vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Mechanised agriculture
With internal combustion came the first modern tractors in the early 1900s , becoming more popular after the Fordson tractor ( ca . 1917 ) . At first reapers and combine harvesters were pulled by tractors , but in the 1930s self powered combines were developed . ( Link to a chapter on agricultural mechanisation in the 20th Century at reference )
Universal motor
Universal motors also lend themselves to electronic speed control and , as such , were an ideal choice for domestic washing machines . The motor can be used to agitate the drum ( both forwards and in reverse ) by switching the field winding with respect to the armature . The motor can also be run up to the high speeds required for the spin cycle . Nowadays , variable - frequency drive motors are more commonly used instead .
Mass production
Bulk materials such as coal , ores , grains and wood chips are handled by belt , chain , slat , pneumatic or screw conveyors , bucket elevators and mobile equipment such as front - end loaders . Materials on pallets are handled with forklifts . Also used for handling heavy items like reels of paper , steel or machinery are electric overhead cranes , sometimes called bridge cranes because they span large factory bays .
Technology during World War II
Developments in machine gun technology culminated in the Maschinengewehr 42 ( MG42 ) which was of an advanced design unmatched at the time . It spurred post-war development on both sides of the upcoming Cold War and is still used by some armies to this day including the German Bundeswehr 's MG 3 . The Heckler & Koch G3 , and many other Heckler & Koch designs , came from its system of operation . The United States military meshed the operating system of the FG 42 with the belt feed system of the MG42 to create the M60 machine gun used in the Vietnam War .
Mechanised agriculture
Mechanical harvesting of tomatoes started in 1965 and as of 2010 , nearly all processing tomatoes are mechanically harvested . As of 2010 , 95 % of the US processed tomato crop is produced in California . Although fresh market tomatoes have substantial hand harvesting costs ( in 2007 , the costs of hand picking and hauling were $86 per ton which is 19 % of total grower cost ) , packing and selling costs were more of a concern ( at 44 % of total grower cost ) making it likely that cost saving efforts would be applied there .
Smocking
Since the early 1950s , pleating machines have been available to home smockers . Using gears and specialty pleater needles , the fabric is forced through the gears and onto the threaded needles . Pleating machines are typically offered in 16 - row , 24 - row and 32 - row widths . Manufacturers include Read and Amanda Jane .
Wind turbine
Larger , more costly turbines generally have geared power trains , alternating current output , flaps and are actively pointed into the wind . Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched .
Distributor
Modern engine designs have abandoned the high - voltage distributor and coil , instead performing the distribution function in the primary circuit electronically and applying the primary ( low - voltage ) pulse to individual coils for each spark plug , or one coil for each pair of companion cylinders in an engine ( two coils for a four - cylinder , three coils for a six - cylinder , four coils for an eight - cylinder , and so on ) .
Coal
When coal is used for electricity generation , it is usually pulverized and then burned in a furnace with a boiler . The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam , which is then used to spin turbines which turn generators and create electricity . The thermodynamic efficiency of this process has been improved over time ; some older coal - fired power stations have thermal efficiencies in the vicinity of 25 % whereas the newest supercritical and `` ultra-supercritical '' steam cycle turbines , operating at temperatures over 600 ° C and pressures over 27 MPa ( over 3900 psi ) , can achieve thermal efficiencies in excess of 45 % ( LHV basis ) using anthracite fuel , or around 43 % ( LHV basis ) even when using lower - grade lignite fuel . Further thermal efficiency improvements are also achievable by improved pre-drying ( especially relevant with high - moisture fuel such as lignite or biomass ) and cooling technologies .
Mechanised agriculture
There has been an ongoing transition to mechanical harvesting of cling peaches ( mostly used in canning ) where the cost of labor is 70 percent of a grower 's direct costs . In 2016 , 12 percent of the cling peach tonnage from Yuba County and Sutter County in California will be mechanically harvested . Fresh peaches destined for direct consumer sales must still be hand - picked .
Mass production
Mass production of fluid matter typically involves pipes with centrifugal pumps or screw conveyors ( augers ) to transfer raw materials or partially complete products between vessels . Fluid flow processes such as oil refining and bulk materials such as wood chips and pulp are automated using a system of process control which uses various instruments to measure variables such as temperature , pressure , volumetric and level , providing feedback
Glock
In January 2013 , more fourth - generation Glock pistols were introduced commercially during the annual SHOT Show , including the Glock 20 Generation 4 along with other fourth - generation Glock models . 2011
Operating system
Later machines came with libraries of programs , which would be linked to a user 's program to assist in operations such as input and output and generating computer code from human - readable symbolic code . This was the genesis of the modern - day operating system . However , machines still ran a single job at a time . At Cambridge University in England the job queue was at one time a washing line ( clothes line ) from which tapes were hung with different colored clothes - pegs to indicate job - priority .
