vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Under Pressure
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Fair trade
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Clay
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Binary star
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Biomass
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Revenge
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Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Silk Road
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Turn on red
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Original jurisdiction
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Bradford
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Cardinal direction
The intermediate directions ( also called the intercardinal directions ) are northeast ( NE ) , southeast ( SE ) , southwest ( SW ) , and northwest ( NW ) . The intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a secondary intercardinal direction , the eight shortest points in the compass rose that is shown to the right ( e.g. NNE , ENE , and ESE ) .
Coal
More recently , the Chicago School of Public Health released a largely similar report , echoing many of the same findings .
Society of the United States
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Gold standard
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Gold standard
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Changshan
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Vinegar
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Nile
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Black Hills
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Common source
C M = C g d ( 1 + g m ( r O ‖ R L ) ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( \ mathrm ( M ) ) = C_ ( \ mathrm ( gd ) ) \ left ( 1 + g_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) ( r_ ( \ mathrm ( O ) ) \ R_ ( \ mathrm ( L ) ) ) \ right ) ) .
Helsinki
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Irrigation tank
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Dicotyledon
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Libya
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Public domain
Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its `` source country '' .
Midwestern United States
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United States presidential primary
In recent elections , the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary have garnered over half the media attention paid to the entire selection process . After Iowa and New Hampshire , the front runners then attempt to solidify their status , while the others fight to become # 2 .
Chroma key
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Coffee
Dating to the 1970s , coffee has been incorrectly described by many , including historian Mark Pendergrast , as the world 's `` second most legally traded commodity '' . Instead , `` coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries , '' from 1970 to circa 2000 . This fact was derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Commodity Yearbooks which show `` Third World '' commodity exports by value in the period 1970 -- 1998 as being in order of crude oil in first place , coffee in second , followed by sugar , cotton , and others . Coffee continues to be an important commodity export for developing countries , but more recent figures are not readily available due to the shifting and politicized nature of the category `` developing country '' .
Gold standard
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Electromagnetic radiation
More general forms of the second - order wave equations given above are available , allowing for both non-vacuum propagation media and sources . Many competing derivations exist , all with varying levels of approximation and intended applications . One very general example is a form of the electric field equation , which was factorized into a pair of explicitly directional wave equations , and then efficiently reduced into a single uni-directional wave equation by means of a simple slow - evolution approximation .
Common source
Returning to Figure 5 , the gate voltage is related to the input signal by voltage division as :
Pi
More general distributions of matter ( or charge ) are obtained from this by convolution , giving the Poisson equation
Second Sino-Japanese War
Knowledge of Japanese naval movements in the Pacific was provided to the American Navy by the Sino - American Cooperative Organization ( SACO ) which was run by the Chinese intelligence head Dai Li . Philippine and Japanese ocean weather was affected by weather originating near northern China . The base of SACO located in Yangjiashan .
Universal joint
with a formal solution for γ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ gamma _ ( 2 ) ) :
Second line (parades)
The Second Line -- the magazine of the New Orleans jazz club , started in 1950 -- took its name from the second lining tradition , which by that time included fans of jazz music , both black and white .
Dental anesthesia
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Czechoslovakia
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Tapioca balls
But the German reports did n't specify the amount of substances they found in the tapioca pearls , and were not published in peer - reviewed medical or scientific journals . That is saying the accuracy of the results are not ensured .
Zimbabwe
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Direct memory access
Similarly , if the cached copy of X is not invalidated when a device writes a new value to the memory , then the CPU will operate on a stale value of X .
Common source
C M = C g d v G D v G S = C g d ( 1 − v D v G ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( \ mathrm ( M ) ) = C_ ( \ mathrm ( gd ) ) ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ mathrm ( GD ) ) ) ( v_ ( \ mathrm ( GS ) ) ) ) = C_ ( \ mathrm ( gd ) ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ mathrm ( D ) ) ) ( v_ ( \ mathrm ( G ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) .
Seine
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French . ( July 2014 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the French article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated fr Seine ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation .
Quechuan languages
With the use of this morpheme , the speaker `` serves as a conduit through which information from another source passes . '' The information being related is hearsay or revelatory in nature . It also works to express the uncertainty of the speaker regarding the situation . However , it also appears in other constructions that are discussed in the changes in meaning section .
Prague
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United States
More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English .
Thermal comfort
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Stepfamily
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Circular motion
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Nile
Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile , John Hanning Speke . William Blackwood , Edinburgh , 1863 ; Harper & Brothers , New York ; 1864
East Pakistan
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Bogeyman
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Dipping tobacco
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Ho Chi Minh City
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Bachelor's degree
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Thymus
Cells that pass both levels of selection are released into the bloodstream to perform vital immune functions .
Thymus
The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods . By the early teens , the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose ( fat ) tissue . Nevertheless , residual T lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life .
Thymus
The stock of T - lymphocytes is built up in early life , so the function of the thymus is diminished in adults . It is largely degenerated in elderly adults and is barely identifiable , consisting mostly of fatty tissue . Involution of the thymus has been linked to loss of immune function in the elderly , susceptibility to infection and to cancer .
