vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tennessee in the American Civil War
After Nashville was captured ( the first Confederate state capital to fall ) Andrew Johnson , an East Tennessean from Greeneville , was appointed military governor of the state by Lincoln . During this time , the military government abolished slavery ( but with questionable legality ) .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
The Shenandoah , sailing south then east across the Indian Ocean and into the South Pacific , was in Micronesia at the Island of Ponape ( called Ascension Island by Whittle ) at the time of the surrender of Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia to the Union forces on April 9 , 1865 . Waddell had already captured and disposed of thirteen Union merchantmen .
Confederate States of America
In the east , Union forces could not close on Richmond . General McClellan landed his army on the Lower Peninsula of Virginia . Lee subsequently ended that threat from the east , then Union General John Pope attacked overland from the north only to be repulsed at Second Bull Run ( Second Manassas ) . Lee 's strike north was turned back at Antietam MD , then Union Major General Ambrose Burnside 's offensive was disastrously ended at Fredericksburg VA in December . Both armies then turned to winter quarters to recruit and train for the coming spring .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
In the early part of 1865 , Jones was transferred to Tallahassee , soon after Savannah had fallen to Sherman and the Union forces in December 1864 . There , Jones headquartered the District of Florida . On May 10 , at Tallahassee , he surrendered about eight thousand troops to Brigadier General Edward M. McCook . In military action east of the Mississippi River , the city of Tallahassee was the only Confederate state capital not captured during the Civil War .
Confederate States of America
September and November left Confederates yielding Chattanooga , Tennessee , the gateway to the lower south . For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South , resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory . In early 1864 , the Confederacy still controlled 53 % of its population , but it withdrew further to reestablish defensive positions . Union offensives continued with Sherman 's March to the Sea to take Savannah and Grant 's Wilderness Campaign to encircle Richmond and besiege Lee 's army at Petersburg .
Confederate States of America
# City 1860 population 1860 U.S. rank Return to U.S. control 1 . New Orleans , Louisiana 168,675 6 1862 2 . Charleston , South Carolina 40,522 22 1865 3 . Richmond , Virginia 37,910 25 1865 4 . Mobile , Alabama 29,258 27 1865 5 . Memphis , Tennessee 22,623 38 1862 6 . Savannah , Georgia 22,619 41 1864 7 . Petersburg , Virginia 18,266 50 1865 8 . Nashville , Tennessee 16,988 54 1862 9 . Norfolk , Virginia 14,620 61 1862 10 . Augusta , Georgia 12,493 77 1865 11 . Columbus , Georgia 9,621 97 1865 12 . Atlanta , Georgia 9,554 99 1864 13 . Wilmington , North Carolina 9,553 100 1865
History of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania was the target of several raids by the Confederate States Army . J.E.B. Stuart made cavalry raids in 1862 and 1863 ; John Imboden raided in 1863 and John McCausland in 1864 , when his troopers burned the city of Chambersburg . However , easily the most famous and important military engagement in Pennsylvania was the Battle of Gettysburg , which is considered by many historians as the major turning point of the American Civil War . The battle , called `` the high water mark of the Confederacy , '' was a major union victory in Eastern theater of the war , and the Confederacy was generally on the defensive following the battle . Dead from this battle rest at Gettysburg National Cemetery , established at the site of Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address . A number of smaller engagements were also fought in the state during the Gettysburg Campaign , including the battles of Hanover , Carlisle , Hunterstown , and the Fairfield .
Castillo de San Marcos
In January 1861 , Florida seceded from the United States in the opening months of the American Civil War . Union troops had withdrawn from the fort , leaving only one man behind as caretaker . In January 1861 , Florida troops marched on the fort . The Union soldier manning the fort refused to surrender it unless he was given a receipt for it from the Confederacy . He was given the receipt and the fort was taken by the Confederacy without a shot . Most of the artillery in the fort was sent to other forts , leaving only five cannons in the water battery to defend the fort .
