vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Trustee model of representation
J.S. Mill also championed this model . He stated that while all individuals have a right to be represented , not all political opinions are of equal value . He suggested a model where constituents would receive votes according to their level of education ( i.e. people with degrees receiving the most votes , and working class people receiving the fewest ) .
Executive compensation
Since the 1990s , CEO compensation in the US has outpaced corporate profits , economic growth and the average compensation of all workers . Between 1980 and 2004 , Mutual Fund founder John Bogle estimates total CEO compensation grew 8.5 % year , compared to corporate profit growth of 2.9 % / year and per capita income growth of 3.1 % . By 2006 CEOs made 400 times more than average workers -- a gap 20 times bigger than it was in 1965 . As a general rule , the larger the corporation the larger the CEO compensation package .
Purse distribution
One frequently - implemented reform was to include horses finishing fifth in the purse distribution ; the method most often employed for doing this was to award 60 % of the purse to the winner , 20 % to second , 11 % to third , 6 % to fourth and 3 % to fifth , a format still observed by many tracks today . Some tracks even went so far as to include the sixth - place runner in the purse as well ; most often , this resulted in 60 % being given to the winner , 20 % to second , 10 % to third , 5 % to fourth , 3 % to fifth and 2 % to sixth .
Income inequality in the United States
The economists Richard D. Wolff and Gar Alperovitz claim that greater economic equality could be achieved by extending democracy into the economic sphere . In an essay for Harper 's Magazine , investigative journalist Erik Reece argues that `` With the political right entrenched in its opposition to unions , worker - owned cooperatives represent a less divisive yet more radical model for returning wealth to the workers who earned it . ''
Primus inter pares
The Moderator of the General Assembly in a Presbyterian church is similarly designated as a primus inter pares . This concept holds also for the Moderators of each Synod , Presbytery , and Kirk Session . As all elders are ordained -- some for teaching and some for ruling - none sit in higher status , but all are equal behind the one and only head of the church Jesus Christ .
Purse distribution
Prior to the 1970s , only the owners of the first four finishers in a thoroughbred horse race in the United States typically received any money at all ; most commonly , 65 % of the race 's purse was awarded to the winner , with the second , third and fourth horses earning 20 % , 10 % and 5 % respectively . This procedure had some drawbacks , especially in the event of inclement weather -- owners would often seek to `` scratch , '' or withdraw their horses from a race , if the track was wet , and even more so if rain forced a scheduled turf , or grass race , to be moved to the main , or dirt , track . It was largely in an effort to encourage larger fields in these circumstances that many American state racing associations began changing their purse - distribution formats during the last three decades of the 20th Century .
Income inequality in the United States
However , there is debate regarding whether a public policy response is appropriate for income inequality . For example , Federal Reserve Economist Thomas Garrett wrote in 2010 : `` It is important to understand that income inequality is a byproduct of a well - functioning capitalist economy . Individuals ' earnings are directly related to their productivity ... A wary eye should be cast on policies that aim to shrink the income distribution by redistributing income from the more productive to the less productive simply for the sake of ' fairness . ' ''
Purse distribution
Of the 33 American states that conducted thoroughbred racing in 2014 , for example , purse money was paid to all horses in 20 of them , while 10 did not do so ( with eight of these paying the first five finishers ) , and in the remaining three states some of the state 's racetracks awarded money to every horse and others did not . Various schemes were employed in Canada , with Woodbine Racetrack , the nation 's largest and most prestigious racetrack , paying starter 's bonuses to all horses not among the first five to finish .
Income inequality in the United States
Others argue for a Basic income guarantee , ranging from civil rights leader Martin Luther King , Jr. to libertarians such as Milton Friedman ( in the form of negative income tax ) , Robert Anton Wilson , Gary Johnson ( In the form of the fair tax `` prebate '' ) and Charles Murray to the Green Party .
Social class in the United States
Income is one of the most commonly used attributes of a household to determine its class status . The relationship between income , which mostly arises from the scarcity of a certain skill , may however , prove to be more complex than initially perceived . While the idea is that income reflects status , household income may just be the product of two or more incomes .
Income inequality in the United States
According to The New York Times , Canadian middle class incomes are now higher than those in the United States as of 2014 , and some European nations are closing the gap as their citizens have been receiving higher raises than their American counterparts . Bloomberg reported in August 2014 that only the wealthy saw pay increases since the 2008 recession , while average American workers saw no boost in their paychecks .
