vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fair trade
Unsustainable farming practices can harm plantation owners and laborers . Unsustainable practices such as using chemicals and unshaded growing are risky . Small growers who put themselves at economic risk by not having diverse farming practices could lose money and resources due to fluctuating coffee prices , pest problems , or policy shifts .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
It has been estimated that the LDS Church received $33 - billion in donations from its members in 2010 and , during the decade of the 2010s to net about $15 - billion gains per year . According to Bloomberg Businessweek , the LDS Church 's worth at $40 billion as of 2012 .
Cost–benefit analysis
Another controversy is valuing the environment , which in the 21st century is typically assessed by valuing ecosystem services to humans , such as air and water quality and pollution . Monetary values may also be assigned to other intangible effects such as business reputation , market penetration , or long - term enterprise strategy alignment .
Franchising
Although franchisor revenues and profit may be listed in a franchise disclosure document ( FDD ) , no laws require an estimate of franchisee profitability , which depends on how intensively the franchisee `` works '' the franchise . Therefore , franchisor fees are typically based on `` gross revenue from sales '' and not on profits realized . See remuneration .
Free market
It is not from the benevolence of the butcher , the brewer or the baker , that we expect our dinner , but from their regard to their own self - interest . We address ourselves , not to their humanity but to their self - love , and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages . --
Trafficking of children
Menefee , Samuel Pyeatt , Wives for Sale , id. , p. 165 . and prices , drawing from limited data , `` appear to have been fairly high '' .
Trump: The Art of the Deal
By 2016 , Schwartz said he had received some $1.6 million in royalty payments . In October of that year , Schwartz said the royalties he was still receiving for the book `` suddenly became , for me , blood money . I did n't want to be anywhere near it . It just feels wrong . '' As a result , Schwartz said he would be donating the prior 6 - months of royalties worth $55,000 to the National Immigration Law Center which advocates for more undocumented immigrants to remain in the USA legally . Schwartz had earlier donated royalties he received in the second half of 2015 , worth $25,000 , to a number of charities including the National Immigration Forum . Schwartz said he wanted to help the people Trump was attacking .
Law firm
Some prominent law firms , like Goodwin Procter and Paul Hastings , give generous signing bonuses ( e.g. , $20 k ) to incoming first - year associates who hold JD / MBA degrees .
Income inequality in the United States
Welfare spending may entice the poor away from finding remunerative work and toward dependency on the state . Eliminating social safety nets can discourage free market entrepreneurs by increasing the risk of business failure from a temporary setback to financial ruin .
Child care
In Japan , the child care industry is worth trillions of yen , and is expanding due to rising work force participation by mothers . In 2004 nearly 2 million children were in some form of day care . ( Jetro )
Lebanon
The urban population in Lebanon is noted for its commercial enterprise . Emigration has yielded Lebanese `` commercial networks '' throughout the world . Remittances from Lebanese abroad total $8.2 billion and account for one fifth of the country 's economy . Lebanon has the largest proportion of skilled labor among Arab States .
Mount Everest
By 2016 , most guiding services cost between US $35,000 -- 200,000 . However , the services offered vary widely and it is `` buyer beware '' when doing deals in Nepal , one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world . Tourism is about four percent of Nepal 's economy , but Everest is special in that an Everest porter can make nearly double the nations 's average wage in a region in which other sources of income are lacking .
Atlantic slave trade
In France in the 18th century , returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6 % ; as compared to 5 % for most domestic alternatives , this represented a 20 % profit advantage . Risks -- maritime and commercial -- were important for individual voyages . Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time . In that way , they were able to diversify a large part of the risk away . Between voyages , ship shares could be freely sold and bought .
Peter and Rosemary Grant
Since 2010 , she has been honoured annually by the Society for the Study of Evolution with the Rosemary Grant Graduate Student Research Award competition , which supports `` students in the early stages of their PhD programs by enabling them to collect preliminary data ... or to enhance the scope of their research beyond current funding limits '' .
Fair trade
In spite of studies showing Fair Trade efficiency , some studies have shown limitations to Fair Trade benefits . Sometimes the criticism is intrinsic to Fair Trade , sometimes efficiency depends on the broader context such as the lack of government help or volatile coffee prices in the global market .
Indigenous Australian art
Despite concerns about supply and demand for paintings , the remoteness of many of the artists , and the poverty and health issues experienced in the communities , there are widespread estimates of an industry worth close to half a billion Australian dollars each year , and growing rapidly .
Free market
Smith pointed out that one does not get one 's dinner by appealing to the brother - love of the butcher , the farmer or the baker . Rather one appeals to their self - interest , and pays them for their labor .
