vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Erwin Rommel
The German rearmament of the early 1950s was highly dependent on the moral rehabilitation that the Wehrmacht needed . The journalist and historian Basil Liddell Hart , an early proponent of these two interconnected initiatives , provided the first widely available source on Rommel in his 1948 book on Hitler 's generals , updated in 1951 , portraying Rommel in a positive light and as someone who stood apart from the regime .
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie believed that it is the effort and will of the people , that maintains the peace in international relations . Money is just a push for the act . If world peace depended solely on financial support , it would not seem a goal , but more like an act of pity .
History of Kenya
In 1959 , nationalist leader Tom Mboya began a programme , funded by Americans , of sending talented youth to the United States for higher education . There was no university in Kenya at the time , but colonial officials opposed the programme anyway . The next year Senator John F. Kennedy helped fund the programme , which trained some 70 % of the top leaders of the new nation , including the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize , environmentalist Wangari Maathai .
Appeasement
The arguments in Taylor 's Origins of the Second World War ( sometimes described as `` revisionist '' ) were rejected by many historians at the time , and reviews of his book in Britain and the United States were generally critical . Nevertheless , he was praised for some of his insights . By showing that appeasement was a popular policy and that there was continuity in British foreign policy after 1933 , he shattered the common view of the appeasers as a small , degenerate clique that had mysteriously hijacked the British government sometime in the 1930s and who had carried out their policies in the face of massive public resistance ; and by portraying the leaders of the 1930s as real people attempting to deal with real problems , he made the first strides towards explaining the actions of the appeasers rather than merely condemning them .
Friedrich Engels
This great lover of the good life , passionate advocate of individuality , and enthusiastic believer in literature , culture , art and music as an open forum could never have acceded to the Soviet Communism of the 20th century , all the Stalinist claims of his paternity notwithstanding .
Think globally, act locally
The term was increasingly applied to initiatives in international education and was advanced by Stuart Grauer in his 1989 University of San Diego publication , Think Globally , Act Locally : A Delphi Study of Educational Leadership Through the Development of International Resources in the Local Community . In this publication it was attributed to Harlan Cleveland . It is said that this term was used by German - American sociologist Eugen Rosenstock - Huessy in the 1950s or earlier , prior to the formation of the United Nations Organization .
First they came ...
Niemöller created multiple versions of the text during his career , but evidence identified by professor Harold Marcuse at the University of California Santa Barbara indicates that the Holocaust Memorial Museum version is inaccurate because Niemöller frequently used the word `` communists '' and not `` socialists . '' The substitution of `` socialists '' for `` communists '' is an effect of anti-communism , and most ubiquitous in the version that has proliferated in the USA . According to Marcuse , `` Niemöller 's original argument was premised on naming groups he and his audience would instinctively not care about ... The omission of Communists in Washington , and of Jews in Germany , distorts that meaning and should be corrected . ''
We will bury you
During Khrushchev 's visit to the United States in 1959 , the Los Angeles mayor Norris Poulson in his address to Khrushchev stated : `` We do not agree with your widely quoted phrase ' We shall bury you . ' You shall not bury us and we shall not bury you . We are happy with our way of life . We recognize its shortcomings and are always trying to improve it . But if challenged , we shall fight to the death to preserve it '' . Many Americans meanwhile interpreted Khrushchev 's quote as a nuclear threat .
Hanns Johst
Bertolt Brecht 's first play Baal was written in response to Johst 's play Der Einsame ( The Lonely ) , a dramatization of the life of playwright Christian Dietrich Grabbe . In 1928 Johst joined Alfred Rosenberg 's `` Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur '' ( Militant League for German Culture ) designed to combat `` Jewish '' influence in German culture . In 1932 he joined the Nazi party , explaining his agreement with Hitler 's ideology in the essay `` Standpunkt und Fortschritt '' ( Standpoint and Progress ) in 1933 .
Reichstag fire
Göring : As I am not an official myself , but a responsible Minister it was not important that I should trouble myself with such petty , minor matters . It was my task to expose the Party , and the mentality , which was responsible for the crime .
First they came ...
