vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hippocampus
The hippocampus contains high levels of glucocorticoid receptors , which make it more vulnerable to long - term stress than most other brain areas . There is evidence that humans having experienced severe , long - lasting traumatic stress show atrophy of the hippocampus more than of other parts of the brain . These effects show up in post-traumatic stress disorder , and they may contribute to the hippocampal atrophy reported in schizophrenia and severe depression . A recent study has also revealed atrophy as a result of depression , but this can be stopped with anti-depressants even if they are not effective in relieving other symptoms .
Enzyme
One example of enzyme deficiency is the most common type of phenylketonuria . Many different single amino acid mutations in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase , which catalyzes the first step in the degradation of phenylalanine , result in build - up of phenylalanine and related products . Some mutations are in the active site , directly disrupting binding and catalysis , but many are far from the active site and reduce activity by destabilising the protein structure , or affecting correct oligomerisation . This can lead to intellectual disability if the disease is untreated . Another example is pseudocholinesterase deficiency , in which the body 's ability to break down choline ester drugs is impaired . Oral administration of enzymes can be used to treat some functional enzyme deficiencies , such as pancreatic insufficiency and lactose intolerance .
Hippocampus
Chronic stress resulting in elevated levels of glucocorticoids , notably of cortisol , is seen to be a cause of neuronal atrophy in the hippocampus. This atrophy results in a smaller hippocampal volume which is also seen in Cushing 's syndrome . The higher levels of cortisol in Cushing 's syndrome is usually the result of medications taken for other conditions . Neuronal loss also occurs as a result of impaired neurogenesis . Another factor that contributes to a smaller hippocampal volume is that of dendritic retraction where dendrites are shortened in length and reduced in number , in response to increased glucocorticoids . This dendritic retraction is reversible . After treatment with medication to reduce cortisol in Cushing 's syndrome , the hippocampal volume is seen to be restored by as much as 10 % . This change is seen to be due to the reforming of the dendrites . This dendritic restoration can also happen when stress is removed . There is , however , evidence derived mainly from studies using rats that stress occurring shortly after birth can affect hippocampal function in ways that persist throughout life .
Health care in the United States
Public spending is highly correlated with age ; average per capita public spending for seniors was more than five times that for children ( $6,921 versus $1,225 ) . Average public spending for non-Hispanic blacks ( $2,973 ) was slightly higher than that for whites ( $2,675 ) , while spending for Hispanics ( $1,967 ) was significantly lower than the population average ( $2,612 ) . Total public spending is also strongly correlated with self - reported health status ( $13,770 for those reporting `` poor '' health versus $1,279 for those reporting `` excellent '' health ) . Seniors comprise 13 % of the population but take 1 / 3 of all prescription drugs . The average senior fills 38 prescriptions annually . A new study has also found that older men and women in the South are more often prescribed antibiotics than older Americans elsewhere , even though there is no evidence that the South has higher rates of diseases requiring antibiotics .
Medicare (United States)
Roughly nine million Americans -- mostly older adults with low incomes -- are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid . These men and women tend to have particularly poor health -- more than half are being treated for five or more chronic conditions -- and high costs . Average annual per - capita spending for `` dual - eligibles '' is $20,000 , compared to $10,900 for the Medicare population as a whole all enrollees .
Dental anesthesia
Heart problem Cardiac pacemaker Epileptic Pregnant Communication handicap or mental disability Pain of unknown aetiology
Medicare (United States)
People qualify for Medicare coverage , and Medicare Part A premiums are entirely waived , if the following circumstances apply :
Thermal comfort
The thermal sensitivity of an individual is quantified by the descriptor F , which takes on higher values for individuals with lower tolerance to non-ideal thermal conditions . This group includes pregnant women , the disabled , as well as individuals whose age is below fourteen or above sixty , which is considered the adult range . Existing literature provides consistent evidence that sensitivity to hot and cold surfaces usually declines with age . There is also some evidence of a gradual reduction in the effectiveness of the body in thermo - regulation after the age of sixty . This is mainly due to a more sluggish response of the counteraction mechanisms in lower parts of the body that are used to maintain the core temperature of the body at ideal values . Seniors prefer warmer temperatures than young adults ( 76 vs 72 degrees F ) .
Lead poisoning
Children are more at risk for lead poisoning because their smaller bodies are in a continuous state of growth and development . Lead is absorbed at a faster rate compared to adults , which causes more physical harm than to older people . Furthermore , children , especially as they are learning to crawl and walk , are constantly on the floor and therefore more prone to ingesting and inhaling dust that is contaminated with lead .
