vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Barn owl
The ashy - faced owl ( T. glaucops ) was for some time included in T. alba , and by some authors its populations from the Lesser Antilles still are . Based on DNA evidence , König , Weick & Becking ( 2009 ) recognised the American Barn Owl ( T. furcata ) and the Curaçao Barn Owl ( T. bargei ) as separate species . They also proposed that T. a . delicatula should be split off as a separate species , to be known as the eastern barn owl , which would include the subspecies T. d. sumbaensis , T. d. meeki , T. d. crassirostris and T. d. interposita . However , the International Ornithological Committee has doubts about this and states that the split of Tyto delicatula from T. alba `` may need to be revisited '' . Some island subspecies are occasionally treated as distinct species , a move which should await further research into barn owl phylogeography . According to Bruce in the Handbook of Birds of the World , Volume 5 : Barn - owls to Hummingbirds , `` a review of the whole group ( is ) long overdue '' . Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA shows a separation of the species into two clades , an Old World alba and a New World furcata , but this study did not include T. a . delicatula which the authors seem to have accepted as a separate species . A high amount of genetic variation was also found between the Indonesian T. a . stertens and other members of the alba clade , leading to the separation of stertens into Tyto javanica .
New World monkey
A Bayesian estimate of the most recent common ancestor of the extant species has a 95 % credible interval of 27 million years ago - 31 million years ago .
Species
Blackberries belong to any of hundreds of microspecies of the Rubus fruticosus species aggregate . The butterfly genus Heliconius contains many similar species . The Hypsiboas calcaratus -- fasciatus species complex contains at least six species of treefrog .
House sparrow
Some variation is seen in the 12 subspecies of house sparrows , which are divided into two groups , the Oriental P. d. indicus group , and the Palaearctic P. d. domesticus group . Birds of the P. d. domesticus group have grey cheeks , while P. d. indicus group birds have white cheeks , as well as bright colouration on the crown , a smaller bill , and a longer black bib . The subspecies P. d. tingitanus differs little from the nominate subspecies , except in the worn breeding plumage of the male , in which the head is speckled with black and underparts are paler . P. d. balearoibericus is slightly paler than the nominate , but darker than P. d. bibilicus . P. d. bibilicus is paler than most subspecies , but has the grey cheeks of P. d. domesticus group birds . The similar P. d. persicus is paler and smaller , and P. d. niloticus is nearly identical but smaller . Of the less widespread P. d. indicus group subspecies , P. d. hyrcanus is larger than P. d. indicus , P. d. hufufae is paler , P. d. bactrianus is larger and paler , and P. d. parkini is larger and darker with more black on the breast than any other subspecies .
Red panda
In 1847 , Hodgson described a red panda under the name Ailurus ochraceus , of which Pocock concluded it represents the same type as Ailurus fulgens , since the description of the two agree very closely . He subordinated both types to the Himalayan red panda subspecies Ailurus fulgens fulgens .
Barn swallow
Six subspecies of barn swallow are generally recognised . In eastern Asia , a number of additional or alternative forms have been proposed , including saturata by Robert Ridgway in 1883 , kamtschatica by Benedykt Dybowski in 1883 , ambigua by Erwin Stresemann and mandschurica by Wilhelm Meise in 1934 . Given the uncertainties over the validity of these forms , this article follows the treatment of Turner and Rose .
House sparrow
In much of Italy , a form apparently intermediate between the house and Spanish sparrows , is known as the Italian sparrow . It resembles a hybrid between the two species , and is in other respects intermediate . Its specific status and origin are the subject of much debate . In the Alps , the Italian sparrow intergrades over a roughly 20 km ( 12 mi ) strip with the house sparrow , but to the south it intergrades over the southern half of Italy and some Mediterranean islands with the Spanish sparrow . On the Mediterranean islands of Malta , Gozo , Crete , Rhodes , and Karpathos , the other apparently intermediate birds are of unknown status .
Bothrops asper
According to Campbell and Lamar ( 2004 ) , its range in Ecuador extends as far south along the Pacific coast as El Oro Province and the Vilcabamba area of the Río Catamayo Valley . This species is reported to occur from seven ( Bolívar , Carchi , Chimborazo , Esmeraldas , Guayas , Los Ríos and Pichincha ) of the fourteen provinces along the Pacific slope of Ecuador . There are even a few records from northern coastal Peru , with these snakes being reported in the Tumbes Region . It is also known from the island of Gorgona off the Pacific coast of Colombia .
