vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Celtic music
See list of Celtic festivals for a more complete list of Celtic festivals by country , including music festivals . Festivals focused largely or partly on Celtic music can be found at Category : Celtic music festivals .
Hellenistic period
After their defeats by Pergamon and Rome the Galatians slowly became hellenized and they were called `` Gallo - Graeci '' by the historian Justin as well as Ἑλληνογαλάται ( Hellēnogalátai ) by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica v. 32.5 , who wrote that they were `` called Helleno - Galatians because of their connection with the Greeks . ''
Hellenistic period
The west Balkan coast was inhabited by various Illyrian tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the Dalmatae and of the Ardiaei , who often engaged in piracy under Queen Teuta ( reigned 231 BC to 227 BC ) . Further inland was the Illyrian Paeonian Kingdom and the tribe of the Agrianes . Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek , becoming bilingual due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria . Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the Ancient Greeks ( such as the Illyrian type helmet , originally a Greek type ) and also adopted the ornamentation of Ancient Macedon on their shields and their war belts ( a single one has been found , dated 3rd century BC at modern Selce e Poshtme , a part of Macedon at the time under Philip V of Macedon ) .
Blond
According to genetic studies , Yamnaya Proto - Indo - European migration to Europe led to Corded Ware culture , where Yamnaya Proto - Indo - Europeans mixed with `` Scandinavian hunter - gatherer '' women who carried genetic alleles HERC2 / OCA2 , which causes combination of blue eyes and blond hair . Proto - Indo - Iranians who split from Corded Ware culture formed the Andronovo culture and are believed to have spread genetic alleles HERC2 / OCA2 that cause blonde hair to parts of West Asia , Central Asia and South Asia .
Celtic music
Today there are Celtic - influenced subgenres of virtually every type of popular music including electronica , rock , metal , punk , hip hop , reggae , new - age , Latin , Andean and pop . Collectively these modern interpretations of Celtic music are sometimes referred to as Celtic fusion .
Ancient Greece
Classical Greek culture , especially philosophy , had a powerful influence on ancient Rome , which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean Basin and Europe . For this reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of modern Western culture and is considered the cradle of Western civilization .
Music of France
Alan Stivell is perhaps the most influential folk - rock performer of continental Europe . After 1971 's Renaissance of the Celtic Harp , Breton and other Celtic traditional music achieved mainstream success internationally . With Dan Ar Braz , he then released Chemins de Terre ( 1974 ) , which launched Breton folk - rock . This set the stage for stars such as Malicorne in the ensuing decades .
Celtic music
In the 1970s Clannad made their mark initially in the folk and traditional scene , and then subsequently went on to bridge the gap between traditional Celtic and pop music in the 1980s and 1990s , incorporating elements from new - age , smooth jazz , and folk rock . Traces of Clannad 's legacy can be heard in the music of many artists , including Enya , Donna Taggart , Altan , Capercaillie , The Corrs , Loreena McKennitt , Anúna , Riverdance and U2 . The solo music of Clannad 's lead singer , Moya Brennan ( often referred to as the First Lady of Celtic Music ) has further enhanced this influence .
Brittany
At the 2010 census , the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295 . Of these , 71 % lived in the region of Brittany , while 29 % lived in the Loire - Atlantique department . In 2012 , the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes ( 897,713 inhabitants ) , Rennes ( 690,467 inhabitants ) , and Brest ( 314,844 inhabitants ) . Brittany is the traditional homeland of the Breton people and is recognised by the Celtic League as one of the six Celtic nations , retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history . A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic .
Third Rome
In the early 9th century BC , the Greeks embarked on a conscious effort to restore their former grandeur and sophistication , leading to the Greek Renaissance ca . 900 - 600 BC and revival of Greco - Minoan culture . This period is followed by Classical Antiquity , during which the Greeks established the intellectual core of European civilisation . They spent most of this time disunited , with the most powerful Greek states , Athens , Sparta and Thebes , competed for hegemony . However , they did unite for short periods , most notably during the Persian wars and under Phillip the Great of Macedonia . More importantly , they had an extremely strong in - out - group mentality with regards to their culture , considering the peoples of Asia alien degenerates , and viewing the non-hellenised peoples in Europe as barbarians . As such , even though political unity was mostly absent during this time , Greek ( and thus European ) civilisation was viewed as something very distinct from other peoples .
