vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Atlantic hurricane season
HURDAT was not designed with all of these uses in mind when it was first put together and not all of them may be appropriate given its original motivation . HURDAT contains numerous systematic as well as some random errors in the database . Additionally , analysis techniques have changed over the years at NHC as their understanding of tropical cyclones has developed , leading to biases in the historical database . Another difficulty in applying the hurricane database to studies concerned with landfalling events is the lack of exact location , time and intensity at hurricane landfall .
Long Island Sound
Along with the moderate climate , rare coastline storms can have an important impact on observable vegetation patterns . The greatest storms to hit the Sound in the twentieth century were the 1938 hurricane , the 1955 hurricane , Hurricane Belle in 1976 , Hurricane Gloria in 1985 , and Hurricane Irene in 2011 . After Hurricane Belle , leaves near the coast were badly salt - burned , then turned brown and shriveled . Many trees were downed by the storm , leaving openings in the forest cover , promoting the growth of vines and shrubs .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1930 8,000 $50 million `` Dominican Republic '' Dominican Republic Hurricane of 1930 ( cat 4 ) The fifth deadliest hurricane on record 1931 13 2,502 $7.5 million `` Belize '' Belize Hurricane of 1931 ( cat 4 ) 1932 15 6 3,315 $37 million `` Cuba '' Freeport Texas Hurricane of 1932 ( cat 4 ) Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1932 ( cat 5 ) Hurricane San Ciprián of 1932 ( cat 4 ) Great Cuba Hurricane of 1932 ( cat 5 ) Two Category 5 hurricanes ; one in November ( the latest such on record ) ; four major hurricanes made landfall 1933 20 11 6 651 $86.6 million `` Tampico '' Chesapeake -- Potomac Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 4 ) Great Cuba - Brownsville Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 5 ) Treasure Coast Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 4 ) Outer Banks Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 4 ) Tampico Yucatán Hurricane of 1933 ( cat 5 ) Second most active season on record following very active 1932 season . Two Category 5 hurricanes . Five major hurricanes made landfall 1934 13 7 2,017 $4.26 million Thirteen 1935 8 5 2,604 $12.5 million `` Labor Day '' Great Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 ( cat 5 ) Cuba Hurricane of 1935 ( cat 4 ) The Labor Day hurricane is most intense landfalling tropical cyclone in the Atlantic known to date 1936 17 7 5 $1.23 million Thirteen Very active season with no major landfalling hurricanes 1937 11 0 Unknown Six 1938 9 ~ 700 $290.3 million `` New England '' Long Island Express Hurricane ( cat 5 ) Earliest starting season on record ( January 3 ) . Long Island express made landfall as a fast moving category 3 . 1939 6 5 Unknown Five
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes Intensity is measured solely by central pressure Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure `` Labor Day '' 1935 892 mbar ( hPa ) Gilbert 1988 900 mbar ( hPa ) Camille 1969 Dean 2007 905 mbar ( hPa ) 5 `` Cuba '' 1924 910 mbar ( hPa ) 6 Janet 1955 914 mbar ( hPa ) Irma 2017 8 Maria 2017 917 mbar ( hPa ) 9 `` Cuba '' 1932 918 mbar ( hPa ) 10 Katrina 2005 920 mbar ( hPa ) Sources : Atlantic Hurricane Best Track Data Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones National Hurricane Center
Key West, Florida
The most intense previous hurricane was Hurricane Georges , a Category 2 , in September 1998 . The storm damaged many of the houseboats along `` Houseboat Row '' on South Roosevelt Boulevard near Cow Key channel on the east side of the island .
Hurricane Irma
On Grand Bahama and Bimini , where tornadoes associated with Irma touched down on September 10 , more than 100 people were left displaced . Infrastructure damage included docks , parks , and the power system .
