vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Rodinia
Since then , many alternative reconstructions have been proposed for the configuration of the cratons in this supercontinent . Most of these reconstructions are based on the correlation of the orogens on different cratons . Though the configuration of the core cratons in Rodinia is now reasonably well known , recent reconstructions still differ in many details . Geologists try to decrease the uncertainties by collecting geological and paleomagnetical data .
Uluru
Uluru was built up during the creation period by two boys who played in the mud after rain . When they had finished their game they travelled south to Wiputa ... Fighting together , the two boys made their way to the table topped Mount Conner , on top of which their bodies are preserved as boulders . ( Page 5 )
Diamond
Coatings are increasingly used to give a diamond simulant such as cubic zirconia a more `` diamond - like '' appearance . One such substance is diamond - like carbon -- an amorphous carbonaceous material that has some physical properties similar to those of the diamond . Advertising suggests that such a coating would transfer some of these diamond - like properties to the coated stone , hence enhancing the diamond simulant . Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy should easily identify such a treatment .
Hajj
Pilgrims must leave Arafat for Muzdalifah after sunset without praying maghrib ( sunset ) prayer at Arafat . Muzdalifah is an area between Arafat and Mina . Upon reaching there , pilgrims perform Maghrib and Isha prayer jointly , spend the night praying and sleeping on the ground with open sky , and gather pebbles for the next day 's ritual of the stoning of the Devil ( Shaitan ) .
Uluru
Two other accounts are given in Norbert Brockman 's ( 1997 ) Encyclopedia of Sacred Places . The first tells of serpent beings who waged many wars around Uluru , scarring the rock . The second tells of two tribes of ancestral spirits who were invited to a feast , but were distracted by the beautiful Sleepy Lizard Women and did not show up . In response , the angry hosts sang evil into a mud sculpture that came to life as the dingo . There followed a great battle , which ended in the deaths of the leaders of both tribes . The earth itself rose up in grief at the bloodshed , becoming Uluru .
Rodinia
Low temperatures may have been exaggerated during the early stages of continental rifting . Geothermal heating peaks in crust about to be rifted ; and since warmer rocks are less dense , the crustal rocks rise up relative to their surroundings . This rising creates areas of higher altitude , where the air is cooler and ice is less likely to melt with changes in season , and it may explain the evidence of abundant glaciation in the Ediacaran period .
Acronym
The 56 - letter term ( 54 in Cyrillic ) is from the Concise Dictionary of Soviet Terminology and means `` The laboratory for shuttering , reinforcement , concrete and ferroconcrete operations for composite - monolithic and monolithic constructions of the Department of the Technology of Building - assembly operations of the Scientific Research Institute of the Organization for building mechanization and technical aid of the Academy of Building and Architecture of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . '' ( научно - исследовательская ( ... ) лаборатория операций по армированию бетона и железобетонных работ по сооружению сборно - монолитных и монолитных конструкций отдела технологии строительно - монтажного управления ) The card - game Magic : The Gathering has a playing card called `` Our Market Research Shows That Players Like Really Long Card Names So We Made this Card to Have the Absolute Longest Card Name Ever Elemental '' , with text on it saying : `` Just call it OMRSTPLRLCNSWMTCTHTALCNEE for short . ''
Lake District
The south eastern band comprises the mudstones and wackes of the Windermere Supergroup and which includes ( successively ) the rocks of the Dent , Stockdale , Tranearth , Coniston and Kendal groups . These are generally a little less resistant to erosion than the rocks sequence to the north and underlie much of the lower landscapes around Coniston and Windermere .
Easter Island
Rano Raraku and Maunga Toa Toa are isolated tuff cones of about 0.21 Ma . The crater of Rano Raraku contains a freshwater lake . The stratified tuff is composed of sideromelane , slightly altered to palagonite , and somewhat lithified . The tuff contains lithic fragments of older lava flows . The northwest sector of Rano Raraku contains reddish ash . According to Bandy , `` ... all of the great images of Easter Island are carved from '' the light and porous tuff from Rano Raraku . A carving was abandoned when a large , dense and hard lithic fragment was encountered . However , these lithics became the basis for stone hammers and chisels . The Puna Pau crater contains an extremely porous pumice , from which was carved the Pukao `` hats '' . The Maunga Orito obsidian was used to make the `` mataa '' spearheads .
