vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Glock
The Glock 20 , introduced in 1991 , was developed for the then - growing law enforcement and security forces market for the 10mm Auto . The pistol handles both full - power and reduced `` FBI '' loads that have reduced muzzle velocity . Due to the longer cartridge and higher pressures , the pistol is slightly larger than the Glock 17 , having a roughly 2.5 mm ( 0.1 in ) greater width and 7 mm ( 0.3 in ) greater length . Though many small parts interchange with the Glock 17 , with a close to 50 % parts commonality , the major assemblies are scaled - up and do not interchange . The standard magazine capacity of the Glock 20 is 15 rounds . In 2009 , Glock announced they would offer a 152 mm ( 6.0 in ) barrel as a drop - in option . The Glock 20SF is a version of the Glock 20 that uses the Short Frame ( SF ) which is based on the standard G20 frame ( same width ) , but reduces the trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) and the heel of the pistol is shortened by 4 mm ( 0.16 in ) so the trigger can be reached and operated better by users with relatively small hands . The Glock 29 is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the subcompact Glock 26 introduced in 1997 along with the Glock 30 (. 45 ACP ) . The pistol features a 96 mm ( 3.8 in ) barrel and a standard magazine capacity of 10 rounds . Like other subcompact Glock pistols , the Glock 29 functions with the factory magazines from its related full - size model , giving an optional capacity of 15 rounds . The Glock 29SF version of the Glock 29 uses the SF which is based on the standard G29 frame ( same width ) , but reduces the trigger reach from the back of the grip by 2.5 mm ( 0.098 in ) . The Glock 40 , introduced in 2015 , is a 10mm Auto equivalent of the long - slide Glock 17L . The Glock 40 is only made with the `` Gen4 '' frame and `` MOS '' ( Modular Optic System ) configuration .
Shotgun
Bolt - action shotguns , while uncommon , do exist . One of the best - known examples is a 12 gauge manufactured by Mossberg featuring a 3 - round magazine , marketed in Australia just after changes to the gun laws in 1997 heavily restricted the ownership and use of pump - action and semi-automatic shotguns . They were not a huge success , as they were somewhat slow and awkward to operate , and the rate of fire was noticeably slower ( on average ) than a double - barrelled gun . The Ishapore Arsenal in India also manufactured a single - shot . 410 bore shotgun based on the SMLE Mk III * rifle . The Russian Berdana shotgun was effectively a single - shot bolt - action rifle that became obsolete , and was subsequently modified to chamber 16 gauge shotgun shells for civilian sale . The U.S. military M26 is also a bolt - action weapon . Bolt - action shotguns have also been used in the `` goose gun '' application , intended to kill birds such as geese at greater range . Typically , goose guns have long barrels ( up to 36 inches ) , and small bolt - fed magazines . Bolt - action shotguns are also used in conjunction with slug shells for the maximum possible accuracy from a shotgun . Other
Smocking
G. Surface honeycomb stitch : a tight variant on the honeycomb stitch and the wave stitch with the diagonal stitch visible , but spanning only one gather instead of a gather and a space .
Glock
In August 2016 the Indianapolis Metro Police Department ( IMPD ) started training with a batch of Glock 17M pistols . The most obvious difference with the Glock third and fourth - generation models on published images is the omission of finger grooves on the grip . The IMPD issued a Glock 17M voluntary recall following failures encountered while dry firing the pistols during training . According to Major Riddle with the IMPD ; `` Glock is working to correct the problem and we hope to begin issuing the new ( 17Ms ) as soon as December '' . Fifth
Industrial Revolution
Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century . These included crank - powered , treadle - powered and horse - powered workshop and light industrial machinery .
Coal
During gasification , the coal is mixed with oxygen and steam while also being heated and pressurized . During the reaction , oxygen and water molecules oxidize the coal into carbon monoxide ( CO ) , while also releasing hydrogen gas ( H ) . This process has been conducted in both underground coal mines and in the production of town gas which was piped to customers to burn for illumination , heating , and cooking .
Glock
In August 2017 , Glock presented the `` fifth generation '' or `` Gen5 '' . The revisions centered on ergonomics and improving reliability . Many parts of fifth - generation Glock pistols can not be interchanged with those of the previous generations . The two fifth - generation models announced were the Glock 17 and Glock 19 , chambered for the 9 × 19 mm Parabellum . Some conspicuous changes on the fifth - generation models are : nDLC ( Diamond - Like Carbon ) surface finish for barrel and slide , new barrel rifling and a deeper rtecessed barrle crown , omission of the finger grooves on the grip , a reintroduction of a cutout on the bottom front of the grip , ambidextrous slide stop lever , and a flared magazine well . The locking block pin located above the trigger pin that was introduced in the third - generation is omitted . Many internal parts were less conspicuous revised . `` Gen 5 '' is rollmarked on the slide next to the model number to identify the fifth - generation pistols . The magazines were also revised for the fifth - generation models . The redesigned magazine floor plates feature a frontward protruding lip to offer grip for manual assisted extraction and the magazine follower became orange colored for easier visual identification .
