vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kitchen cabinet
Cabinets may be finished with opaque paint , opaque lacquer and transparent finishes such as lacquer or varnish . Decorative finishes include distressing , glazing , and toning . The choice of finish can affect the cabinet 's color , sheen ( from flat to high gloss ) , and feel .
Carbon
Carbon is essential to all known living systems , and without it life as we know it could not exist ( see alternative biochemistry ) . The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons , most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil ( petroleum ) . Crude oil is distilled in refineries by the petrochemical industry to produce gasoline , kerosene , and other products . Cellulose is a natural , carbon - containing polymer produced by plants in the form of wood , cotton , linen , and hemp . Cellulose is used primarily for maintaining structure in plants . Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool , cashmere and silk . Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers , often with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain . The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil .
Copper in architecture
Waxing is generally reserved for architectural components subject to close inspection and / or traffic . Mixes considered satisfactory include Carnauba wax and wood turpentine , or beeswax and wood turpentine , or paste waxes .
Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter is obtained from whole cocoa beans , which are fermented , roasted , and then separated from their hulls . About 54 -- 58 % of the residue is cocoa butter . Chocolate liquor is pressed to separate the cocoa butter from the cocoa solids . The Broma process is used to extract cocoa butter from ground cocoa beans . Cocoa butter is sometimes deodorized to remove strong or undesirable tastes .
Copper in architecture
Coatings . Clear coatings preserve the natural color , warmth and metallic tone of copper alloys . However , particularly on exterior applications , they introduce maintenance into what is naturally a maintenance - free material . They are organic chemicals that are dry at ambient temperatures or require heat for curing or solvent evaporation . Examples of clear organic coatings include alkyd , acrylic , cellulose acetate butyrate , epoxy , nitrocellulose , silicone , and urethane . Further details are available .
Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter is becoming increasingly expensive . Substitutes have been designed to use as alternatives . In the United States , 100 % cocoa butter must be used for the product to be called chocolate . The EU requires that alternative fats not exceed 5 % of the total fat content .
Cocoa butter
Typical Fatty acid composition ( % ) Fatty acid Percentage Arachidic acid ( C20 : 0 ) 1.0 % Linoleic acid ( C18 : 2 ) 3.2 % Oleic acid ( C18 : 1 ) 34.5 % Palmitic acid ( C16 : 0 ) 26.0 % Palmitoleic acid ( C16 : 1 ) 0.3 % Stearic acid ( C18 : 0 ) 34.5 % Other Fatty Acids 0.5 %
Cocoa butter
The moisturizing abilities of cocoa butter are frequently recommended for prevention of stretch marks in pregnant women , treatment of chapped or burned skin and lips , and as a daily moisturizer to prevent dry , itchy skin . Cocoa butter 's moisturizing properties are also said to be effective for treating mouth sores . However , the largest clinical study regarding the effects of cocoa butter on stretch marks in pregnant women found that results were no different from a placebo .
Tapioca balls
Coloring Agents Cochineal Red A ( New Coccin ) , Erythrosine , Erythrosine Aluminum Lake , Tartrazine , Tartrazine Aluminum Lake , Sunset Yellow FCF , Sunset Yellow FCF Aluminum Lake , Fast Green FCF , Fast Green FCF Aluminum Lake , Brilliant Blue FCF , Brilliant Blue FCF Aluminum Lake , Indigo Carmine , Indigo Carmine Aluminum Lake , β - Carotene , β - Apo - 8 ' - Carotena , Ethyl β - Apo - 8 ' - Carotenoat , Canthaxanthin , Laccaic Acid , Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin , Iron Oxides , Allura Red AC , Titanium Dioxide , Allura Red AC Aluminum Lake , Synthetic Lycopene , Cochineal Red A Aluminum Lake ( New Coccine Aluminum Lake ) Flavor Enhancer Ethyl Acetate , Butyl Acetate , Benzyl Acetate , Phenylethyl Acetate , Terpinyl Acetate , Cinnamyl Acetate , Geranyl Acetate , Citronellyl Acetate , Linalyl Acetate , Isoamyl Acetate , etc . Sweetener D - Sorbitol , 70 % D - SorbitolSolution , D - Xylitol , Glycyrrhizin , Trisodium Glycyrrhizinate , D - Mannitol , Aspartame , Licorice Extracts , etc . Flavors MonosodiumL - Aspartate , Fumaric Acid , MonosodiumFumarate , Citric Acid , Sodium Citrate , Succinic Acid , MonosodiumSuccinate , Disodium Succinate , L - Glutamic Acid , MonosodiumL - Glutamate , etc . Emulsifying , Gelling , Stabilizing and Thickening Agents Casein , Sodium Caseinate , Calcium Caseinate , Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose , Calcium Carboxymethyl Cellulose , Acid - Modified Starch , Methyl Cellulose , Sodium Polyacrylate , Carrageenan , Xanthan Gum , Alginic Acid , etc .