Alaska
The Permanent Fund is often considered to be one of the leading examples of a `` Basic Income '' policy in the world .
History of advertising
At the turn of the 20th century , there were few career choices for women in business ; however , advertising was one of the few . Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household , advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women 's insight during the creative process . Helen Lansdowne Resor at J. Walter Thompson Agency , was one of the pioneers .
Fair trade
There are complaints that the standards are inappropriate and may harm producers , sometimes making them work several months more for little return .
Model (person)
In the mid-1990s , a series of men 's magazines were established such as Maxim , FHM , and Stuff . At the same time , magazines including Sweden 's Slitz re-branded themselves as men 's magazines . Pre-internet , these magazines were popular among men in their late teens and early twenties because they were considered to be more tasteful than their predecessors . With the glamour market growing , fashion moved away from the waifs and onto Brazilian bombshells . The glamour market , which consisted mostly of commercial fashion models and commercial print models , became its own genre due to its popularity . Even in a large market like the United Kingdom , however , glamour models are not usually signed exclusively to one agency as they can not rely financially on one agency to provide them with enough work . It was , and still is , a common practice for glamour models to partake in kiss - and - tell interviews about their dalliances with famous men . The notoriety of their alleged bed - hopping often propels their popularity and they are often promoted by their current or former fling . With Page 3 models becoming fixtures in the British tabloids , glamour models such as Jordan , now known as Katie Price , became household names . By 2004 , Page 3 regulars earned anywhere from £ 30,000 to 40,000 , where the average salary of a non-Page 3 model , as of 2011 , was between £ 10,000 and 20,000 . In the early 2000s , glamour models , and aspiring glamour models , appeared on reality television shows such as Big Brother to gain fame . Several Big Brother alumni parlayed their fifteen minutes of fame into successful glamour modelling careers . However , the glamour market became saturated by the mid-2000s , and numerous men 's magazines including Arena , Stuff and FHM in the United States went under . During this time , there was a growing trend of glamour models , including Kellie Acreman and Lauren Pope , becoming DJs to supplement their income . In a 2012 interview , Keeley Hazell said that going topless is not the best way to achieve success and that `` ( she ) was lucky to be in that 1 % of people that get that , and become really successful . ''
Trafficking of children
In contemporary Nepal , parents of poor families sell their children to orphanages ( or sometimes simply hand them over without any payment ) . The orphanage then misrepresent them as `` orphans '' , ensuring an income for the orphanages .
Model (person)
Commercial print models generally appear in print ads for non-fashion products , and in television commercials . Commercial print models can earn up to $250 an hour . Commercial print models are usually non-exclusive , and primarily work in one location .
Political party
Such activities as well as assumed `` influence peddling '' have given rise to demands that the scale of donations should be capped . As the costs of electioneering escalate , so the demands made on party funds increase . In the UK some politicians are advocating that parties should be funded by the state ; a proposition that promises to give rise to interesting debate in a country that was the first to regulate campaign expenses ( in 1883 ) .
The Gospel of Wealth
In 1901 , U.S. Senator Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver wrote an article for the celebrity magazine Success , titled `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst and the New Gospel of Wealth '' . Hearst was an American philanthropist and suffragist . According to Dolliver , Hearst saw inadequacies of public schools and was concerned about urban poverty and vice . She , like Carnegie , believed that as a millionaire , it was her duty to help those less fortunate . The purpose of Dolliver 's article was to explain Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth '' and illustrate how she should be viewed as a complementary equal to men like Carnegie . She declared that women who were wealthy had a sacred and moral duty to give away their fortunes to causes , especially progressive education and reform , to benefit their communities . Like Carnegie , Hearst was very concerned with giving the lower class the opportunity to be educated at the same level at which the upper class was educated . Also like Carnegie , she established her own free public library . Hers was located in Anaconda , Montana .
Model (person)
In October 1981 , Life cited Shelley Hack , Lauren Hutton and Iman for Revlon , Margaux Hemingway for Fabergé , Karen Graham for Estee Lauder , Christina Ferrare for Max Factor , and Cheryl Tiegs for CoverGirl by proclaiming them the `` million dollar faces '' of the beauty industry . These models negotiated previously unheard of lucrative and exclusive deals with giant cosmetics companies , were instantly recognizable , and their names became well known to the public .
Daughters of the American Revolution
The DAR awards $150,000 per year in scholarships to high school graduates , and music , law , nursing , and medical school students . Only two of the 20 scholarships offered are restricted to DAR members or their descendants .
Political party
party members and other individuals , organizations , which share their political ideas ( e.g. trade union affiliation fees ) or which could benefit from their activities ( e.g. corporate donations ) or governmental or public funding .