Kingdom of England
Edward I defeated Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , and so effectively conquered Wales , in 1282 . He created the title Prince of Wales for his heir , the future Edward II , in 1301 . Edward I 's conquest was brutal and the subsequent repression considerable , as the magnificent Welsh castles such as Conwy , Harlech , and Caernarfon attest ; but this event re-united under a single ruler the lands of Roman Britain for the first time since the establishment of the Kingdom of the Jutes in Kent in the 5th century , some 700 years before . Accordingly , this was a highly significant moment in the history of medieval England , as it re-established links with the pre-Saxon past . These links were exploited for political purposes to unite the peoples of the kingdom , including the Anglo - Normans , by popularising Welsh legends .
Music of France
Distinctly Celtic in character , the folk music of Lower Brittany has had perhaps the most successful revival of its traditions , partly thanks to the city of Lorient , which hosts France 's most popular music festival : Festival Interceltique de Lorient .
History of the Church of England
However , Christianity arrived in the British Isles around AD 47 during the Roman Empire according to Gildas 's De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae . Archbishop Restitutus and others are known to have attended the Council of Arles in 314 . Christianity developed roots in Sub-Roman Britain and later Ireland , Scotland , and Pictland . The Anglo - Saxons ( Germanic pagans who progressively seized British territory ) during the 5th , 6th and 7th centuries , established a small number of kingdoms and evangelisation of the Anglo - Saxons was carried out by the successors of the Gregorian mission and by Celtic missionaries from Scotland . The church in Wales remained isolated and was only brought within the jurisdiction of English bishops several centuries later .
Celtic music
Several contemporary bands have Welsh language songs , such as Ceredwen , which fuses traditional instruments with trip hop beats , the Super Furry Animals , Fernhill , and so on ( see the Music of Wales article for more Welsh and Welsh - language bands ) . The same phenomenon occurs in Brittany , where many singers record songs in Breton , traditional or modern ( hip hop , rap , and so on . ) .
Prague
In the late 5th century AD , during the great Migration Period following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire , the Germanic tribes living in Bohemia moved westwards and , in the 6th century , the Slavic tribes settled Central Europe and the area of present - day Prague . In the following century , the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area , most notably in Levý Hradec , Butovice and in the Šárka valley .
United Kingdom
Four Celtic languages are spoken in the UK : Welsh , Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Cornish . All are recognised as regional or minority languages , subject to specific measures of protection and promotion under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . In the 2001 Census over a fifth ( 21 % ) of the population of Wales said they could speak Welsh , an increase from the 1991 Census ( 18 % ) . In addition it is estimated that about 200,000 Welsh speakers live in England . In the same census in Northern Ireland 167,487 people ( 10.4 % ) stated that they had `` some knowledge of Irish '' ( see Irish language in Northern Ireland ) , almost exclusively in the nationalist ( mainly Catholic ) population . Over 92,000 people in Scotland ( just under 2 % of the population ) had some Gaelic language ability , including 72 % of those living in the Outer Hebrides . The number of schoolchildren being taught through Welsh , Scottish Gaelic and Irish is increasing . Among emigrant - descended populations some Scottish Gaelic is still spoken in Canada ( principally Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Island ) , and Welsh in Patagonia , Argentina .
Welsh language
The famous cleric Gerald of Wales tells , in his Descriptio Cambriae , a story of King Henry II of England . During one of the King 's many raids in the 12th century , Henry asked an old man of Pencader , Carmarthenshire whether the Welsh people could resist his army . The old man replied :
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
The Macedonian army continued to evolve under the Antigonid dynasty . It is uncertain how many men were appointed as somatophylakes , which numbered eight men at the end of Alexander the Great 's reign , while the hypaspistai seem to have morphed into assistants of the somatophylakes . At the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BC , the Macedonians commanded some 16,000 phalanx pikemen . Alexander the Great 's royal squadron of companion cavalry contained 800 men , the same number of cavalrymen in the sacred squadron ( Latin : sacra ala ; Greek : hiera ile ) commanded by Philip V of Macedon during the Social War of 219 BC . The regular Macedonian cavalry numbered 3,000 at Callinicus , which was separate from the sacred squadron and royal cavalry . While Macedonian cavalry of the 4th century BC had fought without shields , the use of shields by cavalry was adopted from the Celtic invaders of the 270s BC who settled in Galatia , central Anatolia .
Brittany
In the 1960s , several Breton artists started to use contemporary patterns to create a Breton pop music . Among them , Alan Stivell highly contributed to popularise the Celtic harp and Breton music in the world . He also used American rock and roll in his works and influenced 1970s Breton bands such as Kornog , Gwerz and Tri Yann , who revived traditional songs and made them popular across France . Soldat Louis is the main Breton rock band and the most famous Breton singers are Gilles Servat , Glenmor , Dan Ar Braz , Yann - Fañch Kemener , Denez Prigent , Nolwenn Korbell and Nolwenn Leroy . The Manau Hip hop group from Paris has strong Breton and Celtic inspirations .