Wind turbine
As competition in the wind market increases , companies are seeking ways to draw greater efficiency from their designs . One of the predominant ways wind turbines have gained performance is by increasing rotor diameters , and thus blade length . Retrofitting current turbines with larger blades mitigates the need and risks associated with a system - level redesign . As the size of the blade increases , its tendency to deflect also increases . Thus , from a materials perspective , the stiffness - to - weight is of major importance . As the blades need to function over a 100 million load cycles over a period of 20 -- 25 years , the fatigue life of the blade materials is also of utmost importance . By incorporating carbon fiber into parts of existing blade systems , manufacturers may increase the length of the blades without increasing their overall weight . For instance , the spar cap , a structural element of a turbine blade , commonly experiences high tensile loading , making it an ideal candidate to utilize the enhanced tensile properties of carbon fiber in comparison to glass fiber . Higher stiffness and lower density translates to thinner , lighter blades offering equivalent performance . In a 10 - MW turbine -- which will become more common in offshore systems by 2021 -- blades may reach over 100 m in length and weigh up to 50 metric tons when fabricated out of glass fiber . A switch to carbon fiber in the structural spar of the blade yields weight savings of 20 to 30 percent , or approximately 15 metric tons .
Biomass
A range of chemical processes may be used to convert biomass into other forms , such as to produce a fuel that is more conveniently used , transported or stored , or to exploit some property of the process itself . Many of these processes are based in large part on similar coal - based processes , such as Fischer - Tropsch synthesis , methanol production , olefins ( ethylene and propylene ) , and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks . In most cases , the first step involves gasification , which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk . Biomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid . Therefore , biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide , hydrogen , and traces of methane . This gas mixture , called a producer gas , can provide fuel for various vital processes , such as internal combustion engines , as well as substitute for furnace oil in direct heat applications . Because any biomass material can undergo gasification , this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production , where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel . In addition , biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste ( such as wastes available on a farm ) into producer gas , which is a very usable fuel .
Three-phase electric power
A rotary phase converter is a three - phase motor with special starting arrangements and power factor correction that produces balanced three - phase voltages . When properly designed , these rotary converters can allow satisfactory operation of a three - phase motor on a single - phase source . In such a device , the energy storage is performed by the inertia ( flywheel effect ) of the rotating components . An external flywheel is sometimes found on one or both ends of the shaft .
Wind turbine
Small wind turbines may be used for a variety of applications including on - or off - grid residences , telecom towers , offshore platforms , rural schools and clinics , remote monitoring and other purposes that require energy where there is no electric grid , or where the grid is unstable . Small wind turbines may be as small as a fifty - watt generator for boat or caravan use . Hybrid solar and wind powered units are increasingly being used for traffic signage , particularly in rural locations , as they avoid the need to lay long cables from the nearest mains connection point . The U.S. Department of Energy 's National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) defines small wind turbines as those smaller than or equal to 100 kilowatts . Small units often have direct drive generators , direct current output , aeroelastic blades , lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind .
Plant breeding
Genetic modification of plants that can produce pharmaceuticals ( and industrial chemicals ) , sometimes called pharming , is a rather radical new area of plant breeding .
Vietnam War
The M60 machine gun GPMG ( General Purpose Machine Gun ) was the main machine gun of the US army at the time and many of them were put on helicopters , to provide suppressive fire when landing in hostile regions . The MAC - 10 machine pistol was supplied to many special forces troops in the midpoint of the war . It also armed many CIA agents in the field . UH
Tap and die
While modern nuts and bolts are routinely made of metal , this was not the case in earlier ages , when woodworking tools were employed to fashion very large wooden bolts and nuts for use in winches , windmills , watermills , and flour mills of the Middle Ages ; the ease of cutting and replacing wooden parts was balanced by the need to resist large amounts of torque , and bear up against ever heavier loads of weight . As the loads grew ever heavier , bigger and stronger bolts were needed to resist breakage . Some nuts and bolts were measured by the foot or yard . This development eventually led to a complete replacement of wood parts with metal parts of an identical measure . When a wooden part broke , it usually snapped , ripped , or tore . With the splinters having been sanded off , the remaining parts were reassembled , encased in a makeshift mold of clay , and molten metal poured into the mold , so that an identical replacement could be made on the spot .
Coffee
Then they are sorted by ripeness and color and most often the flesh of the berry is removed , usually by machine , and the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of mucilage still present on the seed . When the fermentation is finished , the seeds are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue , which generates massive amounts of coffee wastewater . Finally , the seeds are dried .