Niemöller 's earliest speeches , written in 1946 , list the Communists , incurable patients , Jews or Jehovah 's Witnesses , and civilians in countries occupied by Nazi Germany . In all versions , the impact is carefully built up , by going from the `` smallest , most distant '' group to the largest , Jewish , group , and then finally to himself as a by then outspoken critic of Nazism . Niemöller made the cardinal `` who cares about them '' clear in his speech for the Confessing Church in Frankfurt on 6 January 1946 , of which this is a partial translation :
United Church of Christ
Julian Bond -- Chair NAACP ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Walter Brueggemann -- contemporary theologian , poet , and UCC minister , retired professor at Columbia Theological Seminary William Sloane Coffin -- Late Presbyterian / UCC minister and activist ; ' pastor , prophet , poet ' ; former Chaplain at Yale University and Senior Pastor of Riverside Church , New York City Common -- Rapper , recording artist , member of Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago . Donald Hall -- United States US Poet Laureate George Heartwell -- Mayor of Grand Rapids , Michigan . Roger Johnson -- CEO of Western Digital and head of the General Services Administration under President Bill Clinton Dean Koontz -- American writer and author . Raised UCC , now is Catholic . Barry W. Lynn -- UCC minister and executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State William `` Bill '' McKinney -- Former president of Pacific School of Religion . Sherrill Milnes -- Operatic baritone Bill Moyers -- Journalist and host of PBS current affairs program Bill Moyers ' Journal John Williamson Nevin -- notable 19th - century theologian H. Richard Niebuhr -- notable 20th - century theologian Reinhold Niebuhr -- notable 20th - century theologian Leonard Pitts -- Nationally syndicated Pulitzer prize -- winning ( 2004 ) columnist Jackie Robinson -- Major League Baseball player for the Brooklyn Dodgers , and first African - American to break baseball 's `` color barrier '' . Marilynne Robinson -- Pulitzer prize - winning ( 2005 ) author of the novel Gilead Alex Ross -- Comic book writer and artist . Son of UCC minister Clark Norman Ross . Philip Schaff -- notable 19th - century theologian Max L. Stackhouse -- public theologian and professor at Princeton Theological Seminary Jeri Kehn Thompson -- wife of Law & Order star and former U.S. Senator and presidential candidate Fred Thompson Paul Tillich -- notable 20th - century theologian Meredith Willson -- popular composer of `` The Music Man '' , raised in First Congregational of Mason City , Iowa ; longtime member of Westwood Hills Congregational , Los Angeles . Andrew Young -- Civil rights leader , ordained UCC pastor , and former member of Congress , UN ambassador , and mayor of Atlanta , Georgia
History of advertising
During the Nazi era ( 1933 -- 45 ) , the advertising industry expelled its Jews , and came under the supervision of the `` Ad Council for the German Economy , '' a department of the propaganda ministry of Joseph Goebbels . The relationship was friendly , For the industry learned a great deal from the Nazi propaganda techniques . The industry promoted Hitler 's favorite products , such as the promised Volkswagen automobile for the people , and the construction of autobahns . It emphasized the availability of trusted brands despite growing shortages after the war began in 1939 . It helped support the regime , articulating a vision of consumption that was well aligned with the Nazi spirit . In some environments and social movements , such as with post-WW2 East Germany Stasi 's zersetzung , criminology theorists estimated advertisement was used as a means to crime , the nature of the crime was the intentional exploitation of an individual to cause damage to the individual 's ability to form social bonds and appropriate perceptions of the world . This is especially true in the case of manipulation , people take advantage of their underdeveloped social skills and exploit them for selfish gain , this was later criticized to be adopted by turpitude agents of modern advertising . Many major brands were off the market by 1944 , because of severe shortages . When they returned after the war , they were welcomed as an index of normality and were not associated with Nazism .
Corazon Aquino
Foreign Policy listed Corazon Aquino , along with Eleanor Roosevelt , Václav Havel , Ken Saro - Wiwa , and Sari Nusseibeh , as people who `` never won the Nobel Prize , but should have . ''
Marshall Plan
The political effects of the Marshall Plan may have been just as important as the economic ones . Marshall Plan aid allowed the nations of Western Europe to relax austerity measures and rationing , reducing discontent and bringing political stability . The communist influence on Western Europe was greatly reduced , and throughout the region communist parties faded in popularity in the years after the Marshall Plan . The trade relations fostered by the Marshall Plan helped forge the North Atlantic alliance that would persist throughout the Cold War in the form of NATO . At the same time , the nonparticipation of the states of the Eastern Bloc was one of the first clear signs that the continent was now divided .
