vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Plant virus
Researchers from the University of the Mediterranean in Marseille , France have found tenuous evidence that suggest a virus common to peppers , the Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ( PMMoV ) may have moved on to infect humans . This is a very rare and highly unlikely event as , to enter a cell and replicate , a virus must `` bind to a receptor on its surface , and a plant virus would be highly unlikely to recognize a receptor on a human cell . One possibility is that the virus does not infect human cells directly . Instead , the naked viral RNA may alter the function of the cells through a mechanism similar to RNA interference , in which the presence of certain RNA sequences can turn genes on and off , '' according to Virologist Robert Garry from the Tulane University in New Orleans , Louisiana .
Kenya
Fossils found in Kenya suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago . Recent findings near Lake Turkana indicate that hominids such as Homo habilis ( 1.8 and 2.5 million years ago ) and Homo erectus ( 1.9 million to 350,000 years ago ) are possible direct ancestors of modern Homo sapiens , and lived in Kenya in the Pleistocene epoch .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Bas - Congo landscape An Okapi A male Western gorilla Hippopotami The African forest elephant An Angola colobus monkey
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The area now known as the DRC was populated as early as 90,000 years ago , as shown by the 1988 discovery of the Semliki harpoon at Katanda , one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found , believed to have been used to catch giant river catfish .
United States
Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Fierce fighting has erupted in Masisi between government forces and a powerful local warlord , General Delta . The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort , but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017 , after the US led a push to cut costs .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Corruption became so common the term `` le mal Zairois '' or `` Zairean Sickness '' , meaning gross corruption , theft and mismanagement , was coined , reportedly by Mobutu himself . International aid , most often in the form of loans , enriched Mobutu while he allowed national infrastructure such as roads to deteriorate to as little as one - quarter of what had existed in 1960 . Zaire became a kleptocracy as Mobutu and his associates embezzled government funds . Mobutu
Kenya
Traditional healers ( Herbalists , witch doctors and faith healers ) are readily available , trusted and widely consulted as practitioners of first or last choice by both rural and urban dwellers .
Virunga National Park
The Beni massacre occurred inside the national park . Other massacares relatted to animals too place . Poachers targeted habituated gorillas since they are more docile than wild ones .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was initiated by Joseph Kabila in April 2004 . The international Criminal Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004 .
Rwandan genocide
In addition to dismantling the refugee camps , Kagame began planning a war to remove long - time dictator President Mobutu Sese Seko from power . Mobutu had supported the genocidaires based in the camps , and was also accused of allowing attacks on Tutsi people within Zaire . Together with Uganda , the Rwandan government supported an alliance of four rebel groups headed by Laurent - Désiré Kabila , which began waging the First Congo War in 1996 . The rebels quickly took control of the North and South Kivu provinces and later advanced west , gaining territory from the poorly organised and demotivated Zairian army with little fighting , and controlling the whole country by 1997 . Mobutu fled into exile , and Zaire was renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) . However , Rwanda fell out with the new Congolese government in 1998 , and Kagame supported a fresh rebellion , leading to the Second Congo War , which would last up until 2003 and cause millions of deaths and massive damage . A United Nations ( UN ) report in 2010 accused the Rwandan army of committing wide scale human rights violations and crimes against humanity in the Congo during those wars , charges denied by the Rwandan government .
Latin America
( * ) Data for 2015 rather than 2016 , as the newest data is currently unavailable .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Centred on the Congo Basin , the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the Bantu expansion about 3,000 years ago . In the west , the Kingdom of Kongo ruled around the mouth of the Congo River from the 14th to 19th centuries . In the centre and east , the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , just before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo Basin was carried out , first led by Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of King Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Berlin Conference in 1885 and made the land his private property , naming it the Congo Free State . During the Free State , the colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population to produce rubber , and from 1885 to 1908 , millions of Congolese died as a consequence of disease and exploitation . In 1908 , Belgium , despite initial reluctance , formally annexed the Free State , which became the Belgian Congo .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
At independence in 1960 , DRC was the second-most industrialized country in Africa after South Africa ; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector . The First and Second Congo Wars began in 1996 . These conflicts have dramatically reduced national output and government revenue , increased external debt , and resulted in deaths of more than five million people from war and associated famine and disease . Malnutrition affects approximately two thirds of the country 's population .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Displaced refugees cause or are otherwise responsible for significant deforestation , soil erosion and wildlife poaching . Another significant issue is environmental damage from mining of minerals , especially diamonds , gold , and coltan -- a mineral used to manufacture capacitors .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
President Joseph Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001 .
