vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
A large crowd of bystanders gathered on the street , witnessing 62 people jumping or falling to their deaths from the burning building . Louis Waldman , later a New York Socialist state assemblyman , described the scene years later :
Kent State shootings
Two of the survivors have since died -- James Russell on June 23 , 2007 , and Robert Stamps in June 2008 .
Across the River and into the Trees
Jump up ^ `` Thomas J. ' Stonewall ' Jackson dies , '' May 10 , 1863 , This Day in History , History.com Jump up ^ Ross , 36 Jump up ^ John Bear , The # 1 New York Times Best Seller : intriguing facts about the 484 books that have been # 1 New York Times bestsellers since the first list , 50 years ago , Berkeley : Ten Speed Press , 1992 , pp. 47 Jump up ^ Hotchner , ix -- x ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , John . `` The Author 's Name is Hemingway '' . The New York Times . September 10 , 1950 . Retrieved March , 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , 26 Jump up ^ Baker ( 1972 ) , 264 -- 265 ^ Jump up to : Meyers ( 1985 ) , 439 -- 444 ^ Jump up to : Sanderson , 24 ^ Jump up to : Baker ( 1972 ) , 265 ^ Jump up to : Meyers ( 1985 ) , 445 ^ Jump up to : Oliver , 3 Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 459 ^ Jump up to : Baker ( 1972 ) , 117 Jump up ^ Oliver , 321 -- 322 Jump up ^ Baker ( 1972 ) , 274 -- 275 ^ Jump up to : Stoltzfus ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Svobada , 166 Jump up ^ Baker ( 1972 ) , 267 ^ Jump up to : Baker ( 1972 ) , 268 -- 273 Jump up ^ Baker ( 1972 ) , 278 Jump up ^ Stoltzfus , ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Benson , ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Meyers ( 1985 ) , 471 -- 474 Jump up ^ Martin Herzog . Do n't Fraternize ! Post-war American - German relations began 60 years ago Archived February 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Atlantic Times , October 2004 . Paragraph 10 . Jump up ^ Williams , Tennessee ( August 13 , 1950 ) . `` A Writer 's Quest For a Parnassus '' . The New York Times. ( registration required ) ^ Jump up to : qtd.
Algiers Motel incident
Michael Clark , black male Carl Cooper , 17 , black male killed by gunshot Roderick Davis , black male , member of the singing group The Dramatics Lee Forsythe , black male Robert Greene , 26 , black Vietnam Veteran Juli Hysell , 18 , white female Karen Malloy , 18 , white female Charles Moore , black male Aubrey Pollard , 19 , black male killed by gunshot Larry Reed , black male , member of The Dramatics James Sortor , black male Fred Temple , 18 , black male killed by gunshot
Golden Gate Bridge
After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
The funerals for Billy Clanton ( age 19 ) , Tom McLaury ( age 28 ) and his older brother Frank ( age 33 ) were well attended . About 300 people joined in the procession to Boot Hill and as many as two thousand watched from the sidewalks . Both McLaurys were buried in the same grave , and Billy Clanton was buried nearby . The story was widely printed in newspapers across the United States . Most versions favored the lawmen . The headline in the San Francisco Exchange was , `` A Good Riddance '' .
Dyatlov Pass incident
A legal inquest started immediately after finding the first five bodies . A medical examination found no injuries which might have led to their deaths , and it was eventually concluded that they had all died of hypothermia . Slobodin had a small crack in his skull , but it was not thought to be a fatal wound .
Ellis Island
Generally , those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island . Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name , occupation , and the amount of money carried . It was important to the American government that the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started . The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars ( $600 in 2015 adjusted for inflation ) . Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island 's hospital facilities for long periods of time . More than three thousand would - be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities . Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered `` likely to become a public charge . '' About 2 percent were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease , criminal background , or insanity . Ellis Island was sometimes known as `` The Island of Tears '' or `` Heartbreak Island '' because of those 2 % who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage . The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room , where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends , typically with tears , hugs and kisses .
Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h . Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water .
Our Lady of the Angels School fire
Room 212 , housing Sister Mary Clare Therese Champagne 's 5th grade class , had 26 deaths out of the 55 students . The deaths were all due to smoke inhalation . Sister Mary Clare Therese also died . Life Magazine 's picture of a firefighter carrying the body of ten - year - old John Jajkowski , who died in Room 212 , became world - famous and was later used as a fire - prevention poster .
