vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Military history of the United States during World War II
In the late 1943 , the ' Pointblank ' attacks manifested themselves in the infamous Schweinfurt raids ( first and second ) . Formations of unescorted bombers were no match for German fighters , which inflicted a deadly toll . In despair , the Eighth halted air operations over Germany until a long - range fighter could be found in 1944 ; it proved to be the P - 51 Mustang , which had the range to fly to Berlin and back .
Eyepiece
The above formulae are approximations . The ISO 14132 - 1 : 2002 standard determines how the exact apparent angle of view ( AAOV ) is calculated from the real angle of view ( AOV ) .
Sacramento International Airport
The airport initially had five airlines : Pacific Air Lines , Pacific Southwest Airlines ( PSA ) , United Airlines , Western Airlines and West Coast Airlines . For a short time around 1975 PSA tried Lockheed L - 1011 TriStars at Sacramento , nonstop to San Francisco and direct to Los Angeles . L - 1011 flights were found uneconomical and PSA soon replaced the L - 1011 with smaller jets such as the Boeing 727 - 200 .
Amazon rainforest
CALIPSO uses a laser range finder to scan the Earth 's atmosphere for the vertical distribution of dust and other aerosols . CALIPSO regularly tracks the Sahara - Amazon dust plume . CALIPSO has measured variations in the dust amounts transported -- an 86 percent drop between the highest amount of dust transported in 2007 and the lowest in 2011 .
Space Shuttle retirement
The formerly planned X-33 on a ferry aircraft The cancelled VentureStar docked with ISS Conceptual drawings of the Orbital Space Plane Cancelled in 2010
Atmosphere of Venus
The Venus Express spacecraft formerly in orbit around the planet probed deeper into the atmosphere using infrared imaging spectroscopy in the 1 -- 5 μm spectral range .
Transport between India and Pakistan
As of 2017 , Pakistan International Airlines ( PIA ) operates a twice a week Non-stop Flight from Lahore to Delhi . No Indian air carrier operates between the two countries . But for the Delhi to Lahore flight , tickets can not be booked online . To book tickets , proper permission is needed from both the Indian Government and the Pakistani Government .
Sound barrier
By the late 1950s , the issue was so well understood that many companies started investing in the development of supersonic airliners , or SSTs , believing that to be the next `` natural '' step in airliner evolution . However , this has not yet happened . Although the Concorde and the Tupolev Tu - 144 entered service in the 1970s , both were later retired without being replaced by similar designs . The last flight of a Concorde in service was in 2003 .
Death Star
These are depictions of the Death Star and other similar weapons of mass destruction within the Star Wars canon .
Operation Safed Sagar
However , on 27 May , the first fatalities were suffered when a MiG - 21 was shot down by Pakistan Army over Batalik sector , while a MiG - 27 crashed due to engine flame - out . The following day , a Mi - 17 was lost - with the loss of all four of the crew - when it was hit by three Stinger missiles while on an offensive sortie . These losses forced the Indian Air Force to reassess its strategy . The helicopters were immediately withdrawn from offensive roles as a measure against the man - portable missiles in possession of the infiltrators .
Constellation
Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the Hipparcos Catalogue , coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude , relative to the modern constellations and the ecliptic .
Ship
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Sacramento International Airport
When prevailing winds are from the south ( approximately 70 % of the year ) , the airfield operates in `` South Flow '' mode . In South Flow , arrivals and departures operate from runways 16R and 16L . Arrivals from the south fly past the west side of the airport before executing a 180 degree turn and landing on either 16L or 16R . This is done so that arriving aircraft clear departing aircraft , which generally take a southeast heading immediately after departing the runways .
Fingerprint
There has been a newspaper report of a man selling stolen watches sending images of them on a mobile phone , and those images included parts of his hands in enough detail for police to be able to identify fingerprint patterns .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
B - 29 accidents and incidents include a crash of the plane near Clovis , New Mexico , on Friday evening , 10 November 1944 wherein all 15 members of the crew were killed ; the 1948 Waycross B - 29 crash , which resulted in the United States v. Reynolds lawsuit regarding State Secrets Privilege ; the 1948 Lake Mead Boeing B - 29 crash ; and , the 1953 `` Tip Tow '' crash . Another well - known crash took place in 1946 near Clingmans Dome on the border of North Carolina and Tennessee . On 11 April 1950 a B - 29 departed Kirtland Air Force Base at 9 : 38 p.m. and crashed into a mountain on Manzano Base approximately three minutes later , killing the crew . Detonators were installed in the nuclear bomb on the aircraft . The bomb case was demolished and some high - explosive ( HE ) material burned in the gasoline fire . Other pieces of unburned HE were scattered throughout the wreckage . Four spare detonators in their carrying case were recovered undamaged . There were no contamination or recovery problems . The recovered components were returned to the Atomic Energy Commission . Both the weapon and the capsule of nuclear material were on board the aircraft but the capsule was not inserted for safety reasons . A nuclear detonation was not possible .
