vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Economy of England in the Middle Ages
The Black Death epidemic first arrived in England in 1348 , re-occurring in waves during 1360 -- 62 , 1368 -- 69 , 1375 and more sporadically thereafter . The most immediate economic impact of this disaster was the widespread loss of life , between around 27 % mortality amongst the upper classes , to 40 -- 70 % amongst the peasantry . Despite the very high loss of life , few settlements were abandoned during the epidemic itself , but many were badly affected or nearly eliminated altogether . The medieval authorities did their best to respond in an organised fashion , but the economic disruption was immense . Building work ceased and many mining operations paused . In the short term , efforts were taken by the authorities to control wages and enforce pre-epidemic working conditions . Coming on top of the previous years of famine , however , the longer - term economic implications were profound . In contrast to the previous centuries of rapid growth , the English population would not begin to recover for over a century , despite the many positive reasons for a resurgence . The crisis would dramatically affect English agriculture , wages and prices for the remainder of the medieval period .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
In late August , MSF called the situation `` chaotic '' and the medical response `` inadequate . '' They reported that they had expanded their operations , but could n't keep up with the rapidly increasing need for assistance , which had forced them to reduce the level of care : `` It is not currently possible , for example , to administer intravenous treatments . '' Calling the situation `` an emergency within the emergency '' , MSF reported that many hospitals had shut down due to lack of staff or fears of the virus among patients and staff , which had left people with other health problems without any care at all . Speaking from a remote region , an MSF worker said that a shortage of protective equipment was making the medical management of the disease difficult and that they had limited capacity to safely bury bodies .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
47 civilians and 34 veterans cremated 61 civilians and 128 veterans ( unknown ) cremated
Famine
In the mid-22nd century BC , a sudden and short - lived climatic change that caused reduced rainfall resulted in several decades of drought in Upper Egypt . The resulting famine and civil strife is believed to have been a major cause of the collapse of the Old Kingdom . An account from the First Intermediate Period states , `` All of Upper Egypt was dying of hunger and people were eating their children . '' In 1680s , famine extended across the entire Sahel , and in 1738 half the population of Timbuktu died of famine . In Egypt , between 1687 and 1731 , there were six famines . The famine that afflicted Egypt in 1784 cost it roughly one - sixth of its population . The Maghreb experienced famine and plague in the late 18th century and early 19th century . There was famine in Tripoli in 1784 , and in Tunis in 1785 .
Famine
The 1590s saw the worst famines in centuries across all of Europe . Famine had been relatively rare during the 16th century . The economy and population had grown steadily as subsistence populations tend to when there is an extended period of relative peace ( most of the time ) . Although peasants in areas of high population density , such as northern Italy , had learned to increase the yields of their lands through techniques such as promiscuous culture , they were still quite vulnerable to famines , forcing them to work their land even more intensively .
Famine
Famines have also been caused by volcanism . The 1815 eruption of the Mount Tambora volcano in Indonesia caused crop failures and famines worldwide and caused the worst famine of the 19th century . The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun 's energy from reaching the ground . The same mechanism is theorized to be caused by very large meteorite impacts to the extent of causing mass extinctions .
Germ theory of disease
During the Middle Ages , Isidore of Seville ( ca . 560 -- 636 ) mentioned `` plague - bearing seeds '' ( pestifera semina ) in his On the Nature of Things ( ca . AD 613 ) . Later in 1345 , Tommaso del Garbo ( ca . 1305 -- 1370 ) of Bologna , Italy mentioned Galen 's `` seeds of plague '' in his work Commentaria non parum utilia in libros Galeni ( Helpful commentaries on the books of Galen ) .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
There is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished , as I said before , by the flight of the population , which commenced soon after the outbreak ; but the attacks had so far diminished before the use of the water was stopped , that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state , or whether , from some cause , the water had become free from it .