Dyatlov Pass incident
Dyatlov Pass incident The group 's tomb at the Mikhajlov Cemetery in Yekaterinburg , Russia . Native name Гибель тургруппы Дятлова Date 1 -- 2 February 1959 Venue Dyatlov Pass Location Kholat Syakhl , northern Urals , RSFSR , Soviet Union Coordinates 61 ° 45 ′ 17 '' N 59 ° 27 ′ 46 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 61.75472 ° N 59.46278 ° E ﻿ / 61.75472 ; 59.46278 Coordinates : 61 ° 45 ′ 17 '' N 59 ° 27 ′ 46 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 61.75472 ° N 59.46278 ° E ﻿ / 61.75472 ; 59.46278 Type Multiple deaths Cause Undetermined Participants Ski hikers from Ural Polytechnical Institute Outcome Area closed for three years Deaths Nine dead from hypothermia and physical trauma
Dyatlov Pass incident
International Science Times posited that the hikers ' deaths were caused by hypothermia , which can induce a behavior known as paradoxical undressing in which hypothermic subjects remove their clothes in response to perceived feelings of burning warmth . It is undisputed that six of the nine hikers died of hypothermia . However , others in the group appear to have acquired additional clothing ( from those who had already died ) which suggests that they were of a sound enough mind to try to add layers .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Groups Yes No No opinion All 17 83 0 Sunni 21 79 0 Shiite 17 83 0 Kurdish 7 93 0
James Stockdale
Oh , that 's easy , the optimists . Oh , they were the ones who said , ' We 're going to be out by Christmas . ' And Christmas would come , and Christmas would go . Then they 'd say , ' We 're going to be out by Easter . ' And Easter would come , and Easter would go . And then Thanksgiving , and then it would be Christmas again . And they died of a broken heart .
Trail of Tears
It eventually took almost three months to cross the 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers . The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths . However a few years before forced removal , some Cherokee who opted to leave their homes voluntarily chose a water - based route through the Tennessee , Ohio and Mississippi rivers . It took only 21 days , but the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated were weary of water travel .
Dyatlov Pass incident
High winds blew one member away , and the others attempted to rescue the person .
Korean War Veterans Memorial
To the north of the statues and path is the United Nations Wall , a low wall listing the 22 members of the United Nations that contributed troops or medical support to the Korean War effort .
1935 Labor Day hurricane
42 civilians and 81 veterans known / buried 6 civilians and 9 veterans sent to relatives 7 civilians and 7 veterans unknown / buried
Bobby Sands
The sudden vacancy in a seat with a nationalist majority of about 5,000 was a valuable opportunity for Sands 's supporters `` to raise public consciousness '' . Pressure not to split the vote led other nationalist parties , notably the Social Democratic and Labour Party , to withdraw , and Sands was nominated on the label `` Anti H - Block / Armagh Political Prisoner '' . After a highly polarised campaign , Sands narrowly won the seat on 9 April 1981 , with 30,493 votes to 29,046 for the Ulster Unionist Party candidate Harry West . Sands also became the youngest MP at the time . However , Sands died in prison less than a month afterwards , without ever having taken his seat in the Commons .
Cold War
Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States .
Kent State shootings
We devoutly wish that a means had been found to avoid the May 4th events culminating in the Guard shootings and the irreversible deaths and injuries . We deeply regret those events and are profoundly saddened by the deaths of four students and the wounding of nine others which resulted . We hope that the agreement to end the litigation will help to assuage the tragic memories regarding that sad day .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Australian soldiers participated in Operation Commando , an attack against a Chinese - held position in a bend of the Imjin River , a river running north -- south that crosses the 38th parallel north just above Seoul . The attack began on October 3 , 1951 , and after five days of heavy fighting the Chinese withdrew . Twenty Australians were killed in the battle and 89 were wounded .
Dyatlov Pass incident
Anatoly Gushchin ( Russian : Анатолий Гущин ) summarized his research in the book The Price of State Secrets Is Nine Lives ( Цена гостайны -- девять жизней , Sverdlovsk , 1990 ) Some researchers criticized the novel due to its concentration on the speculative theory of a Soviet secret weapon experiment , but its publication led to public discussion , stimulated by interest in the paranormal . Indeed , many of those who had remained silent for thirty years reported new facts about the accident . One of them was the former police officer , Lev Ivanov ( Лев Иванов ) , who led the official inquest in 1959 . In 1990 , he published an article which included his admission that the investigation team had no rational explanation for the accident . He also stated that , after his team reported that they had seen flying spheres , he then received direct orders from high - ranking regional officials to dismiss this claim .
Bangladesh–India relations
While anger grew in Bangladesh because of the continued BSF shootings and subsequent deaths , Indian officials argue that heightened security has followed the increasing flow of illegal migrations into India as well as continued misuse of the border by illicit traders . Indian officials , vowing to cut down the number of casualties at border , showed statistics that the number of Bangladeshi deaths was in a steady decline in recent years .