Medicare (United States)
In general , all persons 65 years of age or older who have been legal residents of the United States for at least five years are eligible for Medicare . People with disabilities under 65 may also be eligible if they receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) benefits . Specific medical conditions may also help people become eligible to enroll in Medicare .
National Flood Insurance Program
Flood insurance for properties in flood prone areas is mandatory only to secure loans , which makes it somewhat more likely that flood prone properties will be owned by seniors who have paid off their mortgages , or investors who have acquired the property for rental income . Flood insurance only covers losses for the owner of the property , and claims are subject to caps , which further increases the likelihood that the property will be occupied by renters rather than the property owner . Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent because of the owners ' increased risks and / or costs associated with occupying the property themselves . Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent at a discount , which attracts lower income groups , seniors , and infirm groups .
Psychiatric hospital
Community hospitals across the United States regularly see mental health discharges . A study of community hospital discharge data from 2003 - 2011 showed that mental health hospitalizations were increasing for both children ( patients aged 0 -- 17 years ) and adults ( patients aged 18 -- 64 ) . Compared to other hospital utilization , mental health discharges were the slowest increasing hospitalizations for children , but the most rapidly increasing hospitalizations for adults under 64 . Some units have been opened to provide `` Therapeutically Enhanced Treatment '' and so form a subcategory to the three main ones .
Oklahoma
Oklahoma was the 21st - largest recipient of medical funding from the federal government in 2005 , with health - related federal expenditures in the state totaling $75,801,364 ; immunizations , bioterrorism preparedness , and health education were the top three most funded medical items . Instances of major diseases are near the national average in Oklahoma , and the state ranks at or slightly above the rest of the country in percentage of people with asthma , diabetes , cancer , and hypertension .
Diphtheria
Laryngeal diphtheria can lead to a characteristic swollen neck and throat , or `` bull neck '' . The swollen throat is often accompanied by a serious respiratory condition , characterized by a brassy or `` barking '' cough , stridor , hoarseness , and difficulty breathing , and historically referred to variously as `` diphtheritic croup '' , `` true croup '' , or sometimes simply as `` croup '' . Diphtheritic croup is extremely rare in countries where diphtheria vaccination is customary . As a result , the term `` croup '' nowadays most often refers to an unrelated viral illness that produces similar but milder respiratory symptoms .
Lead poisoning
In adults , occupational exposure is the main cause of lead poisoning . People can be exposed when working in facilities that produce a variety of lead - containing products ; these include radiation shields , ammunition , certain surgical equipment , developing dental x-ray films prior to digital x-rays ( each film packet had a lead liner to prevent the radiation from going through ) , fetal monitors , plumbing , circuit boards , jet engines , and ceramic glazes . In addition , lead miners and smelters , plumbers and fitters , auto mechanics , glass manufacturers , construction workers , battery manufacturers and recyclers , firing range instructors , and plastic manufacturers are at risk for lead exposure . Other occupations that present lead exposure risks include welding , manufacture of rubber , printing , zinc and copper smelting , processing of ore , combustion of solid waste , and production of paints and pigments . Parents who are exposed to lead in the workplace can bring lead dust home on clothes or skin and expose their children . Occupational exposure to lead increases the risk of cardiovascular disease , in particular : stroke , and high blood pressure .
Obesity in the United States
Although obesity is reported in the elderly , the numbers are still significantly lower than the levels seen in the young adult population . It is speculated that socioeconomic factors may play a role in this age group when it comes to developing obesity . Obesity in the elderly increases healthcare costs . Nursing homes are not equipped with the proper equipment needed to maintain a safe environment for the obese residents . If a heavy bedridden patient is not turned , the chances of a bed sore increases . If the sore is untreated , the patient will need to be hospitalized and have a wound vac placed .
Medicare (United States)
Medicare has four parts : Part A is Hospital Insurance . Part B is Medical Insurance . Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs , though some are covered by Part B. In general , the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self - administered . Part C health plans , the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage , are another way for Original Medicare ( Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A , B and D benefits ( basically Part C is a public supplement option that can be compared with group private supplemental Medicare coverage from a former employer or individually purchased private so - called Medigap insurance ) . All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity .
Flint water crisis
Lead exposure across the U.S. has fallen dramatically since the 1980s , but no blood - lead level is considered completely safe . Children under age five , and especially infants and unborn children , bear the greatest risk of deleterious and irreversible health outcomes . From 2012 to 2016 , the CDC set a `` reference level '' of 5 micrograms per deciliter ( μg / dL ) , in order to target for case management the 2.5 % of young American children with the highest blood - lead levels . At 45 μg / dL , chelation therapy is considered . Among the many ways lead can enter a modern American 's bloodstream is through lead plumbing . Acidic water makes it easier for the lead found in pipes , leaded solder , and brass faucets to dissolve and to enter a home 's drinking water . Therefore , public water treatment systems are legally required to use control measures to make water less acidic . Plumbing that contains lead is often found in buildings constructed in the 1980s and earlier .
Medicare (United States)
In 2015 , Medicare provided health insurance for over 55 million -- 46 million people age 65 and older and 9 million younger people . On average , Medicare covers about half of the health care charges for those enrolled . The enrollees must then cover their remaining costs either with supplemental insurance , separate insurance , or out - of - pocket . Out - of - pocket costs can vary depending on the amount of health care a Medicare enrollee needs . They might include the costs of uncovered services -- such as for long - term , dental , hearing , and vision care -- and supplemental insurance premiums .
Mercury in fish
Children exposed to mercury are particularly susceptible to poisoning since the ratio of food , water , and air intake versus individual body weight is much higher than that of adults . Additionally , children undergo fast growth which causes them to be more susceptible to damaging exposure to methylmercury , as well as the long term consequences of such exposure during childhood development . Young age plays an important role in terms of damage caused by mercury , and much literature on mercury focuses on pregnant women and specific precautions designed to prevent youth mercury exposure . Prenatal methylmercury exposure does cause behavioral problems in infants and worsened cognitive test performance . Additionally , Hughner estimates that 250,000 women may be exposing their unborn babies to levels of methyl mercury above recommended federal levels .
Scabies
Healthcare workers are at risk of contracting scabies from patients , because they may be in extended contact with them .
Medicare (United States)
There have been a number of criticisms of the premium support model . Some have raised concern about risk selection , where insurers find ways to avoid covering people expected to have high health care costs . Premium support proposals , such as the 2011 plan proposed by Rep. Paul Ryan ( R -- Wis . ) , have aimed to avoid risk selection by including protection language mandating that plans participating in such coverage must provide insurance to all beneficiaries and are not able to avoid covering higher risk beneficiaries . Some critics are concerned that the Medicare population , which has particularly high rates of cognitive impairment and dementia , would have a hard time choosing between competing health plans . Robert Moffit , a senior fellow of The Heritage Foundation responded to this concern , stating that while there may be research indicating that individuals have difficulty making the correct choice of health care plan , there is no evidence to show that government officials can make better choices . Henry Aaron , one of the original proponents of premium supports , has recently argued that the idea should not be implemented , given that Medicare Advantage plans have not successfully contained costs more effectively than traditional Medicare and because the political climate is hostile to the kinds of regulations that would be needed to make the idea workable .
Health care in the United States
The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) is the primary institution tasked with the safety and effectiveness of human and veterinary drugs . It also is responsible for making sure drug information is accurately and informatively presented to the public . The FDA reviews and approves products and establishes drug labeling , drug standards , and medical device manufacturing standards . It sets performance standards for radiation and ultrasonic equipment .
Medicare (United States)
There is some evidence that claims of Medigap 's tendency to cause over-treatment may be exaggerated and that potential savings from restricting it might be smaller than expected . Meanwhile , there are some concerns about the potential effects on enrollees . Individuals who face high charges with every episode of care have been shown to delay or forgo needed care , jeopardizing their health and possibly increasing their health care costs down the line . Given their lack of medical training , most patients tend to have difficulty distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary treatments . The problem could be exaggerated among the Medicare population , which has low levels of health literacy .
World Health Organization
WHO fulfills its objective through its functions as defined in its Constitution : ( a ) to act as the directing and coordinating authority on international health work ( b ) to establish and maintain effective collaboration with the United Nations , specialized agencies , governmental health administrations , professional groups and such other organizations as may be deemed appropriate ( c ) to assist Governments , upon request , in strengthening health services ( d ) to furnish appropriate technical assistance and , in emergencies , necessary aid upon the request or acceptance of Governments ( e ) to provide or assist in providing , upon the request of the United Nations , health services and facilities to special groups , such as the peoples of trust territories ( f ) to establish and maintain such administrative and technical services as may be required , including epidemiological and statistical services ( g ) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic , endemic and other diseases ( h ) to promote , in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary , the prevention of accidental injuries ( i ) to promote , in co-operation with other specialized agencies where necessary , the improvement of nutrition , housing , sanitation , recreation , economic or working conditions and other aspects of environmental hygiene ( j ) to promote co-operation among scientific and professional groups which contribute to the advancement of health ( k ) to propose conventions , agreements and regulations , and make recommendations with respect to international health matters and to perform .
