vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Latin America
Indigenous cultures of the people who inhabited the continent prior to European Colonization . Ancient and very advanced civilizations developed their own political , social and religious systems . The Mayas , the Aztecs and the Incas are examples of these . Indigenous legacies in music , dance , foods , arts and crafts , clothing , folk culture and traditions are very strong in Latin America . Linguistic effects on Spanish and Portuguese are also marked , such as in terms like pampa , taco , tamale , cacique . Western civilization , in particular the culture of Europe , was brought mainly by the colonial powers -- the Spanish , Portuguese and French -- between the 16th and 19th centuries . The most enduring European colonial influence is language and Roman Catholicism . More recently , additional cultural influences came from the United States and Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , due to the growing influence of the former on the world stage and immigration from the latter . The influence of the United States is particularly strong in northern Latin America , especially Puerto Rico , which is an American territory . Prior to 1959 , Cuba , who fought for its independence along American soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , was also known to have a close socioeconomic relation with the United States . In addition , the United States also helped Panama become an independent state from Colombia and built the twenty - mile - long Panama Canal Zone in Panama which held from 1903 ( the Panama Canal opened to transoceanic freight traffic in 1914 ) to 1999 , when the Torrijos - Carter Treaties restored Panamanian control of the Canal Zone . South America experienced waves of immigration of Europeans , especially Italians , Spaniards , Portuguese , Germans , Austrians , Poles , Ukrainians , French , Dutch , Russians , Croatians , Lithuanians and Ashkenazi Jews . With the end of colonialism , French culture was also able to exert a direct influence in Latin America , especially in the realms of high culture , science and medicine . This can be seen in any expression of the region 's artistic traditions , including painting , literature and music , and in the realms of science and politics .
Maya civilization
The littoral zone of Soconusco lies to the south of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , and consists of a narrow coastal plain and the foothills of the Sierra Madre . The Maya highlands extend eastwards from Chiapas into Guatemala , reaching their highest in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes . The major pre-Columbian population centres of the highlands were located in the largest highland valleys , such as the Valley of Guatemala and the Quetzaltenango Valley . In the southern highlands , a belt of volcanic cones runs parallel to the Pacific coast . The highlands extend northwards into Verapaz , and gradually descend to the east .
Latin America
100.0 79 2.057 Dominican Republic 0.702 15,777 5.5 45.7 4.3 97.0 78 17 2.143 Ecuador 0.732 11,168 − 0.6 46.6 5.1 98.7 77 8 2.020 El Salvador 0.666 8,293 2.3 41.8 15.1 96.0 75 64 2.237 Guatemala 0.627 7,721 3.8 52.4 16.9 87.4 72 31 2.270 Haiti 0.483 1,794 2.5 59.2 54.9 72.3 64 10 2.066 Honduras 0.606 4,861 3.5 57.4 23.3 95.9 71 75 2.237 Mexico 0.756 18,335 2.3 48.1 8.4 98.5 77 16 2.557 Nicaragua 0.631 4,972 4.0 45.7 15.8 87.0 73 12 1.975 Panama 0.780 20,512 6.0 51.9 9.5 97.6 79 18 1.837 Paraguay 0.679 8,671 3.0 48.0 5.1 98.6 77 9 2.037 Peru 0.734 12,077 2.4 45.3 5.9 97.4 74 7 2.057 Uruguay 0.793 21,719 2.5 41.3 0.0 98.8 77 8 1.726 Venezuela 0.762 15,892 − 10.0 44.8 3.5 98.5 75 62 2.651
Caribbean Sea
The entire area of the Caribbean Sea , the numerous islands of the West Indies , and adjacent coasts , are collectively known as the Caribbean . The Caribbean Sea is one of the largest seas and has an area of about 2,754,000 km ( 1,063,000 sq mi ) . The sea 's deepest point is the Cayman Trough , between the Cayman Islands and Jamaica , at 7,686 m ( 25,217 ft ) below sea level . The Caribbean coastline has many gulfs and bays : the Gulf of Gonâve , Gulf of Venezuela , Gulf of Darién , Golfo de los Mosquitos , Gulf of Paria and Gulf of Honduras .
Adams–Onís Treaty
At the time the treaty was signed , the course of the Sabine River , Red River , and Arkansas River had only been partially charted . Furthermore , the rivers changed course periodically . It would take many years before the location of the border would be fully determined .