Bauhaus
The entire movement of German architectural modernism was known as Neues Bauen . Beginning in June 1907 , Peter Behrens ' pioneering industrial design work for the German electrical company AEG successfully integrated art and mass production on a large scale . He designed consumer products , standardized parts , created clean - lined designs for the company 's graphics , developed a consistent corporate identity , built the modernist landmark AEG Turbine Factory , and made full use of newly developed materials such as poured concrete and exposed steel . Behrens was a founding member of the Werkbund , and both Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer worked for him in this period .
Cold War
The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' .
Bauhaus
In the late 1930s , Mies van der Rohe re-settled in Chicago , enjoyed the sponsorship of the influential Philip Johnson , and became one of the pre-eminent architects in the world . Moholy - Nagy also went to Chicago and founded the New Bauhaus school under the sponsorship of industrialist and philanthropist Walter Paepcke . This school became the Institute of Design , part of the Illinois Institute of Technology . Printmaker and painter Werner Drewes was also largely responsible for bringing the Bauhaus aesthetic to America and taught at both Columbia University and Washington University in St. Louis . Herbert Bayer , sponsored by Paepcke , moved to Aspen , Colorado in support of Paepcke 's Aspen projects at the Aspen Institute . In 1953 , Max Bill , together with Inge Aicher - Scholl and Otl Aicher , founded the Ulm School of Design ( German : Hochschule für Gestaltung -- HfG Ulm ) in Ulm , Germany , a design school in the tradition of the Bauhaus . The school is notable for its inclusion of semiotics as a field of study . The school closed in 1968 , but the `` Ulm Model '' concept continues to influence international design education .
1963
May 1 -- Lope K. Santos , Filipino writer , Father of Philippine National Language and Grammar ( b . 1879 ) May 2 -- Van Wyck Brooks , American literary critic and writer ( b . 1886 ) May 5 -- Mohamed Khemisti , Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria ( assassinated ) ( b . 1930 ) May 6 -- Monty Woolley , American actor ( b . 1888 ) May 7 Theodore von Kármán , Hungarian - American engineer and physicist ( b . 1881 ) Max Miller , British music hall performer ( b . 1894 ) May 11 -- Herbert Spencer Gasser , American physiologist , Nobel Prize laureate ( b . 1888 ) May 12 Robert Kerr , Canadian Olympic athlete ( b . 1882 ) A.W. Tozer , American Protestant pastor ( b . 1897 ) May 16 -- Oleg Penkovsky , Soviet military officer & spy ( b . 1919 ) May 18 -- Ernie Davis , American football player , first African - American to win the Heisman Trophy ( b . 1939 ) May 24 -- Elmore James , American blues guitarist ( b . 1918 ) May 25 -- Mehdi Frashëri , Albanian politician , 15th Prime Minister of Albania ( b . 1872 ) May 29 -- Netta Muskett , British novelist ( b . 1887 ) May 31 -- Edith Hamilton , German - born author ( b . 1867 )
Bauhaus
The three Bauhaus schools Bauhaus building in Weimar Bauhaus building in Dessau Memorial plate Bauhaus Berlin
Hanns Johst
THIEMANN : It hits the mark ! You can be sure of that . SCHLAGETER
Secretary-General of the United Nations
In the early 1960s , Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary - General position . The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state , one vote system meant that the Secretary - General would come from one of them , and would potentially be sympathetic towards the West . Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary - General with a three - person directorate ( a `` troika '' ) : one member from the West , one from the Eastern Bloc , and one from the Non-Aligned powers . This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal .
Muhammad Yunus
Muhammad Yunus has shown himself to be a leader who has managed to translate visions into practical action for the benefit of millions of people , not only in Bangladesh , but also in many other countries . Loans to poor people without any financial security had appeared to be an impossible idea . From modest beginnings three decades ago , Yunus has , first and foremost through Grameen Bank , developed micro-credit into an ever more important instrument in the struggle against poverty .