Iran hostage crisis
Kathy Gross , 22 -- secretary Sgt Ladell Maples , USMC , 23 -- Marine Corps embassy guard Sgt William Quarles , USMC , 23 -- Marine Corps embassy guard
Apartheid
The government punished political offenders brutally . 40,000 people annually were subjected to whipping as a form of punishment . The vast majority had committed political offences and were lashed ten times for their crime . If convicted of treason , a person could be hanged , and the government executed numerous political offenders in this way .
Medjugorje
From 24 May 1942 until the beginning of June 1945 , in Herzegovina , 66 Catholic friars of the Franciscan order were killed by the communists . Some were burned in the garden before their monastery .
Channel Tunnel
Other migrants use the Eurostar passenger train . They arrive as legitimate Eurostar passengers , but without proper entry papers .
Vietnam War
German Democratic Republic . The Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam ( Bộ Công An ) states there was special interest towards the Stasi in establishing an intelligence and security apparatus , particularly since the Stasi was well - regarded , considered `` industrial , modern , and ( with a ) scientific working - style '' . In official Vietnamese language histories on the Vietnamese Ministry of Public Security , the assistance provided by the Soviet and East German intelligence services to Vietnam is usually rated as the most important within the socialist bloc . East Germany had also provided a substantive aid in helping North Vietnam duplicate `` Green Dragon '' identity cards , which were difficult to duplicate identity cards created by Saigon in order to identify North Vietnamese combatants .
Channel Tunnel
In 2001 and 2002 , several riots broke out at Sangatte , and groups of migrants ( up to 550 in a December 2001 incident ) stormed the fences and attempted to enter en masse .
Safety coffin
The 1820s also saw the use of `` portable death chambers '' in Germany . A small chamber , equipped with a bell for signalling and a window for viewing the body , was constructed over an empty grave . Watchmen would check each day for signs of life or decomposition in each of the chambers . If the bell was rung the `` body '' could be immediately removed , but if the watchman observed signs of putrefaction in the corpse , a door in the floor of the chamber could be opened and the body would drop down into the grave . A panel could then be slid in to cover the grave and the upper chamber removed and reused .
Korean War
North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily . However , since 1994 , South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity . As of 2010 , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North . The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea .
Midwestern United States
The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points , secret routes , transportation , and safe houses and assistance provided by abolitionist sympathizers . Individuals were often organized in small , independent groups ; this helped to maintain secrecy because individuals knew some connecting `` stations '' along the route , but knew few details of their immediate area . Escaped slaves would move north along the route from one way station to the next . Although the fugitives sometimes traveled on boat or train , they usually traveled on foot or by wagon .
Channel Tunnel
People have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK illegally since 1997 , creating the ongoing issue of the Migrants around Calais on the French side , causing both diplomatic disagreement , as well as violence .
Strappado
The `` ropes '' was one of several torture methods employed at the Hỏa Lò Prison , popularly known as the Hanoi Hilton . The site was used by the North Vietnamese Army to house , torture and interrogate captured servicemen , mostly American airmen shot down during bombing raids ( including USAF officer Joseph Kittinger , and US Navy pilot ( and later US Senator ) John McCain ) . The aim of the torture was usually not acquiring military information ; rather , it was to break the will of the prisoners , both individually and as a group , and to get written or recorded statements from the prisoners who criticized U.S. conduct of the war and praised how the North Vietnamese treated them .
History of United States prison systems
The Southern lease system was something less than a `` total system . '' The vast majority of convict - lease camps were dispersed , with little in the way of walls or other securities measures -- although some Southern chain gangs were carted around in open - air cages to their work sites and kept in them at night . Order in the camps was generally tenuous at best , Edward L. Ayers argues . Escapes were frequent and the brutal punishments that characterized the camps -- chains , bloodhounds , guns , and corporal punishments -- were dealt with a palpable sense of desperation . ( At least some observers , however , questioned whether the high number of reported escapees was not a ploy to cover up foul play . )
Electric chair
On August 8 , 1942 , six German agents convicted of espionage and attempted sabotage in the Quirin case for their role in Operation Pastorius during World War II were executed by electric chair at the District of Columbia jail .
Devils Tower
In 1941 George Hopkins parachuted onto Devils Tower , without permission , as a publicity stunt resulting from a bet . He had intended to descend by a rope dropped with him , but this failed to land on the tower summit . Hopkins was stranded for six days , exposed to cold , rain and 50 mph winds before a mountain rescue team finally reached him and brought him down . His entrapment and subsequent rescue was widely covered by the media of the time .
