vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
State of matter
In a solid , constituent particles ( ions , atoms , or molecules ) are closely packed together . The forces between particles are so strong that the particles can not move freely but can only vibrate . As a result , a solid has a stable , definite shape , and a definite volume . Solids can only change their shape by force , as when broken or cut .
Zimbabwe
The Matobo Hills are an area of granite kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 22 miles ( 35 km ) south of Bulawayo in southern Zimbabwe . The Hills were formed over 2,000 million years ago with granite being forced to the surface , then being eroded to produce smooth `` whaleback dwalas '' and broken kopjes , strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation . Mzilikazi , founder of the Ndebele nation , gave the area its name , meaning ' Bald Heads ' . They have become famous and a tourist attraction due to their ancient shapes and local wildlife . Cecil Rhodes and other early white pioneers like Leander Starr Jameson are buried in these hills at a site named World 's View .
Chromatin
At the junction of B - and Z - DNA , one pair of bases is flipped out from normal bonding . These play a dual role of a site of recognition by many proteins and as a sink for torsional stress from RNA polymerase or nucleosome binding .
Abu Simbel temples
It is believed that the axis of the temple was positioned by the ancient Egyptian architects in such a way that on October 22 and February 22 , the rays of the sun would penetrate the sanctuary and illuminate the sculptures on the back wall , except for the statue of Ptah , a god connected with the Underworld , who always remained in the dark . People gather at Abu Simbel to witness this remarkable sight , on October 21 and February 21 .
Devils Tower
Geologists Carpenter and Russell studied Devils Tower in the late 19th century and came to the conclusion that it was formed by an igneous intrusion . Modern geologists agree that it was formed by the intrusion of igneous material , but not on exactly how that process took place . Several believe the molten rock comprising the Tower might not have surfaced ; others are convinced the tower is all that remains of what once was a large explosive volcano .
Clay
The physical and reactive chemical properties can be used to help elucidate the composition of clays .
Plate tectonics
Since that time many theories were proposed to explain this apparent complementarity , but the assumption of a solid Earth made these various proposals difficult to accept .
Uluru
Wanitjunkupai ( April / May ) -- Cooler weather Wari ( June / July ) -- Cold season bringing morning frosts Piriyakutu ( August / September / October ) -- Animals breed and food plants flower Mai Wiyaringkupai ( November / December ) -- The hot season when food becomes scarce Itjanu ( January / February / March ) -- Sporadic storms can roll in suddenly
Parthenon
One interpretation is that it depicts an idealized version of the Panathenaic procession from the Dipylon Gate in the Kerameikos to the Acropolis . In this procession held every year , with a special procession taking place every four years , Athenians and foreigners were participating to honour the goddess Athena , offering sacrifices and a new peplos ( dress woven by selected noble Athenian girls called ergastines ) .
Holy Chalice
The table was not of silver , the chalice was not of gold in which Christ gave His blood to His disciples to drink , and yet everything there was precious and truly fit to inspire awe .
Precambrian
Evidence of the details of plate motions and other tectonic activity in the Precambrian has been poorly preserved . It is generally believed that small proto - continents existed prior to 4280 Ma , and that most of the Earth 's landmasses collected into a single supercontinent around 1130 Ma . The supercontinent , known as Rodinia , broke up around 750 Ma . A number of glacial periods have been identified going as far back as the Huronian epoch , roughly 2400 -- 2100 Ma . One of the best studied is the Sturtian - Varangian glaciation , around 850 -- 635 Ma , which may have brought glacial conditions all the way to the equator , resulting in a `` Snowball Earth '' .
Uluru
Uluru is one of Australia 's most recognisable natural landmarks . The sandstone formation stands 348 m ( 1,142 ft ) high , rising 863 m ( 2,831 ft ) above sea level with most of its bulk lying underground , and has a total circumference of 9.4 km ( 5.8 mi ) . Both Uluru and the nearby Kata Tjuta formation have great cultural significance for the Aṉangu people , the traditional inhabitants of the area , who lead walking tours to inform visitors about the local flora and fauna , bush food and the Aboriginal dreamtime stories of the area .
Water in California
California 's limited water supply comes from two main sources : surface water , or water that travels or gathers on the ground , like rivers , streams , and lakes ; and groundwater , which is water that is pumped out from the ground . California has also begun producing a small amount of desalinated water , water that was once sea water , but has been purified .
Fresh water
Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose , excluding evaporation losses . Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream .
Water in California
The Central and South Coast watersheds include the most populous regions of California -- the San Francisco Bay Area , Los Angeles and San Diego -- but have relatively little natural runoff , requiring the importation of water from other parts of the state .