Glock
At the 2010 SHOT Show , Glock presented the `` fourth generation '' , now dubbed `` Gen4 '' by Glock itself . Updates centered on ergonomics and the recoil spring assembly . Some parts of fourth - generation Glock pistols can not be interchanged with those of the previous generations . The initial two fourth - generation models announced were the full - sized Glock 17 and Glock 22 , chambered for the 9 × 19 mm Parabellum and . 40 S&W cartridges , respectively . The pistols were displayed with a modified rough - textured frame , grip checkering , and interchangeable backstraps of different sizes . `` Gen4 '' is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fourth - generation pistols .
Wind turbine
Large three - bladed horizontal - axis wind turbines ( HAWT ) , with the blades upwind of the tower produce the overwhelming majority of windpower in the world today . These turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower , and must be pointed into the wind . Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane , while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a yaw system . Most have a gearbox , which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator . Some turbines use a different type of generator suited to slower rotational speed input . These do n't need a gearbox , and are called direct - drive , meaning they couple the rotor directly to the generator with no gearbox in between . While permanent magnet direct - drive generators can be more costly due to the rare earth materials required , these gearless turbines are sometimes preferred over gearbox generators because they `` eliminate the gear - speed increaser , which is susceptible to significant accumulated fatigue torque loading , related reliability issues , and maintenance costs . '' The
Coal
The Kemper County IGCC Project , a 582 MW coal gasification - based power plant , will use pre-combustion capture of CO to capture 65 % of the CO the plant produces , which will be utilized / geologically sequestered in enhanced oil recovery operations . If the technology used at the Kemper Project is successful , it will be the United States ' first clean coal plant .
Wind turbine
A forerunner of modern horizontal - axis wind generators was in service at Yalta , USSR in 1931 . This was a 100 kW generator on a 30 - meter ( 98 ft ) tower , connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system . It was reported to have an annual capacity factor of 32 percent , not much different from current wind machines .
Wind turbine
In Denmark by 1900 , there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills , producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW . The largest machines were on 24 - meter ( 79 ft ) towers with four - bladed 23 - meter ( 75 ft ) diameter rotors . By 1908 there were 72 wind - driven electric generators operating in the United States from 5 kW to 25 kW . Around the time of World War I , American windmill makers were producing 100,000 farm windmills each year , mostly for water - pumping .
Olive oil extraction
Sinolea works by continuously introducing several hundreds of steel plaques into the paste thus extracting the olive oil . This process is not completely efficient leaving a large quantity of oil still in the paste , so the remaining paste has to be processed by the standard modern method ( industrial decanter ) .
Wind turbine
Materials for wind turbine parts other than the rotor blades ( including the rotor hub , gearbox , frame , and tower ) are largely composed of steel . Modern turbines use a couple of tons of copper for generators , cables , and such . Smaller wind turbines have begun incorporating more aluminum based alloys into these components in an effort to make the turbines lighter and more efficient , and may continue to be used increasingly if fatigue and strength properties can be improved . Prestressed concrete has been increasingly used for the material of the tower , but still requires much reinforcing steel to meet the strength requirement of the turbine . Additionally , step - up gearboxes are being increasingly replaced with variable speed generators , increasing the demand for magnetic materials in wind turbines . In particular , this would require an increased supply of the rare earth metal neodymium .
Wind turbine
Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis . The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to power traffic warning signs . Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid . Arrays of large turbines , known as wind farms , are becoming an increasingly important source of intermittent renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels . One assessment claimed that , as of 2009 , wind had the `` lowest relative greenhouse gas emissions , the least water consumption demands and ... the most favourable social impacts '' compared to photovoltaic , hydro , geothermal , coal and gas .
Olive oil extraction
Some producers , in order to maximise product quality , choose to combine the traditional grinding method , the stone mill , with a modern decanter . This technique produces more selective grinding of the olives , reduces the malaxation time olive paste , and avoids the complicated cleaning of the olive press fibre disks . Because the use of the stone mill requires a loading and unloading phase , this extraction method is discontinuous , i.e. , there are times when all the machinery is stopped , therefore it is generally not used on a large commercial scale , being applied only by small scale olive mills producing high quality olive oil .
Sewing
With the development of cloth simulation software such as CLO3D , Marvelous Designer and Optitex , seamstresses can now draft patterns on the computer and visualize clothing designs by using the pattern creation tools and virtual sewing machines within these cloth simulation programs .