Wind turbine
A 1.5 MW wind turbine of a type frequently seen in the United States has a tower 80 meters ( 260 ft ) high . The rotor assembly ( blades and hub ) weighs 22,000 kilograms ( 48,000 lb ) . The nacelle , which contains the generator , weighs 52,000 kilograms ( 115,000 lb ) . The concrete base for the tower is constructed using 26,000 kilograms ( 58,000 lb ) reinforcing steel and contains 190 cubic meters ( 250 cu yd ) of concrete . The base is 15 meters ( 50 ft ) in diameter and 2.4 meters ( 8 ft ) thick near the center .
Glock
By 1992 , some 350,000 pistols had been sold in more than 45 countries , including 250,000 in the United States alone .
Smith & Wesson
Along with the myriad smaller configurations , the mid-sized 4516 , 457 , the Chiefs Special CS45 , and the decocker equipped , 4546 , 4566 and 4576 , and the 45 TSW , the 4553 , stll being issued to the West Virginia State Troopers .
Biomass
Energy created by burning biomass is particularly suited for countries where the fuel wood grows more rapidly , e.g. tropical countries . There are a number of other less common , more experimental or proprietary thermal processes that may offer benefits such as hydrothermal upgrading ( HTU ) and hydroprocessing . Some have been developed for use on high moisture content biomass , including aqueous slurries , and allow them to be converted into more convenient forms . Some of the applications of thermal conversion are combined heat and power ( CHP ) and co-firing . In a typical dedicated biomass power plant , efficiencies range from 20 -- 27 % ( higher heating value basis ) . Biomass cofiring with coal , by contrast , typically occurs at efficiencies near those of the coal combustor ( 30 -- 40 % , higher heating value basis ) .
Spider
Some spiders have a cribellum , a modified spinneret with up to 40,000 spigots , each of which produces a single very fine fiber . The fibers are pulled out by the calamistrum , a comb - like set of bristles on the jointed tip of the cribellum , and combined into a composite woolly thread that is very effective in snagging the bristles of insects . The earliest spiders had cribella , which produced the first silk capable of capturing insects , before spiders developed silk coated with sticky droplets . However , most modern groups of spiders have lost the cribellum .
Wind turbine
The parallel turbine is similar to the crossflow fan or centrifugal fan . It uses the ground effect . Vertical axis turbines of this type have been tried for many years : a unit producing 10 kW was built by Israeli wind pioneer Bruce Brill in the 1980s .
Twenty Negro Law
With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 , the `` Twenty Negro Law '' ceased to exist .
Cherokee
Stand Watie , the leader of the Ridge Party , raised a regiment for Confederate service in 1861 . John Ross , who had reluctantly agreed to ally with the Confederacy , was captured by Federal troops in 1862 . He lived in self - imposed exile in Philadelphia , supporting the Union . In Indian Territory , the national council of those who supported the Union voted to abolish slavery in the Cherokee Nation in 1863 , but they were not the majority slaveholders and the vote had little effect on those supporting the Confederacy .
History of United States prison systems
`` The most far - reaching change in the history of crime and punishment in the nineteenth - century South , '' according to historian Edward L. Ayers , was `` the state 's assumption of control over blacks from their ex-masters ... '' The process by which this occurred was `` halting and tenuous , '' but the transition began the moment a master told his slaves they were free . '' In this landscape , Ayers writes , the Freedmen 's Bureau vied with Southern whites -- through official government apparatuses and informal organizations like the Ku Klux Klan -- over opposing notions of justice in the post-war South .
History of United States prison systems
Southern penitentiaries from the antebellum period by and large continued to fall into disrepair in the post-war years as they became mere outposts of the much larger convict labor system . One by one , Southern penitentiary systems had disintegrated during the American Civil War . Mississippi sent its prisoners to Alabama for safekeeping in the midst of a Northern invasion . Louisiana concentrated its prisoners into a single urban workhouse . Arkansas dispersed its convicts in 1863 when the Union Army breached its borders . Occupied Tennessee hired its prisoners out to the United States government , while Georgia freed its inmates as General William Tecumseh Sherman headed for Atlanta with his armies in 1864 . With the fall of Richmond , most of Virginia 's prisoners escaped .