Famine
The pre-Columbian Americans often dealt with severe food shortages and famines . The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization , and the famine of One Rabbit ( AD 1454 ) was a major catastrophe in Mexico .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
The result of the inquiry then was , that there had been no particular outbreak or prevalence of cholera in this part of London except among the persons who were in the habit of drinking the water of the above - mentioned pump - well . I
Famine
The Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 ( or to 1322 ) was the first major food crisis to strike Europe in the 14th century . Millions in northern Europe died over an extended number of years , marking a clear end to the earlier period of growth and prosperity during the 11th and 12th centuries . An unusually cold and wet spring of 1315 led to widespread crop failures , which lasted until at least the summer of 1317 ; some regions in Europe did not fully recover until 1322 . Most nobles , cities , and states were slow to respond to the crisis and when they realized its severity , they had little success in securing food for their people . In 1315 , in Norfolk England , the price of grain soared from 5 shillings / quarter to 20 shillings / quarter . It was a period marked by extreme levels of criminal activity , disease and mass death , infanticide , and cannibalism . It had consequences for Church , State , European society and future calamities to follow in the 14th century . There were 95 famines in medieval Britain , and 75 or more in medieval France . More than 10 % of England 's population , or at least 500,000 people , may have died during the famine of 1315 -- 1316 .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
Regarding the decline in cases related to the Broad Street pump , Snow said :
History of Native Americans in the United States
In the 100 years following the arrival of the Spanish to the Americas , large disease epidemics depopulated large parts of the eastern United States in the 15th century . In 1618 -- 1619 , smallpox killed 90 % of the Native Americans in the area of the Massachusetts Bay . Historians believe many Mohawk in present - day New York became infected after contact with children of Dutch traders in Albany in 1634 . The disease swept through Mohawk villages , reaching the Onondaga at Lake Ontario by 1636 , and the lands of the western Iroquois by 1679 , as it was carried by Mohawk and other Native Americans who traveled the trading routes . The high rate of fatalities caused breakdowns in Native American societies and disrupted generational exchange of culture .
World War I
The ' Age of Totalitarianism ' included nearly all of the infamous examples of genocide in modern history , headed by the Jewish Holocaust , but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world , other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies , and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915 . All these slaughters , it is argued here , had a common origin , the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government of much of central , eastern and southern Europe as a result of World War I , without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots .
Easter Island
When the slave raiders were forced to repatriate the people they had kidnapped , carriers of smallpox disembarked together with a few survivors on each of the islands . This created devastating epidemics from Easter Island to the Marquesas islands . Easter Island 's population was reduced to the point where some of the dead were not even buried .
French Revolution
Even the unique horror of the guillotine has been dwarfed by the gas chambers of the Holocaust , the organized brutality of the gulag , the mass intimidation of Mao 's cultural revolution , or the killing fields of Cambodia .
Famine
Because of the severity of famine , it was a chief concern for governments and other authorities . In pre-industrial Europe , preventing famine , and ensuring timely food supplies , was one of the chief concerns of many governments , although they were severely limited in their options due to limited levels of external trade and an infrastructure and bureaucracy generally too rudimentary to effect real relief . Most governments were concerned by famine because it could lead to revolt and other forms of social disruption .
Famine
Famines continued in the Soviet era , the most notorious being the Holodomor in various parts of the country , especially the Volga , and the Ukrainian and northern Kazakh SSR 's during the winter of 1932 -- 1933 . The Soviet famine of 1932 -- 1933 is nowadays reckoned to have cost an estimated 6 million lives . The last major famine in the USSR happened in 1947 due to the severe drought and the mismanagement of grain reserves by the Soviet government .
European colonization of the Americas
Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher - end estimates with caution . Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima , while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans . Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century ; in a number of cases , growth has returned .
Zimbabwe
In December 2017 the New Zimbabwean , calculating the cost of the Mugabe era using various statistics , said that at the time of independence in 1980 , the country was growing economically at about 5 per cent a year , and had done so for quite a long time . If this rate of growth had been maintained for the next 37 years , Zimbabwe today would have a GDP of US $52 billion . Instead it has a formal sector GDP of only US $14 billion ( 2016 ) , a cost of US $38 billion in lost growth in the formal sector . The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3 , 5 per cent per annum , doubling every 21 years . Had this growth been maintained , the population today would be 31 million . Instead it is about 16 million . The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease , and partly due to decreased fertility . The life expectancy has halved , and death from politically motivated violence sponsored by government exceeds 200,000 since 1980 . The Mugabe government has directly or indirectly caused the deaths of at least 3 million Zimbabweans in 37 years .
Famine
In October 1984 , television reports describing the Ethiopian famine as `` biblical '' , prompted the Live Aid concerts in London and Philadelphia , which raised large sums to alleviate the suffering . A primary cause of the famine ( one of the largest seen in the country ) is that Ethiopia ( and the surrounding Horn ) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s . Compounding this problem was the intermittent fighting due to civil war , the government 's lack of organization in providing relief , and hoarding of supplies to control the population . Ultimately , over 1 million Ethiopians died and over 22 million people suffered due to the prolonged drought , which lasted roughly 2 years .