Shotgun
Other , less common shotgun cartridges have their own unique uses . Ammunition manufacturer CCI produces 9 mm (. 355 in . ) and several other popular pistol calibers up to . 45 ACP as well as . 22 ( 5.5 mm ) for firing from handguns . These are commonly called snake shot cartridges . Larger gauges , up to 4 bore , too powerful to shoulder , have been built , but were generally affixed to small boats and referred to as punt guns . These were used for commercial waterfowl hunting , to kill large numbers of birds resting on the water . Single and double derringers have also been produced that are capable of firing either . 45 ( Long ) Colt or . 410 shotgun shells from the same chamber ; they are commonly known as `` snake guns '' , and are popular among some outdoorsmen in the South and Southwest regions of the United States . There are also some revolvers , such as the Taurus Judge , that are capable of shooting the . 45LC /. 410 rounds ; but as with derringers , these are handguns that shoot . 410 shotgun shells , and are not necessarily considered shotguns .
Coal
An alternative approach of using coal for electricity generation with improved efficiency is the integrated gasification combined cycle ( IGCC ) power plant . Instead of pulverizing the coal and burning it directly as fuel in the steam - generating boiler , the coal is gasified ( see coal gasification ) to create syngas , which is burned in a gas turbine to produce electricity ( just like natural gas is burned in a turbine ) . Hot exhaust gases from the turbine are used to raise steam in a heat recovery steam generator which powers a supplemental steam turbine . Thermal efficiencies of current IGCC power plants range from 39 % to 42 % ( HHV basis ) or ≈ 42 -- 45 % ( LHV basis ) for bituminous coal and assuming utilization of mainstream gasification technologies ( Shell , GE Gasifier , CB&I ) . IGCC power plants outperform conventional pulverized coal - fueled plants in terms of pollutant emissions , and allow for relatively easy carbon capture .
Plant breeding
Genetic modification of plants is achieved by adding a specific gene or genes to a plant , or by knocking down a gene with RNAi , to produce a desirable phenotype . The plants resulting from adding a gene are often referred to as transgenic plants . If for genetic modification genes of the species or of a crossable plant are used under control of their native promoter , then they are called cisgenic plants . Sometimes genetic modification can produce a plant with the desired trait or traits faster than classical breeding because the majority of the plant 's genome is not altered .
Wind turbine
A few localities have exploited the attention - getting nature of wind turbines by placing them on public display , either with visitor centers around their bases , or with viewing areas farther away . The wind turbines are generally of conventional horizontal - axis , three - bladed design , and generate power to feed electrical grids , but they also serve the unconventional roles of technology demonstration , public relations , and education .
Cranberry
Although most cranberries are wet - picked as described above , 5 -- 10 % of the US crop is still dry - picked . This entails higher labor costs and lower yield , but dry - picked berries are less bruised and can be sold as fresh fruit instead of having to be immediately frozen or processed . Originally performed with two - handed comb scoops , dry picking is today accomplished by motorized , walk - behind harvesters which must be small enough to traverse beds without damaging the vines .
Bernina International
The latest model , B 880 , is the company 's current flagship model , while the 7 series models are Bernina 's most advanced products , equipped with the Bernina hook system for 9 mm stitch width at up to 1,000 stitches per minutes .
Biomass
Currently , the New Hope Power Partnership in Palm Beach County , Florida is the largest biomass power plant in the U.S . The 140 MW facility uses sugarcane fiber ( bagasse ) and recycled urban wood as fuel to generate enough power for its large milling and refining operations as well as to supply electricity for nearly 60,000 homes .
Coal
Coal gasification can be used to produce syngas , a mixture of carbon monoxide ( CO ) and hydrogen ( H ) gas . Often syngas is used to fire gas turbines to produce electricity , but the versatility of syngas also allows it to be converted into transportation fuels , such as gasoline and diesel , through the Fischer - Tropsch process ; alternatively , syngas can be converted into methanol , which can be blended into fuel directly or converted to gasoline via the methanol to gasoline process . Gasification combined with Fischer - Tropsch technology is currently used by the Sasol chemical company of South Africa to make motor vehicle fuels from coal and natural gas . Alternatively , the hydrogen obtained from gasification can be used for various purposes , such as powering a hydrogen economy , making ammonia , or upgrading fossil fuels .