Confederate States of America
In Virginia , the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy . Unionists held a Convention in Wheeling in June 1861 , establishing a `` restored government '' with a rump legislature , but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided . In the 50 counties that would make up the state of West Virginia , voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia 's May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession . In the 1860 Presidential election `` Constitutional Democrat '' Breckenridge had outpolled `` Constitutional Unionist '' Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes , 44 % to 42 % . Regardless of scholarly disputes over election procedures and results county by county , altogether they simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict . Representatives for most of the counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war .
History of Arkansas
Support for the Southern cause was great immediately following secession . Many towns sent enthusiastic men with hunting rifles to Little Rock prepared to fight . Citizens across the state thought victory over the lazy Northerners would come swiftly . Some anti-war organizations formed in northwest Arkansas such as the Arkansas Peace Society , but members of these groups were usually arrested and charged with treason or forced to join Confederate ranks . Geographically Arkansas was a very important state during the war , giving the Rebels control of the Mississippi River and tenuous holds on Missouri , Louisiana and Indian Territory to the west . Benjamin McCulloch was ordered to defend north Arkansas and Indian Territory ; however he elected to lead his troops in to Missouri in support of Maj. Gen. Sterling Price 's Missouri State Guard , leading to the Battle of Wilson 's Creek near Springfield , Missouri . This bloody battle shocked many Arkansans who thought the war would be a quick and painless victory for the South .
Border states (American Civil War)
When Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston occupied Bowling Green , Kentucky , in the summer of 1861 , the pro-Confederates in western and central Kentucky moved to establish a Confederate state government in that area . The Russellville Convention met in Logan County on November 18 , 1861 . One hundred and sixteen delegates from sixty - eight counties elected to depose the current government , and create a provisional government loyal to Kentucky 's new unofficial Confederate Governor George W. Johnson . On December 10 , 1861 , Kentucky became the 13th state admitted to the Confederacy . Kentucky , along with Missouri , was a state with representatives in both Congresses , and with regiments in both Union and Confederate armies .
American Civil War
Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy
Tennessee in the American Civil War
The last major battles came when the General John Bell Hood led the Confederates north in November 1864 . He was checked at Franklin , and his army was virtually destroyed by George Thomas 's greatly superior forces at Nashville in December .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized . State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie ( capturing 56 guns ) , Fort Johnson on James Island , and the battery on Morris Island . On December 27 , an assault force of 150 men seized the Union - occupied Castle Pinckney fortification , in the harbor close to downtown Charleston , capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed . On December 30 , the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured , resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia . The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area , including an unusual floating battery , and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal .
History of Arkansas
Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860 when Rector became the first governor from outside the Family . Although Arkansans were leery of Lincoln , they were unsure of Rector 's position with regard to secession . Hindman , Johnson , and Edward Gantt continued to advocate the Southern rights cause along with those loyal to the Family . South Carolina voted to secede in December 1860 , and Hindman called for a secession vote , a move backed by Rector . The governor also forced the surrender of the garrison in Little Rock after rumors of Lincoln reinforcing the outfit . A vote in February 1861 showed Arkansas in favor of a convention on secession but the elected delegates voted to remain in the Union . The convention was close but favored the Union , mirroring the demographics of Arkansas . Northwest Arkansas was mostly pro-Union and had a slight population majority , and the southeast primarily in favor of secession .
Border states (American Civil War)
Bowling Green was occupied by the Confederates until February 1862 , when General Grant moved from Missouri , through Kentucky , along the Tennessee line . Confederate Governor Johnson fled Bowling Green with the Confederate state records , headed south , and joined Confederate forces in Tennessee . After Johnson was killed fighting in the Battle of Shiloh , Richard Hawes was named Confederate governor of Kentucky . Shortly afterwards , the Provisional Confederate States Congress was adjourned on February 17 , 1862 , on the eve of inauguration of a permanent Congress . However , as Union occupation henceforth dominated the state , the Kentucky Confederate government , as of 1863 , existed only on paper . Its representation in the permanent Confederate Congress was minimal . It was dissolved when the Civil War ended in the spring of 1865 .