North America
Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated , S - shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east , and the Americas to the west . As one component of the interconnected global ocean , it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean , to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest , the Indian Ocean in the southeast , and the Southern Ocean in the south ( other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica ) . The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean at about 8 ° N .
North America
Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups .
Latin America
17.5 8.1 13.3 4.43 Cuba 3,968 2,907 872 194 N / A N / A N / A N / A Dominican Republic 5,959 6,723 1,011 440 36.2 18.8 19.8 3.99 Ecuador 1,418 1,444 734 58 6.3 1.5 7.4 3.79 El Salvador 1,434 829 351 67 12.9 3.4 6.8 3.68 Guatemala 1,585 1,550 1,102 94 16.0 2.6 6.0 3.82 Haiti 516 * 504 655 17 19.4 3.2 4.7 N / A Honduras 908 686 753 92 13.5 5.0 8.5 3.79 Mexico 35,113 19,571 507 105 5.7 1.6 14.2 4.43 Nicaragua 1,504 642 356 65 15.5 3.7 5.6 3.56 Panama 2,007 4,258 1,308 550 10.6 6.3 12.9 4.30 Paraguay 1,206 481 460 37 4.2 1.3 6.4 3.26 Peru 3,744 3,501 908 81 9.0 1.6 7.6 4.04 Uruguay 3,037 1,835 765 643 14.2 3.6 10.7 4.24 Venezuela 789 * 575 * 1,449 25 1.3 0.4 8.1 3.46
New World monkey
At the time the New World monkeys split off , the Isthmus of Panama had not yet formed , ocean currents and climate were quite different , and the Atlantic Ocean was less than the present 2,800 km ( 1,700 mi ) width by about a third ; possibly 1,000 km less , based on the current estimate of the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge formation processes spreading rate of 25 mm / year .
Mexico City
This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( July 2018 ) Mexico
Gulf of Mexico
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as follows :
Amazon rainforest
NASA 's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the Atlantic Ocean ( some dust falls into the Atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the Amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
Mexico City
This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2016 )
Maya civilization
The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples , and noted for its hieroglyphic script -- the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas -- as well as for its art , architecture , mathematics , calendar , and astronomical system . The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico , all of Guatemala and Belize , and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador . This region consists of the northern lowlands encompassing the Yucatán Peninsula , and the highlands of the Sierra Madre , running from the Mexican state of Chiapas , across southern Guatemala and onwards into El Salvador , and the southern lowlands of the Pacific littoral plain .
Caribbean Sea
The region has a high level of biodiversity and many species are endemic to the Caribbean .
Bothrops asper
Some of the common names applied to this snake are terciopelo , fer - de-lance , Mapepire balsain ( Trinidad ) , barba amarilla ( Guatemala , Honduras ; `` yellow beard '' ) , equis ( Ecuador & Panama ; `` x '' ) , taya equis ( Colombia ) , cuaima ( Venezuela ) , nauyaca ( México ; from Nahuatl nahui , four , and yacatl , nose ; `` four noses '' ) , and yellow - jaw tommygoff ( Belize ) .
North America
... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
Although rules for navigating vessels inland may differ , the international rules specify that they should be as closely in line with the international rules as possible . In most of continental Europe , the Code Européen des Voies de la Navigation Intérieure ( CEVNI , or the European Code for Navigation on Inland Waters ) apply . In the United States , the rules for vessels navigating inland are published alongside the international rules .
Great Lakes
Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks , domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes , such as iron ore , coal and limestone for the steel industry . The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines . It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than try to make steel on the spot . Grain exports are also a major cargo on the lakes .
Great Lakes
The Rush -- Bagot Treaty signed in 1818 , after the War of 1812 and the later Treaty of Washington eventually led to a complete disarmament of naval vessels in the Great Lakes . Nonetheless , both nations maintain coast guard vessels in the Great Lakes .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
The magnitude of the transportation problem was such , however , that neither individual states nor private corporations seemed able to meet the demands of an expanding internal trade . As early as 1807 , Albert Gallatin had advocated the construction of a great system of internal waterways to connect East and West , at an estimated cost of $20,000,000 ( $327,136,364 in 2016 consumer dollars ) . But the only contribution of the national government to internal improvements during the Jeffersonian era was an appropriation in 1806 of two percent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands in Ohio for the construction of a national road , with the consent of the states through which it should pass . By 1818 the road was open to traffic from Cumberland , Maryland , to Wheeling , West Virginia .
