vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cell wall
Additionally , structural proteins ( 1 - 5 % ) are found in most plant cell walls ; they are classified as hydroxyproline - rich glycoproteins ( HRGP ) , arabinogalactan proteins ( AGP ) , glycine - rich proteins ( GRPs ) , and proline - rich proteins ( PRPs ) . Each class of glycoprotein is defined by a characteristic , highly repetitive protein sequence . Most are glycosylated , contain hydroxyproline ( Hyp ) and become cross-linked in the cell wall . These proteins are often concentrated in specialized cells and in cell corners . Cell walls of the epidermis may contain cutin . The Casparian strip in the endodermis roots and cork cells of plant bark contain suberin . Both cutin and suberin are polyesters that function as permeability barriers to the movement of water . The relative composition of carbohydrates , secondary compounds and proteins varies between plants and between the cell type and age . Plant cells walls also contain numerous enzymes , such as hydrolases , esterases , peroxidases , and transglycosylases , that cut , trim and cross-link wall polymers .
Penny board
Penny board wheels are made from urethane , with a strong plastic core . The wheels on 22 '' and 27 '' Penny boards have a diameter of 59mm , while Penny Longboard wheels have a slightly larger diameter of 69mm .
Coffee
In 1583 , Leonhard Rauwolf , a German physician , gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten - year trip to the Near East :
Band gap
Aluminium gallium arsenide Boron nitride Indium gallium arsenide Indium arsenide Gallium arsenide Gallium nitride Germanium Metallic hydrogen
Salicylic acid
It can also be prepared by the hydrolysis of aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) or methyl salicylate ( oil of wintergreen ) with a strong acid or base .
Cali Cartel
The Cali Cartel , whose brief roots began in trafficking marijuana , soon shifted to cocaine due to its ease of transporting and greater profit margin . The cartel would be known for innovation in trafficking and production by moving its refining operations out of Colombia to Peru and Bolivia , as well as for pioneering new trafficking routes through Panama . The Cartel also diversified into opium and was reported to have brought in a Japanese chemist to help its refining operation .
Oak (wine)
Even though American coopers may use a kiln - dry method to season the wood , almost all others will season American oak in exactly the same way as French . Open air seasoning has the advantage of leaching undesirable chemical components and bitter tannins , mellowing the oak in a manner that kiln - dry methods are incapable of replicating . Even though sun , rain , and wind may suffice in most cases to season oak , in drier climates coopers - such as Tonelería Nacional - apply up to 2000 mm ( 80 in ) of water a year to their wood stacks in order to facilitate the seasoning process .
Coffee
Decaffeination may also be part of the processing that coffee seeds undergo . Seeds are decaffeinated when they are still green . Many methods can remove caffeine from coffee , but all involve either soaking the green seeds in hot water ( often called the `` Swiss water process '' ) or steaming them , then using a solvent to dissolve caffeine - containing oils . Decaffeination is often done by processing companies , and the extracted caffeine is usually sold to the pharmaceutical industry .
Pencil
In Southeast Asia the wood Jelutong may be used to create pencils ( though the use of this rainforest species is controversial ) . Environmentalists prefer the use of Pulai -- another wood native to the region and used in pencil manufacturing .
Coffee
An Asian coffee known as kopi luwak undergoes a peculiar process made from coffee berries eaten by the Asian palm civet , passing through its digestive tract , with the beans eventually harvested from feces . Coffee brewed from this process is among the most expensive in the world , with bean prices reaching $160 per pound or $30 per brewed cup . Kopi luwak coffee is said to have uniquely rich , slightly smoky aroma and flavor with hints of chocolate , resulting from the action of digestive enzymes breaking down bean proteins to facilitate partial fermentation .
Our Casuarina Tree
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Saturated and unsaturated compounds
Unsaturated compounds are organic - chemical compounds whose molecular structure contains one or more carbon - carbon double bonds or triple bonds . These can also be conjugated . Examples are the unsaturated fatty acids or unsaturated hydrocarbons ( alkenes and alkynes ) . Many natural products are unsaturated compounds .
Biomass
Conversion of biomass to biofuel can also be achieved via selective conversion of individual components of biomass . For example , cellulose can be converted to intermediate platform chemical such a sorbitol , glucose , hydroxymethylfurfural etc . These chemical are then further reacted to produce hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuels .
Oyster
A number of bivalve molluscs ( other than true oysters and pearl oysters ) also have common names that include the word `` oyster '' , usually because they either taste like or look somewhat like true oysters , or because they yield noticeable pearls . Examples include :
Oak (wine)
However , after the fall of the Iron Curtain , the cooperages from France again became major consumers of the exclusive Quercus petraea / Sessile Hungarian Oak trees originating in the Zemplén Mountain Forest .
Diamond
The Kimberley Process was developed to monitor the trade in rough diamonds and prevent their being used to fund violence . Before exporting , rough diamonds are certificated by the government of the country of origin . Some countries , such as Venezuela , are not party to the agreement . The Kimberley Process does not apply to local sales of rough diamonds within a country .
Avocado
The tree grows to 20 m ( 66 ft ) , with alternately arranged leaves 12 -- 25 cm ( 4.7 -- 9.8 in ) long . The flowers are inconspicuous , greenish - yellow , 5 -- 10 mm ( 0.2 -- 0.4 in ) wide . The pear - shaped fruit is 7 -- 20 cm ( 2.8 -- 7.9 in ) long , weighs between 100 and 1,000 g ( 3.5 and 35.3 oz ) , and has a large central seed , 5 -- 6.4 cm ( 2.0 -- 2.5 in ) long .
Spice trade
In 1511 , Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca for Portugal , then the center of Asian trade . East of Malacca , Albuquerque sent several diplomatic and exploratory missions , including to the Moluccas . Getting to know the secret location of the Spice Islands , mainly the Banda Islands , then the world source of nutmeg and cloves , he sent an expedition led by António de Abreu to Banda , where they were the first Europeans to arrive in early 1512 . Abreu ` s expedition reached Buru , Ambon and Seram Islands , and then Banda . Later , after a forced separation and a shipwreck , his vice-captain , Francisco Serrão went again to the north , to Ambon , and reached Ternate , where he obtained a license to build a Portuguese fortress - factory : the Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate ( pt ) .
Alkaloid
Compared with most other classes of natural compounds , alkaloids are characterized by a great structural diversity and there is no uniform classification of alkaloids . First classification methods have historically combined alkaloids by the common natural source , e.g. , a certain type of plants . This classification was justified by the lack of knowledge about the chemical structure of alkaloids and is now considered obsolete .
Coffee
Coffee is bought and sold as green coffee beans by roasters , investors , and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange - traded funds . Coffee futures contracts for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange under ticker symbol KC , with contract deliveries occurring every year in March , May , July , September , and December . Coffee is an example of a product that has been susceptible to significant commodity futures price variations . Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels . Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange and , since 2007 , on the New York Intercontinental Exchange .
Alkaloid
In addition to the described above monomeric alkaloids , there are also dimeric , and even trimeric and tetrameric alkaloids formed upon condensation of two , three , and four monomeric alkaloids . Dimeric alkaloids are usually formed from monomers of the same type through the following mechanisms :
Annealing (metallurgy)
The constant K depends on the diameter of the pulleys and the resistivity of the copper .
Retail design
The final element of a well - executed retail space is the staging of the consumer 's perspective . It is the role of retail design to have total control of the view that the consumer will have of the retail space . From the exterior of a retail store the consumer should have a clear unobstructed view into the interior .
Indian Railways
It was estimated in 2014 that over ₹ 5 trillion ( US $78 billion ) is required to complete the ongoing projects alone . The railway is consistently losing market share to other modes of transport both in freight and passengers .
Hindu temple
The customs and etiquette varies across India . Devotees in major temples may bring in symbolic offerings for the puja . This includes fruits , flowers , sweets and other symbols of the bounty of the natural world . Temples in India are usually surrounded with small shops selling these offerings . Jagannath
Retail design
Since the evolution of retail design and its impact on productivity have become clear , a series of standardisations in the techniques and design qualities has been determined . These standardisations range from alterations to the perspective of the structure of the space , entrances , circulation systems , atmospheric qualities ( light and sound ) and materiality . By exploring these standardisations in retail design the consumer will be given a thematic experience that entices them to purchase the merchandise . It is also important to acknowledge that a retail space must combine both permanent and non permanent features , that allow it to change as the needs of the consumer and merchandise change ( e.g. per season ) .