List of United States Air Force installations
Note : Former Iraqi Air Force `` Super Base '' designation was given to airfields with numerous above - ground hardened aircraft - shelters and underground facilities that could shelter between four and ten aircraft on average . During Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 , the Iraqi Air Force essentially stood down except in a few cases of self - defence against US and British air strikes . Despite their size -- or exactly because of it -- most of these airfields were barely defended in 2003 and with a few exceptions , the `` Super Base '' facilities were captured intact with very little damage .
Studio Backlot Tour
After exiting the canyon the tram traveled through parts of the boneyard again . Guests would go past the Lights , Motors , Action ! Extreme Stunt Show stadium and practice areas . The tram also passed Walt Disney 's private airplane . After passing the plane , the tram pulls in to the exit and unloaded into the AFI Showcase room .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
A Superfortress of the 91st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron flew the last B - 29 mission of the war on 27 July 1953 . Over the three years 16 B - 29 and reconnaissance variants were lost to North Korean fighters , four to anti-aircraft fire and 14 to other operational causes .
Night vision
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One World Trade Center
The original twin towers , c. 2000 One World Trade Center under construction behind the World Financial Center in June 2011 One World Trade Center ( to the left ) and Four World Trade Center under construction , as seen from a helicopter on April 30 , 2012
Red-eye effect
Spotted eagle - owl displays red - eye effect only on the eye facing the camera 's ring flash Canon EOS 100 camera with bright light to contract pupils Motorola Milestone XT720 camera while capturing image with red - eye reduction and xenon flash . Demonstration of automated red - eye removal with GIMP software . Before ( L ) ; After ( R ) .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
1st Group ( targets : battleships and aircraft carriers ) 49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs , organized in four sections ( 1 failed to launch ) 40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections 2nd Group -- ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field ) 51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs ( 3 failed to launch ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 43 Mitsubishi A6M `` Zero '' fighters for air control and strafing ( 2 failed to launch )
Ship
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Venus
The latest pair was June 8 , 2004 and June 5 -- 6 , 2012 . The transit could be watched live from many online outlets or observed locally with the right equipment and conditions .
Atmosphere of Venus
On January 29 , 2013 , ESA scientists reported that the ionosphere of the planet Venus streams outwards in a manner similar to `` the ion tail seen streaming from a comet under similar conditions . ''
Atmosphere of Venus
A solar transit of Venus is an extremely rare event , and the last solar transit of the planet before 2004 was in 1882 . The most recent solar transit was in 2012 ; the next one will not occur until 2117 .
Rainbow
Meanwhile , the even rarer case of a rainbow split into three branches was observed and photographed in nature .
Satellite
In recent times , satellites have been hacked by militant organizations to broadcast propaganda and to pilfer classified information from military communication networks .
Mount Everest
This article contains Tibetan script . Without proper rendering support , you may see very small fonts , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters . Aerial
Hawaii
Until air passenger services began in the 1920s , private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands . Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s .
Atmosphere of Venus
A solar flyer has also been proposed by Geoffrey A. Landis in place of a balloon , and the idea has been featured from time to time since the early 2000s . Venus has a high albedo , and reflects most of the sunlight that shines on it making the surface quite dark , the upper atmosphere at 60 km has an upward solar intensity of 90 % , meaning that solar panels on both the top and the bottom of a craft could be used with nearly equal efficiency . In addition to this , the slightly lower gravity , high air pressure and slow rotation allowing for perpetual solar power make this part of the planet ideal for exploration . The proposed flyer would operate best at an altitude where sunlight , air pressure , and wind speed would enable it to remain in the air perpetually , with slight dips down to lower altitudes for a few hours at a time before returning to higher altitudes . As sulfuric acid in the clouds at this height is not a threat for a properly shielded craft , this so - called `` solar flyer '' would be able to measure the area in between 45 km and 60 km indefinitely , for however long it takes for mechanical error or unforeseen problems to cause it to fail . Landis also proposed that rovers similar to Spirit and Opportunity could possibly explore the surface , with the difference being that Venus surface rovers would be `` dumb '' rovers controlled by radio signals from computers located in the flyer above , only requiring parts such as motors and transistors to withstand the surface conditions , but not weaker parts involved in microelectronics that could not be made resistant to the heat , pressure and acidic conditions .
