vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Economic history of World War I
Occurring during Ireland 's Revolutionary period , the Irish Catholic experience of the war was complex and its memory of it divisive . At the outbreak of the war , most Irish people , regardless of political affiliation , supported the war in much the same way as their British counterparts , and both nationalist and unionist leaders initially backed the British war effort . Their followers , both Catholic and Protestant , served extensively in the British forces , many in three specially raised divisions . Over 200,000 Irishmen fought in the war , in several theatres with 30,000 deaths . In 1916 , Catholic supporters of Irish independence from the United Kingdom took the opportunity of the ongoing war to proclaim an Irish Republic and to defend it in an armed rebellion against British rule in Dublin . The rebellion was poorly planned and quickly suppressed . The British executed most of the prisoners which caused Catholic opinion to surge in favour of independence . Britain 's intention to impose conscription in Ireland in 1918 provoked widespread resistance and as a result remained unimplemented . Commonwealth
World War I
The disappearance of the Macedonian Front meant that the road to Budapest and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces . Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the Central Powers and , a day after the Bulgarian collapse , insisted on an immediate peace settlement . Ottoman
Siege
Mainly as a result of the increasing firepower ( such as machine guns ) available to defensive forces , First World War trench warfare briefly revived a form of siege warfare . Although siege warfare had moved out from an urban setting because city walls had become ineffective against modern weapons , trench warfare was nonetheless able to use many of the techniques of siege warfare in its prosecution ( sapping , mining , barrage and , of course , attrition ) , but on a much larger scale and on a greatly extended front .
World War I
The most powerful land - based weapons were railway guns , weighing dozens of tons apiece . The German ones were nicknamed Big Berthas , even though the namesake was not a railway gun . Germany developed the Paris Gun , able to bombard Paris from over 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) , though shells were relatively light at 94 kilograms ( 210 lb ) . British
German declaration of war against the United States
I can only be grateful to Providence that it entrusted me with the leadership in this historic struggle which , for the next five hundred or a thousand years , will be described as decisive , not only for the history of Germany , but for the whole of Europe and indeed the whole world .
Korean War
There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean war committed by both the North and South Koreans . Many started on the first days of the war . South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on 28 June , beginning killings of more than 100,000 suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right - wing groups . During the massacre , the British protested to their allies and saved some citizens .
Siege of Sarajevo
The JNA attacked the Ministry of Training Academy in Vraca , the central tramway depot and the Old Town district with mortars , artillery and tank fire , and also seized control of Sarajevo 's airport . The Bosnian government had expected the international community to deploy a peacekeeping force following recognition , but it did not materialize in time to prevent war from breaking out across the country . Territories
World War I
Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances . On 22 April 1915 , at the Second Battle of Ypres , the Germans ( violating the Hague Convention ) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front . Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides , and though it never proved a decisive , battle - winning weapon , poison gas became one of the most - feared and best - remembered horrors of the war . Tanks were developed by Britain and France , and were first used in combat by the British during the Battle of Flers -- Courcelette ( part of the Battle of the Somme ) on 15 September 1916 , with only partial success . However , their effectiveness would grow as the war progressed ; the Allies built tanks in large numbers , whilst the Germans employed only a few of their own design , supplemented by captured Allied tanks . Continuation
World War I
These beliefs did not become widely shared because they offered the only accurate interpretation of wartime events . In every respect , the war was much more complicated than they suggest . In recent years , historians have argued persuasively against almost every popular cliché of World War I. It has been pointed out that , although the losses were devastating , their greatest impact was socially and geographically limited . The many emotions other than horror experienced by soldiers in and out of the front line , including comradeship , boredom , and even enjoyment , have been recognised . The war is not now seen as a ' fight about nothing ' , but as a war of ideals , a struggle between aggressive militarism and more or less liberal democracy . It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges , and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918 : a great forgotten victory .