Root mean square
( If the waveforms are in phase , then their RMS amplitudes sum directly . )
Uluru
In 1993 , a dual naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal name and the English name . On 15 December 1993 , it was renamed `` Ayers Rock / Uluru '' and became the first official dual - named feature in the Northern Territory . The order of the dual names was officially reversed to `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' on 6 November 2002 following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs .
Star of David
However , these seder - plate triangles are parallel , one above the other , and do not actually form a hexagram .
Victoria Falls
Archaeological sites around the falls have yielded Homo habilis stone artifacts from 3 million years ago , 50,000 - year - old Middle Stone Age tools and Late Stone Age ( 10,000 and 2,000 years ago ) weapons , adornments and digging tools . Iron - using Khoisan hunter - gatherers displaced these Stone Age people and in turn were displaced by Bantu tribes such as the southern Tonga people known as the Batoka / Tokalea , who called the falls Shungu na mutitima . The Matabele , later arrivals , named them aManz ' aThunqayo , and the Batswana and Makololo ( whose language is used by the Lozi people ) call them Mosi - o - Tunya . All these names mean essentially `` the smoke that thunders '' .
Japanese swordsmithing
During the last few foldings , the steel may be forged into several thin plates , stacked , and forge welded into a brick . The grain of the steel is carefully positioned between adjacent layers , with the exact configuration dependent on the part of the blade for which the steel will be used .
Pinky ring
A variety of pinky rings are awarded to graduating engineering students in North America , generally intended to serve as a reminder of the significance and impact of their chosen profession . In Canada , these include the Iron Ring , made of either crudely worked iron or stainless steel and worn on the dominant hand , presented to engineering students during the Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer , and the silver , but otherwise similar Earth Ring , associated with the geologists and geophysicists of the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta . In the United States , the Engineer 's Ring , awarded by the Order of the Engineer , is similar to the Canadian Iron Ring .
Easter Island
Trees are sparse , rarely forming natural groves , and it has been argued whether native Easter Islanders deforested the island in the process of erecting their statues , and in providing sustenance for an overpopulated island . Experimental archaeology demonstrated that some statues certainly could have been placed on `` Y '' shaped wooden frames called miro manga erua and then pulled to their final destinations on ceremonial sites . Other theories involve the use of `` ladders '' ( parallel wooden rails ) over which the statues could have been dragged . Rapanui traditions metaphorically refer to spiritual power ( mana ) as the means by which the moai were `` walked '' from the quarry . Recent experimental recreations have proven that it is fully possible that the moai were literally walked from their quarries to their final positions by use of ropes , casting doubt on the role that their existence plays in the environmental collapse of the island .
Shofar
This series is also known by its acronyms : TaShRaT , TaShaT , TaRaT , respectively .
Black Hills
The preceding layers were deposited in a horizontal manner . All of them can be seen in core samples and well logs from the flattest parts of the Great Plains . It took a period of uplift to bring them to their present topographical levels in the Black Hills . This uplift , called the Laramide orogeny , began around the beginning of the Cenozoic and left a line of igneous rocks through the northern hills superimposed on the rocks already discussed . This line extends from Bear Butte in the east to Devils Tower in the west . Evidence of Cenozoic volcanic eruptions , if this happened , has long since been eroded away .
Ryukyuan religion
The noro also would perform divination to determine the best days for sacred ceremonies , for social functions such as marriage or funeral , and for agricultural pursuits ( Kerr 33 ) . Land was set aside for the use of the noro , who when local was called niigami and was the sister of the nitchu , the head of the oldest ( or , later , most powerful ) family in the community ( called niiya ) . The noro was expected to remain a virgin . She was aided in her sacerdotal duties by a girl from every household in the community . The symbols of the noro are her white vestments and beads , often including a sacred , comma - shaped stone , the magatama .