Jamestown, Virginia
During the Peninsula Campaign , which began later that spring , Union forces under General George B. McClellan moved up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe in an attempt to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond . The Union forces captured Yorktown in April 1862 , and the Battle of Williamsburg was fought the following month . With these developments , Jamestown and the lower James River were abandoned by the Confederates . Some of the forces from Jamestown , and the crew of Virginia , relocated to Drewry 's Bluff , a fortified and strategic position high above the river about 8 miles ( 13 km ) below Richmond . There , they successfully blocked the Union Navy from reaching the Confederate capital .
History of Arkansas
President Lincoln demanded troops be sent , including some Arkansans , to quell the rebellion following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 4 , 1861 . Governor Rector denied the request and ordered troops the state militia to take Fort Smith from federal control . Secession was again put to a vote at the state convention on May 6 . Given the recent events , less than 10 % of the delegates voted to remain in the Union . Chairman David Walker requested another vote in the interest of obtaining a unanimous decision . Only Isaac Murphy cast a ballot against secession for the second vote , officially ending Arkansas 's membership in the Union .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
With no formal surrender , however , Union Major General Winfield S. Hancock offered a reward of $2,000 for Mosby 's capture , later raised to $5,000 . On June 17 , Mosby surrendered to Major General John Gregg in Lynchburg , Virginia .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge
History of Maryland
Since Maryland had remained in the Union during the Civil War , the state was not covered by the Reconstruction Act , as were states of the former Confederacy . After the war , many white Maryland residents struggled to re-establish white supremacy over freedmen and formerly free blacks , and racial tensions rose . There were deep divisions in the state between those who fought for the North and those who fought for the South . Thomas
Confederate States of America
The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the United States Army and United States Navy who had resigned their Federal commissions and had won appointment to senior positions in the Confederate armed forces . Many had served in the Mexican -- American War ( including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis ) , but some such as Leonidas Polk ( who graduated from West Point but did not serve in the Army ) had little or no experience .
Border states (American Civil War)
Jackson , who was pro-Confederate , was disappointed with the outcome . He called up the state militia to their districts for annual training . Jackson had designs on the St. Louis Arsenal , and had been in secret correspondence with Confederate President Jefferson Davis to obtain artillery for the militia in St. Louis . Aware of these developments , Union Captain Nathaniel Lyon struck first , encircling the camp , and forcing the state militia to surrender . While his troops were marching the prisoners to the arsenal , a deadly riot erupted ( the Camp Jackson Affair ) .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
The surrender of between 3000 and 4000 soldiers under Brigadier General William T. Wofford 's command took place at Kingston , Georgia , and was received by Brig. Gen. Henry M. Judah on May 12 , 1865 . There were several letters between the various generals involved in the negotiation of this surrender , including Wofford , Judah , William D. Whipple and Robert S. Granger .
Turning point of the American Civil War
After winning the Battle of Chancellorsville , the Army of Northern Virginia lost Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson to pneumonia following a friendly fire accident . His death was a blow to the morale of the Confederate army , as he was one of its most popular and successful commanders . Two months later , Robert E. Lee had no general with Jackson 's audacity available at the Battle of Gettysburg . Many historians argue that Jackson might have succeeded in seizing key battlefield positions ( such as Culp 's Hill and Cemetery Hill at the end of day one ) that his replacements were unable or unwilling to take . Lee himself shared this belief and is said to have told his subordinate generals on different occasions that they should have acted like Jackson would have .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Lt. Gen . Nathan Bedford Forrest Lt. Gen . Leonidas Polk Lt. Gen . Benjamin F. Cheatham Lt. Gen . Alexander P. Stewart Maj. Gen . William B. Bate Maj. Gen . John C. Brown Sen . Henry S. Foote Gov . Isham G. Harris TN House of Rep. & Brig. Gen . Robert H. Hatton Brigadier General John C. Moore Brigadier General William H. Carroll Brigadier General George Maney Brigadier General Charles M. Shelley Brigadier General William Read Scurry Brigadier General Gideon J. Pillow Brigadier General Robert V. Richardson Brigadier General James A. Smith Brigadier General Preston Smith Brigadier General Thomas B. Smith Brigadier General John C. Vaughn Brigadier General Lucius M. Walker Brigadier General Marcus J. Wright Brigadier General Felix Zollicoffer Brigadier General Joseph B. Palmer Brigadier General William H. Jackson Brigadier General Samuel Benton Brigadier General Henry B. Davidson Brigadier General William P. Hardeman Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch Brigadier General James C. Tappan
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Because it ratified the Fourteenth Amendment , Tennessee was the only state that seceded from the Union that did not have a military governor during Reconstruction . This did not placate those unhappy with the Confederate defeat . Many white Tennesseans resisted efforts to expand suffrage and other civil rights to the freedmen . For generations white Tennesseans had been raised to believe that slavery was justified . Some could not accept that their former slaves were now equal under the law .