Cross River gorilla
This subspecies is populated at the border between Nigeria and Cameroon , in both tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests which are also home to the Nigeria - Cameroon chimpanzee , another subspecies of great ape . The Cross River gorilla is the most western and northern form of gorilla , and is restricted to the forested hills and mountains of the Cameroon - Nigeria border region at the headwaters of the Cross River . It is separated by about 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the nearest population of western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) , and by around 250 km ( 160 mi ) from the gorilla population in the Ebo Forest of Cameroon . Groups of these gorillas concentrate their activities in 11 localities across a 12,000 km ( 4,600 sq mi ) range , though recent field surveys confirmed the presence of gorillas outside of their known localities suggesting a wider distribution within this range . This distribution is corroborated by genetic research , which has found evidence that many Cross River gorilla localities continue to maintain contact through the occasional dispersal of individuals .
Agama (lizard)
Agama aculeata Merrem , 1820 -- ground agama Agama africana ( Hallowell , 1844 ) Agama agama ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) -- red - headed rock agama , common agama , rainbow agama Agama anchietae Bocage , 1896 -- western rock agama , Anchieta 's agama Agama armata W. Peters , 1855 -- tropical spiny agama Agama atra Daudin , 1802 -- southern rock agama Agama bocourti Rochebrune , 1884 -- Bocourt 's agama Agama boensis Monard , 1940 Agama bottegi Boulenger , 1897 -- Somali agama Agama boueti Chabanaud , 1917 -- Mali agama Agama boulengeri Lataste , 1886 -- Boulenger 's agama Agama caudospinosa Meek , 1910 -- Elmenteita rock agama Agama cristata Mocquard , 1905 -- insular agama Agama doriae Boulenger , 1885 -- Nigeria agama Kenyan
Bobcat
This subspecies division has been challenged , given a lack of clear geographic breaks in their ranges and the minor differences between subspecies . The latest revision of cat taxonomy in 2017 , by the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group recognises only two subspecies , based on phylogeographic and genetic studies , although the status of Mexican bobcats ( Lynx rufus esquinapae and Lynx rufus oaxacensis ) remains under review :
Red panda
At various times , it has been placed in the Procyonidae , Ursidae , with Ailuropoda ( giant panda ) in the Ailuropodinae ( until this family was moved into the Ursidae ) , and into its own family , the Ailuridae . This uncertainty comes from difficulty in determining whether certain characteristics of Ailurus are phylogenetically conservative or are derived and convergent with species of similar ecological habits . Red
Barn owl
The barn owl has a wider distribution than any other species of owl . Many subspecies have been proposed over the years but several are generally considered to be intergrades between more distinct populations . Twenty to thirty are usually recognised , varying mainly in body proportions , size and colour . Island forms are mostly smaller than mainland ones , and those inhabiting forests have darker plumage and shorter wings than those occurring in open grasslands . Barn owls range in colour from the almost beige - and - white nominate subspecies , erlangeri and niveicauda , to the nearly black - and - brown contempta .
Agama (lizard)
Agama mucosoensis Hellmich , 1957 -- Mucoso agama Agama mwanzae Loveridge , 1923 -- Mwanza flat - headed rock agama Agama parafricana S. Trape , Mediannikov & J. Trape , 2012 Agama paragama Grandison , 1968 -- false agama Agama persimilis Parker , 1942 -- Somali painted agama , similar agama Agama planiceps W. Peters , 1862 -- Namib rock agama Agama robecchii Boulenger , 1892 -- Robecchi 's agama Agama rueppelli Vaillant , 1882 -- Rüppell 's agama , arboreal agama Agama sankaranica Chabanaud , 1918 -- Senegal agama Agama somalica Wagner , Leaché , Mazuch & Böhme , 2013 Agama spinosa Gray , 1831 -- Lanza 's spiny agama Agama sylvana M. MacDonald , 1981 Agama tassiliensis Geniez , Padial , and Crochet , 2011 Agama turuensis Loveridge , 1932 Agama wagneri S. Trape , Mediannikov & J. Trape , 2012 Agama weidholzi Wettstein , 1932 -- Gambia agama
Evidence of common descent
In 1971 , ten adult specimens of Podarcis sicula ( the Italian wall lizard ) were transported from the Croatian island of Pod Kopište to the island Pod Mrčaru ( about 3.5 km to the east ) . Both islands lie in the Adriatic Sea near Lastovo , where the lizards founded a new bottlenecked population . The two islands have similar size , elevation , microclimate , and a general absence of terrestrial predators and the P. sicula expanded for decades without human interference , even out - competing the ( now locally extinct ) Podarcis melisellensis population .