Brittany
The Romans called Brittany Armorica , together with a quite indefinite region that extended along the English Channel coast from the Seine estuary to the Loire estuary , and according to several sources , maybe along the Atlantic coast to the Garonne estuary . This term probably comes from a Gallic word , aremorica , which means `` close to the sea '' . Another name , Letauia ( in English `` Litavis '' ) , was used until the 12th century . It possibly means `` wide and flat '' or `` to expand '' and it gave the Welsh name for Brittany : Llydaw .
Slash-and-burn
Classical writers described peoples who practiced shifting cultivation , which characterized the Migration Period in Europe . The exploitation of forests demanded displacement as areas were deforested . Julius Caesar wrote about the Suebi in Commentarii de Bello Gallico 4.1 , `` They have no private and secluded fields ( '' privati ac separati agri apud eos nihil est `` ) ... They can not stay more than one year in a place for cultivation 's sake '' ( `` neque longius anno remanere uno in loco colendi causa licet '' ) . The Suebi lived between the Rhine and the Elbe . About the Germani , Caesar wrote : `` No one has a particular field or area for himself , for the magistrates and chiefs give year by year to the people and the clans , who have gathered together , as much land and in such places as seem good to them and then make them move on after a year '' ( `` Neque quisquam agri modum certum aut fines habet proprios , sed magistratus ac principes in annos singulos gentibus cognationibusque hominum , qui tum una coierunt , a quantum et quo loco visum est agri attribuunt atque anno post alio transire cogunt '' ( Book 6.22 ) ) .
Ancient Greece
Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artis / intulit agresti Latio ( Epistulae 2.1. 156f . ) `` Captive Greece took captive her uncivilised conqueror and instilled her arts in rustic Latium . ''
Elf (Middle-earth)
Dimitra Fimi proposes that these comments are a product of his Anglophilia rather than a commentary on the texts themselves or their actual influence on his writing , and cites evidence to this effect in her essay `` ' Mad ' Elves and ' elusive beauty ' : some Celtic strands of Tolkien 's mythology '' .
Comparative mythology
This myth of the gods conquering demons - and order conquering chaos - is especially common in Indo - European mythologies . Some scholars suggest that the myth reflects the ancient Indo - Europeans ' conquest of native peoples during their expansion over Europe and India .
Catalonia
One theory suggests that Catalunya derives from the name Gothia ( or Gauthia ) Launia ( `` Land of the Goths '' ) , since the origins of the Catalan counts , lords and people were found in the March of Gothia , known as Gothia , whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Cathalaunia > Catalonia theoretically derived . During the Middle Ages , Byzantine chroniclers claimed that Catalania derives from the local medley of Goths with Alans , initially constituting a Goth - Alania .
Apollo
Apollo was worshipped throughout the Roman Empire . In the traditionally Celtic lands he was most often seen as a healing and sun god . He was often equated with Celtic gods of similar character .
Afghanistan
After 2000 BCE , successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan ; among them were many Indo - European - speaking Indo - Iranians . These tribes later migrated further into South Asia , Western Asia , and toward Europe via the area north of the Caspian Sea . The region at the time was referred to as Ariana .
Segovia
The name of Segovia is of Celtiberian origin . The first inhabitants named the city Segobriga . This name comes from two terms of the Celtiberian language of the Celtic branch of Indo - European . The term Sego means `` victory '' ( the prefix is also present in other city names such as Segeda and Segontia , cf . German `` Sieg '' or Dutch `` zege '' ) and the suffix - briga would mean `` city '' or `` strength '' . So the name might be translated as `` City of the victory '' or `` Victorious city '' .
Republic of Ireland
Supported by the Irish Film Board , the Irish film industry grew significantly since the 1990s , with the promotion of indigenous films as well as the attraction of international productions like Braveheart and Saving Private Ryan .
Hellenistic period
The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia . After Alexander 's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas , who defeated Calas , a general of Alexander the Great , and maintained the independence of Bithynia . His son , Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I , and assumed the title of king ( basileus ) in 297 BC . His son and successor , Nicomedes I , founded Nicomedia , which soon rose to great prosperity , and during his long reign ( c. 278 -- c. 255 BC ) , as well as those of his successors , the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia . Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries , and they later turned on his son Prusias I , who defeated them in battle . Their last king , Nicomedes IV , was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus , and , after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate , he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic ( 74 BC ) .