Long Island Sound
The classification of juridical bay means that the states , and not the federal government , have jurisdiction over the Long Island Sound waters . This also means that the legal coastline of the United States incorporates the southern shore of Long Island , but not the alternative that would have been to consider the coastline to follow additionally the southern shores of Connecticut , and the eastern shores of Westchester County , The Bronx , and Manhattan .
History of Native Americans in the United States
The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States .
Great Lakes region
Contributions to modern transportation include the Wright brothers ' early airplanes , designed and perfected in their Dayton , Ohio mechanics ' workshops ; distinctive Great Lakes freighters , and railroad beds constructed of wooden ties and steel rails . The early nineteenth century Erie Canal and mid-twentieth century St. Lawrence Seaway expanded the scale and capacity of massive water - born freight .
United States
Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . The expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land .
Waikato River
To improve navigation , rocks in the Narrows at Tamahere were removed in 1919 . The
Mississippi River
Until the 1950s , there was no dam below Lock and Dam 26 at Alton , Illinois . Chain of Rocks Lock ( Lock and Dam No. 27 ) , which consists of a low - water dam and an 8.4 - mile - long ( 13.5 km ) canal , was added in 1953 , just below the confluence with the Missouri River , primarily to bypass a series of rock ledges at St. Louis . It also serves to protect the St. Louis city water intakes during times of low water .
St. Johns River
A separate canal , the St. Johns - Indian River Barge Canal , was planned to link the river with the Intracoastal Waterway ; the project never broke ground , and was canceled soon after the Cross Florida Barge Canal was suspended .
Seine
Dredging in the 1960s mostly eliminated tidal bores on the lower river , known in French as `` le mascaret . ''
Alaska
Many cities , towns and villages in the state do not have road or highway access ; the only modes of access involve travel by air , river , or the sea . The
River Mersey
It is possible to canoe on parts of the river between Stockport and Carrington . Liverpool Sailing Club located at Garston Coastal Park on the north bank of the estuary has a 1000 feet slipway giving access to river for water sports .
Dead Sea
In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835 , Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847 , William Francis Lynch in 1848 , and John MacGregor in 1869 . The full text of W.F. Lynch 's 1949 book Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online . Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817 - 18 , but did n't navigate on its waters . World
River Thames
Alongside the entire river runs the Thames Path , a National Route for walkers and cyclists .
Seine
The Seine is dredged and ocean - going vessels can dock at Rouen , 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) from the sea . Commercial craft ( barges and push - tows ) can use the river from Marcilly - sur - Seine , 516 kilometres ( 321 mi ) to its mouth .
Hudson Valley
The Lenape , the Wappingers , and the Mahicans were speakers of languages that were part of Algonquin language family . As such , the three subdivisions were able to communicate with each other . Their relations with each other were mostly peaceful . However , the Mahicans were often in direct conflict with the Mohawk Indians to the west , which was a part of the Iroquois nation . The Mohawks would sometimes raid Mahican villages from the west .
Paterson, New Jersey
Riverside is a larger neighborhood in Paterson and , as its name suggests , is bound by the Passaic River to the north and east , separating the city from Hawthorne and Fair Lawn . Riverside is a working - class neighborhood . The neighborhood is mostly residential with some industrial uses . Madison Avenue cuts through the heart of this district . Route 20 runs through the eastern border of Riverside , providing an easy commute to Route 80 East and New York City . This section is ethnically diverse with a growing Hispanic community concentrating mostly north and along River Street . Many Albanians make their home in the East 18th Street and River Street areas . River View Terrace is located in this neighborhood . Riverside is located in parts of the 3rd and 4th Wards of Paterson .
The Bronx
( Bronx Community Boards 1 to 6 plus part of Board 7 -- progressing northwards , Boards 2 , 3 and 6 border the Bronx River from its mouth to Bronx Park , while 1 , 4 , 5 and 7 face Manhattan across the Harlem River )
New Amsterdam
The scholarly conclusion has largely been that the settlement of New Amsterdam is much more like current New York than previously thought . Cultural diversity and a mind - set that resembles the American Dream were already present in the first few years of this colony . Writers like Russell Shorto argue that the large influence of New Amsterdam on the American psyche has largely been overlooked in the classic telling of American beginnings , because of animosity between the English victors and the conquered Dutch .
Battle of Long Island
Fort Defiance was also being constructed at this time , located farther southwest , past Fort Box , near present - day Red Hook . In addition to these new forts , a mounted battery was established on Governors Island , cannons were placed at Fort George facing Bowling Green , and more cannons placed at the Whitehall Dock , which sat on the East River . Hulks were sunk at strategic locations to deter the British from entering the East River and other waterways .