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
) On April 15 , 400,000 people organized by the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam marched from Central Park to the UN building in New York City to protest the war , where they were addressed by critics of the war such as Benjamin Spock , Martin Luther King , event initiator and director James Bevel , Harry Belafonte , and Jan Barry Crumb , a veteran of the war . On the same date 100,000 , including Coretta Scott King , marched in San Francisco . On April 24 , Abbie Hoffman led a small group of protesters against both the war and capitalism who interrupted the New York Stock Exchange , causing chaos by throwing fistfuls of both real and fake dollars down from the gallery . May 2 -- British philosopher Bertrand Russell presided over the `` Russell Tribunal '' in Stockholm , a mock war crimes tribunal , which ruled that the U.S. and its allies had committed war crimes in Vietnam . The proceedings were criticized as being a `` show trial . '' On May 22 , the fashionable À L'Innovation department store in Brussels , Belgium burnt down , killing over 300 people amid speculation that the fire was caused by Belgian Maoists against the Vietnam War . On May 30 Jan Crumb and ten like - minded men attended a peace demonstration in Washington , D.C. , and on June 1 Vietnam Veterans Against the War was born . In the summer of 1967 , Neil Armstrong and various other NASA officials began a tour of South America to raise awareness for space travel . According to First Man , a biography of Armstrong 's life , during the tour , several college students protested the astronaut , and shouted such phrases as `` Murderers get out of Vietnam ! '' and other anti-Vietnam War messages . June 23 , 1967 President Johnson traveled to Los Angeles for a Democratic fundraiser . He was met by a massive anti-war protest on the street outside the hotel where he was speaking as Progressive Labor Party and SDS protestors at the head of a march halted . The Riot Act was read and 51 protestors arrested . This was one of the first massive war protests in the United States and the first in Los Angeles , Ending in a clash with riot police , it set a pattern for the massive protests which followed .
First they came ...
The statement was published in a book by Milton Mayer , They Thought They Were Free ( 1955 ) , based on interviews he had conducted in Germany several years earlier . The quotation was circulated by civil rights activists and educators in the United States in the late 1950s . Some research traces the text to several speeches given by Niemöller in 1946 . Lt.
Munich Agreement
My good friends , for the second time in our history a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour . I believe it is peace for our time . '' ( Chamberlain 's reference to Disraeli 's return from the Congress of Berlin in 1878 )
First they came ...
Then they came for the Jews , and I did not speak out -- Because I was not a Jew .
Vermont
In 2000 -- 01 there were 4,579,719 skier and snowboarder visits to the state . There were 4,125,082 visits in 2009 -- 2010 , a rise from recent years . Autumn
White Christmas (weather)
White Christmases are becoming rare in Poland . Some northwestern coastal towns barely see White Christmases any more , but they are still relatively common in the northeastern cities of Białystok and Suwałki , as well as in the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland , including the winter capital of Zakopane . The last White Christmas in Kraków was in 2010 . Rzeszów had a White Christmas in 2016 , the first since 2011 .
White Christmas (weather)
Location Probability Bucharest 75 % Iași 80 % Timişoara 70 % Cluj Napoca 85 % Constanţa 65 % Miercurea Ciuc 90 % Craiova 75 % Braşov 85 % Satu Mare 75 %
Bemidji, Minnesota
) 51.9 ( 11.1 ) 57.0 ( 13.9 ) 54.6 ( 12.6 ) 45.3 ( 7.4 ) 35.0 ( 1.7 ) 19.0 ( − 7.2 ) 3.3 ( − 15.9 ) 29.38 ( − 1.44 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 50 ( − 46 ) − 47 ( − 44 ) − 44 ( − 42 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) 11 ( − 12 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 37 ( 3 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 22 ( − 6 ) ( − 17 ) − 30 ( − 34 ) − 45 ( − 43 ) − 50 ( − 46 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.73 ( 18.5 ) 0.66 ( 16.8 ) 1.09 ( 27.7 ) 1.78 ( 45.2 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 4.38 ( 111.3 ) 3.95 ( 100.3 ) 3.21 ( 81.5 ) 3.10 ( 78.7 ) 2.54 ( 64.5 ) 1.35 ( 34.3 ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 26.63 ( 676.4 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 8.2 ( 20.8 ) 5.5 ( 14 ) 5.6 ( 14.2 ) ( 5.3 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 6.1 ( 15.5 ) 6.7 ( 17 ) 34.1 ( 86.6 ) Source # 1 : Climatography of the United States Source # 2 : XMACIS
Vermont
College Hall in Montpelier -- Vermont 's capital city Mount Mansfield -- Vermont 's highest mountain Church Street in Burlington -- Vermont 's largest city Burke Mountain from Lyndonville -- in the state 's `` Northeast Kingdom ''
Boise, Idaho
The Bogus Basin ski area opened in 1942 and hosts multiple winter activities , primarily alpine skiing and snowboarding , but also cross-country skiing and snow tubing . `` Bogus '' is 16 mi ( 26 km ) from the city limits ( less than an hour drive from downtown ) on a twisty paved road which climbs 3400 vertical feet ( 1036 m ) through sagebrush and forest .