Purse distribution
In horse racing , the term purse distribution or The Purse may refer to the total amount of money paid out to the owners of horses racing at a particular track over a given period of time , or to the percentages of a race 's total purse that are awarded to each of the highest finishers . This article focuses on the latter definition .
Law firm
The U.S. is presently the only country with enough lawyers , as well as journalists and sociologists who specialize in studying them , to have widely available data on salary structures at major law firms .
United Nations
The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations . Thus , there is a `` ceiling '' rate , setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget . In December 2000 , the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States . As part of that revision , the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25 % to 22 % . For the least developed countries ( LDCs ) , a ceiling rate of 0.01 % is applied . In addition to the ceiling rates , the minimum amount assessed to any member nation ( or `` floor '' rate ) is set at 0.001 % of the UN budget ( $55,120 for the two year budget 2013 -- 2014 ) .
Income inequality in the United States
Even conservatives must acknowledge that return on capital investment , and the liquid stocks and bonds that mimic it , are ultimately dependent on returns to labor in the form of jobs and real wage gains . If Main Street is unemployed and undercompensated , capital can only travel so far down Prosperity Road .
Social equality
Sharon E. Kahn , author of Academic Freedom and the Inclusive University , talks about equality of condition in their work as well and how it correlates to freedom of individuals . They claim that in order to have individual freedom there needs to be equality of condition `` which requires much more than the elimination of legal barriers : it requires the creation of a level playing field that eliminates structural barriers to opportunity '' . Her work talks about the academic structure and its problem with equalities and claims that to `` ensure equity ... we need to recognize that the university structure and its organizational culture have traditionally privileged some and marginalized other ; we need to go beyond theoretical concepts of equality by eliminating systemic barriers that hinder the equal participation of members of all groups ; we need to create and equality of condition , not merely an equality of opportunity '' . `` Notions of equity , diversity , and inclusiveness begin with a set of premises about individualism , freedom and rights that take as given the existence of deeply rooted inequalities in social structure , '' therefore in order to have a culture of the inclusive university , it would have to `` be based on values of equity ; that is , equality of condition '' eliminating all systemic barriers that go against equality .
Social equality
When defining equality of outcome in education , `` the goals should not be the liberal one of equality of access but equality of outcome for the median number of each identifiable non-educationally defined group , i.e. the average women , negro , or proletarian or rural dweller should have the same level of educational attainment as the average male , white , suburbanite '' . The outcome and the benefits from equality from education from this notion of equality promotes that all should have the same outcomes and benefits regardless of race , gender , religion etc . The equality of outcome in Hewitt 's point of view is supposed to result in `` a comparable range of achievements between a specific disadvantaged group -- such as an ethnic minority , women , lone parents and the disabled -- and society as a whole '' .
Grand juries in the United States
Federal Grand Jurors are paid a nominal fee for all days they are in court and receive travel expenses . The experience opens a small window into the inner workings of criminal proceedings and the input of Grand Jurors is an important check and balance to the government . Jurors are exposed to all manner of cases and work with a cross section of society to come to decisions on probable cause .
Athenian democracy
Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to Pericles , a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( Politics 1294a37 ) . Pay was raised from 2 to 3 obols by Cleon early in the Peloponnesian war and there it stayed ; the original amount is not known . Notably , this was introduced more than fifty years before payment for attendance at assembly meetings . Running the courts was one of the major expenses of the Athenian state and there were moments of financial crisis in the 4th century when the courts , at least for private suits , had to be suspended .
Private (rank)
The Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force have had an identical rank structure since 1968 , with private being the lowest rank in the Canadian Army . There are three levels of private : private ( recruit ) , private ( basic ) , and private ( trained ) . All persons holding the rank of private are referred to as such and the qualifier shown in brackets is used on employment records only . A private is considered an `` apprentice '' in their trade , and there are no pay raises between the various levels of private except for time in rank raise .