Wetland
However , there are a number of limitations associated with this type of image acquisition . Analysis of wetlands has proved difficult because to obtain the data it is often linked to other purposes such as the analysis of land cover or land use . Practically , many natural wetlands are difficult to monitor as these areas are quite often difficult to access and require exposure to native wildlife and potential endemic disease .
Shotgun
Since shotguns are generally used for shooting at small , fast moving targets , it is important to lead the target by firing slightly ahead of the target , so that when the shot reaches the range of the target , the target will have moved into the pattern . On uphill shooting , this means to shoot above the target . Conversely , on downhill shooting , this means to shoot below the target , which is somewhat counterintuitive for many beginning hunters . Of course , depending on the barrel length , the amount of lead employed will vary for different barrel lengths , and must be learned by experience .
Chroma key
Difficulties emerge with blue screen when a costume in an effects shot must be blue , such as Superman 's traditional blue outfit . In the 2002 film Spider - Man , in scenes where both Spider - Man and the Green Goblin are in the air , Spider - Man had to be shot in front of the green screen and the Green Goblin had to be shot in front of a blue screen . The color difference is because Spider - Man wears a costume which is red and blue in color and the Green Goblin wears a costume which is entirely green in color . If both were shot in front of the same screen , parts of one character would be erased from the shot .
Red vs. Blue
To gain unique angles in the series , Rooster Teeth first used a tank in the game to emulate crane shots by standing the cameraman on the turret while it was raised . Later , they found it more practical to stand the cameraman on other characters in the game . This trick has also been used for other purposes , such as standing Donut on two characters to create the illusion that he could jump higher than is possible in the game .
Bird ringing
Where detailed information is needed on individual movements , tiny radio transmitters can be fitted on to birds . For small species the transmitter is carried as a ' backpack ' fitted over the wing bases , and for larger species it may be attached to a tail feather or looped to the legs . Both types usually have a tiny ( 10 cm ) flexible aerial to improve signal reception . Two field receivers ( reading distance and direction ) are needed to establish the bird 's position using triangulation from the ground . The technique is useful for tracing individuals during landscape - level movements particularly in dense vegetation ( such as tropical forests ) and for shy or difficult - to - spot species , because birds can be located from a distance without visual confirmation .
Card throwing
Playing cards and similar paper objects have very little mass and are not very aerodynamic except under certain circumstances . Simply throwing a card with no technique ( that is , applying lateral speed only ) usually will result in it fluttering about and falling to the ground . Achieving accuracy , distance and force with a card requires giving it both lateral speed and angular momentum ( i.e. `` spin '' ) along its z - axis . The spin creates gyroscopic stabilization so that the card 's flat profile remains mostly parallel to the direction of travel and thus suffers the least possible air resistance . The
Chroma key
For a clean division of foreground from background , it is also important that clothing and hair in the foreground shot have a fairly simple silhouette , as fine details such as frizzy hair may not resolve properly . Similarly , partially transparent elements of the costume cause problems .
Iowa-class battleship
The 5 - inch / 38 gun functioned as a dual purpose gun ( DP ) ; that is , it was able to fire at both surface and air targets with a reasonable degree of success . However , this did not mean that it possessed inferior anti-air abilities . As proven during 1941 gunnery tests conducted aboard North Carolina the gun could consistently shoot down aircraft flying at 12,000 -- 13,000 feet ( 2.3 -- 2.5 mi ; 3.7 -- 4.0 km ) , twice the effective range of the earlier single purpose 5 - inch / 25 caliber AA gun . As Japanese airplanes became faster , the gun lost some of its effectiveness in the anti-aircraft role ; however , toward the end of the war its usefulness as an anti-aircraft weapon increased again because of an upgrade to the Mark 37 Fire Control System and proximity - fused shells .
Edward O'Hare
When Butch finished his naval aviation training on May 2 , 1940 , he was assigned to USS Saratoga ( CV - 3 ) Fighter Squadron Three ( VF - 3 ) . O'Hare now trained on the Grumman F3F and then graduated to the Brewster F2A Buffalo . Lieutenant John Thach , then executive officer of VF - 3 , discovered O'Hare's exceptional flying abilities and closely mentored the promising young pilot . Thach , who would later develop the Thach Weave aerial combat tactic , emphasized gunnery in his training . In 1941 , more than half of all VF - 3 pilots , including O'Hare , earned the `` E '' for gunnery excellence .
