vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Arctic fox
Arctic foxes must endure a temperature difference of up to 90 - 100 ° C between the external environment and their internal core temperature . To prevent heat loss , the Arctic fox curls up tightly tucking its legs and head under its body and behind its furry tail . This position gives the fox the smallest surface area to volume ratio and protects the least insulated areas . Arctic foxes also stay warm by getting out of the wind and residing in their dens . Although the Arctic fox is active year - round and do not hibernate , they attempt to preserve fat by reducing their locomotor activity . They build up their fat reserves in the autumn , sometimes increasing their body weight by more than 50 % . This provides greater insulation during the winter and a source of energy when food is scarce .
Rabbit
Because the rabbit 's epiglottis is engaged over the soft palate except when swallowing , the rabbit is an obligate nasal breather . Rabbits have two sets of incisor teeth , one behind the other . This way they can be distinguished from rodents , with which they are often confused . Carl Linnaeus originally grouped rabbits and rodents under the class Glires ; later , they were separated as the scientific consensus is that many of their similarities were a result of convergent evolution . However , recent DNA analysis and the discovery of a common ancestor has supported the view that they do share a common lineage , and thus rabbits and rodents are now often referred to together as members of the superorder Glires .
Arctic fox
The color of the fox 's coat also determines where they are most likely to be found . The white morph mainly lives inland and blends in with the snowy tundra , while the blue morph occupies the coasts because its dark color blends in with the cliffs and rocks .
Red deer
Red deer in Europe generally spend their winters at lower altitudes in more wooded terrain . During the summer , they migrate to higher elevations where food supplies are greater and better for the calving season .
Mustang
The debate as to what degree mustangs and cattle compete for forage is multifaceted . Horses are adapted by evolution to inhabit an ecological niche characterized by poor quality vegetation . Advocates assert that most current mustang herds live in arid areas which cattle can not fully utilize due to the lack of water sources . They can cover vast distances to find food and water ; advocates assert that horses range 5 - 10 times as far as cattle to find forage , finding it in more inaccessible areas . In addition , horses are `` hindgut fermenters '' , meaning that they digest nutrients by means of the cecum rather than by a multi-chambered stomach . While this means that they extract less energy from a given amount of forage , it also means that they can digest food faster and make up the difference in efficiency by increasing their consumption rate . In practical effect , by eating greater quantities , horses can obtain adequate nutrition from poorer forage than can ruminants such as cattle , surviving in areas where cattle will starve . In addition to consuming more fodder than cattle , horses ' incisors allow them to graze plants much closer to the ground . For these reasons , the number of horses has to be kept low enough to not exceed the carrying capacity of a given area .
Prairie dog
Prairie dogs Temporal range : Late Pliocene - Holocene Black - tailed prairie dog at the Smithsonian National Zoo Park in Washington , D.C. Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Rodentia Family : Sciuridae Tribe : Marmotini Genus : Cynomys Rafinesque , 1817 Species Cynomys gunnisoni Cynomys leucurus Cynomys ludovicianus Cynomys mexicanus Cynomys parvidens
Hearing range
`` Some birds , most notably oilbirds , also use echolocation , just as bats do . These birds live in caves and use their rapid chirps and clicks to navigate through dark caves where even sensitive vision may not be useful enough . ''
Bird nest
Some crepuscular petrels and prions are able to identify their own burrows within dense colonies by smell . Sand martins learn the location of their nest within a colony , and will accept any chick put into that nest until right before the young fledge .
Wild turkey
Turkey populations can reach large numbers in small areas because of their ability to forage for different types of food . Early morning and late afternoon are the desired times for eating .
Prairie dog
The black - tailed prairie dog ( Cynomys ludovicianus ) was first described by Lewis and Clark in 1804 . Lewis described it in more detail in 1806 , calling it the `` barking squirrel '' .