Social equality
The standard of equality that states everyone is created equal at birth is called ontological equality . This type of equality can be seen in many different places like the Declaration of Independence . This early document , which states many of the values of the United States of America , has this idea of equality embedded in it . It clearly states that `` all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights '' . The statement reflects the philosophy of John Locke and his idea that we are all equal in certain natural rights . Although this standard of equality is seen in documents as important as the Declaration of Independence , it is `` one not often invoked in policy debates these days '' . However this notion of equality is often used to justify inequalities such as material inequality . Dalton Conley claims that ontological equality is used to justify material inequality by putting a spotlight on the fact , legitimated by theology , that `` the distribution of power and resources here on earth does not matter , because all of us are equally children of God and will have to face our maker upon dying '' . Dalton Conley , the author of You May Ask Yourself , claims that ontological equality can also be used to put forth the notion that poverty is virtue . Luciano Floridi , author of a book about information , wrote about what he calls the ontological equality principle . His work on information ethics raises the importance of equality when presenting information . Here is a short sample of his work :
Purse distribution
The popularity of Florida 's new format among horse owners led to calls for it or something similar to be adopted in other states as well , and as the 20th Century neared its end many states had indeed followed Florida 's example , although the specific percentages varied somewhat from one state to the next . New York State long resisted this trend , although in 1971 that state had reduced the winner 's share from 65 % to 60 % , awarding 22 % to second , 12 % to third and 6 % to fourth . Finally , in December 1994 the New York Racing Association included horses finishing fifth in its purse awards for the first time ( changing to the 60 - 20 - 11 - 6 - 3 format referred to above ) and in December 2003 expanded its purse awards to all finishers , allocating the same 60 % to the winner , but 20 % to second , 10 % to third , 5 % to fourth , 3 % to fifth and the remaining 2 % to be divided equally among the other finishers .
Chipotle Mexican Grill
Founder Steve Ells serves as chairman and Chief executive officer , and has a 1.25 % stake in the company . The labor - market research firm Glassdoor reported that Steve Ells earned $29 million in 2014 , versus a median of $19,000 for Chipotle 's workers , making the CEO - to - worker pay ratio 1522 : 1 .
Equal Rights Amendment
The equal rights amendment , in sum , would dedicate the nation to a new view of the rights and responsibilities of men and women . It firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes as constitutionally tolerable . Instead , it looks toward a legal system in which each person will be judged on the basis of individual merit and not on the basis of an unalterable trait of birth that bears no necessary relationship to need or ability .
Perfect competition
Horse betting is also quite a close approximation . When placing bets , consumers can just look down the line to see who is offering the best odds , and so no one bookie can offer worse odds than those being offered by the market as a whole , since consumers will just go to another bookie . This makes the bookies price - takers . Furthermore , the product on offer is very homogeneous , with the only differences between individual bets being the pay - off and the horse . Of course , there are not an infinite amount of bookies , and some barriers to entry exist , such as a license and the capital required to set up .
PageRank
that is , the PageRank of an undirected graph equals to the degree distribution vector if and only if the graph is regular , i.e. , every vertex has the same degree .
Primus inter pares
In each local Harvest Bible Chapel ( or Vertical Church ) , the Senior Pastor is an elder who is `` first among equals '' of the other elders within that local church . The church 's position on what this means is that `` All elders are equal in authority but not necessarily equal in influence . '' This is differentiated from plural eldership where unanimous voting occurs . Instead , the governing principle is for the first among equals to possess a 50 % voting block among a large group of elders .
Right-to-work law
Corporate interests have now involved the growing non-profit and voluntary sectors of the economy which `` achieved parity in wages and benefits '' to the state , unionized workforces , while not assuring provisions such as adverse hearings which benefit employees .
Law firm
Typically in Australian firms lawyers are in a lock - step system for the first two years of practice , following which pay increases are dependent on performance assessed , in large measure , by satisfaction of billable hour targets .
Survivor (franchise)
The Sole Survivor receives a cash prize of $1,000,000 prior to taxes and sometimes also receives a car provided by the show 's sponsor . Every player receives a prize for participating on Survivor depending on how long he or she lasts in the game . In most seasons , the runner - up receives $100,000 , and third place wins $85,000 . All other players receive money on a sliding scale , though specific amounts have rarely been made public . Sonja Christopher , the first player voted off of Survivor : Borneo , received $2,500 . In Survivor : Fiji , the first season with tied runners - up , the two runners - up received US $100,000 each , and Yau - Man Chan received US $60,000 for his fourth - place finish . All players also receive an additional $10,000 for their appearance on the reunion show .
