vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
First Transcontinental Railroad
The original emigrant route across Wyoming of the Oregon , Mormon and California Trails , after progressing up the Platte River valley , went up the North Platte River valley through Casper , Wyoming , along the Sweetwater River and over the Continental Divide at 7,412 feet ( 2,259 m ) South Pass . The original westward travellers in their ox and mule pulled wagons tried to stick to river valleys to avoid as much road building as possible -- gradients and sharp corners were usually of little or no concern to them . The ox and mule pulled wagons were the original off - road vehicles in their day , since nearly all of the Emigrant Trails went cross country over rough , un-improved trails . The route over South Pass 's main advantage for wagons pulled by oxen or mules was a shorter elevation over an `` easy '' pass to cross and its `` easy '' connection to nearby river valleys on both sides of the continental divide for water and grass . The emigrant trails were closed in winter . The North Platte / South Pass route was far less beneficial for a railroad , as it was about 150 miles ( 240 km ) longer and much more expensive to construct up the narrow , steep and rocky canyons of the North Platte . The route along the North Platte was also further from Denver , Colorado , and went across difficult terrain , while a railroad connection to that City was already being planned for and surveyed .
Southwestern United States
The fourth subregion Meinig calls the `` Northern Corridor and Navajolands '' . A major highway and railway trunk which connects Albuquerque and Flagstaff . Just north of the transportation trunk are large blocks of American Indian land .
Grand Canyon
Also in 1857 , the U.S. War Department asked Lieutenant Joseph Ives to lead an expedition to assess the feasibility of an up - river navigation from the Gulf of California . Also in a stern wheeler steamboat Explorer , after two months and 350 miles ( 560 km ) of difficult navigation , his party reached Black Canyon some two months after George Johnson . The Explorer struck a rock and was abandoned . Ives led his party east into the canyon -- they may have been the first Europeans to travel the Diamond Creek drainage and traveled eastwards along the south rim . In his `` Colorado River of the West '' report to the Senate in 1861 he states that `` One or two trappers profess to have seen the canyon . '' Noon
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles ( 4,698 km ) of coastline , thus a large part of its territory lay on the seacoast with level and often sandy or marshy ground . Most of the interior portion consisted of arable farmland , though much was also hilly and mountainous , and the far western territories were deserts . The lower reaches of the Mississippi River bisected the country , with the western half often referred to as the Trans - Mississippi . The highest point ( excluding Arizona and New Mexico ) was Guadalupe Peak in Texas at 8,750 feet ( 2,670 m ) . Map
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
At Harahey `` was a river , with more water and more inhabitants than the other '' . This sounds as if Vázquez de Coronado may have reached the Smoky Hill River near Salina or Abilene . It is a larger river than either Cow Creek or the Little Arkansas and is located at roughly the 25 league distance from Lyons that Vázquez de Coronado said he traveled in Quivira . The people of Harahey seem Caddoan , because `` it was the same sort of a place , with settlements like these , and of about the same size '' as Quivira . They were probably the ancestors of the Pawnee .
Black Hills
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Souris River
Most of the annual flow of the Souris River comes from snow melt and spring rains . The annual flow volume varies dramatically from 3,400 acre feet ( 4,200,000 m ) in 1937 to 2,100,000 acre feet ( 2.59 km ) in 1976 . It is expected that the total runoff for 2011 at Wawanesa will exceed 3,800,000 acre feet ( 4.69 km ) about a one in 500 year event . The average annual runoff is equivalent to 3 mm over the entire Souris River watershed .
Great Basin
The Great Basin Desert is defined by plant and animal communities , and , according to the National Park Service , its boundaries approximate the hydrographic Great Basin , but exclude the southern `` panhandle '' .
Great Basin
The Great Basin includes valleys , basins , lakes and mountain ranges of the Basin and Range Province . Geographic features near the Great Basin include the Continental Divide of the Americas , the Great Divide Basin , and the Gulf of California . Map
Amazon River
From 1648 to 1652 , Portuguese Brazilian bandeirante António Raposo Tavares led an expedition from São Paulo overland to the mouth of the Amazon , investigating many of its tributaries , including the Rio Negro , and covering a distance of more than 10,000 km ( 6,214 mi ) .
Amazon River
In the 1960s , economic exploitation of the Amazon basin was seen as a way to fuel the `` economic miracle '' occurring at the time . This resulted in the development of `` Operation Amazon '' , an economic development project that brought large scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia . This was done through a combination of credit and fiscal incentives .