Rodinia
SWEAT - Configuration ( Southwest US - East Antarctica craton ) : Antarctica is on the Southwest of Laurentia and Australia is at the North of Antarctica . AUSWUS - Configuration ( Australia - western US ) : Australia is at the West of Laurentia . AUSMEX - Configuration ( Australia - Mexico ) : Australia is at the location of nowadays Mexico relative to Laurentia . The `` Missing - link '' model by Li et al. 2008 which has South China between Australia and the west coast of Laurentia . A revised `` Missing - link '' model is proposed in which Tarim Block serves as an extended or alternative missing - link between Australia and Laurentia . Siberia attached to the western US ( via the Belt Supergroup ) , as in Sears & Price 2000 . Rodinia of Scotese .
Joshua Tree National Park
The rock formations of Joshua Tree National Park owe their shape partly to groundwater , which filtered through the roughly rectangular joints of the monzonite and eroded the corners and edges of blocks of stone , and to flash floods , which washed away covering ground and left piles of rounded boulders . These prominent outcrops are known as inselbergs .
Uluru
The world was once a featureless place . None of the places we know existed until creator beings , in the forms of people , plants and animals , traveled widely across the land . Then , in a process of creation and destruction , they formed the landscape as we know it today . Aṉangu land is still inhabited by the spirits of dozens of these ancestral creator beings which are referred to as Tjukuritja or Waparitja .
Abu Simbel temples
The entrance itself is crowned by a bas - relief representing two images of the king worshipping the falcon - headed Ra Harakhti , whose statue stands in a large niche . This god is holding the hieroglyph `` user '' and a feather in his right hand , with Ma'at , ( the goddess of truth and justice ) in his left ; this is nothing less than a gigantic cryptogram for Ramesses II 's throne name , User - Maat - Re . The facade is topped by a row of 22 baboons , their arms raised in the air , supposedly worshipping the rising sun . Another notable feature of the facade is a stele which records the marriage of Ramesses with a daughter of king Hattusili III , which sealed the peace between Egypt and the Hittites .
Devils Tower
Native American names for the monolith include : `` Bear 's House '' or `` Bear 's Lodge '' ( or `` Bear 's Tipi '' , `` Home of the Bear '' , `` Bear 's Lair '' ; Cheyenne , Lakota Matȟó Thípila , Crow Daxpitcheeaasáao `` Home of Bears '' ) , `` Aloft on a Rock '' ( Kiowa ) , `` Tree Rock '' , `` Great Gray Horn '' , and `` Brown Buffalo Horn '' ( Lakota Ptehé Ǧí ) .
Abu Simbel temples
These dates are allegedly the king 's birthday and coronation day , respectively . There is no direct evidence to support this . It is logical to assume , however , that these dates had some relation to a great event , such as the jubilee celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the pharaoh 's rule . In fact , according to calculations made on the basis of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius ( Sothis ) and inscriptions found by archaeologists , this date must have been October 22 . This image of the king was enhanced and revitalized by the energy of the solar star , and the deified Ramesses the Great could take his place next to Amun Ra and Ra - Horakhty .
Precambrian
The movement of Earth 's plates has caused the formation and break - up of continents over time , including occasional formation of a super-continent containing most or all of the landmass . The earliest known super-continent was Vaalbara . It formed from proto - continents and was a super-continent 3.636 billion years ago . Vaalbara broke up c . 2.845 -- 2.803 Ga ago . The super-continent Kenorland was formed c . 2.72 Ga ago and then broke sometime after 2.45 -- 2.1 Ga into the proto - continent cratons called Laurentia , Baltica , Australia , and Kalahari . The super-continent Columbia or Nuna formed 2.06 -- 1.82 billion years ago and broke up about 1.5 -- 1.35 billion years ago . The super-continent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1.13 -- 1.071 billion years ago , to have embodied most or all of Earth 's continents and to have broken up into eight continents around 750 -- 600 million years ago .