Lyme disease
This is also confirmed by the writings of Peter Kalm , a Swedish botanist who was sent to America by Linnaeus , and who found the forests of New York `` abound '' with ticks when he visited in 1749 . When Kalm 's journey was retraced 100 years later , the forests were gone and the Lyme bacterium had probably become isolated to a few pockets along the northeast coast , Wisconsin , and Minnesota .
Nairobi
In the 1970s , Nairobi became the prominent centre for music in the African Great Lakes . During this period , Nairobi was established as a hub of soukous music . This genre was originally developed in Kinshasa and Brazzaville . After the political climate in the region deteriorated , many Congolese artists relocated to Nairobi . Artists such as Orchestra Super Mazembe moved from Congo to Nairobi and found great success . Virgin records became aware of the popularity of the genre and signed recording contracts with several soukous artists .
Horn of Africa
Islam was introduced to the region early on from the Arabian peninsula , shortly after the hijra . At Muhammad 's urging , a band of persecuted Muslims had fled across the Red Sea into the Horn . There , the Muslims were granted protection by the Aksumite King Aṣḥama ibn Abjar .
Kenya
Early in 2006 Chinese President Hu Jintao signed an oil exploration contract with Kenya , part of a series of deals designed to keep Africa 's natural resources flowing to China 's rapidly expanding economy .
Origin of language
A study published in Homo : Journal of Comparative Human Biology in 2017 claims that A. ramidus , a hominin dated at approximately 4.5 Ma , shows the first evidence of an anatomical shift in the hominin lineage suggestive of increased vocal capability . This study compared the skull of A. ramidus with twenty nine chimpanzee skulls of different ages and found that in numerous features A. ramidus clustered with the infant and juvenile measures as opposed to the adult measures . Significantly , such affinity with the shape dimensions of infant and juvenile chimpanzee skull architecture was argued may have resulted in greater vocal capability . This assertion was based on the notion that the chimpanzee vocal tract ratios that prevent speech are a result of growth factors associated with puberty - growth factors absent in A. ramidus ontogeny . A. ramidus was also found to have a degree of cervical lordosis more conducive to vocal modulation when compared with chimpanzees as well as cranial base architecture suggestive of increased vocal capability .
Declaration of nullity
This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2015 )
Medicare (United States)
Hospice benefits are also provided under Part A of Medicare for terminally ill persons with less than six months to live , as determined by the patient 's physician . The terminally ill person must sign a statement that hospice care has been chosen over other Medicare - covered benefits , ( e.g. assisted living or hospital care ) . Treatment provided includes pharmaceutical products for symptom control and pain relief as well as other services not otherwise covered by Medicare such as grief counseling . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co-pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed .
Health insurance in India
now some insurers have come up with option of staggered payment of claims in combination to upfront lumpsum payment .
Apoptosis
Receptor binding Activation of protein kinase R ( PKR ) Interaction with p53 Expression of viral proteins coupled to MHC proteins on the surface of the infected cell , allowing recognition by cells of the immune system ( such as Natural Killer and cytotoxic T cells ) that then induce the infected cell to undergo apoptosis .
Zimbabwe
The health system has more or less collapsed . At the end of November 2008 , some operations at three of Zimbabwe 's four major referral hospitals had shut down , along with the Zimbabwe Medical School , and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working . Due to hyperinflation , those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines . The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge .
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Rarely cases of PID have developed in people who have stated they have never had sex .
Capital punishment in the United States
Since no one is on death row for such offenses , the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them .
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
`` The special grace of the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick has as its effects :
Naegleria fowleri
It takes 1 -- 9 days ( average 5 ) for symptoms to appear after nasal exposure to N. fowleri flagellates . Symptoms may include headache , fever and nausea . Later symptoms can include stiff neck , confusion , lack of attention , loss of balance , seizures , and hallucinations . Once symptoms begin to appear , death will usually occur within two weeks . A person infected with N. fowleri can not spread the infection to another person .
Germ theory of disease
Having rejected effluvia and the poisoning of the blood in the first instance , and being led to the conclusion that the disease is something that acts directly on the alimentary canal , the excretions of the sick at once suggest themselves as containing some material which being accidentally swallowed might attach itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestines , and there multiply itself by appropriation of surrounding matter , in virtue of molecular changes going on within it , or capable of going on , as soon as it is placed in congenial circumstances . --
Chickenpox
At the blister stage , intense itching is usually present . Blisters may also occur on the palms , soles , and genital area . Commonly , visible evidence of the disease develops in the oral cavity and tonsil areas in the form of small ulcers which can be painful or itchy or both ; this enanthem ( internal rash ) can precede the exanthem ( external rash ) by 1 to 3 days or can be concurrent . These symptoms of chickenpox appear 10 to 21 days after exposure to a contagious person . Adults may have a more widespread rash and longer fever , and they are more likely to experience complications , such as varicella pneumonia .