Bird nest
Some birds have been shown to choose aromatic green plant material for constructing nests that may have insecticidal properties , while others may use materials such as carnivore scat to repel smaller predators . Nesting
Yosemite National Park
At a variety of elevations , meadows provide important , productive habitat for wildlife . Animals come to feed on the green grasses and use the flowing and standing water found in many meadows . Predators , in turn , are attracted to these areas . The interface between meadow and forest is also favored by many animal species because of the proximity of open areas for foraging and cover for protection . Species that are highly dependent upon meadow habitat include great grey owl , willow flycatcher , Yosemite toad , and mountain beaver .
Red fox
Red foxes are implicated in the predation of game and song birds , hares , rabbits , muskrats , and young ungulates , particularly in preserves , reserves , and hunting farms where ground nesting birds are protected and raised , as well as in poultry farms .
Desert
Cacti are present in both North and South America with a post-Gondwana origin . Other xerophytic plants have developed similar strategies by a process known as convergent evolution . They limit water loss by reducing the size and number of stomata , by having waxy coatings and hairy or tiny leaves . Some are deciduous , shedding their leaves in the driest season , and others curl their leaves up to reduce transpiration . Others store water in succulent leaves or stems or in fleshy tubers . Desert plants maximize water uptake by having shallow roots that spread widely , or by developing long taproots that reach down to deep rock strata for ground water . The saltbush in Australia has succulent leaves and secretes salt crystals , enabling it to live in saline areas . In common with cacti , many have developed spines to ward off browsing animals . The
Yosemite National Park
As the landscape rises , trees become smaller and more sparse , with stands broken by areas of exposed granite . These include lodgepole pine , whitebark pine , and mountain hemlock that , at highest elevations , give way to vast expanses of granite as treeline is reached . The climate in these habitats is harsh and the growing season is short , but species such as pika , yellow - bellied marmot , white - tailed jackrabbit , Clark 's nutcracker , and black rosy finch are adapted to these conditions . Also , the treeless alpine habitats are the areas favored by Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep . This species , however , is now found in the Yosemite area only around Tioga Pass , where a small , reintroduced population exists .
Mourning dove
Mourning doves sunbathe or rainbathe by lying on the ground or on a flat tree limb , leaning over , stretching one wing , and keeping this posture for up to twenty minutes . These birds can also waterbathe in shallow pools or bird baths . Dustbathing is common as well . Pair
Rabbit
Sylvilagus aquaticus Swamp rabbit ( Juvenile ) Sylvilagus audubonii Desert cottontail Sylvilagus bachmani Brush rabbit Sylvilagus brasiliensis Tapeti ( Taxidermy specimen ) Sylvilagus palustris hefneri Lower Keys marsh rabbit
Bullpen
... months of imprisonment in the bull - pen , a structure unfit to house cattle , enclosed in a high barbed - wire fence .
Bird nest
Though most birds nest individually , some species -- including seabirds , penguins , flamingos , many herons , gulls , terns , weaver , some corvids and some sparrows -- gather together in sizeable colonies . Birds that nest colonially may benefit from increased protection against predation . They may also be able to better utilize food supplies , by following more successful foragers to their foraging sites .
Mourning dove
The primary predators of this species are diurnal birds of prey , such as falcons and hawks . During nesting , corvids , grackles , housecats , or rat snakes will prey on their eggs . Cowbirds rarely parasitize mourning dove nests . Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests , and the mourning dove 's vegetarian diet is unsuitable for cowbirds .
Bird nest
Not all bird species build nests . Some species lay their eggs directly on the ground or rocky ledges , while brood parasites lay theirs in the nests of other birds , letting unwitting `` foster parents '' do all the work of rearing the young . Although nests are primarily used for breeding , they may also be reused in the non-breeding season for roosting and some species build special dormitory nests or roost nests ( or winter - nest ) that are used only for roosting . Most birds build a new nest each year , though some refurbish their old nests . The large eyries ( or aeries ) of some eagles are platform nests that have been used and refurbished for several years .