History of New York (state)
In the late 20th century , telecommunication and high technology industries employed many New Yorkers . New York City was especially successful at this transition . Entrepreneurs created many small companies , as industrial firms such as Polaroid withered . This success drew many young professionals into the still -- dwindling cities . New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents . The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses . Some people believe that changes in policing created a less threatening environment ; crime rates dropped , and urban development reduced urban decay .
Paterson, New Jersey
Built when Paterson was still Bergen County , River Drive changes to River Road in the greater Eastside Sections of Upper Eastside - Manor Section , East River , and Riverside Sections , and turns into Wagaraw Road north of 1st Avenue / Maple Avenue in the old Bunker Hill extension of Columbia Heights in Fair Lawn an indication of not only entering the Industrial Section , but also entering the foothills of the Ramapo Mountains in Hawthorne .
The Bronx
The Bronx is the only part of New York City that is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland . Its bedrock is primarily Fordham gneiss , a high - grade heavily banded metamorphic rock containing significant amounts of pink feldspar . Marble Hill -- politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx -- is so - called because of the formation of Inwood marble there as well as in Inwood , Manhattan and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County .
New Amsterdam
The existence of these city maps has proven to be very useful in the archaeology of New York City . For instance , the Castello map aided the excavation of the Stadthuys ( City Hall ) of New Amsterdam in determining the exact location of the building .
The Bronx
Among famous settlers in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author Willa Cather , tobacco merchant Pierre Lorillard , and inventor Jordan L. Mott , who established Mott Haven to house the workers at his iron works .
History of New York (state)
Following a period of near - bankruptcy in the late 1970s , New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center , attracted more immigration , and hosted the development of new music styles . The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century , hosting most national news channels and broadcasts . Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned . The state 's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry , and the state transitioned into service industries .
Jordan River
The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk , gospel , and spiritual music , and in poetic and literary works .
The Bronx
Two Metro - North Railroad commuter rail lines ( the Harlem Line and the Hudson Line ) serve 11 stations in the Bronx . ( Marble Hill , between the Spuyten Duyvil and University Heights stations , is actually in the only part of Manhattan connected to the mainland . ) In addition , trains serving the New Haven Line stop at Fordham Road .
Gotham City
South Channel Island is a small island surrounded by four rivers : North Channel , South Channel , River Merchant , and Queens River . Otisburg
New Amsterdam
The Dutch exploited the hydropower of existing creeks by constructing mills at Turtle Bay ( between present - day East 45th - 48th Streets ) and Montagne 's Kill , later called Harlem Mill Creek ( East 108th Street ) . In 1639 a sawmill was located in the northern forest at what was later the corner of East 74th Street and Second Avenue , at which African laborers cut lumber .
Paterson, New Jersey
The Great Falls Historic District is the most famous neighborhood in Paterson because of the landmark Great Falls of the Passaic River . The city has attempted to revitalize the area in recent years , including the installation of period lamp posts and the conversion of old industrial buildings into apartments and retail venues . Many artists live in this section of Paterson . A major redevelopment project is planned for this district in the coming years . The Paterson Museum of Industrial History at Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works is situated in the Historic District .
New Amsterdam
Sometimes considered a dysfunctional trading post by the English who later acquired it from the Dutch , Russell Shorto , author of The Island at the Center of the World , suggests that the city left its cultural marks on later New York and , by extension , the United States as a whole .
New Jersey
New Jersey has continued to play a prominent role as a U.S. cultural nexus . Like every state , New Jersey has its own cuisine , religious communities , museums , and halls of fame .
New Jersey
Indians in the New York City metropolitan region Chinese in the New York City metropolitan region List of U.S. cities with significant Korean American populations Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan region Filipinos in New Jersey Russians in the New York City metropolitan region Bergen County Jersey City India Square in Jersey City , home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the Western Hemisphere Ironbound , a Portuguese and Brazilian enclave in Newark Five Corners , a Filipino enclave in Jersey City Havana on the Hudson , a Cuban enclave in Hudson County Koreatown , Fort Lee , a Korean enclave in southeast Bergen County Koreatown , Palisades Park , also a Korean enclave in southeast Bergen County Little Bangladesh , a Bangladeshi enclave in Paterson Little Istanbul , also known as Little Ramallah , a Middle Eastern enclave in Paterson Little Lima , a Peruvian enclave in Paterson