Chickenpox
The condition usually resolves by itself within a couple of weeks . The rash may , however , last for up to one month . Chickenpox is contagious starting from one to two days before the appearance of the rash and lasts until the lesions have crusted .
Chickenpox
Humans are the only known species that the disease affects naturally . However , chickenpox has been caused in other animals , such as primates , including chimpanzees and gorillas .
Lyme disease
Permethrin sprayed on clothing kills ticks on contact , and is sold for this purpose . According to the CDC , only DEET is effective at repelling ticks .
Bubonic plague
The best - known symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected , enlarged , and painful lymph nodes , known as buboes . After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea , the Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node , where they begin to colonize and reproduce . Buboes associated with the bubonic plague are commonly found in the armpits , upper femoral , groin and neck region . Acral gangrene ( i.e. , of the fingers , toes , lips and nose ) is another common symptom .
Germ theory of disease
In 1720 , Richard Bradley theorised that the plague and ' all pestilential distempers ' were caused by ' poisonous insects ' , living creatures viewable only with the help of microscopes .
Chickenpox
Damage to brain : encephalitis , microcephaly , hydrocephaly , aplasia of brain Damage to the eye : optic stalk , optic cup , and lens vesicles , microphthalmia , cataracts , chorioretinitis , optic atrophy Other neurological disorder : damage to cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord , motor / sensory deficits , absent deep tendon reflexes , anisocoria / Horner 's syndrome Damage to body : hypoplasia of upper / lower extremities , anal and bladder sphincter dysfunction Skin disorders : ( cicatricial ) skin lesions , hypopigmentation
Germ theory of disease
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease , but should not be found in healthy organisms . The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture . The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism . The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated , diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent .
1000 Ways to Die (season 1)
Death # `` Event '' Name Date of Death Location Circumstances of Death 504 Wel - dead March 13 , 2005 House of Steel Long Beach , CA An adrenaline addict working at a metal shop connects a welder to his ear piercings to administer an electric shock and adrenaline rush . He turns the voltage on the welder to the maximum setting , and the electricity disrupts his natural electrical rhythms , causing cardiac arrest . 230 Trailer Thrashed May 1 , 1979 Roger 's RV Park Aberdeen , SD A newly married man attempts to unclog his new RV 's toilet with bleach since other attempts to unclog it are unsuccessful . The bleach reacts with the sewage to form chlorine gas , which suffocates him to death . 171 Nite Capped December 31 , 2003 Echo Park Los Angeles , CA A group of revelers celebrate New Year 's Eve by shooting a stray bullet into the air . Unfortunately , the bullet comes back down and hits a man in the shoulder several miles away . The bullet goes through his shoulder and pierces his heart , killing him . 385 Liquor 'd September 19 , 1983 Dunkeler 's Home Sparta , KY An alcoholic recovering from throat surgery asks his wife to give him an enema consisting of sherry . The alcohol bypasses his digestive tract and is absorbed directly into his bloodstream unfiltered by the liver , causing alcohol poisoning and he later dies . 197 Dead Eye May 15 , 1993 Milhouse High Glendale , CA A high school physical education teacher demonstrates the javelin and makes an impressive throw . Running to retrieve the javelin , he turns around and yells to the class , only to impale himself through the eye on the javelin when he turns back around , driving it into his brain . 319 Domin - a-Dead February 27 , 2006 The Kitty Patch Tonopah , NV A 32 - year - old virgin looking to have sex with a hooker is chosen by a dominatrix , who makes him wear a latex suit and a ball gag as she is punishing him . The man soon has an allergic reaction to the latex suit ( which he was unaware he had ) , and ends up dying because he is chained to a bed post and his cries of distress were muffled by the ball gag and the dominatrix thought he was groaning from pleasure , not pain .