Luteinizing hormone
Often , HCG medication is used as an LH substitute because it activates the same receptor . Medically used hCG is derived from urine of pregnant women , is less costly , and has a longer half - life than LH .
Platypus
Most mammal zygotes go though holoblastic cleavage , meaning that following fertilization the ovum is split due to cell divisions into multiple , divisible daughter cells . This is in comparison to meroblastic division in birds and platypuses , which causes the ovum to split but not completely . This causes the cells at the edge of the yolk to be cytoplasmically continuous with the egg 's cytoplasm . This allows the yolk , which contains the embryo , to exchange waste and nutrients with the cytoplasm .
Political action committee
Contributions from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal , though they may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising ; Union - affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from members ; Independent PACs may solicit contributions from the general public and must pay their own costs from those funds .
Political action committee
Most of the 4,600 active , registered PACs are `` connected PACs '' established by businesses , labor unions , trade groups , or health organizations . These PACs receive and raise money from a `` restricted class '' , generally consisting of managers and shareholders in the case of a corporation and members in the case of a union or other interest group . As of January 2009 , there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs , 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations .
Spider
A few spider species that build webs live together in large colonies and show social behavior , although not as complex as in social insects . Anelosimus eximius ( in the family Theridiidae ) can form colonies of up to 50,000 individuals . The genus Anelosimus has a strong tendency towards sociality : all known American species are social , and species in Madagascar are at least somewhat social . Members of other species in the same family but several different genera have independently developed social behavior . For example , although Theridion nigroannulatum belongs to a genus with no other social species , T. nigroannulatum build colonies that may contain several thousand individuals that co-operate in prey capture and share food . Other communal spiders include several Philoponella species ( family Uloboridae ) , Agelena consociata ( family Agelenidae ) and Mallos gregalis ( family Dictynidae ) . Social predatory spiders need to defend their prey against kleptoparasites ( `` thieves '' ) , and larger colonies are more successful in this . The herbivorous spider Bagheera kiplingi lives in small colonies which help to protect eggs and spiderlings . Even widow spiders ( genus Latrodectus ) , which are notoriously cannibalistic , have formed small colonies in captivity , sharing webs and feeding together .
Fair trade
There is widespread confusion because the fair trade industry standards provided by Fairtrade International ( The Fairtrade Labelling Organization ) use the word `` producer '' in many different senses , often in the same specification document . Sometimes it refers to farmers , sometimes to the primary cooperatives they belong to , to the secondary cooperatives that the primary cooperatives belong to , or to the tertiary cooperatives that the secondary cooperatives may belong to but `` Producer ( also ) means any entity that has been certified under the Fairtrade International Generic Fairtrade Standard for Small Producer Organizations , Generic Fairtrade Standard for Hired Labour Situations , or Generic Fairtrade Standard for Contract Production . '' The word is used in all these meanings in key documents . In practice , when price and credit are discussed , `` producer '' means the exporting organization , `` For small producers ' organizations , payment must be made directly to the certified small producers ' organization '' . and `` In the case of a small producers ' organization ( e.g. for coffee ) , Fairtrade Minimum Prices are set at the level of the Producer Organization , not at the level of individual producers ( members of the organization ) '' which means that the `` producer '' here is halfway up the marketing chain between the farmer and the consumer . The part of the standards referring to cultivation , environment , pesticides and child labour has the farmer as `` producer '' .
Fair trade
Alternative trading organizations are often , but not always , based in political and religious groups , though their secular purpose precludes sectarian identification and evangelical activity . Philosophically , the grassroots political - action agenda of these organizations associates them with progressive political causes active since the 1960s : foremost , a belief in collective action and commitment to moral principles based on social , economic and trade justice .
House sparrow
Some intraspecific brood parasitism occurs , and instances of unusually large numbers of eggs in a nest may be the result of females laying eggs in the nests of their neighbours . Such foreign eggs are sometimes recognised and ejected by females . The house sparrow is a victim of interspecific brood parasites , but only rarely , since it usually uses nests in holes too small for parasites to enter , and it feeds its young foods unsuitable for young parasites . In turn , the house sparrow has once been recorded as a brood parasite of the American cliff swallow . A
Model (person)
Parts model divisions can be found at agencies worldwide . Several agencies solely represent parts models , including Hired Hands in London , Body Parts Models in Los Angeles , Carmen Hand Model Management in New York and Parts Models in New York . Parts Models is the largest parts agency , representing over 300 parts models .