Rocky Mountains
In the winter , skiing is the main attraction . A list of the major ski resorts can be found at List of U.S. Rocky Mountain ski resorts .
Albuquerque, New Mexico
The mountains and highlands beyond the city create a rain shadow effect , due to the drying of air ascending the mountains ; the city usually receives very little rain or snow , averaging 8 -- 9 inches ( 216 mm ) of precipitation per year . Valley and west mesa areas , farther from the mountains are drier , averaging 6 -- 8 inches of annual precipitation ; the Sandia foothills tend to lift any available moisture , enhancing precipitation to about 10 -- 17 inches annually .
White Christmas (weather)
Canada City Province Probability ( % ) Brandon Manitoba 93 Calgary Alberta 58 Charlottetown Prince Edward Island 80 Edmonton Alberta 86 Fredericton New Brunswick 78 Goose Bay Newfoundland and Labrador 98 Grande Prairie Alberta 85 Halifax Nova Scotia 58 Hamilton Ontario 63 Iqaluit Nunavut 100 Kamloops British Columbia 51 Kelowna British Columbia 63 Kenora Ontario 100 London Ontario 67 Medicine Hat Alberta 56 Moncton New Brunswick 75 Montreal Quebec 78 Ottawa Ontario 80 Penticton British Columbia 29 Prince George British Columbia 92 Quebec City Quebec 98 Regina Saskatchewan 92 Saint John New Brunswick 61 Sarnia Ontario 61 Saskatoon Saskatchewan 95 Stephenville Newfoundland and Labrador 82 St. John 's Newfoundland and Labrador 64 Sudbury Ontario 95 Thunder Bay Ontario 97 Timmins Ontario 98 Toronto Ontario 44 Vancouver British Columbia 10 Victoria British Columbia 10 Whitehorse Yukon 100 Wiarton Ontario 83 Windsor Ontario 44 Winnipeg Manitoba 98 Yellowknife Northwest Territories 100
Geography of Florida
A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually . The rest of the state , including Miami , receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually . Snow
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.46 ( 11.7 ) 0.53 ( 13.5 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 0.62 ( 15.7 ) 0.54 ( 13.7 ) 0.58 ( 14.7 ) 1.44 ( 36.6 ) 1.72 ( 43.7 ) 1.25 ( 31.8 ) 1.13 ( 28.7 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 0.63 ( 16 ) 10.21 ( 259.3 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.7 ( 4.3 ) 0.7 ( 1.8 ) 0.9 ( 2.3 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.5 ( 1.3 ) 2.8 ( 7.1 ) 7.2 ( 18.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 3.9 4.0 4.5 3.2 3.7 4.3 8.2 8.9 5.3 4.9 3.0 3.9 57.8 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.4 1.3 4.5 Source : NOAA
Peaks of Otter
Lodging includes the Peaks of Otter Lodge and the Peaks of Otter campground . There is also a large picnic area with outdoor grills .
Vermont
In winter , Nordic and backcountry skiers visit to travel the length of the state on the Catamount Trail . Several horse shows are annual events . Vermont 's state parks , historic sites , museums , golf courses , and new boutique hotels with spas were designed to attract tourists .
Climate of the Arctic
Accurate climatologies of precipitation amount are more difficult to compile for the Arctic than climatologies of other variables such as temperature and pressure . All variables are measured at relatively few stations in the Arctic , but precipitation observations are made more uncertain due to the difficulty in catching in a gauge all of the snow that falls . Typically some falling snow is kept from entering precipitation gauges by winds , causing an underreporting of precipitation amounts in regions that receive a large fraction of their precipitation as snowfall . Corrections are made to data to account for this uncaught precipitation , but they are not perfect and introduce some error into the climatologies ( Serreze and Barry 2005 ) .