Santiago de Compostela Cathedral
In the tympanum of the right door there are several scenes from the Passion of Christ and the Adoration of the Magi . In one of the jambs is the inscription commemorating the laying of the stone : ERA
Fremont Street Experience
The LED display `` canopy , '' runs along the Fremont Street Experience promenade from Main Street to Fourth Street . Holding the canopy aloft are 16 columns , each weighing 26,000 pounds and can hold up 400,000 pounds , and 43,000 struts .
Uluru
Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu , the Aboriginal people of the area . The area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs , waterholes , rock caves and ancient paintings . Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Uluru and Kata Tjuta , also known as the Olgas , are the two major features of the Uluṟu - Kata Tjuṯa National Park .
Uluru
Kata Tjuta , also called Mount Olga or the Olgas , lies 25 km ( 16 mi ) west of Uluru . Special viewing areas with road access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk . Panorama
Aihole
Ambigergudi group is one of the archaeologically significant Aihole complexes situated immediately west of the Durga temple complex , near its entrance ticket office . It consists of three monuments , all aligned to the east - west axis . The easternmost monument is square monument walled on its east , north and south , and it lacks a tower . It faces the middle monument , which is largest of the three . The middle monument is experiments with an open verandah design concept with sloping slaps for roof cover . The sanctum is inside , and it contains a damaged Surya ( Sun god ) image whose crown is visible . These eastern two monuments are from 6th to 8th century , the Early Chalukya period . The
Shark tooth
This interpretation was corrected in 1611 by the Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna , who recognized them as ancient shark teeth , and , in 1667 , by the Danish naturalist Nicolaus Steno , who discussed their composition and famously produced a depiction of a shark 's head bearing such teeth . He mentioned his findings in a book , The Head of a Shark Dissected , which also contained an illustration of a C. megalodon tooth , previously considered to be a tongue stone .
Polycrystalline silicon
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Maya civilization
The Maya were keen observers of the sun , stars , and planets . E-Groups were a particular arrangement of temples that were relatively common in the Maya region ; they take their names from Group E at Uaxactun . They consisted of three small structures facing a fourth structure , and were used to mark the solstices and equinoxes . The earliest examples date to the Preclassic period . The Lost World complex at Tikal started out as an E-Group built towards the end of the Middle Preclassic . Due to its nature , the basic layout of an E-Group was constant . A structure was built on the west side of a plaza ; it was usually a radial pyramid with stairways facing the cardinal directions . It faced east across the plaza to three small temples on the far side . From the west pyramid , the sun was seen to rise over these temples on the solstices and equinoxes . E-Groups were raised across the central and southern Maya area for over a millennium ; not all were properly aligned as observatories , and their function may have been symbolic .
Mount Everest
From Camp III to Camp IV , climbers are faced with two additional challenges : the Geneva Spur and the Yellow Band . The Geneva Spur is an anvil shaped rib of black rock named by the 1952 Swiss expedition . Fixed ropes assist climbers in scrambling over this snow - covered rock band . The Yellow Band is a section of interlayered marble , phyllite , and semischist , which also requires about 100 metres of rope for traversing it .
Polycrystalline silicon
In single crystal silicon , also known as monocrystalline silicon , the crystalline framework is homogenous , which can be recognized by an even external colouring . The entire sample is one single , continuous and unbroken crystal as its structure contains no grain boundaries . Large single crystals are rare in nature and can also be difficult to produce in the laboratory ( see also recrystallisation ) . In contrast , in an amorphous structure the order in atomic positions is limited to short range .
Uluru
Uluru is notable for appearing to change colour at different times of the day and year , most notably when it glows red at dawn and sunset .
Sevens, Elevens, and Doubles
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Prayer wheel
Many monasteries around Tibet have large , fixed , metal wheels set side by side in a row . Passersby can turn the entire row of wheels simply by sliding their hands over each one .
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
Each of the candidates goes to the Bishop and , kneeling before him , places his joined hands between those of the Bishop .