Evolutionary developmental biology
Roughly spherical eggs of different animals give rise to extremely different bodies , from jellyfish to lobsters , butterflies to elephants . Many of these organisms share the same structural genes for body - building proteins like collagen and enzymes , but biologists had expected that each group of animals would have its own rules of development . The surprise of evo - devo is that the shaping of bodies is controlled by a rather small percentage of genes , and that these regulatory genes are ancient , shared by all animals . The giraffe does not have a gene for a long neck , any more than the elephant has a gene for a big body . Their bodies are patterned by a system of switching which causes development of different features to begin earlier or later , to occur in this or that part of the embryo , and to continue for more or less time .
Fair trade
The first attempts to commercialize fair trade goods in Northern markets were initiated in the 1940s and 1950s by religious groups and various politically oriented non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) . Ten Thousand Villages , an NGO within the Mennonite Central Committee ( MCC ) and SERRV International were the first , in 1946 and 1949 respectively , to develop fair trade supply chains in developing countries . The products , almost exclusively handicrafts ranging from jute goods to cross-stitch work , were mostly sold in churches or fairs . The goods themselves had often no other function than to indicate that a donation had been made .
Fair trade
One suggestion for the reason that laborers in Africa are marginalized in world trade is because the colonial division of labor kept Africa from developing its own industries . Africa and other developing countries received low prices for their exported commodities such as cocoa , which caused poverty to abound . Fair trade seeks to establish a system of direct trade from developing countries to counteract this unfair system . Most cocoa comes from small family - run farms in West Africa . These farms have little market access and thus rely on middlemen to bring their products to market . Sometimes middlemen are unfair to farmers . Farmers do not get a fair price for their product despite relying on cocoa sales for the majority of their income . One solution for fair labor practices is for farmers to become part of an Agricultural cooperative . Cooperatives pay farmers a fair price for their cocoa so farmers have enough money for food , clothes , and school fees . One of the main tenets of fair trade is that farmers receive a fair price , but this does not mean that the larger amount of money paid for fair trade cocoa goes directly to the farmers . In reality , much of this money goes to community projects such as water wells rather than to individual farmers . Nevertheless , cooperatives such as fair trade - endorsed Kuapa Kokoo in Ghana are often the only Licensed Buying Companies that will give farmers a fair price and not cheat them or rig sales . Farmers in cooperatives are frequently their own bosses and get bonuses per bag of cocoa beans . These arrangements are not always assured and fair trade organizations ca n't always buy all of the cocoa available to them from cooperatives . Marketing
Child care
As well as these licensed options , parents may also choose to find their own caregiver or arrange childcare exchanges / swaps with another family .
Social exchange theory
Other applications that developed the idea of exchange include field of anthropology as evidenced in an article by Harumi Befu , which discusses cultural ideas and norms . Lévi - Strauss is considered as one of the major contributors to the anthropology of exchange . Within this field , self - interest , human sentiment and motivational process are not considered . Lévi -- Strauss uses a collectivist approach to explain exchanges . To Lévi - Strauss , a social exchange is defined as a regulated form of behavior in the context of societal rules and norms . This contrasts with psychological studies of exchange in which behaviors are studied ignoring the culture . Social exchanges from the anthropological perspective have been analyzed using the gift - giving phenomena . The concept of reciprocity under this perspective states that individuals can directly reward his benefactor or another person in the social exchange process . Lévi - Strauss developed the theory of cousin marriage based on the pervasiveness of gift - giving in primitive societies . The basis of this theory is the distinction between restricted exchanges , which is only capable of connecting pairs of social groups , and generalize exchange , which integrates indefinite numbers of groups .
Child care
Alternative daycare can be provided through Tagespflegepersonen ( usually Tagesmütter , `` day mothers '' ) , i.e. stay - at - home parents which provide commercial day care to other children . This form of daycare is also federally regulated through the KJHG .
Agama (lizard)
Most agamas are polygamous . Males may hold six or more females in their territory for breeding . During courtship , the male bobs his head to impress the female . Occasionally , females initiate courtship by offering their hindquarters to the male and then running until he is able to catch up . The breeding season is typically March -- May with eggs being laid in June -- September during the season after the rains . Eggs are laid in clutches of up to 12 .
Indentured servitude
Through its introduction , the details regarding indentured labor varied across import and export regions and most overseas contracts were made before the voyage with the understanding that prospective migrants were competent enough to make overseas contracts on their own account and that they preferred to have a contract before the voyage .
Spider
Baby spiders pass all their larval stages inside the egg and hatch as spiderlings , very small and sexually immature but similar in shape to adults . Some spiders care for their young , for example a wolf spider 's brood cling to rough bristles on the mother 's back , and females of some species respond to the `` begging '' behaviour of their young by giving them their prey , provided it is no longer struggling , or even regurgitate food .