Free clinic
Most free clinics provide treatment for routine illness or injuries ; and long - term chronic conditions such as high blood pressure , diabetes , asthma and high cholesterol . Many also provide a limited range of medical testing , prescription drug assistance , women 's health care , and dental care . Free clinics do not function as emergency care providers , and most do not handle employment related injuries . Few if any free clinics offer care for chronic pain as that would require them to dispense narcotics . For a free clinic such care is almost always cost - prohibitive . Handling narcotics requires a high level of physical security for the staff and building along with more paperwork and government regulation compared to what other prescription medications require .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
The Ebola epidemic caused an increasing demand in protective clothing . A full set of protective clothing includes a suit , goggles , a mask , socks and boots , and an apron . Boots and aprons can be disinfected and reused , but everything else must be destroyed after use . Health workers change garments frequently , discarding gear that has barely been used . This not only takes a great deal of time but also exposes them to the virus because , for those wearing protective clothing , one of the most dangerous moments for contracting Ebola is while suits are being removed .
Indigenous Australians
poverty insufficient education substance abuse for remote communities poor access to health services for urbanised Indigenous Australians , cultural pressures which prevent access to health services cultural differences resulting in poor communication between Indigenous Australians and health workers
Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
This makes it different from the UK 's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence , which determines cost - effectiveness directly based on quality - adjusted life year valuations . The Prevention and Public Health Fund was created to fund programs and research designed to increase chronic disease prevention . A National Prevention , Health Promotion and Public Health Council ( National Prevention Council ) was created to develop a national strategy on prevention , health promotion and public health ; by , for example , disseminating evidenced - based recommendations on the use of clinical and community prevention services . The Indian Health Care Improvement Act was reauthorized and amended . Chain restaurants and food vendors with 20 or more locations are required to display the caloric content of their foods on menus , drive - through menus , and vending machines . Additional information , such as saturated fat , carbohydrate , and sodium content , must also be made available upon request . But first , the Food and Drug Administration has to come up with regulations . Two regulations -- one applicable to restaurants and another to vending machines -- have been proposed , but have not yet been made final . States can apply for a `` State Plan Amendment '' to expand family planning eligibility to the same eligibility as pregnancy related care through a state option rather than having to apply for a federal waiver .
Estrogen
Estrogen and other hormones are given to postmenopausal women in order to prevent osteoporosis as well as treat the symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes , vaginal dryness , urinary stress incontinence , chilly sensations , dizziness , fatigue , irritability , and sweating . Fractures of the spine , wrist , and hips decrease by 50 -- 70 % and spinal bone density increases by ~ 5 % in those women treated with estrogen within 3 years of the onset of menopause and for 5 -- 10 years thereafter .
Ear
There are two principal damage mechanisms to the inner ear in industrialised society , and both injure hair cells . The first is exposure to elevated sound levels ( noise trauma ) , and the second is exposure to drugs and other substances ( ototoxicity ) . A large number of people are exposed to sound levels on a daily basis that are likely to lead to significant hearing loss . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has recently published research on the estimated numbers of persons with hearing difficulty ( 11 % ) and the percentage of those that can be attributed to occupational noise exposure ( 24 % ) . Furthermore , according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) , approximately twenty - two million ( 17 % ) US workers reported exposure to hazardous workplace noise . Workers exposed to hazardous noise further exacerbate the potential for developing noise - induced hearing loss when they do not wear hearing protection .
Federal Housing Administration
The greatest effects of the Federal Housing Administration can be seen within minority populations and in cities . Nearly half of FHA 's metropolitan area business is located in central cities , a percentage that is much higher than that of conventional loans . The FHA also lends to a higher percentage of African Americans and Hispanic Americans , as well as younger , credit - constrained borrowers , contributing to the increase in home ownership among these groups .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
Spending on Medicare and Medicaid is projected to grow dramatically in coming decades . The number of persons enrolled in Medicare is expected to increase from 47 million in 2010 to 80 million by 2030 . While the same demographic trends that affect Social Security also affect Medicare , rapidly rising medical prices appear to be a more important cause of projected spending increases .
Operating theater
People in the operating room wear PPE ( personal protective equipment ) to help prevent germs from infecting the surgical incision . This PPE includes the following :