Music of France
In the early 70s , Breton musician Alan Stivell ( Renaissance de la Harpe Celtique ) launched the field of French folk - rock by combining psychedelic and progressive rock sounds with Breton and Celtic folk styles . Progressive
Brittany
At the beginning of the medieval era , Brittany was divided between three kingdoms , Domnonea , Cornouaille and Broërec . These realms eventually merged into a single state during the 9th century . The unification of Brittany was carried out by Nominoe , king between 845 and 851 and considered as the Breton pater patriae . His son Erispoe secured the independence of the new kingdom of Brittany and won the Battle of Jengland against Charles the Bald . The Bretons won another war in 867 , and the kingdom reached then its maximum extent : it received parts of Normandy , Maine and Anjou and the Channel Islands .
Wales
In 853 , the Vikings raided Anglesey , but in 856 , Rhodri Mawr defeated and killed their leader , Gorm . The Britons of Wales later made their peace with the Vikings and Anarawd ap Rhodri allied with the Norsemen occupying Northumbria to conquer the north . This alliance later broke down and Anarawd came to an agreement with Alfred , king of Wessex , with whom he fought against the west Welsh . According to Annales Cambriae , in 894 , `` Anarawd came with the Angles and laid waste Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi . ''
French Revolution
In Ireland , the effect was to transform what had been an attempt by Protestant settlers to gain some autonomy into a mass movement led by the Society of United Irishmen involving Catholics and Protestants . It stimulated the demand for further reform throughout Ireland , especially in Ulster . The upshot was a revolt in 1798 , led by Wolfe Tone , that was crushed by Britain . Germany
Novel
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Copy editing
Finally , if the manuscript contains long quotations from a published work that is still under copyright , the copyeditor should remind the author to acquire permission to reprint said quotations . The same goes for the reprinting of tables , charts , graphs , and illustrations that have appeared in print . Rules vary for the reproduction of unpublished materials ( letters , diaries , etc . )
Quechuan languages
Because folktales , myths , and legends are , in essence , reported speech , it follows that the hearsay marker would be used with them . Many of these types of stories are passed down through generations , furthering this aspect of reported speech . A difference between simple hearsay and folktales can be seen in the frequency of the -- sh ( i ) marker . In normal conversation using reported speech , the marker is used less , to avoid redundancy .
The Man in the High Castle
The acknowledgments have three references to traditional Japanese and Tibetan poetic forms ; ( i ) volume one of the Anthology of Japanese Literature ( 1955 ) , edited by Donald Keene , from which is cited the haiku on page 48 ; ( ii ) from Zen and Japanese Culture ( 1955 ) , by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki , from which is cited a waka on page 135 ; and ( iii ) the Tibetan Book of the Dead ( 1960 ) , edited by W.Y. Evans - Wentz .
Novel
The romance format of the quasi -- historical works of Madame d'Aulnoy , César Vichard de Saint - Réal , Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras , and Anne - Marguerite Petit du Noyer , allowed the publication of histories that dared not risk an unambiguous assertion of their truth . The literary market - place of the late 17th and early 18th century employed a simple pattern of options whereby fictions could reach out into the sphere of true histories . This permitted its authors to claim they had published fiction , not truth , if they ever faced allegations of libel .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
You can also link to a tipped - in page , such as an unnumbered page of images between two regular pages . ( If the page contains an image that is protected by copyright , it will be replaced by a tiny notice saying `` copyrighted image '' . ) The URL for eleventh tipped - in page inserted after page 304 of The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , looks like this : https://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11 The &pg = PA304 - IA11 can be interpreted as `` page , Arabic , 304 ; inserted after : 11 '' .
Usual beginning
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Wikipedia:Citing sources
N Charles Darwin says that human beings evolved through natural selection , but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars .
Israel
Israeli literature is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew , as part of the renaissance of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century , although a small body of literature is published in other languages , such as English . By law , two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the National Library of Israel at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . In 2001 , the law was amended to include audio and video recordings , and other non-print media . In 2015 , 85 percent of the 7,843 books transferred to the library were in Hebrew . The Hebrew Book Week is held each June and features book fairs , public readings , and appearances by Israeli authors around the country . During the week , Israel 's top literary award , the Sapir Prize , is presented .
Novel
Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo - Norman and Occitan , later , in English , Italian and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose .
Novel
New journals like The Spectator and The Tatler at the beginning of the century had reviews of novels . New `` literary journals '' like Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 's Briefe , die neuste Literatur betreffend ( 1758 ) appeared in the middle of the century with reviews of art and fiction . By the 1780s reviews played had an important role in introducing new works of fiction to the public . A later development was the introduction of novels into school curricula and later that of universities . The