Thymus
Micrograph of the thymus Structure of the thymus . Micrograph showing a Hassall 's corpuscle , found within the medulla of the thymus .
Connective tissue
Type I collagen is present in many forms of connective tissue , and makes up about 25 % of the total protein content of the mammalian body .
Femur
The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm , formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development .
Femur
Muscle attachments ( seen from the front ) Muscle attachments ( seen from the back )
Femur
Some species of whales , snakes , and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs .
Stem cell
Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells are the cells of the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early - stage embryo . Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4 -- 5 days post fertilization , at which time they consist of 50 -- 150 cells . ES cells are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers : ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm . In other words , they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type . They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta .
Thymus
The medulla is the location of the latter events in thymocyte development . Thymocytes that reach the medulla have already successfully undergone T - cell receptor gene rearrangement and positive selection , and have been exposed to a limited degree of negative selection . The medulla is specialized to allow thymocytes to undergo additional rounds of negative selection to remove auto - reactive T cells from the mature repertoire . Transcriptional regulators AIRE and FEZ2 are expressed by the thymic medullary epithelium , and drives the transcription of organ - specific genes such as insulin to allow maturing thymocytes to be exposed to a more complex set of self - antigens than is present in the cortex .
Spinal cord
The spinal cord ( and brain ) are protected by three layers of tissue or membranes called meninges , that surround the canal . The dura mater is the outermost layer , and it forms a tough protective coating . Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space . The epidural space is filled with adipose tissue , and it contains a network of blood vessels . The arachnoid mater , the middle protective layer , is named for its open , spiderweb - like appearance . The space between the arachnoid and the underlying pia mater is called the subarachnoid space . The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) , which can be sampled with a lumbar puncture , or `` spinal tap '' procedure . The delicate pia mater , the innermost protective layer , is tightly associated with the surface of the spinal cord . The cord is stabilized within the dura mater by the connecting denticulate ligaments , which extend from the enveloping pia mater laterally between the dorsal and ventral roots . The dural sac ends at the vertebral level of the second sacral vertebra .
Connective tissue
Connective tissue can be broadly subdivided into connective tissue proper , and special connective tissue . Connective tissue proper consists of loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue ( which is further subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues . ) Special connective tissue consists of reticular connective tissue , adipose tissue , cartilage , bone , and blood . Other kinds of connective tissues include fibrous , elastic , and lymphoid connective tissues . New vascularised connective tissue that forms in the process of wound healing is termed granulation tissue . Fibroblasts are the cells responsible for the production of some CT .
Thymus
The thymus also secretes hormones and cytokines that regulate the maturation of T cells , including thymulin , thymopoietin , and thymosins .
Femur
In cross-section , the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia , each containing muscles . These compartments use the femur as an axis , and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes ( or septa ) . Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply , and contains a different group of muscles . These compartments are named the anterior , medial and posterior fascial compartments .
Epiphyseal plate
John Hunter studied growing chickens . He observed bones grew at the ends and thus demonstrated the existence of the epiphyseal plates . Hunter is considered the `` father of the growth plate '' .
Femur
The head of the femur , which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone , comprises two - thirds of a sphere . It has a small groove , or fovea , connected through the round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch . The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum . The neck is 4 -- 5 cm . long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle . The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees . This angle is highly variant . In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average . An abnormal increase in the angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara . Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated . In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated , the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound ( deep ) for the femoral artery .
Femur
The upper or proximal extremity ( close to the torso ) contains the head , neck , the two trochanters and adjacent structures .
Femur
The body of the femur ( or shaft ) is long , slender and almost cylindrical in form . It is a little broader above than in the center , broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below . It is slightly arched , so as to be convex in front , and concave behind , where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge , the linea aspera which diverges proximal and distal as the medial and lateral ridge . Proximal the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line . Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes ; a lateral and medial border . These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces : One anterior , one medial and one lateral . Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated .
Nervous system
The central nervous system is protected by major physical and chemical barriers . Physically , the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by tough meningeal membranes , and enclosed in the bones of the skull and spinal vertebrae , which combine to form a strong physical shield . Chemically , the brain and spinal cord are isolated by the so - called blood -- brain barrier , which prevents most types of chemicals from moving from the bloodstream into the interior of the CNS . These protections make the CNS less susceptible in many ways than the PNS ; the flip side , however , is that damage to the CNS tends to have more serious consequences .
Thymus
The thymus consists of two lobes , merged in the middle , surrounded by a capsule that extends with blood vessels into the interior . The lobes consists of a dense outer cortex and an inner less dense medulla . The lobes are divided into smaller lobules 0.5 - 2mm diameter , between which extrude radiating insertions from the capsule along ( septa ) .
Connective tissue
Connective tissue ( CT ) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue , along with epithelial tissue , muscle tissue , and nervous tissue . It develops from the mesoderm . Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body , including the nervous system . In the central nervous system , the three outer membranes ( the meninges ) that envelope the brain and spinal cord are composed of connective tissue .
Axial skeleton
Axial skeleton ( shown in red ) . Illustration depicting anterior and posterior view of axial skeleton
Spinal cord
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