First Fleet
In 1914 , J. H. L. Cumpston , director of the Australian Quarantine Service put forward the hypothesis that smallpox arrived with British settlers . Some researchers have argued that any such release may have been a deliberate attempt to decimate the indigenous population . Others have suggested that live smallpox virus may have been introduced accidentally , when Aboriginal people came into contact with variolous matter brought by the First Fleet for use in anti-smallpox inoculations . Hypothetical scenarios for such an action might have included : an act of revenge by an aggrieved individual , a response to attacks by indigenous people , or part of an orchestrated assault by the New South Wales Marine Corps , intended to clear the path for colonial expansion . Chris
Captive killer whales
The original Namu developed a bacterial infection which damaged his nervous system , causing him to become nonresponsive to people . During his illness he charged full - speed into the wire mesh of his pen , thrashed violently for a few minutes and then died .
Chickenpox
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal varicella infection can be performed using ultrasound , though a delay of 5 weeks following primary maternal infection is advised . A PCR ( DNA ) test of the mother 's amniotic fluid can also be performed , though the risk of spontaneous abortion due to the amniocentesis procedure is higher than the risk of the baby 's developing fetal varicella syndrome .
Chickenpox
The diagnosis of chickenpox is primarily based on the signs and symptoms , with typical early symptoms followed by a characteristic rash . Confirmation of the diagnosis is by examination of the fluid within the vesicles of the rash , or by testing blood for evidence of an acute immunologic response .
Chickenpox
The early ( prodromal ) symptoms in adolescents and adults are nausea , loss of appetite , aching muscles , and headache . This is followed by the characteristic rash or oral sores , malaise , and a low - grade fever that signal the presence of the disease . Oral manifestations of the disease ( enanthem ) not uncommonly may precede the external rash ( exanthem ) . In children the illness is not usually preceded by prodromal symptoms , and the first sign is the rash or the spots in the oral cavity . The rash begins as small red dots on the face , scalp , torso , upper arms and legs ; progressing over 10 -- 12 hours to small bumps , blisters and pustules ; followed by umbilication and the formation of scabs .
Chickenpox
In the United States , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) does not require state health departments to report infections of chickenpox , and only 31 states currently volunteer this information . However , in a 2013 study conducted by the social media disease surveillance tool called Sickweather , anecdotal reports of chickenpox infections on Facebook and Twitter were used to measure and rank states with the most infections per capita , with Maryland , Tennessee and Illinois in the top three .
Virus
Complex These viruses possess a capsid that is neither purely helical nor purely icosahedral , and that may possess extra structures such as protein tails or a complex outer wall . Some bacteriophages , such as Enterobacteria phage T4 , have a complex structure consisting of an icosahedral head bound to a helical tail , which may have a hexagonal base plate with protruding protein tail fibres . This tail structure acts like a molecular syringe , attaching to the bacterial host and then injecting the viral genome into the cell .
Cracked nipple
Advice from others is abundant but there have been some treatments that have been identified as not being effective in healing or preventing cracked nipples . These ineffective treatments are keeping the breastfeeding short and using a nipple guard . Keeping the feedings short so that the nipples can rest is not effective in relieving the pain of cracked nipples and it could have a negative effect on the milk supply . Nipple shields do not improve latching on .
Polistes carolina
Red wasp stingers do not remain in their victims . A red wasp sting is often painful and causes localized swelling and itchiness . In some cases , people report developing a full - body , itchy rash . Applying a cold compress or ice to the area can help relieve swelling , while application of calamine lotion or 1 % hydrocortisone cream can help relieve itching and pain . If neither of these creams are available , a paste made from baking soda and water is an effective sting remedy . The paste should be thick enough to stay on the area of the sting until it dries . Some individuals are known to have severe allergic reactions , including anaphylaxis , to wasp stings , so should seek immediate medical attention if severe symptoms begin to present . In very rare cases , children may develop shock after a red wasp sting .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Strep throat is unlikely when any of the symptoms of red eyes , hoarseness , runny nose , or mouth ulcers are present . It is also unlikely when there is no fever .
Angular cheilitis
Candida can be detected in 93 % of angular cheilitis lesions . This organism is found in the mouths of about 40 % of healthy individuals , and it is considered by some to be normal commensal component of the oral microbiota . However , Candida shows dimorphism , namely a yeast form which is thought to be relatively harmless and a pathogenic hyphal form which is associated with invasion of host tissues . Potassium hydroxide preparation is recommended by some to help distinguish between the harmless and the pathogenic forms , and thereby highlight which cases of angular cheilitis are truly caused by Candida . The mouth may act as a reservoir of Candida that reinfects the sores at the corners of the mouth and prevents the sores from healing .
Caesarean section
Handling all tissue with absolute care Using powder - free surgical gloves Controlling bleeding Choosing sutures and implants carefully Keeping tissue moist Preventing infection with antibiotics given intravenously to the mother before skin incision