Kitchen cabinet
Cabinet doors may feature a variety of materials such as wood , metal or glass . Wood may be solid wood ( `` breadboard '' construction ) or engineered wood or may be mixed ( e.g. engineered wood panel in a solid wood frame )
Cigarette
These simple sugars are not harmful to the environment and are in fact are a useful product for many plants and animals . The breakdown of cellulose is of interest in the field of biofuel . Due to the conditions that affect the process , large variation in the degradation time of cellulose acetate occurs .
Banana peel
Banana peels are also used for water purification , to produce ethanol , cellulase , laccase , as fertilizer and in composting .
Castoreum
In perfumery , castoreum has largely been used as an animalic note suggesting leather , compounded with other ingredients including top , middle , and base notes as a composition . Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude , Chanel Antaeus , Cuir de Russie , Magie Noire , Lancôme Caractère , Hechter Madame , Givenchy III , Shalimar , and many `` leather '' themed compositions .
Nutella
Ferrero also has a plant in Brazil , which supplies the Brazilian market , with part of the production being exported overseas .
Fair trade
Many countries that export cocoa rely on cocoa as their single export crop . In Africa in particular , governments tax cocoa as their main source of revenue . Cocoa is a permanent crop , which means that it occupies land for long periods of time and does not need to be replanted after each harvest . Locations
Cocoa butter
Cocoa butter is a major ingredient in practically all types of chocolates ( white chocolate , milk chocolate , and dark chocolate ) . This application continues to dominate consumption of cocoa butter . Cocoa butter can be found in most supermarkets , and the process of preparing small amounts of chocolate from cocoa butter and cocoa powder means that the practice of making chocolate at home has become relatively popular .
Kitchen cabinet
New varieties of hinges and slides have been developed that enhance the action and usability of doors and drawers .
Salicylic acid
Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references
Cocoa butter
The most common form of cocoa butter has a melting point of around 34 -- 38 ° C ( 93 -- 101 ° F ) , rendering solid chocolate at room temperature that readily melts once inside the mouth . Cocoa butter displays polymorphism , having α , γ , β ' , and β crystals , with melting points of 17 , 23 , 26 , and 35 -- 37 ° C respectively . The production of chocolate typically uses only the β crystal for its high melting point . A uniform crystal structure will result in smooth texture , sheen , and snap . Overheating cocoa butter converts the structure to a less stable form that melts below room temperature . Given time , it will naturally return to the most stable β crystal form . The polymorphic transformation hypothesis attempts to explain chocolate bloom in terms of the differing crystal forms . Since bloomed chocolates are always found to contain the most stable polymorph of cocoa butter , this hypothesis holds that bloom occurs through the uncontrolled polymorphic transformation of cocoa butter from a less stable form to the most stable form .
Kitchen cabinet
Frames . In the U.S. solid wood frame and panel construction , using either mortise and tenon or cope and stick jointed frames , is traditional , with maple , cherry , oak , birch , and hickory among the most commonly used species . Mortise - and - tenon frames , with their greater strength and permanence , are more costly to produce and less commonly used as compared to cope - and - stick frames . As an alternative , miter joint frames , which may be identifiable by face - surface relief that follows continuously around the frame , have become popular . Miter - jointed frames typically employ embedded metal fasteners to secure frames elements ( stiles and rails ) cut at a 45 ° angle . Captured within frames , panels may be either solid or veneered engineered wood ( either particle board or medium density fiberboard ) . Laminates , including those designed to resemble hardwood , can typically be identified by a more rounded appearance associated with the minimum bending radii necessarily entailed by the manufacturing process of applying laminate to an underlying substrate . By comparison , solid surfaces , and solid hardwoods in particular , can be milled with more sharply defined corners , edges , or grooves on either a panel or frame . Panels . Panels used in frame - and - panel kitchen cabinet doors may be fashioned either of solid wood or covered by paint , veneer , or laminate in which case they are fashioned of engineered wood . The panels are typically not fastened with glue or nails but rather `` float '' within the frame to accommodate seasonal expansion or contraction of the wood frame . Solid - door construction . Doors may be fabricated of solid material , either engineered wood ( particle board or medium - density fiberboard , but not typically plywood ) or solid wood . Engineered wood panels may either be used as slabs or may be shaped to resemble frame - and - panel construction . In either case , engineered wood panels are generally painted , veneered , or laminated . Solid wood panels are typically formed of multiple boards of the selected wood species , jointed together using glue and may either be painted or finished . Solid wood construction offers the possibility of refinishing in case of damage or wear . Decorative panels . Cabinet doors panels can be used decoratively on cabinet sides , where exposed , for a more finished appearance .
Carambola
Like the bilimbi , the juice of the more acidic sour types can be used to clean rusty or tarnished metal ( especially brass ) as well as bleach rust stains from cloth . They may also be used as a mordant in dyeing .
Biomass
Other chemical processes such as converting straight and waste vegetable oils into biodiesel is transesterification .
Tapioca balls
Traditionally , during heat treatment , the temperature is kept moderate so that only the surface layer of the lumps of the moist starch begins to gelatinize , and this process is described as gelatinization . One process of gelatinization is performed by placing the pearls inside shallow pans , which are then placed inside a brick oven . The pans are covered with a towel soaked in oil or fat to prevent burning the starch . While the pearls are heated over a moderate fire , it is stirred continuously with large forks to prevent burning . When this hand - baking process is applied to manufacture pearls , irregularly shaped beads may be obtained , inferior in colour and in other qualities .
Lead poisoning
Lead can be found in products such as kohl , an ancient cosmetic from the Middle East , South Asia , and parts of Africa that has many names ; and from some toys . In 2007 , millions of toys made in China were recalled from multiple countries owing to safety hazards including lead paint . Vinyl mini-blinds , found especially in older housing , may contain lead . Lead is commonly incorporated into herbal remedies such as Indian Ayurvedic preparations and remedies of Chinese origin . There are also risks of elevated blood lead levels caused by folk remedies like azarcon and greta , which each contain about 95 % lead .
Sustainability
Synthetic chemical production has escalated following the stimulus it received during the second World War . Chemical production includes everything from herbicides , pesticides and fertilizers to domestic chemicals and hazardous substances . Apart from the build - up of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere , chemicals of particular concern include : heavy metals , nuclear waste , chlorofluorocarbons , persistent organic pollutants and all harmful chemicals capable of bioaccumulation . Although most synthetic chemicals are harmless there needs to be rigorous testing of new chemicals , in all countries , for adverse environmental and health effects . International legislation has been established to deal with the global distribution and management of dangerous goods . The effects of some chemical agents needed long - term measurements and a lot of legal battles to realize their danger to human health . The classification of the toxic carcinogenic agents is handle by the International Agency for Research on Cancer .
Coffea arabica
Coffea arabica growing at Olinda , Maui . Unroasted ( `` green '' ) coffee ( Coffea arabica ) beans from Brazil .
Saturated and unsaturated compounds
Unsaturated compounds are generally more reactive than saturated compounds . Triglycerides ( rapeseed oil , linseed oil , olive oil , etc . ) with a high content of unsaturated fatty acid residues turn more rapidly rancid than those with a high proportion of saturated fatty acid residues , as for example coconut fat .
Alkaloid
Mannich reaction , resulting in , e.g. , voacamine Michael reaction ( villalstonine ) Condensation of aldehydes with amines ( toxiferine ) Oxidative addition of phenols ( dauricine , tubocurarine ) Lactonization ( carpaine ) .