Camel
The direct ancestor of all modern camels , Procamelus , existed in the upper Miocene and lower Pliocene . Around 3 -- 5 million years ago , the North American Camelidae spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange via the newly formed Isthmus of Panama , where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals , and to Asia via the Bering land bridge . Surprising finds of fossil Paracamelus on Ellesmere Island beginning in 2006 in the high Canadian Arctic indicate the dromedary is descended from a larger , boreal browser whose hump may have evolved as an adaptation in a cold climate . This creature is estimated to have stood around nine feet tall .
Red panda
The two subspecies are A. f. fulgens and A. f. styani . However , the name Ailurus fulgens refulgens is sometimes incorrectly used for A. f. styani . This stems from a lapsus made by Henri Milne - Edwards in his 1874 paper `` Recherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des mammifères comprenant des considérations sur la classification de ces animaux '' , making A. f. refulgens a nomen nudum . The most recent edition of Mammal Species of the World still shows the subspecies as A. f. refulgens . This has been corrected in more recent works , including A guide to the Mammals of China and Handbook of the Mammals of the World , Volume 1 : Carnivores .
Bobcat
Lynx rufus rufus -- east of the Great Plains , North America Lynx rufus fasciatus -- west of the Great Plains , North America
Species
Seven `` species '' of Larus gulls interbreed in a ring around the Arctic Opposite ends of the ring : a herring gull ( Larus argentatus ) ( front ) and a lesser black - backed gull ( Larus fuscus ) A greenish warbler , Phylloscopus trochiloides Presumed evolution of five `` species '' of greenish warblers around Himalayas
Red panda
Fossils of the extinct red panda Parailurus anglicus have been unearthed from China in the east to Britain in the west . In 1977 , a single tooth of Parailurus was discovered in the Pliocene Ringold Formation of Washington . This first North American record is almost identical to European specimens and indicates the immigration of this species from Asia . In 2004 , a tooth from a red panda species never before recorded in North America was discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in Tennessee . The tooth dates from 4.5 -- 7 million years ago . This species , described as Pristinailurus bristoli , indicates that a second , more primitive ailurine lineage inhabited North America during the Miocene . Cladistic analysis suggests that Parailurus and Ailurus are sister taxa . Additional fossils of Pristinailurus bristoli were discovered at the Gray Fossil Site in 2010 and in 2012 . The frequency with which panda fossils are being found at Gray Fossil Site suggests the species played a large role in the overall ecosystem of the area .
Species
Species complexes occur in insects such as Heliconius butterflies , vertebrates such as Hypsiboas treefrogs , and fungi such as the fly agaric .
Bothrops asper
This species is a subspecies of B. atrox and can still often confused be with it .
Red fox
Geok Tepe , Aralsk , Kazakhstan Anatolian fox V. v. anatolica Thomas , 1920 Izmir , Aegean Region , Turkey Arabian fox V. v. arabica Thomas , 1920 Dhofar and the Hajar Mountains , Oman Atlas fox V. v. atlantica Wagner , 1841 Atlas Mountains , Mila Province , Algeria algeriensis ( Loche , 1858 ) Labrador fox V. v. bangsi Merriam , 1900 Similar to V. v. fulva , but with smaller ears and less pronounced black markings on the ears and legs L'Anse au Loup , Strait of Belle Isle , Labrador , Canada Barbary fox V. v. barbara Shaw , 1800 Barbary Coast , northwestern Africa acaab ( Cabrera , 1916 ) Anadyr fox V. v. beringiana Middendorff , 1875 A large subspecies , it is the most brightly coloured of Old World red foxes , the fur being saturated bright - reddish and almost lacking the bright ripple along the back and flanks . The coat is fluffy and soft . Shore of the Bering Strait , north - eastern Siberia anadyrensis ( J.A. Allen , 1903 ) beringensis ( Merriam , 1902 ) kamtschadensis ( Brass , 1911 ) kamtschatica ( Dybowski , 1922 ) schantaricus ( Yudin , 1986 ) Cascade red fox V. v. cascadensis Merriam , 1900 A short tailed , small toothed fox with yellow rather than fulvous fur , it is the most common form producing `` cross '' varieties . Cascade Mountains , Skamania County , Washington , US North Caucasian fox V. v. caucasica Dinnik , 1914 A large subspecies , its coat is variable in colour , ranging from reddish to red - grey and nearly grey . The fur is short and coarse . This form could be a hybrid of mixing V. v. stepensis and V. v. karagan populations . Near Vladikavkaz , Caucasus , Russia European fox V. v. crucigera Bechstein , 1789 A medium - sized subspecies , its yellowish - fulvous or reddish - brown pelt lacks the whitish shading on the upper back .
