vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Camel
According to molecular data , the New World and Old World camelids diverged 11 million years ago . In spite of this , these species can still hybridize and produce viable offspring . The cama is a camel -- llama hybrid bred by scientists who wanted to see how closely related the parent species were . Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections . The cama has ears halfway between the length of camel and llama ears , no hump , longer legs than the llama , and partially cloven hooves . According to cama breeder Lulu Skidmore , cama have `` the fleece of the llamas '' and `` the strength and patience of the camel '' . Like the mule , camas are sterile , despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes . The wild ( Camelus ferus ) camels are slightly close of both kinds of the dromedary camels and the Bactrian camels but they changed and separated from the Bactrian camels almost 1,000,000 years ago ( Plasil , et al. , 2016 ) .
Red deer
Selected members of the red deer species group are listed in the table below . Of the ones listed , C. e. hippelaphus , C. e. scoticus , and C. e. bactrianus may all be junior synonyms .
Evidence of common descent
New Mexico 's White Sands are a recent geologic formation ( approximately 6000 years old to possibly 2000 years old ) . This recent origin of the sands suggests that species exhibiting lighter - colored variations have evolved in a relatively short time frame . The three lizard species previously mentioned have been found to display variable social signal coloration in coexistence with their ecotonal variants . Not only have the three species convergently evolved their lighter variants due to the selection pressures from the environment , they 've also evolved ecomorphological differences : morphology , behavior ( in is case , escape behavior ) , and performance ( in this case , sprint speed ) collectively . Roches ' work found surprising results in the escape behavior of H. maculata and S. undulatus . When dark morphs were placed on white sands , their startle response was significantly diminished . This result could be due to varying factors relating to sand temperature or visual acuity ; however , regardless of the cause , `` ... failure of mismatched lizards to sprint could be maladaptive when faced with a predator '' .
Species
The species concept is further weakened by the existence of microspecies , groups of organisms , including many plants , with very little genetic variability , usually forming species aggregates . For example , the dandelion Taraxacum officinale and the blackberry Rubus fruticosus are aggregates with many microspecies -- perhaps 400 in the case of the blackberry and over 200 in the dandelion , complicated by hybridisation , apomixis and polyploidy , making gene flow between populations difficult to determine , and their taxonomy debatable .
Red-tailed hawk
There are at least 14 recognized subspecies of Buteo jamaicensis , which vary in range and in coloration :
Northern cardinal
C. c. cardinalis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) C. c. affinis Nelson , 1899 C. c. canicaudus Chapman , 1891 C. c. carneus ( Lesson , 1842 ) C. c. clintoni ( Banks , 1963 ) C. c. coccineus Ridgway , 1873 C. c. flammiger J.L. Peters , 1913 C. c. floridanus Ridgway , 1896 C. c. igneus S.F. Baird , 1860 C. c. littoralis Nelson , 1897 C. c. magnirostris Bangs , 1903 C. c. mariae Nelson , 1898 C. c. phillipsi Parkes , 1997 C. c. saturatus Ridgway , 1885 C. c. seftoni ( Huey , 1940 ) C. c. sinaloensis Nelson , 1899 C. c. superbus Ridgway , 1885 C. c. townsendi ( van Rossem , 1932 ) C. c. yucatanicus Ridgway , 1887
Red fox
griffithii , > it closely resembles V. bengalensis in size , but is distinguished by its longer tail and hind feet . Salt Range , Punjab , Pakistan leucopus ( Blyth , 1854 ) persicus ( Blanford , 1875 ) Northern plains fox V. v. regalis Merriam , 1900 The largest North American red fox subspecies , it has very large and broad ears and a very long tail . It is of a golden yellow colour with pure black feet . Elk River , Sherburne County , Minnesota , US Nova Scotia fox V. v. rubricosa Bangs , 1898 A large - sized subspecies with a large , broad tail and larger teeth and rostrum than V. v. fulva , it is the deepest - coloured form . Digby , Nova Scotia , Canada bangsi ( Merriam , 1900 ) deletrix ( Bangs , 1898 ) rubricos ( Churcher , 1960 ) vafra ( Bangs , 1897 ) Sakhalin fox V. v. schrencki Kishida , 1924 Sakhalin , Russia Iberian fox V. v. silacea Miller , 1907 Though equal in size to V. v. vulpes , it has smaller teeth and more widely spaced premolars . The fur is dull buff , without any yellowish or reddish tints . The hindquarters are frosted with white and the tail is clear grey in colour . Iberian Peninsula Kurile Island fox V. v. splendidissima Kishida , 1924 North and central Kurile Islands , Russia Steppe fox V. v. stepensis Brauner , 1914 This subspecies is slightly smaller and more lightly coloured than V. v. crucigera , with shorter , coarser fur . Specimens from the Crimean Mountains have brighter , fluffier , and denser fur . Steppes near Kherson , Ukraine krymeamontana ( Brauner , 1914 ) crymensis ( Brauner , 1914 ) Tobol'sk fox V. v. tobolica Ognev , 1926 This large subspecies has yellowish - rusty or dirty - reddish fur with a well - developed cross , and often a black area on the belly . The coat is long and fluffy . Obdorsk , Tobolsk , Russia Northern Chinese fox V. v.
Lion
Between 2008 and 2016 , IUCN Red List assessors for lions used only two subspecific names , P. l. leo for African lion populations and P. l. persica for the Asiatic lion population . In 2017 , the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group assigned the lion populations in Asia and West , Central and North Africa to P. l. leo , and those in Southern and East Africa to P. l. melanochaita .
Mourning dove
All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and are not easily distinguishable . The nominate subspecies possesses shorter wings , and is darker and more buff - colored than the `` average '' mourning dove . Z. m. carolinensis has longer wings and toes , a shorter beak , and is darker in color . The western subspecies has longer wings , a longer beak , shorter toes , and is more muted and lighter in color . The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs , a longer beak , and is grayer in color . The Clarion Island subspecies possesses larger feet , a larger beak , and is darker brown in color .
Evidence of common descent
In a later study by David Reznick , the field population was examined 11 years later after Endler relocated the guppies to high streams . The study found that the populations has evolved in a number of different ways : bright color patterns , late maturation , larger sizes , smaller litter sizes , and larger offspring within litters . Further studies of P. reticulata and their predators in the streams of Trinidad have indicated that varying modes of selection through predation have not only changed the guppies color patterns , sizes , and behaviors , but their life histories and life history patterns . Humans
Origin of language
According to a study investigating the song differences between white - rumped munias and its domesticated counterpart ( Bengalese finch ) , the wild munias use a highly stereotyped song sequence , whereas the domesticated ones sing a highly unconstrained song . In wild finches , song syntax is subject to female preference -- sexual selection -- and remains relatively fixed . However , in the Bengalese finch , natural selection is replaced by breeding , in this case for colorful plumage , and thus , decoupled from selective pressures , stereotyped song syntax is allowed to drift . It is replaced , supposedly within 1000 generations , by a variable and learned sequence . Wild finches , moreover , are thought incapable of learning song sequences from other finches . In the field of bird vocalization , brains capable of producing only an innate song have very simple neural pathways : the primary forebrain motor center , called the robust nucleus of arcopallium , connects to midbrain vocal outputs , which in turn project to brainstem motor nuclei . By contrast , in brains capable of learning songs , the arcopallium receives input from numerous additional forebrain regions , including those involved in learning and social experience . Control over song generation has become less constrained , more distributed , and more flexible .
Red panda
The red panda is the only living species of the genus Ailurus and the family Ailuridae . It has been previously placed in the raccoon and bear families , but the results of phylogenetic analysis provide strong support for its taxonomic classification in its own family , Ailuridae , which is part of the superfamily Musteloidea , along with the weasel , raccoon and skunk families . Two subspecies are recognized . It is not closely related to the giant panda , which is a basal ursid .