Chroma key
Green is used as a backdrop for TV and electronic cinematography more than any other colour because television weathermen tended to wear blue suits . When chroma keying first came into use in television production , the blue screen that was then the norm in the movie industry was used out of habit , until other practical considerations caused the television industry to move from blue to green screens . Broadcast quality color television cameras use separate red , green and blue image sensors , and early analog TV chroma keyers required RGB component video to work reliably . From a technological perspective it was equally possible to use the blue or green channel , but because blue clothing was an ongoing challenge , the green screen came into common use . Newscasters sometimes forget the chroma key dress code , and when the key is applied to clothing of the same color as the background , the person would seem to disappear into the key . Because green clothing is less common than blue , it soon became apparent that it was easier to use a green matte screen than it was to constantly police the clothing choices of on - air talent . Also , because the human eye is more sensitive to green wavelengths , which lie in the middle of the visible light spectrum , the green analog video channel typically carried more signal strength , giving a better signal to noise ratio compared to the other component video channels , so green screen keys could produce the cleanest key . In the digital television and cinema age , much of the tweaking that was required to make a good quality key has been automated . However , the one constant that remains is some level of color coordination to keep foreground subjects from being keyed out .
Role of the United States in the Vietnam War
During the Vietnam War , the use of the helicopter , known as `` Air Mobile '' , was an essential tool for conducting the war . In fact , the whole conduct and strategy of the war depended on it . Vietnam was the first time the helicopter was used on a major scale , and in such important roles . Search and destroy missions , for example , would have been nearly impossible without it . Helicopters allowed American commanders to move large numbers of troops to virtually anywhere , regardless of the terrain or roads . Troops could also be easily resupplied in remote areas . The helicopter also provided another new and vital capability : medical evacuation . It could fly wounded soldiers to aid stations very quickly , usually within the critical first hour . This gave wounded soldiers a higher chance of survival in Vietnam than in any previous war . The helicopter was also adapted for many other roles in Vietnam , including ground attack , reconnaissance , and electronic warfare . Without the helicopter , the war would have been fought very differently .
Polar bear
Unlike brown bears , polar bears are not territorial . Although stereotyped as being voraciously aggressive , they are normally cautious in confrontations , and often choose to escape rather than fight . Satiated polar bears rarely attack humans unless severely provoked . However , due to their lack of prior human interaction , hungry polar bears are extremely unpredictable , fearless towards people and are known to kill and sometimes eat humans . Many attacks by brown bears are the result of surprising the animal , which is not the case with the polar bear . Polar bears are stealth hunters , and the victim is often unaware of the bear 's presence until the attack is underway . Whereas brown bears often maul a person and then leave , polar bear attacks are more likely to be predatory and are almost always fatal . However , due to the very small human population around the Arctic , such attacks are rare . Michio Hoshino , a Japanese wildlife photographer , was once pursued briefly by a hungry male polar bear in northern Alaska . According to Hoshino , the bear started running but Hoshino made it to his truck . The bear was able to reach the truck and tore one of the doors off the truck before Hoshino was able to drive off .
Bald eagle
The bald eagle is a powerful flier , and soars on thermal convection currents . It reaches speeds of 56 -- 70 km / h ( 35 -- 43 mph ) when gliding and flapping , and about 48 km / h ( 30 mph ) while carrying fish . Its dive speed is between 120 -- 160 km / h ( 75 -- 99 mph ) , though it seldom dives vertically . Regarding their flying abilities , the bald eagle is considered surprisingly maneuverable in flight , bounty hunters shooting from helicopters opined that they were far more difficult to hunt while flying than golden eagles as they would turn , double back or dive as soon as approached . Bald eagles have also been recorded catching up to and then swooping under geese in flight , turning over and thrusting their talons into the other bird 's breast . It is partially migratory , depending on location . If its territory has access to open water , it remains there year - round , but if the body of water freezes during the winter , making it impossible to obtain food , it migrates to the south or to the coast . A number of populations are subject to post-breeding dispersal , mainly in juveniles ; Florida eagles , for example , will disperse northwards in the summer . The bald eagle selects migration routes which take advantage of thermals , updrafts , and food resources . During migration , it may ascend in a thermal and then glide down , or may ascend in updrafts created by the wind against a cliff or other terrain . Migration generally takes place during the daytime , usually between the local hours of 8 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 p.m. , when thermals are produced by the sun .
Bird ringing
Among species which can be safely ringed , there are major limitations among nomadic species of the deserts of the Eastern Hemisphere and cardueline finches of the taiga . The highly unpredictable movements inherent in these species ' lifestyles means that recovery rates are extremely low , especially given generally low population densities within their habitats .