Atlantic hurricane season
Year Map Number of tropical storms Number of hurricanes Number of major hurricanes Deaths Damage USD Strongest storm Major landfall hurricanes Notes 1940 9 6 0 101 $4.7 million Four 1941 6 63 $10 million `` Florida '' Texas Hurricane of 1941 ( cat 3 ) Nicaraqua Hurricane of 1941 ( cat 4 ) Florida Hurricane of 1941 ( cat 3 ) 3 major hurricanes made landfall this year 1942 11 17 $30.6 million Three Matagorda Texas Hurricane of 1942 ( cat 3 ) 1943 10 5 19 $17.2 million Three First year of Hurricane Hunters 1944 14 8 1,153 $202 million `` Great Atlantic '' Great Atlantic Hurricane of 1944 ( cat 4 ) Cuba - Florida Hurricane of 1944 ( cat 4 ) Atlantic hurricane only category 2 at landfall 1945 11 5 80 $80 million `` Southeast Florida '' Texas Hurricane of 1945 ( cat 3 ) Homestead Florida Hurricane of 1945 ( cat 4 ) 1946 7 0 5 $5.2 million Four 1947 10 5 94 $145.3 million `` Fort Lauderdale '' Fort Lauderdale Hurricane of 1947 ( George ) ( cat 4 ) Cape Sable Hurricane of 1947 ( King ) ( cat 2 ) First year of Atlantic tropical cyclone naming . 1948 10 6 94 $30.9 million `` Florida '' Florida Hurricane of 1948 ( Easy ) ( cat 4 ) Miami Hurricane of 1948 ( Fox ) ( cat 3 ) 1949 16 7 $58.2 million `` Florida '' Florida Hurricane of 1949 ( cat 4 ) Texas Hurricane of 1949 ( cat 2 )
Hurricane Harvey
Warmer air can hold more water vapour , in accordance with the Clausius -- Clapeyron relation , and there has been a global increase of daily rainfall records . Regional sea surface temperatures around Houston have risen around 0.5 ° C ( 0.9 ° F ) in recent decades , which caused a 3 -- 5 % increase in moisture in the atmosphere . This had the effect of allowing Harvey to strengthen more than expected . The water temperature of the Gulf of Mexico was above average for this time of the year , and likely to be a factor in Harvey 's impact . Within a week of Harvey Hurricane Irma formed due to the same unusually warm sea - water . Some scientists fear this may be becoming a ' new normal ' . Also higher sea - water temperatures can make hurricanes more devastating .
Hurricane Katrina
Before striking South Florida , Katrina traversed the Bahamas as a tropical storm . However , minimal impact was reported , with only `` fresh breezes '' on various islands .
Hurricane Irma
In Antigua and Barbuda , residents safeguarded their homes and cleaned up their properties in anticipation of strong winds . Emergency crews were put on standby at public shelters and hospitals by September 5 to assist with any evacuations . Expecting a direct hit , more than half of the residents on Barbuda took shelter , and relief supplies were preemptively mobilized .
Geography of Florida
Florida was the site of the second costliest weather disaster in U.S. history , Hurricane Andrew , which caused more than US $25 billion in damage when it struck on August 24 , 1992 . In a long list of other infamous hurricane strikes are the 1926 Miami hurricane , the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane , the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , Hurricane Donna in 1960 , and Hurricane Opal in 1995 . A 2005 US government report suggests the storms are part of a natural cycle and not a result of global warming , but that report has been criticized as having been politicized .
Florida Keys
The Keys are occasionally threatened by tropical storms and hurricanes , leading to evacuations to the mainland . Hurricane Georges , after tearing up much of the Caribbean , caused damage and extensive flooding in the Lower Keys in 1998 , before making landfall in Mississippi . In 2005 , Hurricanes Katrina , Rita and Wilma affected the Keys ( although none made a direct hit ) , causing widespread damage and flooding . The most severe hurricane to hit the area was the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , a Category 5 hurricane .
Hurricane Irma
On September 8 , Minister of Infrastructure Goldray Ewing confirmed that damage to Providenciales was extensive , with the northwestern neighborhood of Blue Hill being `` gone '' . The hospital in the capital , Cockburn Town , was damaged , but no deaths or injuries have been reported as of yet . On South Caicos , 75 % of roofs were lost . Total damage is unknown , but believed to exceed the $231 million toll of Hurricane Ike in 2008 .