World War I
The Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was lost , not only because of the difficult terrain in which the fighting took place , but also because of the strategies and tactics employed . Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna , a staunch proponent of the frontal assault , had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau , taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna .
British Army during World War I
In the latter part of the war , executed men 's families were usually told white lies by the authorities ; their families received pensions , and the men were buried in the same graves as other dead soldiers .
World War I
Once war was declared , many socialists and trade unions backed their governments . Among the exceptions were the Bolsheviks , the Socialist Party of America , and the Italian Socialist Party , and individuals such as Karl Liebknecht , Rosa Luxemburg , and their followers in Germany .
Military history of Australia during World War I
In these extremely tough conditions , the British infantry were unable to move effectively against the retreating German and Turkish force in the following days . Alone , the Anzac Mounted Division was unable to stop the retreating force withdrawing to Katia and eventually back to their base at Bir el Abd . This base was abandoned the day after it was attacked by the Anzac Mounted Division , on 12 August 1916 , ending any threat to the Suez Canal for the remainder of the war . The battle cost the Allies 1,202 casualties of which 222 were killed , 71 died of wounds and 909 were wounded ; half of these were Australians .
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
Ambassador Robert B. Oakley , the U.S. special representative to Somalia , is quoted as saying : `` My own personal estimate is that there must have been 1,500 to 2,000 Somalis killed and wounded that day , because that battle was a true battle . And the Americans and those who came to their rescue , were being shot at from all sides ... a deliberate war battle , if you will , on the part of the Somalis . And women and children were being used as shields and some cases women and children were actually firing weapons , and were coming from all sides . Sort of a rabbit warren of huts , houses , alleys , and twisting and turning streets , so those who were trying to defend themselves were shooting back in all directions . Helicopter gun ships were being used as well as all sorts of automatic weapons on the ground by the U.S. and the United Nations . The Somalis , by and large , were using automatic rifles and grenade launchers and it was a very nasty fight , as intense as almost any battle you would find . ''
World War I
Military tactics developed before World War I failed to keep pace with advances in technology and had become obsolete . These advances had allowed the creation of strong defensive systems , which out - of - date military tactics could not break through for most of the war . Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances , while artillery , vastly more lethal than in the 1870s , coupled with machine guns , made crossing open ground extremely difficult . Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties . In time , however , technology began to produce new offensive weapons , such as gas warfare and the tank .
World War I
The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018 . The lead body is the Imperial War Museum . On 3 August 2014 , French President Francois Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany 's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand , known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf , for French and German soldiers killed in the war .
World War I
In Milan , in May 1917 , Bolshevik revolutionaries organised and engaged in rioting calling for an end to the war , and managed to close down factories and stop public transportation . The Italian army was forced to enter Milan with tanks and machine guns to face Bolsheviks and anarchists , who fought violently until 23 May when the army gained control of the city . Almost 50 people ( including three Italian soldiers ) were killed and over 800 people arrested .
French and Indian War
The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map
World War I
Protracted action at Verdun throughout 1916 , combined with the bloodletting at the Somme , brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse . Futile attempts using frontal assault came at a high price for both the British and the French and led to the widespread French Army Mutinies , after the failure of the costly Nivelle Offensive of April -- May 1917 . The concurrent British Battle of Arras was more limited in scope , and more successful , although ultimately of little strategic value . A smaller part of the Arras offensive , the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps , became highly significant to that country : the idea that Canada 's national identity was born out of the battle is an opinion widely held in military and general histories of Canada .
British Army during World War I
During the course of the war , 78 British and Dominion officers of the rank of Brigadier - General and above were killed or died during active service , while another 146 were wounded , gassed , or captured .
World War II casualties
Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place . Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes . Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses . The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths . Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes . The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities , for example the deaths of Austrians , French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses . For example , Michael Strank is included with American not Czechoslovak war dead . Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided . For example , German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust . The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States , France , and the UK do not give the details of the national origin , race and religion of the losses . Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing , Holocaust victims , German war crimes , Japanese war crimes , population transfers in the Soviet Union , Allied war crimes , and deaths due to war related famine and disease . The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited .
Korean War
Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result . The war 's highest - ranking U.S. POW , U.S. Major General William F. Dean , reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow - covered wasteland . North Korean factories , schools , hospitals , and government offices were forced to move underground , and air defenses were `` non-existent . '' In November 1950 , the North Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud huts and to dig underground tunnels , in order to solve the acute housing problem . U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay commented , `` we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway , some way or another , and some in South Korea , too . '' Pyongyang , which saw 75 percent of its area destroyed , was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no longer any worthy targets . On 28 November , Bomber Command reported on the campaign 's progress : 95 percent of Manpojin was destroyed , along with 90 percent of Hoeryong , Namsi and Koindong , 85 percent of Chosan , 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon , and 20 percent of Uiju . According to USAF damage assessments , `` eighteen of twenty - two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated . '' By the end of the campaign , US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea .
Western Front (World War I)
The German Army swept through Belgium , executing civilians and razing villages . The application of `` collective responsibility '' against a civilian population further galvanised the allies . Newspapers condemned the German invasion , violence against civilians and destruction of property , which became known as the `` Rape of Belgium '' . After marching through Belgium , Luxembourg and the Ardennes , the Germans advanced into northern France in late August , where they met the French Army , under Joseph Joffre , and the divisions of the British Expeditionary Force under Field Marshal Sir John French . A series of engagements known as the Battle of the Frontiers ensued , which included the Battle of Charleroi and the Battle of Mons . In the former battle the French Fifth Army was almost destroyed by the German 2nd and 3rd Armies and the latter delayed the German advance by a day . A general Allied retreat followed , resulting in more clashes at the Battle of Le Cateau , the Siege of Maubeuge and the Battle of St. Quentin ( also called the First Battle of Guise ) .
World War I
The area occupied in East by the Central powers on 11 November 1918 was 1,042,600 km2 , roughly the size of Columbia .
World War II
The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
The number of casualties suffered by British forces were comparatively light , compared to the more than a million fatalities that occurred worldwide .
Economic history of World War I
France 's diverse regions suffered in different ways . The northeast was occupied and exploited by the Germans during the entire war , and was left in ruins . While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14 % of France 's industrial workers , it produced 58 % of the steel , and 40 % of the coal . Combat never reached Massif Central region but its farms and industries were hurt . The heavy loss of men into the army manpower was partly restored on the farms and in the construction industry by using prisoners of war , migratory workers , women , and older children . War contracts made some firms prosperous but on the whole did not compensate for the loss of foreign markets . There was a permanent loss of population caused by battle deaths and emigration .
World War I
In 1917 , a series of French Army Mutinies led to dozens of soldiers being executed and many more imprisoned . German
Siege
The siege of Sevastopol saw the use of the heaviest and most powerful individual siege engines ever to be used : the German 800mm railway gun and the 600mm siege mortar . Though a single shell could have disastrous local effect , the guns were susceptible to air attack in addition to being slow to move .
World War I
Another new weapon , the flamethrower , was first used by the German army and later adopted by other forces . Although not of high tactical value , the flamethrower was a powerful , demoralising weapon that caused terror on the battlefield .
World War I
The first successful use of poison gas as a weapon of warfare occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres ( 22 April -- 25 May 1915 ) . Gas was soon used by all major belligerents throughout the war . It is estimated that the use of chemical weapons employed by both sides throughout the war had inflicted 1.3 million casualties . For example , the British had over 180,000 chemical weapons casualties during the war , and up to one - third of American casualties were caused by them . The Russian Army reportedly suffered roughly 500,000 chemical weapon casualties in World War I . The use of chemical weapons in warfare was in direct violation of the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare , which prohibited their use .