New World monkey
The following is the listing of the various platyrrhine families , and their placement in the Order Primates :
Arctic fox
Besides the nominate subspecies , V. l. lagopus , four other subspecies of this fox are described :
Barn swallow
There are six subspecies of barn swallow , which breed across the Northern Hemisphere . Four are strongly migratory , and their wintering grounds cover much of the Southern Hemisphere as far south as central Argentina , the Cape Province of South Africa , and northern Australia . Its huge range means that the barn swallow is not endangered , although there may be local population declines due to specific threats .
Dodo
The appearance of the dodo and the red rail led Peter Mundy to speculate , 230 years before Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution :
Cross River gorilla
The increased population of human inhabitants and the expansion of grasslands ( due to human activity ) has caused a fragmentation of the species into many sub-populations . Many factors ( mostly related to human activity ) contributed to the fragmentation of the population , including the expansion of farmland , human occupation , lack of accessible habitat and the sparsity of suitable or favorable habitat . Due to this isolation , gene flow has begun to slow and sub-populations are suffering from a lack of gene diversity which could mean a long term issue . A study conducted by researchers found that gene flow accompanied the divergence of western lowland and Cross River gorillas until just 400 or so years ago , which rather supports a scenario in which intensifying human activities may have increased the isolation of these ape populations . The recent decrease in the Cross River population is accordingly most likely attributable to increasing anthropogenic pressure over the last several hundred years .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
When first spotted by the natives , Pizarro and his men were thought to be viracocha cuna or `` gods '' . The Indians described Pizarro 's men to the Inca . They said that capito was tall with a full beard and was completely wrapped in clothing . The Indians described the men 's swords and how they killed sheep with them . The men did not eat human flesh , but rather sheep , lamb , duck , pigeons , and deer , and cooked the meat . Atahualpa was fearful of what the white men were capable of . If they were runa quicachac or `` destroyers of peoples , '' then he should flee . If they were viracocha cuna runa allichac or `` gods who are benefactors of the people , '' then he should not flee , but welcome them . The messengers went back to Tangarala , and Atahualpa sent Cinquinchara , an Orejon warrior , to the Spanish to serve as an interpreter .
Red panda
Other English names used in the past include fire fox , fire cat , red cat , fox bear , bright panda , and Himalayan raccoon .
Red panda
The first known written record of the red panda occurs in a 13th - century Chinese scroll depicting a hunting scene between hunters and the red panda .
White Rabbit
A military trench - digging machine developed by the British Royal Navy at the beginning of World War II was originally known as White Rabbit No. 6 , but the name was changed to Cultivator No. 6 to conceal its identity .
Origin of language
Similarly , researchers have demonstrated that chimpanzees ( in captivity ) use different `` words '' in reference to different foods . They recorded vocalizations that chimps made in reference , for example , to grapes , and then other chimps pointed at pictures of grapes when they heard the recorded sound .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Their names are revealed in the DVD commentary as well as the fact that they are German . According to Tom McGrath , they are very nice and great to work with . They remain silent in the film due to the fact that their possible dialogue was cut from the film .
Pub
Many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases , such as `` The Bag o'Nails '' ( Bacchanals ) , `` The Goat and Compasses '' ( God Encompasseth Us ) , `` The Cat and the Fiddle '' ( Chaton Fidèle : Faithful Kitten ) and `` The Bull and Bush '' , which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at `` Boulogne Bouche '' or Boulogne - sur - Mer Harbour .
Prairie dog
There is debate over whether the alarm calling of prairie dogs is selfish or altruistic . It is possible that prairie dogs alert others to the presence of a predator so they can protect themselves . However , it is also possible that the calls are meant to cause confusion and panic in the groups and cause the others to be more conspicuous to the predator than the caller . Studies of black - tailed prairie dogs suggest that alarm - calling is a form of kin selection , as a prairie dog 's call alerts both offspring and nondescended kin , such as cousins , nephews and nieces . Prairie dogs with kin close by called more often than those that did not have kin nearby . In addition , the caller may be trying to make itself more noticeable to the predator . Predators , though , seem to have difficulty determining which prairie dog is making the call due to its `` ventriloquistic '' nature .