Hurricane Katrina
As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast , it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours . Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans , there were a few measurements of hurricane - force winds . From this the NHC concluded that it is likely that much of the city experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
Strong winds from Isaac 's remnants blew down power poles in Arkansas County , amounting to $4,000 in damages . Strong winds also felled numerous trees . Fallen tree branches were also responsible for taking down power lines . Downed power lines and other electrical issues caused by Isaac resulted in a power outage for more than 20,000 electricity customers in Arkansas .
Hurricane Irma
Following Irma 's passage , a 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) hand - carved wooden canoe was discovered on the banks of the Indian River and could be several hundred years old . The state has removed the canoe for examination and safe keeping .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Strongest U.S. landfalling hurricanes * † Rank Hurricane Season Wind speed Mph Km / h `` Labor Day '' 1935 185 295 Camille 1969 175 280 Andrew 1992 165 265 `` Last Island '' 1856 150 240 `` Indianola '' 1886 150 240 `` Florida Keys '' 1919 150 240 `` Freeport '' 1932 150 240 Charley 150 240 5 `` Great Miami '' 1926 145 230 `` Okeechobee '' 1928 145 230 Source : HURDAT , Hurricane Research Division * List refers to hurricanes that struck the lower 48 states , excluding U.S. territories elsewhere . † Strength refers to maximum sustained wind speed upon striking land .
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina was an extremely destructive and deadly tropical cyclone that was one of the costliest natural disasters and one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States . As Katrina made landfall , its front right quadrant , which held the strongest winds , slammed into Gulfport , Mississippi , devastating it .
Hurricane Katrina
The Gulf coast of Mississippi suffered massive damage from the impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29 , leaving 238 people dead , 67 missing , and billions of dollars in damage : bridges , barges , boats , piers , houses and cars were washed inland . Katrina traveled up the entire state , and afterwards , all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance , 47 for full assistance .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
... the blame for the loss of life can be placed on `` Inefficiency , Indifference , and Ignorance . '' Inefficiency in the setup of the camps . Indifference of someone in charge as to the safety of the men . Ignorance of the real danger from a tropical hurricane . And these `` I 's '' can be added together and they spell `` Murder at Matacombe '' ( sic ) .
Hurricane Irma
In the Dominican Republic , the fishing community of Nagua sustained damage from waves that destroyed homes . 55,000 soldiers were deployed to affected areas to help with the clean - up efforts . By the evening of September 7 , the government had counted 2,721 damaged homes .
Hurricane Hugo
The slower speed allowed Hugo to punish the island of St. Croix with the worst beating of any location along the hurricane 's destructive path . At 2 am local time on September 18 , Hugo 's eyewall struck St. Croix , bringing Category 4 winds , sustained at 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) . The hurricane 's gusts were remarkably violent , and many residents witnessed tornado - like vortices barreling across the island as the hurricane raged about them . A storm surge of 2 -- 3 ft ( 0.61 -- 0.91 m ) , topped by battering waves 20 -- 23 ft ( 6.1 -- 7.0 m ) high , assaulted the coast , adding to the destruction . Two people were killed on St. Croix , 80 injured , and 90 % of the buildings were damaged or destroyed . Damage estimates for St. Croix were astronomical , over $1 billion , and the island 's entire infrastructure was virtually wiped out . Six weeks after the hurricane , only 25 % of the public roads had been cleared , and only 25 % of the island had power . ''
Hurricane Harvey
An estimated 25 -- 30 percent of Harris County -- roughly 444 mi ( 1,150 km ) of land -- was submerged . Play
Hurricane Hugo
In all , 12 deaths in Puerto Rico are attributed to Hugo , six of which occurred in the southern city of Guayama where some residents were electrocuted by downed power lines . Nearly 28,000 people were left homeless by the storm as damages exceeded $1 billion .
Hurricane Irma
While Irma was making landfall in Florida , the ocean surrounding the Bahamas was drawn away by Irma .
Hurricane Katrina
By Sunday , August 28 , most infrastructure along the Gulf Coast had been shut down , including all freight and Amtrak rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station . Louisiana
Tropical cyclone
P.J. Webster and others published in 2005 an article in Science examining the `` changes in tropical cyclone number , duration , and intensity '' over the past 35 years , the period when satellite data has been available . Their main finding was although the number of cyclones decreased throughout the planet excluding the north Atlantic Ocean , there was a great increase in the number and proportion of very strong cyclones .
