vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Space Race
On January 27 , 1967 , the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty , the crew of the first crewed Apollo mission , Command Pilot Virgil `` Gus '' Grissom , Senior Pilot Ed White , and Pilot Roger Chaffee , were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test , less than a month before the planned February 21 launch . An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark , and quickly grew out of control , fed by the spacecraft 's pure oxygen atmosphere . Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater - than - atmospheric internal pressure . The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft , and procedural failings , including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure - oxygen atmosphere , as well as inadequate safety procedures . All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty - two months until the first piloted flight could be made . Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton , NASA 's Director of Flight Crew Operations , to make the first piloted landing . Commemorative
Manhattan Project
On 11 August , Groves phoned Warren with orders to organize a survey team to report on the damage and radioactivity at Hiroshima and Nagasaki . A party equipped with portable Geiger counters arrived in Hiroshima on 8 September headed by Farrell and Warren , with Japanese Rear Admiral Masao Tsuzuki , who acted as a translator . They remained in Hiroshima until 14 September and then surveyed Nagasaki from 19 September to 8 October . This and other scientific missions to Japan would provide valuable scientific and historical data .
Halley's Comet
Based on data retrieved by Astron , the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time , during its Halley 's Comet observations in December 1985 , a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet 's coma . The comet was also observed from space by the International Cometary Explorer . Originally International Sun - Earth Explorer 3 , the probe was renamed and freed from its L Lagrangian point location in Earth 's orbit to intercept comets 21P / Giacobini - Zinner and Halley .
Chernobyl disaster
Three different lavas are present in the basement of the reactor building : black , brown , and a porous ceramic . The lava materials are silicate glasses with inclusions of other materials within them . The porous lava is brown lava that dropped into water and thus cooled rapidly .
Waltham Watch Company
In 1996 , astronaut David Scott , commander of the Apollo 15 mission in 1971 , stated that he wore a Waltham watch on his third lunar EVA when his standard Omega Speedmaster Professional chronograph became damaged . In 2014 , he confessed that he had made a mistake : `` it was a Bulova , not a Waltham . ''
Space Race
The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz , known as the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project ( ASTP ) . To prepare , the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system , which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other ( e.g. Soyuz / Soyuz as well as Soyuz / Salyut ) . The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other 's craft , which had incompatible cabin atmospheres . The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP .
Venus
Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time . Pulses of radio waves were beamed at the planet using the 300 m ( 980 ft ) radio telescope at Arecibo Observatory , and the echoes revealed two highly reflective regions , designated the Alpha and Beta regions . The observations also revealed a bright region attributed to mountains , which was called Maxwell Montes . These three features are now the only ones on Venus that do not have female names .
Chernobyl disaster
Some of the surfaces of the lava flows have started to show new uranium minerals such as čejkaite ( Na 4 ( UO 2 ) ( CO 3 ) 3 ) and uranyl carbonate . However , the level of radioactivity is such that during 100 years , the lava 's self irradiation ( 7016200000000000000 ♠ 2 × 10 α decays per gram and 2 to 7005500000000000000 ♠ 5 × 10 Gy of β or γ ) will fall short of the level required to greatly change the properties of glass ( 10 α decays per gram and 10 to 10 Gy of β or γ ) . Also the lava 's rate of dissolution in water is very low ( 10 g cm day ) , suggesting that the lava is unlikely to dissolve in water .
Venus
The first robotic space probe mission to Venus , and the first to any planet , began with the Soviet Venera program in 1961 . The United States ' exploration of Venus had its first success with the Mariner 2 mission on 14 December 1962 , becoming the world 's first successful interplanetary mission , passing 34,833 km ( 21,644 mi ) above the surface of Venus , and gathering data on the planet 's atmosphere . 180
Challenger Deep
On their 1960 descent , the crew of the Trieste noted that the floor consisted of diatomaceous ooze and reported observing `` some type of flatfish '' lying on the seabed .