History of United States prison systems
The focus of Southern justice on racial control in the post-war years had a profound effect on the demographics of the lease systems ' populations . Before the Civil War , virtually all Southern prisoners were white , but under post-war leasing arrangements almost all ( approximately 90 percent ) were black . In the antebellum period , white immigrants made up a disproportionate share of the South 's prison population before all but disappearing from prison records in the post-war period . The reasons for this are likely two-fold , Edward L. Ayers suggests . First , white immigrants generally avoided the post-war South due to its generally poor economic climate and the major increase in labor competition posed by emancipated slaves . Second , the preoccupation of post-war Southern police forces with crime committed by blacks decreased their efforts among the white population , including immigrants .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
According to West , `` slavery was a well established institution among the Aztecs and their neighbors . '' `` During the Conquest , Spaniards legally enslaved large numbers of natives -- men , women and children -- as booty of warfare , branding each individual on the cheek . '' In fact , `` Cortes owned several hundred , used mainly in gold placering . '' Indian slavery was abolished in 1542 , but persisted until the 1550s .
History of Texas
When the news arrived in Galveston , on June 19 , 1865 that they had been set free , the freed slaves rejoiced , creating the celebration of Juneteenth . The State had suffered little during the War but trade and finance was disrupted . Angry returning veterans seized state property , and Texas went through a period of extensive violence and disorder . Most outrages took place in northern Texas ; outlaws based in the Indian Territory plundered and murdered without distinction of party .
Illinois
Though it was ostensibly a `` free state '' , there was slavery in Illinois . The ethnic French had owned black slaves since the 1720s , and American settlers had already brought slaves into the area from Kentucky . Slavery was nominally banned by the Northwest Ordinance , but that was not enforced for those already holding slaves . When Illinois became a sovereign state in 1818 , the Ordinance no longer applied , and about 900 slaves were held in the state . As the southern part of the state , later known as `` Egypt '' or `` Little Egypt '' , was largely settled by migrants from the South , the section was hostile to free blacks . Settlers were allowed to bring slaves with them for labor , but , in 1822 , state residents voted against making slavery legal . Still , most residents opposed allowing free blacks as permanent residents . Some settlers brought in slaves seasonally or as house servants . The Illinois Constitution of 1848 was written with a provision for exclusionary laws to be passed . In 1853 , John A. Logan helped pass a law to prohibit all African Americans , including freedmen , from settling in the state . Native
History of United States prison systems
Soon after hostilities officially ceased between the United States and the Confederate States of America , black `` vagrants '' in Nashville , Tennessee , and New Orleans , Louisiana , were being fined and sent to the city workhouse . In San Antonio , Texas , and Montgomery , Alabama , free blacks were arrested , imprisoned , and put to work on the streets to pay for their own upkeep . A Northern journalist who passed through Selma , Alabama , immediately after of the war , was told that no white man had ever been sentenced to the chain gang , but that blacks were now being condemned to it for such `` crimes '' as `` using abusive language towards a white man '' or selling farm produce within the town limits .
History of United States prison systems
For their part , former slaves in the Reconstruction - era South made efforts of their own to counteract white supremacist violence and injustice . In March 1866 , Abraham Winfield and ten other black men petitioned the head of the Georgia Freedmen 's Bureau for relief from the oppression of the Bureau 's Court in Savannah -- especially for Civil War veterans . In rural areas like Greene County , Georgia , blacks met vigilante violence from whites with violence of their own . But with the withdrawal of the Freedmen 's Bureau in 1868 and continuing political violence from whites , blacks ultimately lost this struggle , according to historian Edward L. Ayers . Southern courts were largely unable -- even they were willing -- to bring whites to justice for violence against black Southerners . By the early to mid-1870s , white political supremacy had been established anew across most of the South .
History of United States prison systems
At the same time that Reconstruction Era Southern governments enacted the `` Black Codes '' , they also began to change the nature of the state 's penal machinery to make it into an economic development tool . Social historian Marie Gottschalk characterizes the use of penal labor by Southern state governments during the post-war years as an `` important bridge between an agricultural economy based on slavery and the industrialization and agricultural modernization of the New South . ''
History of United States prison systems
Despite these changes , and continuing attacks from labor movements , Populists , and Greenbackers , only two Southern states besides Mississippi ended the system prior to the twentieth century . Most Southern states did bring their systems under tighter control and make increasing use of state penal farms by the twentieth century , however , resulting in improved conditions and a decline in death rates . Georgia abolished its system in 1908 , after an expose by Charles Edward Russell in Everybody 's Magazine revealed `` hideous '' conditions on lease projects . A former warden described how men in the Georgia camps were hung by their thumbs as punishment , to the point that their thumbs became so stretched and deformed , to the length of index fingers , that they resembled the `` paws of certain apes . '' Florida 's prison camps -- where even the sick were forced to work under threat of a beating or shooting -- remained in use until 1923 .
Freedmen's Bureau
By 1871 , Northerners ' interest in reconstructing the South with military power had waned . Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required , were discouraged at the high rate of continuing violence around elections , and were ready for the South to take care of itself . All of the southern states had created new constitutions that established universal , publicly funded education . Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African - American leaders . Teachers