Water in California
Area of origin water rights parallel pueblo water rights . In both cases , water is reserved for future growth of the local community . In other words , appropriations may be subject to a water rights claim from people / government in the area of origin . That later claim would be senior despite its temporal disconnect . As a result of its pueblo rights , Los Angeles has rights to all or almost all water from the Los Angeles River . In the same way , communities along major water sources such as the Sacramento River theoretically have senior water rights to support growth despite a downstream user holding otherwise senior appropriative water rights .
Water in California
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Addicks Reservoir
The Addicks Reservoir spillway is located at , 29 ° 47 ′ 26 '' N 95 ° 37 ′ 24 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 29.79056 ° N 95.62333 ° W ﻿ / 29.79056 ; - 95.62333 , and releases the remainder of Bear Creek just north of Buffalo Bayou .
Water in California
While the volume of groundwater in California is very large , aquifers can be over drafted when groundwater is removed more rapidly than it is replenished . In 1999 , it was estimated that the average , annual overdrafting was around 2,200,000 acre feet ( 2.7 km ) across the state , with 800,000 acre feet ( 0.99 km ) in the Central Valley . Since then , overdrafting had significantly increased . Satellite measurements found that in just the combined Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins , including the Central Valley , overdrafting between 2011 and 2014 was 12,000,000 acre feet ( 15 km ) of water per year .
Water in California
California precipitation and snowpack is measured by the state of California by `` water year '' , which runs from October 1 to September 30 .
Climate of Salt Lake City
Tornadoes are also relatively uncommon . However , there has been at least one damaging tornado in the city . The Salt Lake City Tornado of August 11 , 1999 , which killed one person and injured 60 , resulted in only the second ever fatality from a tornado in Utah , and caused about $500 million in damage . As a result of extended drought patterns , Salt Lake City constructed several reservoirs to hold excess water during flood periods and provide water during drought conditions . Additionally , artesian wells and water siphoned from Utah Lake miles to the south act as alternate water sources for the city . ( 6 )
Water tank
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Atlantic Ocean
Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles . The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste . The excess of oxygen - depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone .
Irrigation tank
2 . There is little percolation of rain water due to hard rock structures and ground water is not available in large quantities .
Hurricane Katrina
locations of possible new levees to be built suggested existing levee modifications `` Inundation Zones '' , `` Water depths less than 14 feet , Raise - In - Place of Structures '' , `` Water depths greater than 14 feet , Buyout of Structures '' , `` Velocity Zones '' and `` Buyout of Structures '' areas for five different scenarios .
Addicks Reservoir
The northern and western ends of the dam consist of roller compacted concrete spillways . The existing ground at either end of Addicks Dam is lower than the top of dam elevation . Existing ground at the north end of Addicks Dam is at elevation 108 feet and ties into the concrete spillway crest at 112.5 feet . The existing ground at the western end is at elevation of 111.0 feet and ties into the concrete spillway which has a crest of 115.5 feet . ( All elevations are NAVD 1988 . )
Irrigation tank
Many tanks dry up during the dry season and fail to provide irrigation when it is needed the most . Silting of the tank bed is a serious problem and it requires desilting of the tank at regular intervals .
Mexico City
Mexico City primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco . Seismic activity is frequent here . Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century . Although none of the lake waters remain , the city rests on the lake bed 's heavily saturated clay . This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater , called groundwater - related subsidence . Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine meters ( 30 feet ) in some areas . This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management , leading to flooding problems , especially during the rainy season . The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city 's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta , Tlalpan and Xochimilco .
Copper in architecture
Downspouts can be plain or corrugated , round or rectangular . Sixteen - or twenty - ounce cold rolled copper is typically used . Decorative designs are also available . Gargoyle
Copper in architecture
To be effective , lightning protection systems generally maximize the surface area contact between the conductors and the earth through a ground grid of varying designs . To supplement grounding grids in low - conductivity earth , such as sand or rock , long , hollow copper tubes filled with metallic salts are available . These salts leach through holes in the tube , making the surrounding soil more conductive as well as increasing the overall surface area which decreases effective resistance .
Florida Keys
Tropical cyclones present special dangers and challenges to the entire Keys . Because no area of the islands is more than 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) above sea level ( and many are only a few feet elevation ) , and water surrounds the islands , nearly every neighborhood is subject to flooding as well as hurricane winds . In response , many homes in the Keys are built on concrete stilts with the first floor being not legally habitable and enclosed by breakaway walls that are not strongly attached to the rest of the house . Nonetheless , Monroe County , as reported in the Federal Register , has estimated that there are between 8,000 and 12,000 illegal enclosures inhabited by people .