Hurricane Irma
Hurricane Irma 's path was such that its impact was both far - reaching and devastating , with landfalls in Antigua and Barbuda , Saint Martin , the Bahamas , Cuba , and the United States , all at major hurricane intensity . Furthermore , the size of the storm system meant that destruction was prevalent even in territories well removed from landfall occurrences .
Hurricane Katrina
Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama . About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order . National
Hurricane Hugo
Extensive relief aid was provided throughout by the Salvation Army , the Red Cross , and various churches .
Hurricane Irma
Hurricane Irma was an extremely powerful and catastrophic Cape Verde hurricane , the strongest observed in the Atlantic in terms of maximum sustained winds since Wilma , and the strongest storm on record to exist in the open Atlantic region . Irma was the first Category 5 hurricane to strike the Leeward Islands on record , followed by Hurricane Maria two weeks later , and is the second - costliest Caribbean hurricane on record , after Maria . The ninth named storm , fourth hurricane , second major hurricane , and first Category 5 hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Irma caused widespread and catastrophic damage throughout its long lifetime , particularly in the northeastern Caribbean and the Florida Keys . It was also the most intense hurricane to strike the continental United States since Katrina in 2005 , the first major hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Wilma in the same year , and the first Category 4 hurricane to strike the state since Charley in 2004 .
Hurricane Irma
The weather station at Esmeralda , Camagüey was damaged , with the wind gauge destroyed . According to The New York Times , northern Cuba experienced `` waves more than 16 feet high , and damage to hospitals , factories and warehouses . ''
Hurricane Hugo
Damage in Puerto Rico was severe , especially in the eastern part of the island . Naval Station Roosevelt Roads had heavy damage , to include loss of control tower capability for the airfield , necessitating employment of a temporary control tower during recovery efforts . The agricultural sector was devastated , with the banana and coffee crops being almost completely wiped out . Heavy rains caused severe flooding in the vicinity of San Juan ; in addition , several roads and bridges were washed away .
Hurricane Katrina
In addition , the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita was the destruction of an estimated 562 square kilometres ( 217 sq mi ) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana . New
Hurricane Katrina
This hurricane was the costliest US disaster until 2017 , when Hurricane Harvey hit the United States Gulf Coast . It was the eleventh named storm , the fifth hurricane , and the third major hurricane of the record - breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season .
Hurricane Irma
Though the core of the hurricane was expected to remain north of the island , a yellow alert was issued for Martinique due to the likelihood of rough seas . The island dispatched relief supplies and military reinforcements to its neighboring islands of Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy , which faced a greater risk of a direct impact . The National Emergency Management Organization on Saint Lucia urged small craft operators and swimmers to be mindful of forecasts for high surf . Small Craft Warnings and High Surf Advisories were hoisted for Dominica , where residents were urged to remain vigilant of the potential for high waves , landslides , and flooding .
Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
Katrina lasted six hours on land over the water - laden Everglades , losing the hurricane strength before reaching the Gulf of Mexico just north of Cape Sable .
Hurricane Hugo
Hugo was the strongest storm to impact Guadeloupe since Hurricane Cleo ( 1964 ) , and the worst storm since Hurricane Inez ( 1966 ) . In addition it was the strongest hurricane to hit the island since the legendary 1899 , the longest - lived Atlantic hurricane of all time and the 1928 storm . Montserrat
History of Puerto Rico
Disaster struck in August 1899 , when two hurricanes ravaged the island : the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane on August 8 , and an unnamed hurricane on August 22 . Approximately 3,400 people died in the floods and thousands were left without shelter , food , or work . The effects on the economy were devastating : millions of dollars were lost due to the destruction of the majority of the sugar and coffee plantations .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Although the Congressional Record gives a report of 485 victims of the hurricane ( 257 veterans and 259 civilians ) the Record also breaks down 694 World War I veterans by name and their status as : Survived :
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
Authorities estimated at least 30,000 residents were evacuated across the island of Hispaniola . Haiti
Hurricane Harvey
Athletic events were rescheduled as far away as Kentucky , where the storm 's remnants were expected to cause heavy rains on September 1 , interfering with Friday night high school football . More than 50 high schools in the state moved games that had been scheduled for Friday to either Thursday or Saturday .