Bird nest
Cavity - dwelling species have to contend with the danger of predators accessing their nest , catching them and their young inside and unable to get out . They have a variety of methods for decreasing the likelihood of this happening . Red - cockaded woodpeckers peel bark around the entrance , and drill wells above and below the hole ; since they nest in live trees , the resulting flow of resin forms a barrier that prevents snakes from reaching the nests . Red - breasted nuthatches smear sap around the entrance holes to their nests , while white - breasted nuthatches rub foul - smelling insects around theirs . Eurasian nuthatches wall up part of their entrance holes with mud , decreasing the size and sometimes extending the tunnel part of the chamber . Most female hornbills seal themselves into their cavity nests , using a combination of mud ( in some species brought by their mates ) , food remains and their own droppings to reduce the entrance hole to a narrow slit .
Red-tailed hawk
In the same period , the pair constructs a stick nest in a large tree 4 to 21 m ( 13 to 69 ft ) off the ground or on a cliff ledge 35 m ( 115 ft ) or higher above the ground , or may nest on man - made structures . The nest is generally 71 to 97 cm ( 28 to 38 in ) in diameter and can be up to 90 cm ( 3.0 ft ) tall . The nest is constructed of twigs , and lined with bark , pine needles , corn cobs , husks , stalks , aspen catkins , or other plant lining matter .
Bird nest
In warm climates , such as deserts and salt flats , heat rather than cold can kill the developing embryos . In such places , scrapes are shallower and tend to be lined with non-vegetative material ( including shells , feathers , sticks and soil ) , which allows convective cooling to occur as air moves over the eggs . Some species , such as the lesser nighthawk and the red - tailed tropicbird , help reduce the nest 's temperature by placing it in partial or full shade . Others , including some shorebirds , cast shade with their bodies as they stand over their eggs . Some shorebirds also soak their breast feathers with water and then sit on the eggs , providing moisture to enable evaporative cooling . Parent birds keep from overheating themselves by gular panting while they are incubating , frequently exchanging incubation duties , and standing in water when they are not incubating .
Dasht-e Kavir
The Persian ground jay is a bird species living in some parts of the desert plateaus , along with Houbara bustards , larks and sandgrouses .
Bird nest
Not every bird species builds or uses a nest . Some auks , for instance -- including common murre , thick - billed murre and razorbill -- lay their eggs directly onto the narrow rocky ledges they use as breeding sites . The eggs of these species are dramatically pointed at one end , so that they roll in a circle when disturbed . This is critical for the survival of the developing eggs , as there are no nests to keep them from rolling off the side of the cliff . Presumably because of the vulnerability of their unprotected eggs , parent birds of these auk species rarely leave them unattended . Nest location and architecture is strongly influenced by local topography and other abiotic factors .
Desert tortoise
Emptying the bladder is one of the defense mechanisms of this tortoise . This can leave the tortoise in a very vulnerable condition in dry areas , and it should not be alarmed , handled , or picked up in the wild unless in imminent danger . If it must be handled , and its bladder is emptied , then water should be provided to restore the fluid in its body .
Barn swallow
In the Old World , the barn swallow appears to have used man - made structures and bridges since time immemorial . An early reference is in Virgil 's Georgics ( 29 BC ) , `` Ante garrula quam tignis nidum suspendat hirundo '' ( Before the twittering swallow hangs its nest from the rafters ) . Barn
Desert tortoise
Scientists have divided the desert tortoise into two types : Agassiz 's and Morafka 's desert tortoises , with a possible third type in northern Sinaloan and southern Sonora , Mexico . An isolated population of Agassiz 's desert tortoise occurs in the Black Mountains of northwestern Arizona . They live in a different type of habitat , from sandy flats to rocky foothills . They have a strong proclivity in the Mojave Desert for alluvial fans , washes , and canyons where more suitable soils for den construction might be found . They range from near sea level to around 3,500 feet ( 1,100 m ) in elevation . Tortoises show very strong site fidelity , and have well - established home ranges where they know where their food , water , and mineral resources are .
