An Asgardian warrior , who guards the Bifröst Bridge in Heimdall 's absence and chooses to join Hela to survive . Urban shaved his head for the role , and worked out to `` get into the zone and feel '' the part even though his body is hidden under a costume . Urban said Skurge `` makes a deal with the devil '' and becomes Hela 's `` henchman . He does the dirty jobs . And that sort of is something he has to -- it plays on his conscience . '' Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : A genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . He becomes a successful and popular gladiator on Sakaar . He is in `` perma - Hulk mode '' , having suppressed the Banner side for a few years , and forming the vocabulary `` of a toddler '' , with the level of Hulk 's speech being `` a big conversation '' between Waititi and Marvel since it was taking into account future appearances for the character .
Thor: Ragnarok
Waititi consulted with theoretical physicist Clifford Johnson , who previously consulted on the second season of Agent Carter , on space travel and allowed Johnson to view early drafts of the script . Johnson gave Waititi physics ideas that could `` wink at some of the classic old ( Thor ) stuff '' . Comic artist and Thor co-creator Jack Kirby was one of Waititi 's major visual inspirations for the film . Winderbaum also called Walt Simonson 's `` Ragnarok '' story arc an inspiration for `` really fun elements ... both stylistically and narratively '' , as well as Thor : God of Thunder by Jason Aaron , which was the inspiration for Hela 's design and abilities . Waititi said the planet Sakaar , which is featured in the `` Planet Hulk '' storyline , was `` the biggest shift for the film and these characters '' , with Winderbaum describing it as `` the toilet of the universe '' , surrounded by `` wormholes that have been spitting things out into this place for eons '' . Also featured is Muspelheim , one of the Nine Realms ruled by Surtur . Production designer Dan Hennah described the realm as a Dyson sphere , with the realm drawing power out of a dying star to energize its inhabitants . Hennah hoped to give Asgard `` more of a humanity '' than in previous films , by adding smaller building perspectives to help the realm seem more practical and utilitarian , given more of the general population is seen in the film . For Saakar 's gladiator arena , Hennah looked at Roman gladiators , but feeling Roman gladiators had `` been done so often '' he `` sort of went all alien with it . We toyed with a lot of different concepts , but we ended up with one where the arena itself is surrounded by bleachers which have standing up bleachers , not sitting down . ''
Vision (Marvel Comics)
Vision The Vision on the cover of Avengers # 24.1 ( March 2012 ) . Art by Brandon Peterson . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance The Avengers # 57 ( October 1968 ) Created by Roy Thomas Stan Lee John Buscema In - story information Team affiliations Avengers West Coast Avengers Avengers A.I. Defenders Notable aliases Victor Shade Abilities Superhuman agility , intelligence , strength and speed Flight Density control Intangibility Mass manipulation Regeneration Solar energy projection Technopathy
Thor (film)
In 965 AD , Odin , king of Asgard , wages war against the Frost Giants of Jotunheim and their leader Laufey , to prevent them from conquering the nine realms , starting with Earth . The Asgardian warriors defeat the Frost Giants and seize the source of their power , the Casket of Ancient Winters .
Vision (Marvel Comics)
`` The Vision '' is the title of a short story by Jonathan Lethem from his collection Men and Cartoons , in which a character dresses like and claims to be the Vision as a child and then continues to dress like the Vision as an adult .
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films
Thor , trapped on another world without Mjölnir , must survive a gladiatorial duel against the Hulk and return to Asgard in time to stop the villainous Hela and the impending Ragnarök .
List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films
After Tony Stark reveals himself to be Iron Man , the U.S. government demands he hand over his technology . Meanwhile , a rival industrialist and a Russian scientist conspire to use his own technology against him .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
A mutant who can absorb energy and redirect it in kinetic blasts . Singer said Bishop , along with Warpath , Sunspot and Blink , are not fresh recruits . He said , `` they 're more refugees that are living day to day in this hideously ruined world . They do n't have much hope in the future . They 're on the run and they join forces with the remaining X-Men to try to do this one last attempt at fixing the world '' .
Ant-Man and the Wasp
In late November , Lilly said that the characters would try to enter the Quantum Realm in the film , and their potential success would `` open a whole entire new multi-verse to enter into and play around in '' for the MCU .
Vision (Marvel Comics)
In the Marvel 2099 era , Vision is a young woman with precognitive abilities . She secretly uses her powers to find threats for Iron Man 2099 , a member of Alchemax 's Avengers .
Colleen Wing
After being brainwashed as a living weapon by Iron Fist foe Master Khan , Danny melds his mind with hers in order to break her free of this control . As a result , Colleen gains knowledge of K'un L'un martial arts as well as chi control ; allowing her to focus her chi to enhance her strength , accelerate her healing , and reduce her body functions to survive severe conditions .
Magick (Thelema)
The magician becomes filled with God , fed upon God , intoxicated with God . Little by little his body will become purified by the internal lustration of God ; day by day his mortal frame , shedding its earthly elements , will become in very truth the Temple of the Holy Ghost . Day by day matter is replaced by Spirit , the human by the divine ; ultimately the change will be complete ; God manifest in flesh will be his name .
X-Men: Days of Future Past
A mutant who has the ability by creating portals to teleport . Fan said the film was the first of a five X-Men movie contract she signed with 20th Century Fox .