Desert tortoise
Edwards et al. reported that 35 % of desert tortoises in the Phoenix area are hybrids between either Gopherus agassizii and G. morafkai , or G. morafkai and the Texas tortoise , G. berlandieri . The intentional or accidental release of these tortoises could have dire consequences for wild tortoises .
Agama (lizard)
Nota bene : A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Agama .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
In 1981 , the Grants came across a bird they had never seen before . It was heavier than the other ground finches by more than five grams . They called this bird Big Bird . It had many different characteristics than those of the native finches : a strange call , extra glossy feathers , it could eat both large and small seeds , and could also eat the nectar , pollen , and seeds of the cacti that grow on the island . Big Bird is thought to be a hybrid of the medium - beaked ground finch and the cactus finch . Although hybrids do happen , many of the birds living on the island tend to stick within their own species . Big Bird lived for thirteen years , and his descendants have only mated within themselves for the past thirty years , a total of seven generations .
Quechuan languages
There are significant differences among the varieties of Quechua spoken in the central Peruvian highlands and the peripheral varieties of Ecuador , as well as those of southern Peru and Bolivia . They can be labeled Quechua I ( or Quechua B , central ) and Quechua II ( or Quechua A , peripheral ) . Within the two groups , there are few sharp boundaries , making them dialect continua .
Lion
Results of another phylogeographic study indicate that southeastern Ethiopia , western Somalia and northern Kenya are genetic admixture regions between lions from Central Africa and Southern Africa , and that lions in the northern part of Central Africa are genetically closer to lions in North and West Africa , and those in the southern part of Central Africa closer to lions in Southern Africa .
House sparrow
The genus Passer contains about 25 species , depending on the authority , 26 according to the Handbook of the Birds of the World . Most Passer species are dull - coloured birds with short , square tails and stubby , conical beaks , between 11 and 18 cm ( 4.3 and 7.1 in ) long . Mitochondrial DNA studies suggest that speciation in the genus occurred during the Pleistocene and earlier , while other evidence suggests speciation occurred 25,000 to 15,000 years ago . Within Passer , the house sparrow is part of the `` Palaearctic black - bibbed sparrows '' group and a close relative of the Mediterranean `` willow sparrows '' .
Red panda
The red panda is considered a living fossil and only distantly related to the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) , as it is naturally more closely related to the other members of the superfamily Musteloidea to which it belongs . The common ancestor of both pandas ( which also was an ancestor for all living bears ; pinnipeds like seals and walruses ; and members of the family Musteloidea like weasels and otters ) can be traced back to the Paleogene period tens of millions of years ago , with a wide distribution across Eurasia .
Desert tortoise
The desert tortoises ( Gopherus agassizii and Gopherus morafkai ) are two species of tortoise native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico and the Sinaloan thornscrub of northwestern Mexico . G. agassizii is distributed in western Arizona , southeastern California , southern Nevada , and southwestern Utah . The specific name agassizii is in honor of Swiss - American zoologist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz . Recently , on the basis of DNA , geographic , and behavioral differences between desert tortoises east and west of the Colorado River , it was decided that two species of desert tortoises exist : Agassiz 's desert tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii ) and Morafka 's desert tortoise ( Gopherus morafkai ) . G. morafkai occurs east of the Colorado River in Arizona , as well as in the states of Sonora and Sinaloa , Mexico . This species may be a composite of two species .
Bothrops asper
This is mostly a lowland species that , in Mexico and Central America , occurs from about sea level to 1,200 to 1,300 meters ( 3,900 to 4,300 ft ) altitude . In South America , it apparently ranges to considerably higher elevations : up to 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) in Venezuela and at least 2,640 metres ( 8,660 ft ) in Colombia according to herpetologist Lancini .