Barn owl
Common names such as `` demon owl '' , `` death owl '' , `` ghost owl '' or `` lich owl '' ( from lich , an old term for a corpse ) show that traditionally , rural populations in many places considered barn owls to be birds of evil omen . For example , the Tzeltal people in Mexico regard them as `` disease givers '' . These owls do n't `` hoot '' but emit raspy screeches and hissing noises or that their white face and underbelly feathers that are visible as they fly overhead make them look `` ghostly '' . Consequently , they were often persecuted by farmers who were unaware of the benefits these birds bring . Negative emotions can also be attributed to the false belief that they could eat large animals such as chickens and cats .
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)
`` Pippin go aye '' ( also spelled `` papingo - aye '' in later editions ) is a Scots word for peacock or parrot . Faroe
Mourning dove
The mourning dove is sometimes called the `` American mourning dove '' to distinguish it from the distantly related mourning collared dove ( Streptopelia decipiens ) of Africa . It was also formerly known as the `` Carolina turtledove '' and the `` Carolina pigeon '' . The genus name was bestowed in 1838 by French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte in honor of his wife , Princess Zénaide , and macroura is from Ancient Greek makros , `` long '' and oura , `` tail '' . The `` mourning '' part of its common name comes from its call .
Popeye
Eugene the Jeep was introduced in the comic strip on March 13 , 1936 . Two years later the term `` jeep wagons '' was in use , later shortened to simply `` jeep '' with widespread World War II usage and then trademarked by Willys - Overland as `` Jeep '' .
Primate
The relationships among the different groups of primates were not clearly understood until relatively recently , so the commonly used terms are somewhat confused . For example , `` ape '' has been used either as an alternative for `` monkey '' or for any tailless , relatively human - like primate .
Primate
In South America , squirrel monkeys associate with capuchin monkeys . This may have more to do with foraging benefits to the squirrel monkeys than anti-predation benefits .
Lion
The first European `` zoos '' spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century , and until the 17th century were called seraglios ; at that time , they came to be called menageries , an extension of the cabinet of curiosities . They spread from France and Italy during the Renaissance to the rest of Europe . In England , although the seraglio tradition was less developed , lions were kept at the Tower of London in a seraglio established by King John in the 13th century , probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by Henry I at his hunting lodge in Woodstock , near Oxford , where lions had been stocked according to William of Malmesbury .
Ganesha
The mouse is interpreted in several ways . According to Grimes , `` Many , if not most of those who interpret Gaṇapati 's mouse , do so negatively ; it symbolizes tamoguṇa as well as desire '' . Along these lines , Michael Wilcockson says it symbolizes those who wish to overcome desires and be less selfish . Krishan notes that the rat is destructive and a menace to crops . The Sanskrit word mūṣaka ( mouse ) is derived from the root mūṣ ( stealing , robbing ) . It was essential to subdue the rat as a destructive pest , a type of vighna ( impediment ) that needed to be overcome . According to this theory , showing Ganesha as master of the rat demonstrates his function as Vigneshvara ( Lord of Obstacles ) and gives evidence of his possible role as a folk grāma - devatā ( village deity ) who later rose to greater prominence . Martin - Dubost notes a view that the rat is a symbol suggesting that Ganesha , like the rat , penetrates even the most secret places .
Dodo
Even though the rareness of the dodo was reported already in the 17th century , its extinction was not recognised until the 19th century . This was partly because , for religious reasons , extinction was not believed possible until later proved so by Georges Cuvier , and partly because many scientists doubted that the dodo had ever existed . It seemed altogether too strange a creature , and many believed it a myth . The bird was first used as an example of human - induced extinction in Penny Magazine in 1833 , and have since been referred to as an `` icon '' of extinction .
Primate
Howler monkey roaring Howler monkey roaring Problems playing this file ? See media help .