Kitchen cabinet
A functional design objective for cabinet interiors involves maximization of useful space and utility in the context of the kitchen workflow . Drawers and trays in lower cabinets permit access from above and avoid uncomfortable or painful crouching .
Kitchen cabinet
Universal design Some designers have begun to build houses and cabinetry to address the needs of users throughout the human life cycle and among all user capabilities , under a concept called universal design . The United States requires universal design for federally - funded housing , under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 . Universal design features include easily manipulated handles , low switches , and numerous other innovations .
Ashtray
The most common ashtray design is a shallow cylinder with a flat base , to rest on a table . Other ashtrays , particularly in public places , are wall mounted , and larger than standard tabletop ashtrays due to the increased use they receive . Many ashtrays have notches at the rim , to hold cigarettes and / or a cigar . Frequently ashtrays were equipped in older large or luxury cars before later being available as dealer - installed accessory items . For example , cars such as the BMW E38 featured ashtrays and lighters installed in both rear doors .
Cranberry
Historically , cranberry beds were constructed in wetlands . Today 's cranberry beds are constructed in upland areas with a shallow water table . The topsoil is scraped off to form dykes around the bed perimeter . Clean sand is hauled in and spread to a depth of four to eight inches . The surface is laser leveled flat to provide even drainage . Beds are frequently drained with socked tile in addition to the perimeter ditch . In addition to making it possible to hold water , the dykes allow equipment to service the beds without driving on the vines . Irrigation equipment is installed in the bed to provide irrigation for vine growth and for spring and autumn frost protection .
Water tank
Chemical contact tank of FDA and NSF polyethylene construction , allows for retention time for chemical treatment chemicals to `` contact '' ( chemically treat ) with product water . The
Irrigation tank
Stepwells were often used for leisure , providing relief from daytime heat . This led to the building of some significant ornamental and architectural features , often associated with dwellings and in urban areas . It also ensured their survival as monuments .
Barbados
As a coral - limestone island , Barbados is highly permeable to seepage of surface water into the earth . The government has placed great emphasis on protecting the catchment areas that lead directly into the huge network of underground aquifers and streams . On occasion illegal squatters have breached these areas , and the government has removed squatters to preserve the cleanliness of the underground springs which provide the island 's drinking water .
Tropical cyclone
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Irrigation tank
Tanks known as `` Pushkarni '' or `` Kalyani '' also known as `` Kund '' in Hindi are reservoirs with steps leading down to the water , generally found in South India , and sometimes constructed within the walls of a temple complex .
Copper in architecture
One of the disadvantages of copper is its propensity to stain light - colored building materials , such as marble or limestone . Green staining is particularly visible on light - colored surfaces . Lead - coated copper can result in a black or gray stain that may blend well with lighter building materials . Staining can be reduced by collecting runoff in gutters and directing it away from the building via downspouts or by designing drip edges to help reduce the amount of copper laden moisture that comes into contact with material below . Coating the adjacent surface of the porous material with a clear silicone sealant also reduces staining . Staining may not develop in areas of rapid run - off due to the short dwell time of water on the copper .
Tropical cyclone
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Tower of London
The tower was terraced into the side of a mound , so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level . As was typical of most keeps , the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage . One of the rooms contained a well . Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction , the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts . The basement is lit through small slits . St
Kitchen cabinet
Various trends include the introduction of more expensive options , space - saving measures , a larger number of ovens , thicker countertops ( 2 -- 3 inches ( 51 -- 76 mm ) ) , taller base cabinets , honed finishes , taller countertop appliances , undercounter and task lighting , and higher ( e.g. , 9 - foot ( 2.7 m ) ) ceilings . While these are general kitchen design trends , they have also influenced cabinetry . Kitchens today . Modern kitchen design has improved partly as a result of ergonomic research . Functionality is important ; one research study had `` anthropological scientists '' observing homeowners `` interact '' with their kitchen cabinets . Kitchens are larger and have more cabinets ; some kitchens may have as many as fifty drawers and cabinet doors . New features today include deep drawers for cookware , pull - out shelves to avoid excess bending , sponge trays on the front of sink cabinets , pullout hideaway garbage / recycling containers , pull - out spice cabinets , lazy susans in corner cabinets , vertical storage for cookie sheets , full - extension drawer slides , and drawers and doors with so - called soft - close / positive - close mechanisms enabling drawers to shut quietly , or which shut fully after being pushed only partially . As housing stocks get older , many homeowners face problems with visually unappealing older kitchen cabinets ; in such situations , there is a choice to buy new ( most expensive ) , reface existing ( less expensive ) , or to strip and refinish existing ( least expensive if done by the homeowner ) cabinets . By 2009 , there was more emphasis on cabinets designed with environmental factors in mind . So - called `` green cabinets '' were becoming more popular . As homes in Western countries became more airtight to save on heating and cooling costs , air quality has sometimes suffered as gases which are released from resins as they cure . Resins , organic materials which convert from liquid to solid form , are used to manufacture engineered wood ( e.g. , particleboard ) frequently used to build kitchen cabinet carcases can be a factor . According to a recent report :
Wetland
In environmental decision - making , there are subsets of definitions that are agreed upon to make regulatory and policy decisions .