Alkaloid
The alkaloids content in plants is usually within a few percent and is inhomogeneous over the plant tissues . Depending on the type of plants , the maximum concentration is observed in the leaves ( black henbane ) , fruits or seeds ( Strychnine tree ) , root ( Rauwolfia serpentina ) or bark ( cinchona ) . Furthermore , different tissues of the same plants may contain different alkaloids .
Castoreum
The government of Ontario pays trappers to harvest beaver castor sacs . The sacs brought between 2.62 - 5.10 Canadian dollars per ounce when auctioned at the May -- June 2016 North American Fur Auction .
Coffee
In 2016 , Oregon State University entomologist George Poinar , Jr. announced the discovery of a new plant species that 's a 45 - million - year - old relative of coffee found in amber . Named Strychnos electri , after the Greek word for amber ( electron ) , the flowers represent the first - ever fossils of an asterid , which is a family of flowering plants that not only later gave us coffee , but also sunflowers , peppers , potatoes , mint -- and deadly poisons .
Maldives
In ancient times the Maldives were renowned for cowry shells , coir rope , dried tuna fish ( Maldive Fish ) , ambergris ( Maavaharu ) , and coco de mer ( Tavakkaashi ) . Local and foreign trading ships used to load these products in Sri Lanka and transport them to other harbours in the Indian Ocean .
Indigenous Australians
Clothing included the possum - skin cloak in the southeast and riji ( pearl shells ) in the northeast .
Castoreum
In perfume - making , the term castoreum is more liberally applied to denote the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor . The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow and for their raw harshness to dissipate .
Carbon
Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink , artist 's oil paint and water colours , carbon paper , automotive finishes , India ink and laser printer toner . Carbon black is also used as a filler in rubber products such as tyres and in plastic compounds . Activated charcoal is used as an absorbent and adsorbent in filter material in applications as diverse as gas masks , water purification , and kitchen extractor hoods , and in medicine to absorb toxins , poisons , or gases from the digestive system . Carbon is used in chemical reduction at high temperatures . Coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron ( smelting ) . Case hardening of steel is achieved by heating finished steel components in carbon powder . Carbides of silicon , tungsten , boron and titanium , are among the hardest known materials , and are used as abrasives in cutting and grinding tools . Carbon compounds make up most of the materials used in clothing , such as natural and synthetic textiles and leather , and almost all of the interior surfaces in the built environment other than glass , stone and metal .
Kitchen cabinet
Cabinet faces . Solid wood remains a popular choice for many cabinet parts , including bases , frames and doors . However , most commercial cabinets have sides , backs and bottoms made of plywood or particle board . Traditional - style solid - wood cabinetry is more expensive and many consumers opt for cabinets that incorporate many particle board or plywood components to reduce costs . Pricing for solid wood cabinet doors depends on the wood species used . For example , teak is more expensive than cherry , which is more expensive than maple , which is more expensive than oak . Similarly , solid wood is more expensive than plywood which , in turn , is more expensive than particle board or similar sheet goods .
Biomass
As biomass is a natural material , many highly efficient biochemical processes have developed in nature to break down the molecules of which biomass is composed , and many of these biochemical conversion processes can be harnessed .
Coffee
The four years between planting a coffee and the first harvest extends seasonal variations in the price of coffee . The Brazilian Government is thus forced , to some extent , to keep strong price subsidies during production periods .
Alkaloid
Because of the structural diversity of alkaloids , there is no single method of their extraction from natural raw materials . Most methods exploit the property of most alkaloids to be soluble in organic solvents but not in water , and the opposite tendency of their salts .
Cheetos
With the introduction of Frito - Lay 's Natural Line , Cheetos Natural were introduced in the mid-2000s , with all natural ingredients , and natural , and real Wisconsin white cheddar , Cheetos Natural are unique for Cheetos . They accompany others in the Natural line , and are a direct competitor to other natural competitors , such as Pirate 's Booty .
Maple syrup
New compounds have been identified in maple syrup , one of which is quebecol , a natural phenolic compound created when the maple sap is boiled to create syrup .