Siege
The airbridge methods which were developed and used extensively in the Burma Campaign for supplying the Chindits and other units , including those in sieges such as Imphal , as well as flying the Hump into China , allowed the western powers to develop airlift expertise , which would prove vital during the Cold War Berlin Blockade . Air supply failed to prevent the fall of Dien Bien Phu to the Vietnamese in 1954 , but proved crucial in maintaining the American base at Khe Sanh in 1968 .
The Deer Hunter
After killing the guards , Mike rescues Steven . The three float downriver on a tree limb . An American helicopter finds them , but only Nick is able to climb aboard . The weakened Steven falls back into the water , and Mike plunges in the water to rescue him . Mike helps Steven to reach the river bank , but Steven 's legs are broken , so Mike carries him through the jungle to friendly lines . Approaching a caravan of locals escaping the war zone , Mike stops a South Vietnamese military truck and places the wounded Steven on it , asking the soldiers to take care of him .
Soviet Union in World War II
The city of Leningrad endured more suffering and hardships than any other city in the Soviet Union during the war , as it was under siege for 900 days , from September 1941 -- January 1944 . Hunger , malnutrition , disease , starvation , and even cannibalism became common during the siege of Leningrad ; civilians lost weight , grew weaker , and became more vulnerable to diseases . Citizens of Leningrad managed to survive through a number of methods with varying degrees of success . Since only 400,000 people were evacuated before the siege began , this left 2.5 million in Leningrad , including 400,000 children . More managed to escape the city ; this was most successful when Lake Ladoga froze over and people could walk over the ice road -- or `` Road of Life '' -- to safety . Soviet
California Gold Rush
In what has been referred to as the `` first world - class gold rush , '' there was no easy way to get to California ; forty - niners faced hardship and often death on the way . At first , most Argonauts , as they were also known , traveled by sea . From the East Coast , a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months , and cover some 18,000 nautical miles ( 33,000 kilometres ) . An alternative was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama , take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle , and then on the Pacific side , wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco . There was also a route across Mexico starting at Veracruz . Many gold - seekers took the overland route across the continental United States , particularly along the California Trail . Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards , from shipwreck to typhoid fever and cholera .
Iran hostage crisis
The occupiers bound and blindfolded the Marines and staff at the embassy and paraded them in front of photographers . In the first couple of days , many of the embassy workers who had sneaked out of the compound or had not been there at the time of the takeover were rounded up by Islamists and returned as hostages . Six American diplomats managed to avoid capture and took refuge in the British Embassy before being transferred to the Canadian Embassy . Others went to the Swedish Embassy in Tehran for three months . In a joint covert operation known as the Canadian caper , the Canadian government and the CIA managed to smuggle them out of Iran on January 28 , 1980 , using Canadian passports and a cover story that identified them as a film crew .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Although the Nazi Party election programs supported nationalization of major industries , the Nazi government contradicted this program by including several actual policies of privatization in the 1930s . Between the fiscal years 1934 / 35 and 1937 / 38 , privatization represented 1.4 percent of the German government 's revenues . Among companies that were privatized , were the four major commercial banks in Germany that had all come under public ownership during the prior years ; Commerz -- und Privatbank , Deutsche Bank und Disconto - Gesellschaft , Golddiskontbank and Dresdner Bank . Instead of making important investment decisions , and determining the use to which their funds were to be put , the private banks merely had to provide the technical facilities for covering government expenditure or financing new investment -- the volume and composition of which had been previously settled by the government . Also privatized were the Deutsche Reichsbahn ( German Railways ) , at the time the largest single public enterprise in the world , the Vereinigte Stahlwerke A.G. ( United Steelworks ) , the second largest joint - stock company in Germany ( the largest was IG Farben ) and Vereinigte Oberschlesische Hüttenwerke AG , a company controlling all of the metal production in the Upper Silesian coal and steel industry . The government also sold a number of shipbuilding companies , and enhanced private utilities at the expense of municipally owned utilities companies .
Economy of Nazi Germany
The proportion of military spending in the German economy began growing rapidly after 1942 , as the Nazi government was forced to dedicate more of the country 's economic resources to fight a losing war . Civilian factories were converted to military use and placed under military administration . From mid 1943 on , Germany switched to a full war economy overseen by Albert Speer . By late 1944 , almost the entire German economy was dedicated to military production . The result was a dramatic rise in military production , with an increase by 2 to 3 times of vital goods like tanks and aircraft , despite the intensifying Allied air campaign and the loss of territory and factories . Restaurants and other services were closed to focus the German economy on military needs . With the exception of ammunition for the army , the increase in production was insufficient to match the Allies in any category of production . Some production was moved underground in an attempt to put it out of reach of Allied bombers .