Bangladesh Liberation War
Today Bangladesh is a sovereign and independent country . On Thursday night , West Pakistani armed forces suddenly attacked the police barracks at Razarbagh and the EPR headquarters at Pilkhana in Dacca . Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh . Violent clashes between E.P.R. and Police on the one hand and the armed forces of Pakistan on the other , are going on . The Bengalis are fighting the enemy with great courage for an independent Bangladesh . May Allah aid us in our fight for freedom . Joy Bangla ( May Bangladesh be victorious ) .
Hungary in World War I
Out of over 8 million men mobilized in Austria - Hungary , more than one million died during the course of the war . In Hungarian areas , this meant a death rate of twenty - eight per thousand persons - a level of loss exceeded within Austria - Hungary only by German Austrians . In comparison to the total army , Hungary 's loss ratio was more than any other nations of Austria - Hungary . There could be two possible causes : Hungary was more an agricultural country , where it is easier to mobilize forces , rather than from more industrialized territories ( i.e. Bohemia ) , and secondly , the Hungarian soldiers were considered to be more trustworthy and disciplined than soldiers from other ethnic groups .
Operation Barbarossa
Before the war , Hitler issued the notorious Commissar Order , which called for all Soviet political commissars taken prisoner at the front to be shot immediately without trial . German soldiers participated in these mass killings along with members of the SS - Einsatzgruppen , sometimes reluctantly , claiming `` military necessity '' . On the eve of the invasion , German soldiers were informed that their battle `` demands ruthless and vigorous measures against Bolshevik inciters , guerrillas , saboteurs , Jews and the complete elimination of all active and passive resistance '' . Collective punishment was authorized against partisan attacks ; if a perpetrator could not be quickly identified , then burning villages and mass executions were considered acceptable reprisals . Although the majority of German soldiers accepted these crimes as justified due to Nazi propaganda , which depicted the Red Army as Untermenschen , a few prominent German officers openly protested about them . An estimated two million Soviet prisoners of war died of starvation during Barbarossa alone . The famished prisoners of war were hardly able to walk by themselves . By the end of the war , 58 percent of all Soviet prisoners of war had died in German captivity .
World War II
When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front .
Korean War
In five days , the South Korean forces , which had 95,000 men on 25 June , was down to less than 22,000 men . In early July , when U.S. forces arrived , what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command .
Military history of Australia during World War I
The engagement at Montbrehain was the Australian Corps ' last contribution to the war and they were out of the line training when the Armistice was declared on 11 November 1918 . Total Australian casualties on the Western Front numbered 181,000 , including 46,000 of whom died . Another 114,000 men were wounded , 16,000 gassed , and approximately 3,850 were taken prisoners of war .
Allies of World War II
At the end of five months of war , one thing has become more and more clear . It is that Germany seeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in world history .
Siege of Sarajevo
Bosnian Serb and JNA troops overwhelmed the poorly equipped and unprepared government security forces to take control of large areas of Bosnian territory , beginning with attacks on Bosniak civilians in eastern Bosnia . Serb military , police and paramilitary forces attacked towns and villages and then , sometimes assisted by local Serb residents , applied what soon became their standard operating procedure : Bosniak houses and apartments were systematically ransacked or burned ; civilians were rounded up , some beaten or killed ; and men were separated from the women . Many of the men were forcibly removed to prison camps . The women were incarcerated in detention centres in extremely unhygienic conditions and suffered numerous atrocious abuses . Many were repeatedly raped . Survivors testified that Serb soldiers and police would visit the detention centres , select one or more women , take them out and rape them .
British Army during World War I
It has been pointed out that we have only anecdotal accounts , but no figures , for men who were shot on the spot by officers and NCOs for `` cowardice in the face of the enemy '' .
Vietnam War
One of the most controversial aspects of the U.S. military effort in Southeast Asia was the widespread use of chemical defoliants between 1961 and 1971 . They were used to defoliate large parts of the countryside to prevent the Viet Cong from being able to hide their weapons and encampments under the foliage . These chemicals continue to change the landscape , cause diseases and birth defects , and poison the food chain .