Moai
The official unicode name for the emoji is spelled `` Moyai '' . This is the name of a statue near Shibuya Station in Tokyo , which is inspired by Moai from the Easter Island but looks distinct . This has caused inconsistent drawings to be adopted for this emoji by various companies with proprietary emoji images .
Ellipsis
As commonly used , this juxtaposition of characters is referred to as `` dots of ellipsis '' in the English language .
Tilted block faulting
As the fault blocks rotate and tip , erosion occurs , filling the basins that are formed with associated sediment from the block into the `` down - dropped corners '' . The basin - fill occurs concurrently with the exhumation . Calculations examining sediment infill suggest that differences in core complexes can be controlled by erosion rates and hanging wall resistance of the fault . Tilted blocks are formed under specific crustal conditions , where the lower crust is relatively warm , not hot . Hotter crust will lead to a type of formation known as a `` rolling hinge '' complex . The geometry of the tilted block system can be greatly affected by subsidence and isostasy .
Yosemite National Park
Erosion acting upon different types of uplift - created joint and fracture systems is responsible for creating the valleys , canyons , domes , and other features we see today . These joints and fracture systems do not move , and are therefore not faults . Spacing between joints is controlled by the amount of silica in the granite and granodiorite rocks ; more silica tends to create a more resistant rock , resulting in larger spaces between joints and fractures .
Red Sea
Sulfide minerals , aragonite , Mg - calcite , protodolomite , dolomite , quartz , chalcedony .
Uluru
Uluru ( / ˌuːləˈruː / , Pitjantjatjara : Uluṟu ) , also known as Ayers Rock ( / ˌɛərz ˈrɒk / ) and officially gazetted as `` Uluru / Ayers Rock '' , is a large sandstone rock formation in the southern part of the Northern Territory in central Australia . It lies 335 km ( 208 mi ) south west of the nearest large town , Alice Springs , 450 km ( 280 mi ) by road .
Diamond
Whereas the thermal probe can separate diamonds from most of their simulants , distinguishing between various types of diamond , for example synthetic or natural , irradiated or non-irradiated , etc. , requires more advanced , optical techniques . Those techniques are also used for some diamonds simulants , such as silicon carbide , which pass the thermal conductivity test . Optical techniques can distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds . They can also identify the vast majority of treated natural diamonds . `` Perfect '' crystals ( at the atomic lattice level ) have never been found , so both natural and synthetic diamonds always possess characteristic imperfections , arising from the circumstances of their crystal growth , that allow them to be distinguished from each other .
Marble Falls, Texas
Equally noteworthy is the huge igneous batholith called Granite Mountain looming on the town 's western edge that secured Marble Falls ' place in Texas history . The famed pink granite was used for the construction of the Texas State Capitol and other state government office buildings , and can also be found in the Galveston Seawall and Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport .
Sign of the cross
Some people use the humorous mnemonic device `` spectacles , testicles , wallet and watch '' to remember the sequence of motions , although this is frowned upon by some .
Easter Island
Petroglyphs Makemake with two birdmen , carved from red scoria Fish petroglyph found near Ahu Tongariki Caves
Atlas Mountains
The first tectonic deformation phase involves only the Anti-Atlas , which was formed in the Paleozoic Era ( ~ 300 million years ago ) as the result of continental collisions . North America , Europe and Africa were connected millions of years ago . The
Cremation
Concerns have been raised at the amount of ashes scattered at the peak of Snowdon , as they change the nature of the soil , and may affect the ecology .
Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
The techniques observed in all of them are quite similar . Basically they used the thermic alteration or firesetting ( Mohen 1992 , Craddock 1995 , Eiroa et al. 1996 , Timberlake 2003 ) . This consists of applying fire to the rock and then pouring water over it : the rapid changes of temperature will cause cracks within the rocks that can be totally broken with the help of mauls and picks . Then the useful masses were selected , crushed and transported to the production centre that could be in the surrounding area ( Mitterberg ) or far away ( Rudna Glava ) .