Arctic fox
The Arctic fox has a functional hearing range between 125 Hz -- 16 kHz with a sensitivity that is ≤ 60 dB in air , and an average peak sensitivity of 24 dB at 4 kHz . Overall , the Arctic foxes hearing is less sensitive than the dog and the kit fox . The Arctic fox and the kit fox have a low upper - frequency limit compared to the domestic dog and other carnivores . The Arctic fox can easily hear lemmings burrowing under 4 - 5 inches of snow . When it has located its prey , it pounces and punches through the snow to catch its victim .
Bird feet and legs
The chicks in the orders Coraciiformes and Piciformes have ankles covered by a patch of tough skins with tubercles known as the heel - pad . They use the heel - pad to shuffle inside the nest cavities or holes . The
Barn swallow
The swallow , though called the chimney - swallow , by no means builds altogether in chimnies ( sic ) , but often within barns and out - houses against the rafters ... In Sweden she builds in barns , and is called ladusvala , the barn - swallow .
Barn owl
In Malaysia , large areas of rainforest were felled to make way for oil palm plantations and with few tree cavities for breeding , the barn owl population , with its ability to control rodent pests , diminished . The provision of two hundred nest boxes in a trial saw almost one hundred percent occupancy and as the programme expanded , the plantations supported one of the densest barn owl populations in the world . Similarly , providing nesting boxes has increased the number of barn owls in rice - growing areas of Malaysia where the rodents do much damage to the crop . However , although barn owl numbers have increased in both these instances , it is unclear as to how effective this biological control of the rats is as compared to the trapping and baiting that occurred previously .
Bird nest
Bird nests are also built by humans to help in the conservation of certain birds ( such as swallows ) . Swallow nests are generally built with plaster , wood , terracotta or stucco .
Bird nest
The technique used to construct a scrape nest varies slightly depending on the species . Beach - nesting terns , for instance , fashion their nests by rocking their bodies on the sand in the place they have chosen to site their nest , while skimmers build their scrapes with their feet , kicking sand backwards while resting on their bellies and turning slowly in circles . The ostrich also scratches out its scrape with its feet , though it stands while doing so . Many tinamous lay their eggs on a shallow mat of dead leaves they have collected and placed under bushes or between the root buttresses of trees , and kagus lay theirs on a pile of dead leaves against a log , tree trunk or vegetation . Marbled godwits stomp a grassy area flat with their feet , then lay their eggs , while other grass - nesting waders bend vegetation over their nests so as to avoid detection from above . Many female ducks , particularly in the northern latitudes , line their shallow scrape nests with down feathers plucked from their own breasts , as well as with small amounts of vegetation . Among scrape - nesting birds , the three - banded courser and Egyptian plover are unique in their habit of partially burying their eggs in the sand of their scrapes .
List of animals of Yellowstone
No research has been conducted in Yellowstone to determine the numbers or distribution of this elusive animal that usually is solitary , nocturnal , and widely scattered over its range .
Hippocampus
The hippocampus shows two major `` modes '' of activity , each associated with a distinct pattern of neural population activity and waves of electrical activity as measured by an electroencephalogram ( EEG ) . These modes are named after the EEG patterns associated with them : theta and large irregular activity ( LIA ) . The main characteristics described below are for the rat , which is the animal most extensively studied .
Wolf spider
There are many smaller genera of wolf spiders such as those found in the United Kingdom . They live in pastures and fields and feed on smaller prey , playing an important role in natural population control that keeps insect numbers in the wolf spiders ' vicinity within acceptable levels .
Evidence of common descent
The London Underground mosquito is a species of mosquito in the genus Culex found in the London Underground . It evolved from the overground species Culex pipiens . This mosquito , although first discovered in the London Underground system , has been found in underground systems around the world . It is suggested that it may have adapted to human - made underground systems since the last century from local above - ground Culex pipiens , although more recent evidence suggests that it is a southern mosquito variety related to Culex pipiens that has adapted to the warm underground spaces of northern cities .