Water tank
Elevated water tank , also known as a water tower , will create a pressure at the ground - level outlet of 1 kPa per 10.2 cm or 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation . Thus a tank elevated to 20 metres creates about 200 kPa and a tank elevated to 70 feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure , sufficient for most domestic and industrial requirements .
Moss
A passing fad for moss - collecting in the late 19th century led to the establishment of mosseries in many British and American gardens . The mossery is typically constructed out of slatted wood , with a flat roof , open to the north side ( maintaining shade ) . Samples of moss were installed in the cracks between wood slats . The whole mossery would then be regularly moistened to maintain growth .
Kitchen cabinet
There is a large variety of specialty hardware for kitchen cabinets . Special hardware for corner and other blind cabinets makes their contents more easily accessible . They may be in the form of lazy susans with or without a wedge cut out or of tray slides which enable the hidden corner space to be occupied with trays that slide both laterally and forwards / backwards . Sponge drawers use special hinges that fit between the cabinet front and the sink .
Post box
The four - footed , free - standing U.S. Mail collection box was first suggested in 1894 , following the successful use of such designs in Canada , and quickly became a fixture on U.S. city street corners .
Copper in architecture
While most modern construction materials are fairly resistant to moisture penetration , many joints between masonry units , panels , and architectural features are not . The effects of natural movement due to settlement , expansion , and contraction may eventually lead to leaks .
Copper in architecture
A common design for a chevron roof is based on a batten seam construction to which auxiliary battens are attached . With proper design , decorative battens can have almost any shape or size and run in any direction .
Wetland
Although the general definition given above applies around the world , each county and region tends to have its own definition for legal purposes . In the United States , wetlands are defined as `` those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support , and that under normal circumstances do support , a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions . Wetlands generally include swamps , marshes , bogs and similar areas '' . This definition has been used in the enforcement of the Clean Water Act . Some US states , such as Massachusetts and New York , have separate definitions that may differ from the federal government 's .
Rhode Island
Rhode Islanders refer to a drinking fountain as a `` bubbler '' ( sometimes pronounced `` bubahluh '' ) and sometimes call milkshakes `` cabinets '' . A foot - long , overstuffed sandwich ( of whatever kind ) is called a `` grinder . ''
Copper in architecture
With the growing use of vertical cladding , vertical and roofing surfaces can run into each other so that complete continuity of material and performance is maintained . Rain screens and curtain walling ( often linked with transoms and mullions ) are also gaining popularity in modern architectural design .
Copper in architecture
System cassettes . This is a rigid rectangular ventilated wall system consisting of curved or flat metal panels mounted and secured to a supporting structure . All four borders are pre-folded at the factory . Folded edges on every side allow large sheet metal parts to lie even with the cladding surface . Fixing is usually by riveting , screwing , or by using angle brackets or bolt hooks to fix the cassettes directly to the substrate . System cassettes are pre-profiled to meet specific architectural requirements . Links to representative photographs of cassette cladding are available .
Kitchen cabinet
In face - frame construction , a drawer or tray must clear the face - frame stile and is 2 inches ( 51 mm ) narrower than the available cabinet interior space . The loss of 2 inches is particularly noticeable and significant for kitchens including multiple narrow ( 15 - inch ( 380 mm ) or less ) cabinets .
The Bahamas
Sea level changes resulted in a drop in sea level , causing wind blown oolite to form sand dunes with distinct cross-bedding . Overlapping dunes form oolitic ridges , which become rapidly lithified through the action of rainwater , called eolianite . Most islands have ridges ranging from 30 to 45 m , though Cat Island has a ridge 60 m in height . The land between ridges is conducive to the formation of lakes and swamps .