India
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language reveals that , between 200 BCE and 200 CE , the southern peninsula was being ruled by the Cheras , the Cholas , and the Pandyas , dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire and with West and South - East Asia . In North India , Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family , leading to increased subordination of women . By the 4th and 5th centuries , the Gupta Empire had created in the greater Ganges Plain a complex system of administration and taxation that became a model for later Indian kingdoms . Under the Guptas , a renewed Hinduism based on devotion rather than the management of ritual began to assert itself . The renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture , which found patrons among an urban elite . Classical Sanskrit literature flowered as well , and Indian science , astronomy , medicine , and mathematics made significant advances .
Swadeshi movement
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Indian Railways
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Indian Railways
Since the 1990s , IR has stopped single - wagon consignments and provides only full rake freight trains .
Retail design
The structure of retail space creates the constraints of the overall design ; often the spaces already exist , and have had many prior uses . It is at this stage that logistics must be determined , structural features like columns , stairways , ceiling height , windows and emergency exists all must be factored into the final design . In retail one hundred percent of the space must be utilised and have a purpose . The floor plan creates the circulation which then directly controls the direction of the traffic flow based on the studied psychology of consumer movement pattern within a retail space . Circulation is important because it ensures that the consumer moves through the store from front to back , guiding them to important displays and in the end to the cashier . There are six basic store layouts and circulation plans that all provide a different experience :
Bangladesh–India relations
$862 million was given to buy equipment and services from Indian entities such as BHEL , RITES , small and medium enterprises .
Chola dynasty
There existed a brisk internal trade in several articles carried on by the organised mercantile corporations in various parts of the country . The metal industries and the jewellers art had reached a high degree of excellence . The manufacture of sea - salt was carried on under government supervision and control . Trade was carried on by merchants organised in guilds . The guilds described sometimes by the terms nanadesis were a powerful autonomous corporation of merchants which visited different countries in the course of their trade . They had their own mercenary army for the protection of their merchandise . There were also local organisations of merchants called `` nagaram '' in big centres of trade like Kanchipuram and Mamallapuram .
Taco Bell
India 's first Taco Bell outlet opened at the Mantri Square mall , Bangalore . Another outlet at the Gopalan Mall , Bangalore opened in February 2011 .
Colombo
The great majority of Sri Lankan corporations have their head offices in Colombo including Aitken Spence , Ceylinco Corporation , Stassen group of companies , John Keells Holdings , Cargills , Hemas Holdings , and Akbar Brothers . Some of the industries include chemicals , textiles , glass , cement , leather goods , furniture , and jewellery . In the city centre is the World Trade Centre . The 40 story Twin Tower complex is the centre of important commercial establishments , in the Fort district , the city 's nerve center . Right outside the Fort area is Pettah which is derived from the Sinhalese word pita which means ' out ' or ' outside ' . Arcade
Indian Railways
In recent years , IR has undertaken several initiatives to upgrade its ageing infrastructure and enhance its quality of service . The Indian government plans to invest ₹ 9.05 trillion ( US $140 billion ) to upgrade the railways by 2020 . IR is refurbishing 12 - 15 year old coaches at Carriage Rehabilitation Workshop in Bhopal to enhance passenger amenities and fire safety measures . Selected passengers with confirmed tickets will now be allowed to transfer them to someone else , but only once. IRCTC is now offering a pay - on - delivery option for train tickets on its website and app , where the customers can book the tickets and pay when it is delivered .
Education in India
In addition to above institutes , efforts towards the enhancement of technical education are supplemented by a number of recognised Professional Engineering Societies such as :
Reservation in India
CDAC , Centre for Development of Advanced Computing , Pune Homi Bhabha National Institute , Mumbai and its ten constituent units , namely : Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research , Kalpakkam Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology , Indore Institute for Plasma Research , Gandhinagar Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre , Kolkata Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Kolkata ; Institute of Physics , Bhubaneshwar Institute of Mathematical Sciences , Chennai Harish - Chandra Research Institute , Allahabad Tata Memorial Centre , Mumbai Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences , Shillong Physical Research Laboratory , Ahmedabad Space Physics Laboratory , Thiruvananthapuram Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , Dehradun
Real Ispat and Power
Real Ispat & Power Limited -- Bhorjhara Division Real Ispat & Power Limited -- Urla Division Shivalay Ispat & Power Private Limited API Ispat & Powertech Private Limited Real Power Private Limited
Education in India
Three Indian universities were listed in the Times Higher Education list of the world 's top 200 universities -- Indian Institutes of Technology , Indian Institutes of Management , and Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2005 and 2006 . Six Indian Institutes of Technology and the Birla Institute of Technology and Science -- Pilani were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in Asia by Asiaweek . The Indian School of Business situated in Hyderabad was ranked number 12 in global MBA rankings by the Financial Times of London in 2010 while the All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been recognised as a global leader in medical research and treatment . The University of Mumbai was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America 's news broadcasting firm Business Insider in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa . It was ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013 and was India 's 3rd best Multi-Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking of Indian Universities after University of Calcutta and Delhi University . Loyola College , Chennai is one of the best ranked arts and science college in India with the UGC award of College of Excellence tag .
Indian painting
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Education in India
India 's All India Council of Technical Education ( AICTE ) reported , in 2013 , that there are more than 4,599 vocational institutions that offer degrees , diploma and post-diploma in architecture , engineering , hotel management , infrastructure , pharmacy , technology , town services and others . There were 17.4 lakh students enrolled in these schools . Total annual intake capacity for technical diplomas and degrees exceeded 34 lakh in 2012 .
Indigo revolt
Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Jhusi 7106 BCE Lahuradewa 7000 BCE Mehrgarh 7000 - 2600 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c.
Indian Railways
In 1999 , the Konkan Railway Corporation introduced the Roll on Roll off ( RORO ) service , a unique road - rail synergy system , on the section between Kolad in Maharashtra and Verna in Goa , which was extended up to Surathkal in Karnataka in 2004 . The RORO service , the first of its kind in India , allowed trucks to be transported on flatbed trailers . It was highly popular , carrying about 110,000 trucks and bringing in about ₹ 740 million worth of earnings to the corporation till 2007 .
Education in India
Central Universities such as Banaras Hindu University , Jamia Millia Islamia University , Delhi University , Mumbai University , University of Calcutta , Jadavpur University etc. too are pioneers of technical education in the country .
History of India
From the fifth century to the thirteenth , Śrauta sacrifices declined , and initiatory traditions of Buddhism , Jainism or more commonly Shaivism , Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts . This period produced some of India 's finest art , considered the epitome of classical development , and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism , Buddhism and Jainism .
Education in India
The UGC has inter-university centres at a number of locations throughout India to promote common research , e.g. the Nuclear Science Centre at the Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi . Besides there are some British established colleges such as Harcourt Butler Technological Institute situated in Kanpur and King George Medical University situated in Lucknow which are important centre of higher education .
G20
Member Trade mil . USD ( 2014 ) Nom . GDP mil . USD ( 2016 ) PPP GDP mil . USD ( 2016 ) Nom . GDP per capita USD ( 2016 ) PPP GDP per capita USD ( 2016 ) HDI ( 2015 ) Population ( 2016 ) Area km P5 G4 G7 BRICS MIKTA DAC OECD C'wth N11 OPEC IMF economy classification Argentina 142,370 545,124 874,072 12,503 20,047 0.827 43,600,000 2,780,400 Emerging / Developing Australia 496,700 1,258,978 1,187,321 51,850 48,899 0.939 24,281,000 7,692,024 Y Y Y Y Advanced Brazil 484,600 1,798,622 3,141,335 8,727 15,242 0.754 206,101,000 8,515,767 Y Y Emerging / Developing Canada 947,200 1,529,224 1,682,364 42,210 46,437 0.920 36,229,000 9,984,670 Y Y Y Y Advanced China 4,201,000 11,218,281 21,291,766 8,113 15,399 0.738 1,382,710,000 9,572,900 Y Y Emerging / Developing France 1,212,300 2,463,222 2,733,678 38,128 42,314 0.897 64,605,000 640,679 Y Y Y Y Advanced Germany 2,866,600 3,466,639 3,980,282 41,902 48,111 0.926 82,732,000 357,114 Y Y Y Y Advanced India 850,600 2,256,397 10,662,350 1,723 7,716 0.624 1,346,346,000 3,287,263 Y Y Y Emerging / Developing Indonesia 346,100 932,448 3,032,092 3,604 11,720 0.689 258,705,000 1,904,569 Y