Water buffalo
The bones and horns are often made into jewellery , especially earrings . Horns are used for the embouchure of musical instruments , such as ney and kaval .
Alkaloid
Most alkaloids contain oxygen in their molecular structure ; those compounds are usually colorless crystals at ambient conditions . Oxygen - free alkaloids , such as nicotine or coniine , are typically volatile , colorless , oily liquids . Some alkaloids are colored , like berberine ( yellow ) and sanguinarine ( orange ) .
Corrosion
Acid class DIN 12116 and alkali class DIN 52322 ( ISO 695 ) are to be distinguished from the hydrolytic class DIN 12111 ( ISO 719 ) .
Coal
Coal to chemical processes do require substantial quantities of water . As of 2013 much of the coal to chemical production was in the People 's Republic of China where environmental regulation and water management was weak .
Carbon
The English name carbon comes from the Latin carbo for coal and charcoal , whence also comes the French charbon , meaning charcoal . In German , Dutch and Danish , the names for carbon are Kohlenstoff , koolstof and kulstof respectively , all literally meaning coal - substance .
Diamond
Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic , which means the diamonds ' surface can not be wet by water , but can be easily wet and stuck by oil . This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds . However , when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions , they are expected to become so hydrophilic that they can stabilize multiple layers of water ice at human body temperature .
Tapioca balls
During the gelatinization process , the moisture content does not change very much so another drying stage is required to achieve the desired moisture content of 12 % . Drying is done in a chamber drier and when drying , it must have an initial temperature of below 40 ° C to avoid further gelatinization .
Cigarette
The first step in the biodegradation of cellulose acetate is the deactylation of the acetate from the polymer chain ( which is the opposite of acetylation ) . An acetate is a negative ion with the chemical formula of C H O. Deacetylation can be performed by either chemical hydrolysis or acetylesterase . Chemical hydrolysis is the cleavage of a chemical bond by addition of water . In the reaction , water ( H O ) reacts with the acetic ester functional group attached the cellulose polymer chain and forms an alcohol and acetate . The alcohol is simply the cellulose polymer chain with the acetate replaced with an alcohol group . The second reaction is exactly the same as chemical hydrolysis with the exception of the use of an acetylesterase enzyme . The enzyme , found in most plants , catalyzes the chemical reaction shown below .
Tapioca balls
To support to the creation of tapioca pearls , some additives are used , especially during the tapioca flour making process .
Oak (wine)
The chemical properties of oak can have a profound effect on wine . Phenols within the wood interact to produce vanilla type flavors and can give the impression of tea notes or sweetness . The degree of `` toast '' on the barrel can also impart different properties affecting the tannin levels as well as the aggressive wood flavors . The hydrolyzable tannins present in wood , known as ellagitannins , are derived from lignin structures in the wood . They help protect the wine from oxidation and reduction . Oak
Nutella
In 2012 , French senator Yves Daudigny proposed a tax increase on palm oil from € 100 to € 400 per tonne . At 20 percent , palm oil is one of Nutella 's main ingredients and the tax was dubbed `` the Nutella tax '' in the media .
Cocoa production in Ghana
providing farmers with more choice of buyers ; delivering cash payments promptly ; and maintaining stability in producer prices throughout the season .
Oak (wine)
French oak , on the other hand , generates silky and transparent tannins , which transmit a sensation of light sweetness combined with fruity flavors that persist in the mouth . Spices and toasted almond are noteworthy , combined with flavors of ripe red fruit in red wines , and notes of peach , exotic fruits and floral aromas like jasmine and rose in whites , depending on the grape variety employed .
Cigarette
In the case of the enzymatic reaction , the two substrates ( reactants ) are again acetic ester and H O , the two products of the reaction are alcohol and acetate . This reaction is exactly the same as the chemical hydrolysis . Both of these products are perfectly fine in the environment . Once the acetate group is removed from the cellulose chain , the polymer can be readily degraded by cellulase , which is another enzyme found in fungi , bacteria , and protozoans . Cellulases break down the cellulose molecule into monosaccharides ( `` simple sugars '' ) such as beta - glucose , or shorter polysaccharides and oligosaccharides . The