Rwandan genocide
Government institutions , including judicial courts , were destroyed , and many judges , prosecutors , and employees were murdered . Of 750 judges , 506 did not remain after the genocide -- many were murdered and most of the survivors fled Rwanda . By 1997 , Rwanda only had fifty lawyers in its judicial system . These barriers caused the trials to proceed very slowly : with 130,000 suspects held in Rwandan prisons after the genocide , 3,343 cases were handled between 1996 and the end of 2000 . Of those defendants , twenty percent received death sentences , thirty - two percent received life in prison , and twenty percent were acquitted . It was calculated that it would take over two hundred years to conduct the trials of the suspects in prison -- not including the ones who remained at large .
Chernobyl disaster
Along similar lines to the UCS approach , the 2006 TORCH report , commissioned by the European Greens political party , likewise simplistically calculates an eventual 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths in total , around the globe .
Atlantic slave trade
Estimates by Patrick Manning are that about 12 million slaves entered the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th century , but about 1.5 million died on board ship . About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas . Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage , more Africans likely died during the slave raids in Africa and forced marches to ports . Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture , and many more died young . Manning 's estimate covers the 12 million who were originally destined for the Atlantic , as well as the 6 million destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million destined for African markets .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Total : 55 civilians and 97 veterans buried Total : 163 civilians and 259 veterans = 422
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Country where deaths occurred Confirmed Estimated Injured Missing Displaced Indonesia 7005130736000000000 ♠ 130,736 7005167799000000000 ♠ 167,799 n / a 7004370630000000000 ♠ 37,063 7005500000000000000 ♠ 500,000 + Sri Lanka 7004353220000000000 ♠ 35,322 7004353220000000000 ♠ 35,322 7004214110000000000 ♠ 21,411 n / a 7005516150000000000 ♠ 516,150 India 7004124050000000000 ♠ 12,405 7004180450000000000 ♠ 18,045 n / a 7003564000000000000 ♠ 5,640 7005647599000000000 ♠ 647,599 Thailand 7003539500000000000 ♠ 5,395 7003821200000000000 ♠ 8,212 7003845700000000000 ♠ 8,457 7003281700000000000 ♠ 2,817 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7,000 Somalia 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 7002289000000000000 ♠ 289 n / a n / a 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Myanmar 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 7002400000000000000 ♠ 400 -- 600 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 7003320000000000000 ♠ 3,200 Maldives 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 7002108000000000000 ♠ 108 n / a 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7004150000000000000 ♠ 15,000 + Malaysia 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 7002299000000000000 ♠
World War II casualties
Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis .
Cold War
In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today .
Rwandan genocide
Part of a series on Genocide Issues Cultural genocide Democide Ethnic cleansing Ethnic relations Ethnocide Genocide Genocidal rape Utilitarian genocide Double genocide Holocaust uniqueness debate Rwandan genocide Genocide of indigenous peoples European colonization of the Americas Dzungar genocide , 1750s Manifest Destiny Indian Removal , 1830s California Genocide , 1848 -- 1873 Circassian genocide , 1860s Selk'nam genocide , 1890s -- 1900s Herero and Namaqua genocide , 1904 -- 1907 Greek genocide , 1914 -- 1923 Assyrian genocide , 1914 -- 1925 Armenian Genocide , 1915 -- 1923 Libyan Genocide , 1923 -- 1932 Soviet genocide Ethnic cleansing in the Soviet Union Soviet famine of 1932 -- 33 Holodomor , 1931 -- 1933 Kazakhstan , 1930 -- 1933 Mass Deportations during World War II Kalmyks , 1943 Chechens and Ingush , 1944 Crimean Tatars , 1944 Nazi Holocaust and genocide ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Final Solution Porajmos Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs Serbian genocide Cold War 1971 Bangladesh genocide ( 1971 ) Burundian genocides ( 1972 & 1993 ) East Timorese genocide ( 1974 -- 1999 ) Cambodian genocide ( 1975 -- 1979 ) Guatemalan genocide ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Kurdish genocide ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Isaaq genocide ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Contemporary genocide Rwandan genocide ( 1994 ) Bosnian genocide ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Srebrenica massacre ( 1995 ) Darfur genocide ( 2003 -- ) Genocides by ISIS ( 2014 -- ) Yazidi genocide Shia genocide Christian genocide Central African genocide Related topics Genocides in history Khmer Rouge Killing Fields Hutu Power Holodomor genocide question Extermination camp Effects of genocide on youth List by death toll Mass killings under Communist regimes Anti-communist mass killings Mass killings compilation Category
Rwandan genocide
In 2005 , HBO produced a television movie named Sometimes in April . The story centers on two brothers : Honoré Butera , working for Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines , and Augustin Muganza , a captain in the Rwandan army ( who was married to a Tutsi woman ) , who bear witness to the killing of close to over a million people in 100 days while becoming divided by politics and losing some of their own family .