Dead Sea
Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate .
Agent Orange
The second phase of the project continued to examine and compare dioxin levels in various groups of Vietnam veterans , including Army , Marines and brown water riverboat Navy personnel .
Halley's Comet
Two Space Shuttle missions -- the ill - fated STS - 51 - L ( ended by the Challenger disaster ) and STS - 61 - E -- were scheduled to observe Halley 's Comet from low Earth orbit . STS - 51 - L carried the Shuttle - Pointed Tool for Astronomy ( SPARTAN - 203 ) satellite , also called the Halley 's Comet Experiment Deployable ( HCED ) . STS - 61 - E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986 , carrying the ASTRO - 1 platform to study the comet . Due to the suspension of America 's manned space program after the Challenger explosion , the mission was canceled , and ASTRO - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS - 35 .
Chernobyl disaster
A robot sent into the reactor itself has returned with samples of black , melanin - rich radiotrophic fungi that are growing on the reactor 's walls .
Chernobyl disaster
After six months of investigation , in December 1986 , they discovered with the help of a remote camera an intensely radioactive mass in the basement of Unit Four , more than two metres wide and weighing hundreds of tons , which they called `` the elephant 's foot '' for its wrinkled appearance . The mass was composed of sand , glass and a large amount of nuclear fuel that had escaped from the reactor . The concrete beneath the reactor was steaming hot , and was breached by solidified lava and spectacular unknown crystalline forms termed chernobylite . It was concluded that there was no further risk of explosion .
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
There was a voluntary take - back action for thermometers containing mercury based on the Federal Waste Management Plan 2006 , and carried out in close cooperation between the Austrian Chamber of Pharmacists ( Österreichische Apothekerkammer ) , the Federal Ministry of Environment , a private waste disposer , a producer of electronic thermometers and a pharmaceutical distributor . The disposal company supplied each pharmacy ( approximately 1,200 ) with a collection bin and covered the cost of disposal . The pharmaceutical distributor covered the logistical costs for the distribution of the thermometers . The pharmacies accepted a refund of only 0.50 Euro per thermometer for handling ( which is far below their normal margin ) . The supplier provided the thermometers at a reduced price . The Federal Ministry supported each sold thermometer ( covering about 30 % of the direct costs ) and advertised the project . During the collection period , consumers could bring in a mercury thermometer and buy an electronic thermometer for a subsidised price of 1 Euro . Between October 2007 and January 2008 , about 465,000 electronic thermometers were sold and about one million mercury thermometers ( together containing about 1 tonne of mercury ) were collected .
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
Archaeological surveys have found evidence that Native Americans used the immediate vicinity of Yucca Mountain on a temporary or seasonal basis . Some Native Americans disagree with the conclusions of archaeological investigators that their ancestors were highly mobile groups of hunter - gatherers who occupied the Yucca Mountain area before Euroamericans began using the area for prospecting , surveying , and ranching . They believe that these conclusions overlook traditional accounts of farming that occurred before European contact .
Atmosphere of Venus
A craft called the Venus Mobile Explorer has been proposed by the Venus Exploration Analysis Group ( VEXAG ) to study the composition and isotopic measurements of the surface and the atmosphere , for about 90 days . The mission has not been selected for launch .
Exploration of Mars
Missions that ended prematurely after Phobos 1 & 2 ( 1988 ) include ( see Probing difficulties section for more details ) :
Space Shuttle retirement
NASA also purchased several space modules from Russia including Spektr , Docking Module ( Mir ) , Priroda , and Zarya .
Gulf of Mexico
The Smithsonian Institution Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . In Congressional testimony , Dr. Jonathan Coddington , Associate Director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian 's National Museum of Natural History , provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have made available on an online map . The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service ( renamed the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management , Regulation and Enforcement ) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil / gas explorations . Since 1979 , the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History . See
Manhattan Project
The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project . Through Operation Alsos , Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe , sometimes behind enemy lines , where they gathered nuclear materials and documents , and rounded up German scientists . Despite the Manhattan Project 's tight security , Soviet atomic spies successfully penetrated the program .