Social equality
This concept points out factors like race , gender , class etc. that should not be considered when talking about equality through this notion . Conley also mentions that this standard of equality is at the heart of a bourgeois society , such as a modern capitalist society , or `` a society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive '' . It was the equal opportunity ideology that civil rights activists adopted in the era of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s . This ideology was used by them to argue that Jim Crow laws were incompatible with the standard of equality of opportunity .
Primus inter pares
The term `` Prime Minister '' can be compared to `` primary minister '' or `` first minister '' . Because of this , the Prime Ministers of many countries are traditionally considered to be `` first among equals '' -- they are the chairman or `` head '' of a Cabinet rather than holding an office that is de jure superior to that of ministers .
Social equality
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Income inequality in the United States
Labor ( workers ) and capital ( owners ) have always battled over the share of the economic pie each obtains . The influence of the labor movement has waned in the U.S. since the 1960s along with union participation and more pro-capital laws . The share of total worker compensation has declined from 58 % of national income ( GDP ) in 1970 to nearly 53 % in 2013 , contributing to income inequality . This has led to concerns that the economy has shifted too far in favor of capital , via a form of corporatism , corpocracy or neoliberalism .
Law firm
Profits per partner ( PPP ) : Net operating income divided by number of equity partners . High PPP is often correlated with prestige of a firm and its attractiveness to potential equity partners . However , the indicator is prone to manipulation by re-classifying less profitable partners as non-equity partners . Revenue per lawyer ( RPL ) : Gross revenue divided by number of lawyers . This statistic shows the revenue - generating ability of the firm 's lawyers in general , but does not factor in the firm 's expenses such as associate compensation and office overhead . Average compensation of partners ( ACP ) : Total amount paid to equity and nonequity partners ( i.e. , net operating income plus nonequity partner compensation ) divided by the total number of equity and nonequity partners . This results in a more inclusive statistic than PPP , but remains prone to manipulation by changing expense policies and re-classifying less profitable partners as associates .
Income inequality in the United States
From 1998 through 2010 business interests and trade groups spent $28.6 billion on lobbying compared with $492 million for labor , nearly a 60 - to - 1 business advantage .
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Article VI -- The law is the expression of the general will . All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation . It must be the same for all , either that it protects , or that it punishes . All the citizens , being equal in its eyes , are equally admissible to all public dignities , places , and employments , according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents .
Income inequality in the United States
Investor Warren Buffett said in 2006 that : `` There 's class warfare , all right , but it 's my class , the rich class , that 's making war , and we 're winning . '' He advocated much higher taxes on the wealthiest Americans , who pay lower effective tax rates than many middle - class persons .
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional . Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality , since they would establish categories of people that would , by birth , enjoy greater rights .
2018 Formula One World Championship
Power unit suppliers are required to provide all teams using their engines with an identical specification of power units . The change was introduced to ensure parity after Mercedes works team was observed to have access to additional engine performance settings that were not available to their customer teams .
Osage Nation
The Reform Commission held weekly meetings to develop a referendum that Osage members could vote upon in order to develop and reshape the Osage Nation government and its policies . On March 11 , 2006 , the people ratified the Constitution in a second referendum vote . Its major provision was to provide `` one man , one vote '' to each citizen of the nation . Previously , based on the allotment process , persons voted proportionally as shareholders . By a 2 / 3 majority vote , the Osage Nation adopted the new constitutional form of government . It also ratified the definition of membership in the Nation .
Income inequality in the United States
Lisa Shalett , chief investment officer at Merrill Lynch Wealth Management noted that , `` for the last two decades and especially in the current period , ... productivity soared ... ( but ) U.S. real average hourly earnings are essentially flat to down , with today 's inflation - adjusted wage equating to about the same level as that attained by workers in 1970 ... So where have the benefits of technology - driven productivity cycle gone ? Almost exclusively to corporations and their very top executives . '' In addition to the technological side of it , the affected functionality emanates from the perceived unfairness and the reduced trust of people towards the state . The study by Kristal and Cohen showed that rising wage inequality has brought about an unhealthy competition between institutions and technology . The technological changes , with computerization of the workplace , seem to give an upper hand to the high - skilled workers as the primary cause of inequality in America . The qualified will always be considered to be in a better position as compared to those dealing with hand work leading to replacements and unequal distribution of resources .