Amazon River
However , in the 1970s the government took a new approach with the National Integration Programme . A large - scale colonisation programme saw families from northeastern Brazil relocated to the `` land without people '' in the Amazon Basin . This was done in conjunction with infrastructure projects mainly the Trans - Amazonian Highway ( Transamazônica ) .
Four continents
And the iconic image of America ( illustration , below left ) shows a Native American maiden in a feathered headdress , with bow and arrow . Perhaps she represents a fabled Amazon from the river that already carried the name .
Amazon River
Early scientific , zoological and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin took place from the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century .
Amazon River
The depth of the Amazon between Manacapuru and Óbidos has been calculated as between 20 to 26 metres ( 66 to 85 ft ) . At Manacapuru , the Amazon 's water level is only about 24 metres ( 79 ft ) above mean sea level . More than half of the water in the Amazon downstream of Manacapuru is below sea level . In its lowermost section , the Amazon 's depth averages 20 to 50 metres ( 66 to 164 ft ) , in some places as much as 100 metres ( 330 ft ) .
Amazon rainforest
Amazon rainforest Forest Amazon rainforest , near Manaus , Brazil . Countries Brazil , Peru , Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , Bolivia , Guyana , Suriname , France ( French Guiana ) Part of South America River Amazon River Area 5,500,000 km ( 2,123,562 sq mi ) Map of the Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF . Yellow line approximately encloses the Amazon drainage basin . National boundaries shown in black . Satellite image from NASA .
Amazon River
Many settlements grew along the road from Brasília to Belém with the highway and National Integration Programme however the programme failed as the settlers were unequipped to live in the delicate rainforest ecosystem . This , although the government believed it could sustain millions , instead could sustain very few .
Amazon rainforest
Wet tropical forests are the most species - rich biome , and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia . As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas , the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity . One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest . This constitutes the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world .
Amazon River
The total population of the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin in 1850 was perhaps 300,000 , of whom about two - thirds were Europeans and slaves , the slaves amounting to about 25,000 . The Brazilian Amazon 's principal commercial city , Pará ( now Belém ) , had from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants , including slaves . The town of Manáos , now Manaus , at the mouth of the Rio Negro , had a population between 1,000 and 1,500 . All the remaining villages , as far up as Tabatinga , on the Brazilian frontier of Peru , were relatively small .
Amazon River
There is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the Amazon River were home to complex and large - scale indigenous societies , mainly chiefdoms who developed large towns and cities . Archaeologists estimate that by the time the Spanish conquistador De Orellana travelled across the Amazon in 1541 , more than 3 million indigenous people lived around the Amazon . These pre-Columbian settlements created highly developed civilisations . For instance , pre-Columbian indigenous people on the island of Marajó may have developed social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people . In order to achieve this level of development , the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest 's ecology by selective cultivation and the use of fire . Scientists argue that by burning areas of the forest repetitiously , the indigenous people caused the soil to become richer in nutrients . This created dark soil areas known as terra preta de índio ( `` indian dark earth '' ) . Because of the terra preta , indigenous communities were able to make land fertile and thus sustainable for the large - scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complex social structures . Further research has hypothesised that this practice began around 11,000 years ago . Some say that its effects on forest ecology and regional climate explain the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall through the Amazon basin .
Amazon River
Wary of foreign exploitation of the nation 's resources , Brazilian governments in the 1940s set out to develop the interior , away from the seaboard where foreigners owned large tracts of land . The original architect of this expansion was president Getúlio Vargas , with the demand for rubber from the Allied forces in World War II providing funding for the drive .
Río de la Plata
The Río de la Plata is a habitat for the loggerhead sea turtle , green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , the rare La Plata dolphin , and many species of fish .
Amazon River
On 31 July 1867 the government of Brazil , constantly pressed by the maritime powers and by the countries encircling the upper Amazon basin , especially Peru , decreed the opening of the Amazon to all countries , but they limited this to certain defined points : Tabatinga -- on the Amazon ; Cametá -- on the Tocantins ; Santarém -- on the Tapajós ; Borba -- on the Madeira , and Manaus -- on the Rio Negro . The Brazilian decree took effect on 7 September 1867 .