Chicxulub crater
Their target depth was 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) below the bottom of the ocean , but they reached an acceptable 1,335 m . Sample preparation and analysis are being performed at Bremen , Germany .
Subhas Chandra Bose
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2015 )
Vedaranyam March
As a result of the Gandhi Irwin Pact -- signed on 4 March 1931 -- the Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and the British , in turn , released all the prisoners . Kamaraj was released on eight days later .
Subhas Chandra Bose
A little later , Bose was again arrested and jailed for civil disobedience ; this time he emerged to become Mayor of Calcutta in 1930 .
Partition of India
Abul Kalam Azad expressed concern over the likelihood of violent riots , to which Mountbatten replied :
Anthony Eden
In 1954 he was appointed to the Order of the Garter and became Sir Anthony Eden .
All-India Muslim League
The partition seems to have been inevitable after all , one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten 's statement on Jinnah : `` There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan . ''
Cornwallis in India
On 7 January 1805 Cornwallis was again appointed to the positions of Governor - General and Commander - in - Chief of India ; after a difficult passage he reached Madras on 19 July , and on 30 July he resumed his duties . William Hickey wrote that Cornwallis had become `` a wreck of what he had been when formerly in Bengal '' , and another aide noted that `` his constitution was less equal to contend against the effects of this climate '' . In spite of declining health and mental faculties , Cornwallis began a trip by boat to visit army outposts northwest of Calcutta . On the journey he wrote to General Gerard Lake , then commanding the forces in the war with the Marathas , insisting that peace be made . However , he never received Lake 's answer . When Cornwallis reached Ghazipur on 27 September , he was too ill to proceed further , and he died there a week later , on 5 October 1805 . He was buried at Ghazipur .
Subhas Chandra Bose
The following words are inscribed on a brass shield in front of the chair .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
And the resolution of 25 June 1946 , in response to the June plan concluded
Cornwallis in India
`` This monument , erected by the British inhabitants of Calcutta , attests their sense of those virtues which will live in the remembrance of grateful millions , long after it shall have mouldered into dust . '' -- Inscription on Cornwallis mausoleum , Ghazipur
Anthony Eden
1897 -- 1916 : Mr Anthony Eden 1916 -- 1923 : Mr Anthony Eden MC 1923 -- 1934 : Mr Anthony Eden MC MP 1934 -- 1954 : The Rt Hon Anthony Eden MC MP 1954 -- 1957 : The Rt Hon Sir Anthony Eden KG MC MP 1957 -- 1961 : The Rt Hon Sir Anthony Eden KG MC 1961 -- 1977 : The Rt Hon The Earl of Avon KG MC PC
Anthony Eden
In a 1967 interview , Eden explained his decision to resign : `` It was not over protocol , Chamberlain 's communicating with Mussolini without telling me . I never cared a goddamn , a tuppence about protocol . The reason for my resignation was that we had an agreement with Mussolini about the Mediterranean and Spain , which he was violating by sending troops to Spain , and Chamberlain wanted to have another agreement . I thought Mussolini should honour the first one before we negotiated for the second . I was trying to fight a delaying action for Britain , and I could not go along with Chamberlain 's policy . ''
Subhas Chandra Bose
In those days , the British in Calcutta often made offensive remarks to the Indians in public places and insulted them openly . This behavior of the British as well as the outbreak of World War I began to influence his thinking .
Anthony Eden
He was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) to Godfrey Locker - Lampson , Under - Secretary at the Home Office ( 17 February 1925 ) ( serving under Home Secretary William Joynson Hicks ) . In July 1925 he went on a second trip to Canada , Australia and India . He wrote articles for The Yorkshire Post ( controlled by his father - in - law Sir Gervase Beckett ) under the pseudonym `` Backbencher '' . In September 1925 he represented the Yorkshire Post at the Imperial Conference at Melbourne .
Vedaranyam March
The following day , shops all over the province remained closed . Despite repeated arrests and the use of brutal force by the police , people continued to make salt at Vedaranyam . The collector , Thorne , who at first had been confident of his ability to prevent the march , was forced to report to his superiors : `` If there ever existed a fervid sense of devotion to the ( British ) Government , it is now the defunct '' . Despite repeated arrests , people continued to make salt and Thorne ordered the police to lathi charge the crowd . Eventually he ordered a `` wholesale '' arrest , which led to 375 people in the district being arrested for protesting against the British . Rukmini Lakshmipathi , who was imprisoned for one year , became the first woman to serve a jail term for participating in the Salt Satyagraha movement . Kamaraj was arrested for exhorting 300 people to volunteer the march and inciting them to prepare salt . Since he did not refute the charges , he was sentenced to two years of rigorous imprisonment . At first , he was sent to the Trichinopoly before being transferred to the Bellary Central Jail .
Cornwallis in India
The difficulties of the military campaigns took a great physical toll on Cornwallis , and he sought to return to England . John Shore , his replacement , did not arrive until March 1793 , and Cornwallis remained until August to assist in the transition . He also oversaw the capture of the French outpost at Pondicherry following the arrival of news that war had again broken out in Europe . On 14 August 1793 , without ceremony , he quietly sailed from Calcutta for Madras , and on 10 October he finally sailed for England on board the Swallow .
Subhas Chandra Bose
On 6 July 1944 , in a speech broadcast by the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore , Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the `` Father of the Nation '' and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting . This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation .
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
George V 's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII , who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson , even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées . Accordingly , Edward announced his intention to abdicate ; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request . Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession , and the Crown went to his brother , George VI . George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II , making morale - boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany . In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India , although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India .
Round Table Conferences (India)
From September 1931 until March 1933 , under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India , Sir Samuel Hoare , the proposed reforms took the form reflected in the Government of India Act 1935 .
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2012 July 7
Fascinating . Winston Dugan , 1st Baron Dugan of Victoria was that governor . Tks , Alan . -- ♬ Jack of Oz ♬ 03 : 37 , 11 July 2012 ( UTC )
Anthony Eden
Eden had grave misgivings about American foreign policy under Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower was concerned , as early as March 1953 , at the escalating costs of defence and the increase of state power which this would bring . Eden was irked by Dulles 's policy of `` brinkmanship '' , or display of muscle , in relations with the Communist world . The success of the 1954 Geneva Conference on Indo - China ranks as the outstanding achievement of his third term in the Foreign Office , although he was critical of the United States decision not to sign the accord . During the summer and fall of 1954 , the Anglo - Egyptian agreement to withdraw all British forces from Egypt was also negotiated and ratified .
Labour Party (UK)
A number of other senior Labour figures also took up senior positions : the trade union leader Ernest Bevin , as Minister of Labour , directed Britain 's wartime economy and allocation of manpower , the veteran Labour statesman Herbert Morrison became Home Secretary , Hugh Dalton was Minister of Economic Warfare and later President of the Board of Trade , while A.V. Alexander resumed the role he had held in the previous Labour Government as First Lord of the Admiralty .
Allies of World War II
British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and ( until 1937 ) Burma / Myanmar , which later became a separate colony .