Red panda
In the past , red pandas were captured and sold to zoos . In an article appearing in the International Zoo News in 1969 , one reported he personally had handled 350 red pandas in 17 years .
Barn owl
In Switzerland , a research group aims to install RFID tag readers on the entrance of the nest boxes , thus allowing tracking of barn owl movements from nest box to nest box . Information about the behavior of the owls prior to breeding could be obtained using surveillance .
Arctic fox
Arctic foxes closer to goose colonies ( located at the coasts ) are less likely to migrate . Meanwhile , foxes experiencing low - density lemming populations are more likely to make sea ice trips . Residency is common in the Arctic fox population so that they can maintain their territories . Migratory foxes have a mortality rate > 3 times higher than resident foxes . Nomadic behavior becomes more common as the foxes age .
Red fox
A strain of truly domesticated red foxes was introduced by Russian geneticist Dmitry Belyayev who , over a 40 - year period , bred several generations of silver morph foxes on fur farms , selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans . Eventually , Belyayev 's team selected only those that showed the most positive response to humans , thus resulting in a population of foxes whose behaviour and appearance was significantly changed . After about ten generations of controlled breeding , these foxes no longer showed any fear of humans , and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection . These behavioural changes were accompanied by physical alterations , which included piebald coats , floppy ears in pups , and curled tails , similar to traits that distinguish domestic dogs from wolves .
Red panda
In 2005 , Babu , a male red panda at Birmingham Nature Centre in Birmingham , England , escaped and briefly became a media celebrity , before being recaptured . He was subsequently voted `` Brummie of the Year '' , the first animal to receive this honor . Rusty , a male red panda at the National Zoo in Washington , DC , similarly attracted media attention when he briefly escaped in 2013 .
Lion
Lions spend much of their time resting , and are inactive for about 20 hours per day . Although lions can be active at any time , their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising , grooming , and defecating . Intermittent bursts of activity follow through the night hours until dawn , when hunting most often takes place . They spend an average of two hours a day walking , and 50 minutes eating .
Red panda
A red panda 's average lifespan is between eight and 10 years , but individuals have been known to reach 15 years .
Teletubbies
The programme takes place in a grassy , floral landscape populated by rabbits with bird calls audible in the background . The main shelter of the four Teletubbies is an earth house known as the `` Tubbytronic Superdome '' implanted in the ground and accessed through a hole at the top or an especially large semicircular door at the dome 's foot . The creatures co-exist with a number of strange contraptions such as the Noo - noo , the group 's anthropomorphic blue vacuum cleaner , and the Voice Trumpets . The show 's colourful , psychedelic setting was designed specifically to appeal to the attention spans of infants and unlock different sections of the mind while also educating young children of transitions that can be expected in life .
Platypus
As of 2017 , there is no platypus in captivity outside of Australia . Three attempts were made to bring the animals to the Bronx Zoo , in 1922 , 1947 , and 1958 ; of these , only two of the three animals introduced in 1947 lived longer than eighteen months .
Rabbit
Rabbit Temporal range : Late Eocene - Holocene , 53 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg Rabbit in Wisconsin , United States Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Subphylum : Vertebrata Class : Mammalia Order : Lagomorpha Family : Leporidae in part Genera Pentalagus Bunolagus Nesolagus Romerolagus Brachylagus Sylvilagus Oryctolagus Poelagus
Crab
Crabs are mostly active animals with complex behaviour patterns . They can communicate by drumming or waving their pincers . Crabs tend to be aggressive towards one another , and males often fight to gain access to females . On rocky seashores , where nearly all caves and crevices are occupied , crabs may also fight over hiding holes . Fiddler crabs ( genus Uca ) dig burrows in sand or mud , which they use for resting , hiding , and mating , and to defend against intruders .
House sparrow
Dust or water bathing is common and often occurs in groups . Anting is rare . Head scratching is done with the leg over the drooped wing .