Red fox
Arctic fox Kit fox Corsac fox Rüppell 's fox Red fox Cape fox Blanford 's fox Fennec fox Raccoon dog Bat - eared fox
Bobcat
L. rufus rufus ( Schreber ) -- eastern and midwestern United States L. r . gigas ( Bangs ) -- northern New York to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick L. r . floridanus ( Rafinesque ) -- southeastern United States and inland to the Mississippi valley , up to southwestern Missouri and southern Illinois L. r . superiorensis ( Peterson & Downing ) -- western Great Lakes area , including upper Michigan , Wisconsin , southern Ontario , and most of Minnesota L. r . baileyi ( Merriam ) -- southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico L. r . californicus ( Mearns ) -- California west of the Sierra Nevada L. r . mohavensis ( B. Anderson ) -- Mojave Desert of California L. r . escuinapae ( J.A. Allen ) -- central Mexico , with a northern extension along the west coast to southern Sonora L. r . fasciatus ( Rafinesque ) -- Oregon , Washington west of the Cascade Range , northwestern California , and southwestern British Columbia L. r . oaxacensis ( Goodwin ) -- Oaxaca L. r . pallescens ( Merriam ) -- northwestern United States and southern British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan L. r . peninsularis ( Thomas ) -- Baja California L. r . texensis ( Mearns ) -- western Louisiana , Texas , south central Oklahoma , and south into Tamaulipas , Nuevo León , and Coahuila
Evidence of common descent
In the 1990s , scientists returned to Pod Mrčaru and found that the lizards currently occupying Mrčaru differ greatly from those on Kopište . While mitochondrial DNA analyses have verified that P. sicula currently on Mrčaru are genetically very similar to the Kopište source population , the new Mrčaru population of P. sicula was described as having a larger average size , shorter hind limbs , lower maximal sprint speed and altered response to simulated predatory attacks compared to the original Kopište population . These population changes in morphology and behavior were attributed to `` relaxed predation intensity '' and greater protection from vegetation on Mrčaru .
Arctic fox
Arctic fox Kit fox Swift fox Corsac fox Rüppell 's fox Red fox Cape fox Blanford 's fox Fennec fox Raccoon dog Bat - eared fox
Siberia
At least three species of human lived in Southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago : H. sapiens , H. neanderthalensis , and the Denisovans . In 2010 DNA evidence identified the last as a separate species .
Red fox
griffithi Blyth , 1854 Slightly smaller than V. vulpes montana , it has a more extensively hoary and silvered pelt . Kandahar , Afghanistan flavescens ( Hutton , 1845 ) Kodiak fox V. v. harrimani Merriam , 1900 This large subspecies has an enormous tail and coarse , wolf - like fur on the tail and lower back . The hairs on the neck and shoulders are greatly elongated and form a ruff . Kodiak Island , Alaska , US Southern Chinese fox V. v. hoole Swinhoe , 1870 Near Amoy , Fukien , southern China aurantioluteus ( Matschie , 1907 ) lineiventer ( Swinhoe , 1871 ) Sardinian fox V. v. ichnusae Miller , 1907 A small subspecies with proportionately small ears Sarrabus , Sardinia , Italy , may have been introduced to the English Midlands Cyprus fox V. v. indutus Miller , 1907 Cape Pyla , Cyprus Yakutsk fox V. v. jakutensis Ognev , 1923 This subspecies is large , but smaller than V. v. beringiana . The back , neck , and shoulders are brownish rusty , while the flanks are bright ocherous reddish - yellow . Taiga , south of Yakutsk , eastern Siberia sibiricus ( Dybowski , 1922 ) Japanese fox V. v. japonica Ognev , 1923 Japan Karaganka fox V. v. karagan Erxleben , 1777 A smaller subspecies than V. v. vulpes , its fur is short , coarse and is of a light sandy - yellow or yellowish grey colour . Kirghiz Steppes , Khirgizia , Russia ferganensis ( Ognev , 1926 ) melanotus ( Pallas , 1811 ) pamirensis ( Ognev , 1926 ) tarimensis ( Matschie , 1907 ) Kenai Peninsula fox V. v. kenaiensis Merriam , 1900 One of the largest North American subspecies , it has softer fur than V. v. harrimani . Kenai Peninsula , Alaska , US Trans - Caucasian montane fox V. v. kurdistanica Satunin , 1906 A form intermediate in size between V. v.
Arctic fox
Looking at the most recent phylogeny , the Arctic fox diverged from the domesticated dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) at approximately 12MYA . The Arctic fox and the red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) diverged approximately 3.17 MYA . Additionally , the Arctic fox diverged from its sister group , the kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis ) , at about 0.9 MYA .