Battle of Natural Bridge
Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge Map
Conclusion of the American Civil War
There is a Georgia historical marker in Kingston , Georgia , in Bartow County at the intersection of West Main Street and Church Street to denote where this surrender took place . It further explains that the Confederate soldiers were given rations after their release .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
Thompson requested from Davis two days to work out the details of the surrender with his officers . The Confederates under the command of Thompson agreed to surrender all the troops in the area on May 11 . They picked Wittsburg and Jacksonport , Arkansas , as the sites where Thompson 's five thousand military troops would gather to receive their paroles . Ultimately Thompson surrendered about seventy - five hundred men all total that were under his command consisting of 1,964 enlisted men with 193 officers paroled at Wittsburg in May 1865 and 4,854 enlisted men with 443 officers paroled at Jacksonport on June 6 , 1865 .
First Battle of Bull Run
To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia .
History of Maryland
After John Brown 's raid in 1859 on Harper 's Ferry , Virginia , some citizens in slaveholding areas began forming local militias for defense . Of the 1860 population of 687,000 , about 60,000 men joined the Union and about 25,000 fought for the Confederacy . The political alignments of each group generally reflected their economic interests , with slaveholders and people involved in trade with the South most likely to favor the Confederate cause , and small farmers and merchants outside the major cities and in western Maryland allied with the Union . In the 1860 election , Lincoln received only one vote in Prince George 's County , a center of large plantations .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
In February 1861 , 54 percent of the state 's voters voted against sending delegates to a secession convention , defeating the proposal for a State Convention by a vote of 69,675 to 57,798 . If a State Convention had been held , it would have been very heavily pro-Union . 88,803 votes were cast for Unionist candidates and 22,749 votes were cast for Secession candidates . That day the American flag was displayed in `` every section of the city , '' with zeal equal to that which existed during the late 1860 presidential campaign , wrote the Nashville Daily Gazette . The proponents of the slavocracy were embarrassed , demoralized and politically disoriented but not willing to admit defeat : `` Whatever may be the result of the difficulties which at present agitate our country - whether we are to be united in our common destiny or whether two Republics shall take the place of that which has stood for nearly a century , the admired of all nations we will still bow with reverence to the sight of the stars and stripes , and recognize it as the standard around which the sons of liberty can rally ( ... ) . And if the remonstrances of the people of the South - pleading and begging for redress for years - does not in this critical moment , arouse her brethren of the North to a sense of justice and right , and honor demands a separation , we would still have the same claims upon the ' colors of Washington , great son of the South , and of Virginia , mother of the States . ' Let us not abandon the stars and stripes under which Southern men have so often been led to victory . '' `` On the corner across from the newspaper office , a crowd had gathered around a bagpipe player playing Yankee Doodle , after which ex-mayor John Hugh Smith gave a speech that was received with loud cheers .
Sherman's March to the Sea
At the same time , Slocum 's left wing approached the state capital at Milledgeville , prompting the hasty departure of Governor Joseph Brown and the state legislature . On November 23 , Slocum 's troops captured the city and held a mock legislative session in the capitol building , jokingly voting Georgia back into the Union . Sherman
Tennessee in the American Civil War
Capture of Memphis and Nashville gave the Union control of the Western and Middle sections . Control was confirmed at the battle of Murfreesboro in early January 1863 .
Confederate States of America
The only two `` formal , national , functioning , civilian administrative bodies '' in the Civil War South were the Jefferson Davis administration and the Confederate Congresses . The Confederacy was begun by the Provisional Congress in Convention at Montgomery , Alabama on February 28 , 1861 . It had one vote per state in a unicameral assembly .