Bernina International
Optional embroidery module 2008 Model B830 World 's biggest and fastest sewing and embroidery system for home users : 1100 sewing stitches / min , 1000 embroidery stitches / min , extra-large bobbin ( 40 % more capacity than before ) , fully automatic needle threader , 360 ° multidirectional sewing , 7 - inch TFT screen , especially bright working area ( 30 LED lamps ) , more than 1000 stitch patterns , 150 pre-installed embroidery motifs by international designers 2009 Model B820 Similar to the B830 , but without embroidery functionality ( not upgradable ) or sideways feed ( multidirectional sewing ) , and with a smaller screen and fewer stitch patterns 2011 Model 580 Sewing and embroidery machine , top model of the Bernina 5 series : 227 stitches , of which 186 decorative stitches , optional embroidery module , large TFT touch screen , memory function , embroidery function integrated and 100 embroidery motifs 2012 Model 780 Sewing and embroidery machine with Bernina dual transport , Bernina 9 gripper , large embroidery module , BSR , 1306 stitches , 130 integrated embroidery patterns , including sewing consultant and tutorial , top model of the Bernina - 7 series 2014 Model Q 24 First Bernina long - arm quilting machine with 24 - inch free arm , stitch regulation via integrated BSR sensors , 2.200 stitches per minute , designed for use on a quil frame of 3 , 55x1 , 2 m ( length x width ) , installation at the parent plant in Steckborn , until now , Bernina has only been producing household sewing machines with the Q 24 model and the smaller Q 20 to a new , semiprofessional customer segment , the so - called prosumer . For the long - arm quilting machines , a new assembly line was set up in the Steckborn headquarters . 2015 Model 790 Further development of the B 780 with new gripper ( in the sister model B 720 for the first time also available with 5.5 mm stitch width ) , adaptive thread tension , embroidery module , embroidery designer and BERNINA stitch regulator .
Wind turbine
Recent research by John Dabiri of Caltech suggests that vertical wind turbines may be placed much more closely together so long as an alternating pattern of rotation is created allowing blades of neighbouring turbines to move in the same direction as they approach one another .
Glock
Mechanically , fourth - generation Glock pistols are fitted with a dual recoil spring assembly to help reduce perceived recoil and increase service life expectancy . Earlier subcompact Glock models such as the Glock 26 and Glock 30 have already used a dual recoil spring assembly which was carried over to the fourth - generation versions of those models . The slide and barrel shelf have been resized , and the front portion of the polymer frame has been widened and internally enlarged , to accommodate the dual recoil spring assembly . The trigger mechanism housing has also been modified to fit into the smaller - sized grip space .
Olive oil extraction
Better grinding of the olives , reducing the release of oil oxidation enzymes Reduced added water , minimizing the washing of polyphenols Pomace with a low content of water easier to manage
Plant breeding
Modern plant breeding may use techniques of molecular biology to select , or in the case of genetic modification , to insert , desirable traits into plants . Application of biotechnology or molecular biology is also known as molecular breeding . Modern
Glock
Glock pistols chambered for the . 45 GAP ( and the . 45 ACP ) feature octagonal polygonal rifling rather than the hexagonal shaped bores used for models in most other chamberings . Octagonal rifling provides a better gas seal in relatively large diameter rifled bores , since an octagon resembles a circle more closely than a hexagon .
Alternator
The first diesel electric locomotives , and many of those still in service , use DC generators as , before silicon power electronics , it was easier to control the speed of DC traction motors . Most of these had two generators : one to generate the excitation current for a larger main generator .
Wind turbine
Wind turbines convert wind energy to electrical energy for distribution . Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three components :
Glock
The Glock 21 is a . 45 ACP version of the Glock 20 designed primarily for the American market . Compared to the Glock 20 chambered in 10mm Auto , the slide of the Glock 21 is lighter to compensate for the lower - energy . 45 ACP cartridge . The standard Glock 21 magazine is of the single - position - feed , staggered - column type with a capacity of 13 rounds . The Glock 21SF is a version of the Glock 21 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based on the standard G21 frame ( same width ) , but reduces trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) , and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) so the trigger can be reached and operated better by users with smaller hands . The Glock 30 is a . 45 ACP version of the subcompact Glock 29 , with a standard magazine capacity of 10 rounds . The factory magazine from the Glock 21 , with a capacity of 13 rounds , will function in the Glock 30 . The Glock 30SF is a version of the Glock 30 that uses a Short Frame lower which is based on the standard G30 frame ( same width ) , but reduces trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) . The G30SF accepts the same double - stack . 45ACP magazines as the G30 and G21 . The Glock 30S is a version of the Glock 30 that features a thin slide ( same slide as the G36 ) , a Short Frame lower , and a double stack magazine . Like the G30 , G30S magazines holds 10 rounds . The Glock 36 is a `` slimline '' version of the subcompact Glock 30 that features an ultracompact slide and frame and is chambered for the . 45 ACP cartridge . The Glock 36 is the first Glock pistol to be manufactured with a single - stack magazine , having a standard capacity of six rounds and being unique to the model . The Glock 36 can not use factory magazines from its larger relatives due to its single - stack magazine design .