Bangladesh Liberation War
Khaled Mosharraf ( Commander , K Force ) V.V. Giri ( President of India ) Indira Gandhi ( Prime Minister of India ) Swaran Singh ( External Minister of India ) Gen Sam Manekshaw ( Chief of Army Staff ) Lt. Gen J.S. Arora ( GOC - in - C , Eastern Command ) Lt. Gen Sagat Singh ( GOC - in - C , IV Corps ) Maj. Gen Inderjit Singh Gill ( Dir. , Military Operations ) Maj. Gen Om Malhotra ( COS , IV Corps ) Maj. Gen Farj R. Jacob ( COS , Eastern Command ) Maj. Gen Shabeg Singh ( GOC , Garhwal Rifles / Training MB ) V. Adm Nilakanta Krishnan ( FOC - in - C , Eastern Naval Command ) AM Hari Chand Dewan ( AOC - in - C , Eastern Air Command ) K. Sankaran Nair ( Deputy Director , R&AW ) Abdul Motaleb Malik ( Governor of East Pakistan ) Ghulam Azam ( Chair , Nagorik Shanti Committee ) Motiur Rahman Nizami ( Emir of Jamaat - e-Islami ) Abdul Quader Molla ( Leader , Al - Badr ) Abul Kalam Azad ( Leader , Razakar ) Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry ( Leader , Al - Shams ) Yahya Khan ( President of Pakistan ) Nurul Amin ( Prime Minister of Pakistan ) Gen. A.H. Khan ( Chief of Staff , Army GHQ ) Lt. Gen A.A.K. Niazi ( Commander , Eastern Command ) MGen Rao Farman Ali ( Mil. Adv. , Govt . EPk ) MGen Khadim Hussain ( GOC , 14th Infantry Division ) RAdm Moh 'd Shariff ( Cdr , Eastern Naval Command ) Capt . Ahmad Zamir ( CO , Pakistan Marines East ) Cdr Zafar Muhammad † ( CO , PNS Ghazi ) Air Cdre Inamul Haque ( AOC , Eastern Air Command ) Air Cdre Mitty Masud ( AOC , Eastern Air Cmnd.
Round Table Conferences (India)
The Round Table Conference officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November 12 , 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London and chaired by the British Prime Minister , Ramsay MacDonald .
All-India Muslim League
Following in the 1930s , the idea of a separate nation - state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal 's vision of uniting the four provinces in North - West British India further supported the rationale of two - nation theory . Constitutional struggle of Jinnah and political struggle of founding fathers , the Muslim League played a decisive role in World War II in the 1940s and as the driving force behind the division of India along religious lines and the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in 1947 . The events leading the World War II , the Congress effective protest against the United Kingdom unilaterally involving India in the war without consulting with the Indian people ; the Muslim League went on to support the British war efforts , and later agitated against the Congress with the cry of `` Islam in Danger '' .
Anthony Eden
In opposition between 1929 and 1931 Eden worked as a City broker for Harry Lucas ( a firm eventually absorbed into S.G. Warburg & Co . ) .
Munich Agreement
The British population had expected imminent war and the `` statesman - like gesture '' of Chamberlain was at first greeted with acclaim . Chamberlain was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited on the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had presented the agreement to Parliament . The generally positive reaction quickly soured despite royal patronage . But there was opposition from the start ; Clement Attlee and the Labour Party opposed the agreement , in alliance with two Conservative MPs , Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams who had been seen , up to then as a die hard and reactionary element in the Conservative Party .
Vedaranyam March
As the marchers proceeded towards Tanjore District , its `` astute and energetic '' Collector J.A. Thorne ( ICS ) found ways to prevent them from proceeding further . Using newspapers , leaflets ( printed in Tamil ) , town - criers and press , Thorne informed the would - be hosts that anyone offering food or shelter to the marchers was liable to six - months of imprisonment and fine . When Rajagopalachari came to know about the collector 's order , he said that he could understand the mindset of his own people better than a British ICS officer could and remarked , `` Thorne and thistles can not stem this tide of freedom . '' Panthulu Iyer , an ex-member of the Legislative Council and a resident of Kumbakonam , ignored Thorne 's order and provided accommodation for the marchers for two days and arranged a grand dinner for them at his house . He was arrested and sentenced to six months of imprisonment . A few government servants who welcomed the marchers at Semmangudi lost their jobs .