Conquistador
The Spaniards were also skilled at breeding dogs for war , hunting and protection . The Molossers , Spanish war dogs and sheep dogs they used in battle were effective as a psychological weapon against the natives , who , in many cases , had never seen domesticated dogs . Although some indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere did have domestic dogs , including the current Southwestern US , Aztec and other Central American peoples , the inhabitants of the Arctic / Tundra regions ( Inuit , Aleut , Cree ) , and possibly some South American groups similar to South American fox ( Pseudalopex culpaeus ) or Yagan dog , during the conquest of the Americas , Spanish conquistadors used Spanish Mastiffs and other Molossers in battle against the Taínos , Aztecs and Mayans . These specially trained dogs were feared because of their strength and ferocity . The strongest big breeds of broad - mouthed dogs were specifically trained for battle . These war dogs were used against barely clothed troops . They were armoured dogs trained to kill and disembowel . Spanish
Red fox
Chinese folk tales tell of fox - spirits called huli jing that may have up to nine tails , or kumiho as they are known in Korea . In Japanese mythology , the kitsune are fox - like spirits possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom . Foremost among these is the ability to assume human form . While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others , other stories portray them as faithful guardians , friends , lovers , and wives . In Arab folklore , the fox is considered a cowardly , weak , deceitful , and cunning animal , said to feign death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated , then lies on its side , awaiting the approach of unwitting prey . The animal 's cunning was noted by the authors of the Bible , and applied the word `` fox '' to false prophets ( Ezekiel 13 : 4 ) and the hypocrisy of Herod Antipas ( Luke 13 : 32 ) .
German Shepherd
The debate was catalyzed when the issue was raised in the BBC documentary , Pedigree Dogs Exposed , which said that critics of the breed describe it as `` half dog , half frog '' . An orthopedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were `` not normal '' .
Origin of language
Animal vocal signals are , for the most part , intrinsically reliable . When a cat purrs , the signal constitutes direct evidence of the animal 's contented state . We trust the signal , not because the cat is inclined to be honest , but because it just can not fake that sound . Primate vocal calls may be slightly more manipulable , but they remain reliable for the same reason -- because they are hard to fake . Primate social intelligence is `` Machiavellian '' -- self - serving and unconstrained by moral scruples . Monkeys and apes often attempt to deceive each other , while at the same time remaining constantly on guard against falling victim to deception themselves . Paradoxically , it is theorized that primates ' resistance to deception is what blocks the evolution of their signalling systems along language - like lines . Language is ruled out because the best way to guard against being deceived is to ignore all signals except those that are instantly verifiable . Words automatically fail this test .
Red fox
The scientific term vulpes derives from the Latin word for fox , and gives the adjectives vulpine and vulpecular .
Magic in Harry Potter
Rowling borrowed the term from `` an old word for someone who has a problem with the mouth , like a hare lip '' .
Mourning dove
The mourning dove was thought to be the passenger pigeon 's closest living relative , based on morphological grounds . The mourning dove was even suggested to belong to the same genus , Ectopistes , and was listed by some authors as E. carolinensis .
Pub
As many pubs are centuries old , many of their early customers were unable to read , and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read .
Yogi Bear
Yogi is living in social confinement , but tries to take advantage of his situation . People come to the Park to have picnics and bring with them picnic baskets . Yogi resorts to theft , stealing the picnic baskets , and enjoying their contents . Yogi 's habitual criminality and preoccupation with his own nourishment and survival are not portrayed as negative traits . He is depicted as a sympathetic protagonist .
Dodo
For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl , They tap the palms , and round - rumped dodos they destroy , The parrot 's life they spare that he may peep and howl , And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy .
Munchkin
It is also possible that `` Munchkin '' came from the German word `` Männchen '' , which means `` mannikin '' or `` little figure '' . In 1900 , Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
His name sounds a little to `` Wakunga '' , ( singular : `` Mkunga '' ) which means `` midwives '' in Swahili .
Lion
The lion 's name , similar in many Romance languages , is derived from the Latin Latin : leo , and the Ancient Greek λέων ( leon ) . The Hebrew word לָבִיא ( lavi ) may also be related .