Hurricane Katrina
Jupiter , Florida , and Lake Okeechobee Tropical Storm Warning Florida Keys including Florida Bay and Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Florida City to Longboat Key and all the Florida Keys and Florida Bay 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Watch discontinued All Tropical Storm Warning discontinued Florida City to Longboat Key , Florida August 27 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Longboat Key , Florida 15 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Dry Tortugas to Key West , Florida Hurricane Watch Morgan City to Pearl River , Louisiana 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warnings discontinued All Hurricane Watch Intracoastal City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border August 28 03 : 00 UTC Hurricane Warning Morgan City , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border , including Lake Pontchartrain Tropical Storm Warning Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida Tropical Storm Warning Intracoastal City to Morgan City , Louisiana Hurricane Watch Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida 09 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Destin to Indian Pass , Florida , and Intracoastal City to Cameron , Louisiana August 29 15 : 00 UTC Hurricane Watches discontinued All 21 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning Pearl River , Louisiana , to Florida - Alabama border Tropical Storm and Hurricane Warning discontinued Cameron to Pearl River , Louisiana , and Florida - Alabama border to Destin , Florida August 30 03 : 00 UTC Tropical Storm Warning discontinued All
Hurricane Irma
In the U.S. Virgin Islands , residents and tourists alike were described as being in a state of traumatic shock . By September 7 , the USS Wasp amphibious assault ship had arrived in the U.S. Virgin Islands to provide supplies , damage assessment , and evacuation assistance . Four additional warships , some of which had already been on their way to Texas to assist with Hurricane Harvey relief , were redirected to the region . The National Guard was delayed in reaching Saint John due to the number of overturned boats left in the harbor .
Hurricane Isaac (2012)
Tropical storm - force sustained winds , with gusts well over hurricane strength , knocked out power to hundreds of thousands , and heavy rain led to flooding . Many dams along the coast were briefly over-topped , though they did not break completely and were later pumped to prevent failure . Gusts near hurricane intensity and heavy rain also led to widespread power outages in the neighboring state of Mississippi , and parts of Alabama recorded nearly 1 ft ( 0.3 m ) of rain . As an extratropical cyclone , Isaac produced torrential rains across Arkansas , flooding numerous streets and homes , and damaging many crops across the region . Strong winds felled downed lines and trees . Overall , Isaac caused $3.11 billion ( 2012 USD ) in damage and led to 41 fatalities . Despite the damage , the name was not retired .
Hurricane Gloria
In Massachusetts , the hurricane moved from Connecticut through the Springfield area . There was a small F1 tornado in Middlesex County that damaged trees . High winds knocked over thousands of trees , and about 500,000 people statewide lost power . Heavy rainfall caused stream flooding , although the heaviest damage was from the winds . The hurricane destroyed a radio tower in Framingham and damaged hundreds of homes in the eastern portion of the state . Along the coast , the storm tide caused minor coastal flooding and damaged hundreds of boats . Across Massachusetts , damage was estimated at $61 million , including $6 million from crop damage .
Charles City, Iowa
Many people around the region remember Charles City as the site of a devastating F5 tornado that ripped through town on May 15 , 1968 , leaving 13 dead , hundreds injured , and massive destruction in its wake . One of the largest twisters ever recorded in the state , the storm destroyed much of the downtown -- 256 businesses and 1,250 homes . Damage estimates of more than $20 million only told part of the story ; the cost in human suffering was much greater than that .
Geography of Illinois
Most of the state has four distinct seasons . The southernmost part of the state is heavily forested and the trees are noted for having beautiful fall colors .
Charles City, Iowa
In the summer of 1858 ( possibly July 21 ) while still a village called St. Charles a `` Terrific Tornado '' was recorded . Although there was 16 deaths , 13 in Charles city the property value of buildings destroyed was into the thousands of dollars ( 1858 dollars ) , and the loss of crops was `` must be beyond competation '' according to the newspaper account .