World War II casualties
Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust . Jewish
Casualties of the Iraq War
Roughly 40 percent of Iraq 's middle class is believed to have fled , the U.N. said . Most are fleeing systematic persecution and have no desire to return . All kinds of people , from university professors to bakers , have been targeted by militias , Iraqi insurgents and criminals . An estimated 331 school teachers were slain in the first four months of 2006 , according to Human Rights Watch , and at least 2,000 Iraqi doctors have been killed and 250 kidnapped since the 2003 U.S. invasion .
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The coastal lifestyle of people and degradation of the natural environment in Sri Lanka contributed to the high death tolls . In addition to the high number of fatalities , approximately 90,000 buildings were destroyed . Houses were easily destroyed since they were built mostly from wood .
Rwandan genocide
The RPF was making slow but steady gains in the north and east of the country , ending the killings in each area occupied . The genocide was effectively ended during April in areas of Ruhengeri , Byumba , Kibungo and Kigali provinces . The killings ceased during April in the akazu heartlands of western Ruhengeri and Gisenyi , as almost every Tutsi had been eliminated . Large numbers of Hutu in the RPF conquered areas fled , fearing retribution for the genocide ; 500,000 Kibungo residents walked over the bridge at Rusumo Falls , into Tanzania , in a few days at the end of April , and were accommodated in United Nations camps effectively controlled by ousted leaders of the Hutu regime , with the former governor of Kibungo province in overall control .
World War II casualties
The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman . Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik . Moscow , 2004 . ISBN 5 - 93165 - 107 - 1 . pp. 21 -- 35 . Erlikman , a Russian historian , notes that these figures are his estimates .
Chernobyl disaster
The number of potential deaths arising from the Chernobyl disaster is heavily debated . The WHO 's prediction of 4000 future cancer deaths in surrounding countries is based on the Linear no - threshold model ( LNT ) , which assumes that the damage inflicted by radiation at low doses is directly proportional to the dose . Radiation epidemiologist Roy Shore contends that estimating health effects in a population from the LNT model `` is not wise because of the uncertainties '' .
Casualties of the Iraq War
There was a field staff of 150 Iraqis in all . That included 103 interviewers , interviewing selected respondents at 458 locales across the country . `` This poll asked about nine kinds of violence ( car bombs , snipers or crossfire , kidnappings , fighting among opposing groups or abuse of civilians by various armed forces ) . ''
Euthanasia
The `` euthanasia campaign '' of mass murder gathered momentum on 14 January 1940 when the `` handicapped '' were killed with gas vans and killing centres , eventually leading to the deaths of 70,000 adult Germans . Professor Robert Jay Lifton , author of The Nazi Doctors and a leading authority on the T4 program , contrasts this program with what he considers to be a genuine euthanasia . He explains that the Nazi version of `` euthanasia '' was based on the work of Adolf Jost , who published The Right to Death ( Das Recht auf den Tod ) in 1895 . Lifton writes :
Korean War
Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million .
Indigenous Australians
In some regions the median age at death was identified in 1973 to be as low as 47 years and the life expectancy gap between Aboriginal people and the rest of the Australian population as a whole , to be 25 years .
Horn of Africa
According to both genetic and fossil evidence , archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago and may have dispersed from the Horn of Africa . The
Democratic Republic of the Congo
In June 2010 , Oxfam reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and researchers from Harvard discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold . In June 2014 , Freedom from Torture published reported rape and sexual violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women . The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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South Africa
It is estimated that 500,000 women are raped in South Africa every year with the average woman more likely to be raped than complete secondary school . A 2009 survey found one in four South African men admitted to raping someone and another survey found one in three women out of 4000 surveyed said they had been raped in the past year . Rapes are also perpetrated by children ( some as young as ten ) . Child and baby rape incidences are some of the highest in the world , largely as a result of the virgin cleansing myth , and a number of high - profile cases ( sometimes as young as eight months ) have outraged the nation .
Horn of Africa
It has been estimated that from a population of 2,000 to 5,000 individuals in Africa , only a small group of possibly as few as 150 to 1,000 people crossed the Red Sea .