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico Bathymetry of the Gulf of Mexico Location American Mediterranean Sea Coordinates 25 ° N 90 ° W ﻿ / ﻿ 25 ° N 90 ° W ﻿ / 25 ; - 90 ﻿ ( Gulf of Mexico ) Coordinates : 25 ° N 90 ° W ﻿ / ﻿ 25 ° N 90 ° W ﻿ / 25 ; - 90 ﻿ ( Gulf of Mexico ) River sources Rio Grande , Mississippi River Ocean / sea sources Atlantic Ocean , Caribbean Sea Basin countries United States Mexico Cuba Max . width 1,500 km ( 932.06 mi ) Surface area 1,550,000 km ( 600,000 sq mi ) Settlements Houston , New Orleans , Tampa , Havana , Campeche , Mobile , Gulfport , Tampico , Key West Galveston
Amazon River
The Trans - Amazonian Highway 's three pioneering highways were completed within ten years but never fulfilled their promise . Large portions of the Trans - Amazonian and its accessory roads , such as BR - 319 ( Manaus - Porto Velho ) , are derelict and impassable in the rainy season . Small towns and villages are scattered across the forest , and because its vegetation is so dense , some remote areas are still unexplored .
Amazon rainforest
The Amazon rainforest ( Portuguese : Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia ; Spanish : Selva Amazónica , Amazonía or usually Amazonia ; French : Forêt amazonienne ; Dutch : Amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America . This basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . This region includes territory belonging to nine nations . The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by Peru with 13 % , Colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in Venezuela , Ecuador , Bolivia , Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana . States or departments in four nations contain `` Amazonas '' in their names . The Amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
North America
The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico .
North America
North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 , 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $21.2 trillion ( 2016 , 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $24.4 trillion ( 2016 , 3rd ) GDP per capita $41,830 ( 2016 , 1st ) Demonym North American Countries 23 Dependencies 22 ( see list of countries ) Largest cities Largest urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia
Mississippi River
French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi in the 17th century . Marquette traveled with a Sioux Indian who named it Ne Tongo ( `` Big river '' in Sioux language ) in 1673 . Marquette proposed calling it the River of the Immaculate Conception .
Mississippi River
Metro Area Population Minneapolis - Saint Paul 3,615,901 St. Louis 2,916,447 Memphis 1,316,100 New Orleans 1,214,932 Baton Rouge 802,484 Quad Cities , IA - IL 382,630 St. Cloud , MN 189,148 La Crosse , WI 133,365 Cape Girardeau -- Jackson MO - IL 96,275 Dubuque , IA 93,653 In
Mississippi River
In 1682 , René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle and Henri de Tonti claimed the entire Mississippi River Valley for France , calling the river Colbert River after Jean - Baptiste Colbert and the region La Louisiane , for King Louis XIV . On March 2 , 1699 , Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville rediscovered the mouth of the Mississippi , following the death of La Salle . The French built the small fort of La Balise there to control passage .
River Thames
The river 's name has always been pronounced with a simple t / t / ; the Middle English spelling was typically Temese and the Brittonic form Tamesis . A similar spelling from 1210 , `` Tamisiam '' , is found in the Magna Carta .
Delaware River
A number of oil spills have taken place in the Delaware over the years .
Indus River
The word `` India '' is derived from the Indus River . In ancient times , `` India '' initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus , but by 300 BC , Greek writers including Herodotus and Megasthenes were applying the term to the entire subcontinent that extends much farther eastward .
Great Lakes region
According to the Brookings Institution , if it stood alone as a country , the Great Lakes economy would be one of the largest economic units on Earth ( with a $4.5 - trillion gross regional product ) . This region also contains what area urban planners call the Great Lakes Megalopolis , which has an estimated 59 million people . Chicago is emerging as the third megacity in the United States , after the New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas , with a metro population approaching ten million . Cities along the Great Lakes have access to the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence Seaway , making them international ports .
Latin America
Latin America Area 19,197,000 km ( 7,412,000 sq mi ) Population 639,048,639 ( 2016 est . ) Population density 31 / km ( 80 / sq mi ) Demonym Latin American Countries 20 Dependencies 13 Languages Mainly : Spanish , Portuguese and French Others : Quechua , Mayan languages , Guaraní , Aymara , Nahuatl , Italian , German , English , Dutch , Polish , Ukrainian , Welsh , Yiddish , Chinese , Japanese Time zones UTC - 2 to UTC - 8 Largest cities ( Metro areas ) 1 . Mexico City 2 . São Paulo 3 . Buenos Aires 4 . Lima 5 . Rio de Janeiro 6 . Bogotá 7 . Santiago 8 . Belo Horizonte 9 . Guadalajara 10 . Monterrey
North America
Kingston Martinique ( FRA ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( UK ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( NLD ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom Saint Barthélemy ( FRA ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico basin , which contains the Sigsbee Deep and can be further divided into the continental rise , the Sigsbee Abyssal Plain , and the Mississippi Cone . Northeast Gulf of Mexico , which extends from a point east of the Mississippi River Delta near Biloxi to the eastern side of Apalachee Bay . South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope , which extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the Straits of Florida and includes the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas . Campeche Bank , which extends from the Yucatán Straits in the east to the Tabasco -- Campeche Basin in the west and includes Arrecife Alacran . Bay of Campeche , which is an isthmian embayment extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of Veracruz . Western Gulf of Mexico , which is located between Veracruz to the south and the Rio Grande to the north . Northwest Gulf of Mexico , which extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande .
Maya civilization
The Petén region consists of densely forested low - lying limestone plain ; a chain of fourteen lakes runs across the central drainage basin of Petén . To the south the plain gradually rises towards the Guatemalan Highlands . Dense forest covers northern Petén and Belize , most of Quintana Roo , southern Campeche , and a portion of the south of Yucatán state . Farther north , the vegetation turns to lower forest consisting of dense scrub .
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean 's floor is composed of sub-oceanic sediments of deep red clay in the deep basins and troughs . On continental slopes and ridges calcareous silts are found . Clay minerals likely having been deposited by the mainland river Orinoco and the Magdalena River . Deposits on the bottom of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico have a thickness of about 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) . Upper sedimentary layers relate to the period from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic ( 250 million years ago to present ) and the lower layers from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic .
Gulf of Mexico
Places adjacent to Gulf of Mexico Texas United States Louisiana Mississippi Alabama Florida Mexico Tamaulipas Gulf of Mexico Atlantic Ocean Veracruz Mexico Tabasco Campeche Yucatán Quintana Roo Cuba Caribbean
North America
Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Mexico 2,406,087 2017 Canada 1,763,785 2017 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 172,576 2017 6 Guatemala 138,276 2017 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 99,430 2017 9 Costa Rica 85,203 2017 10 El Salvador 56,903 2017
Latin America
449,975 250 Basse - Terre Guadeloupe UTC / GMT - 4 hours Guatemala 108,889 16,582,469 129 Guatemala City Guatemala UTC / GMT - 6 hours Haiti 27,750 10,847,334 350 Port - au - Prince Haïti ; Ayiti UTC / GMT - 4 hours Honduras 112,492 9,112,867 76 Tegucigalpa Honduras UTC / GMT - 6 hours Martinique * 1,128 385,103 340 Fort - de-France Martinique UTC / GMT - 4 hours Mexico 1,964 375 127,540,423 57 Mexico City México UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Zona Sureste ) UTC / GMT - 6 hours ( Zona Centro ) UTC / GMT - 7 hours ( Zona Pacífico ) UTC / GMT - 8 hours ( Zona Noroeste ) Nicaragua 130,375 6,149,928 44.3 Managua Nicaragua UTC / GMT - 6 hours Panama 75,517 4,034,119 54.2 Panama City Panamá UTC / GMT - 5 hours Paraguay 406,752 6,725,308 14.2 Asunción Paraguay ; Tetã Paraguái UTC / GMT - 4 hours Peru 1,285,216 31,773,839 23 Lima Perú ; Piruw UTC / GMT - 4 hours Puerto Rico * 9,104 3,667,903 397 San Juan Puerto Rico UTC / GMT - 4 hours Saint Barthélemy * 53.2 9,000 682 Gustavia Saint - Barthélemy UTC / GMT - 4 hours Saint Martin * 25 39,000 361 Marigot Saint - Martin UTC / GMT - 4 hours Uruguay 176,215 3,444,006 18.87 Montevideo Uruguay UTC / GMT - 3 hours Venezuela 916,445 31,568,179 31.59 Caracas Venezuela UTC / GMT -- 4 : 00 hours Total 20,111,457 626,741,000
North America
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North America
Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 19,362,129 2017 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,298,466 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Dominican Republic 74,873 2017 7 Guatemala 70,806 2017 8 Costa Rica 58,909 2017 9 Panama 59,051 2017 10 Trinidad and Tobago 27,870 2008
Latin America
Latin America consists of nineteen sovereign states and several territories and dependencies which cover an area that stretches from the northern border of Mexico to the southern tip of South America , including the Caribbean . It has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km ( 7,412,000 sq mi ) , almost 13 % of the Earth 's land surface area . As of 2016 , its population was estimated at more than 639 million and in 2014 , Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD .