vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Voting rights in the United States
The Office of Hawaiian Affairs of the state of Hawaii , created in 1978 , limited voting eligibility and candidate eligibility to native Hawaiians on whose behalf it manages 1,800,000 acres ( 7,300 km ) of ceded land . The Supreme Court of the United States struck down the franchise restriction under the Fifteenth Amendment in Rice v. Cayetano 528 U.S. 495 ( 2000 ) , following by eliminating the candidate restriction in Arakaki v. State of Hawai'i a few months later .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
The United States federal budget consists of mandatory expenditures ( which include entitlement programs such as Medicare and Social Security ) , discretionary spending for defense , Cabinet Departments ( e.g. , United States Department of Justice ) and agencies ( e.g. , Securities & Exchange Commission ) , and interest payments on debt .
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed discrimination based on race , color , religion or national origin in hotels , motels , restaurants , theaters , and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce ; exempted private clubs without defining the term `` private '' .
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
The last bill that came before President Clinton was that bankruptcy bill that was passed by the House and the Senate in 2000 and he vetoed it . And in her autobiography , Mrs. Clinton took credit for that veto and she rightly should . She turned around a whole administration on the subject of bankruptcy . She got it .
Conscription in the United States
In 2003 , several Democratic congressmen ( Charles Rangel of New York , Jim McDermott of Washington , John Conyers of Michigan , John Lewis of Georgia , Pete Stark of California , Neil Abercrombie of Hawaii ) introduced legislation that would draft both men and women into either military or civilian government service , should there be a draft in the future . The Republican majority leadership suddenly considered the bill , nine months after its introduction , without a report from the Armed Services Committee ( to which it had been referred ) , and just one month prior to the 2004 presidential and congressional elections . The Republican leadership used an expedited parliamentary procedure that would have required a two - thirds vote for passage of the bill . The bill was defeated on October 5 , 2004 , with two members voting for it and 402 members voting against .
Freedom of the seas
The Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , also known as the Jones Act ( 46 USC § 883 ) is a maritime law that controls coastal trade within the United States and determines which ships may lawfully engage in that trade and the rules under which they must operate . The act is in place to protect jobs for US citizens and its people working at U.S. ports , and on U.S. vessels . Many vessels around the globe sail under many different flags , and have different crews from different parts of the world where the pay rate is much lower than the U.S. The Jones Act protects the Americans ' jobs and restricts coastwise transportation of passengers . 46 USC § 12108 additionally restricts the use of foreign vessels to commercially catch or transport fish in U.S. waters .
Medicare Advantage
Plans are required to limit out - of - pocket ( OOP ) spending by a beneficiary for Parts A and B to no more than $6,700 ( as of 2016 ) per year for in - network providers . The OOP limit may be higher for out of network providers in a PPO ; out of network providers are typically not permitted in an HMO . The average OOP limit in 2016 was around $5000 . Note that an OOP limit is not a deductible as is often reported ; it is instead a financial - protection benefit . It is rare for a Medicare Advantage beneficiary to reach the annual OOP limit .
Democratic Party (United States)
Americans that identify as single , living with a domestic partner , divorced , separated , or widowed are more likely to vote Democratic , in contrast to married Americans , which split about equally between Democrat and Republican .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
Direct spending , also known as mandatory spending , refers to spending enacted by law , but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill . Most mandatory spending consists of entitlement programs such as Social Security benefits , Medicare , and Medicaid . These programs are called `` entitlements '' because individuals satisfying given eligibility requirements set by past legislation are entitled to Federal government benefits or services . Many other expenses , such as salaries of Federal judges , are mandatory , but account for a relatively small share of federal spending .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
The DoD baseline budget , excluding supplemental funding for the wars , has grown from $297 billion in FY2001 to a budgeted $534 billion for FY2010 , an 81 % increase . According to the CBO , defense spending grew 9 % annually on average from fiscal year 2000 -- 2009 .
Chinese marriage
In traditional Chinese society , there are three major ways to dissolve a marriage .
Conscription in the United States
To increase equity in the system , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an executive order on July 11 , 1953 , that ended the paternity deferment for married men . In large part , the change in the draft served the purposes of the burgeoning Cold War . From a program that had just barely passed congressional muster during the fearful prelude to World War II , a more robust draft continued as fears now focused on the Soviet threat . Nevertheless , some dissenting voices in Congress continued to appeal to the history of voluntary American military service as preferable for a democracy .
Agent Orange
On May 25 , 2007 , President Bush signed the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 into law for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan that included an earmark of $3 million specifically for funding for programs for the remediation of dioxin ' hotspots ' on former U.S. military bases , and for public health programs for the surrounding communities ; some authors consider this to be completely inadequate , pointing out that the U.S. airbase in Da Nang , alone , will cost $14 million to clean up , and that three others are estimated to require $60 million for cleanup . The appropriation was renewed in the fiscal year 2009 and again in FY 2010 . An additional $12 million was appropriated in the fiscal year 2010 in the Supplemental Appropriations Act and a total of $18.5 million appropriated for fiscal year 2011 .
Health care in the United States
This article is part of a series on Healthcare reform in the United States of America History Debate Legislation ( show ) Preceding Social Security Amendments of 1965 EMTALA ( 1986 ) HIPAA ( 1996 ) Medicare Modernization Act ( 2003 ) PSQIA ( 2005 ) Superseded Affordable Health Care for America ( H.R. 3962 ) America 's Affordable Health Choices ( H.R. 3200 ) Baucus Health Bill ( S. 1796 ) Proposed American Health Care Act ( 2017 ) United States National Health Care Act ( 2009 , H.R. 676 ) Healthy Americans Act ( 2007 , 2009 ) Health Security Act ( H.R. 3600 ) Latest enacted Affordable Care Act ( H.R. 3590 ) Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act ( H.R. 4872 ) Reforms ( show ) Recent legislative proposals Public opinion Reform advocacy groups Rationing Insurance coverage Systems ( show ) Free market Health insurance exchange Nationalized insurance Publicly - funded Single - payer Canadian vs. American Two - tier Universal Third - party payment models ( show ) All - payer rate setting Capitation Fee - for - service Global payment United States portal
Foreign policy of the United States
This analysis is corroborated by the Pentagon 's 1992 Defense Planning Guidance ( DPG ) , prepared by then Secretary of Defense Richard Cheney and his deputies . The DPG declares that the United States should use its power to `` prevent the reemergence of a new rival '' either on former Soviet territory or elsewhere . The authors of the Guidance determined that the United States had to `` Field a missile defense system as a shield against accidental missile launches or limited missile strikes by ' international outlaws ' '' and also must `` Find ways to integrate the ' new democracies ' of the former Soviet bloc into the U.S. - led system '' . The National Archive notes that Document 10 of the DPG includes wording about `` disarming capabilities to destroy '' which is followed by several blacked out words . `` This suggests that some of the heavily excised pages in the still - classified DPG drafts may include some discussion of preventive action against threatening nuclear and other WMD programs . ''
Vietnam War
8,040 Vietnamese women came to the United States as war brides between 1964 and 1975 . Many mixed - blood Amerasian children were left behind when their American fathers returned to the United States after their tour of duty in South Vietnam . 26,000 of them were permitted to immigrate to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s .
One-drop rule
The state legislators agreed . No such law was passed until 1924 , apparently assisted by the fading recollection of familial histories .
One-drop rule
Since the late 20th century , Virginia has officially recognized eight American Indian tribes and their members ; the tribes are trying to gain federal recognition . They have had difficulty because decades of birth , marriage , and death records were misclassified under Plecker 's application of the law . No one was classified as Indian , although many individuals and families identified that way and were preserving their cultures .
Maldives
Reflective of this is the fact that the Maldives has had the highest national divorce rate in the world for many decades . This , it is hypothesised , is due to a combination of liberal Islamic rules about divorce and the relatively loose marital bonds that have been identified as common in non - and semi-sedentary peoples without a history of fully developed agrarian property and kinship relations .
Agent Orange
An analysis of chemicals present in the island 's soil , together with resolutions passed by Guam 's legislature , suggest that Agent Orange was among the herbicides routinely used on and around military bases Anderson Air Force Base , Naval Air Station Agana , Guam . Despite the evidence , the Department of Defense continues to deny that Agent Orange was ever stored or used on Guam . Several Guam veterans have collected an enormous amount of evidence to assist in their disability claims for direct exposure to dioxin containing herbicides such as 2 , 4 , 5 - T which are similar to the illness associations and disability coverage that has become standard for those who were harmed by the same chemical contaminant of Agent Orange used in Vietnam .
Society of the United States
In the years after the September 11th terrorist attacks , discrimination against Arabs and Muslims in the U.S. has increased significantly . The American - Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee ( ADC ) reported an increase in hate speech , cases of airline discrimination , hate crimes , police misconduct and racial profiling . The USA Patriot Act , signed into effect by President Bush on October 26 , 2001 , has also raised concerns for violating civil liberties . Section 412 of the act provides the government with `` sweeping new powers to detain immigrants and other foreign nationals indefinitely with little or no due process at the discretion of the Attorney General . '' Other sections also allow the government to conduct secret searches , seizures and surveillance , and to freely interpret the definition of ' terrorist activities ' .
Democratic Party (United States)
Former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid identified himself as ' pro-life ' , while President Barack Obama and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi self - identify as ' pro-choice ' . Groups such as Democrats for Life of America represent the pro-life faction of the party , while groups such as EMILY 's List represent the pro-choice faction . A Newsweek poll from October 2006 found that 25 % of Democrats were pro-life while a 69 % majority was pro-choice . Immigration
Democratic Party (United States)
LGBT Americans typically vote Democratic in national elections within the 70 -- 77 % range , according to national media exit polling . In heavily gay precincts in large cities across the nation , the average was higher , ranging from 85 -- 94 % . This trend has continued since 1996 , when Bill Clinton won 71 % of the LGBT vote compared to Bob Dole 's 16 % and 13 % for others . In 2000 , Al Gore won 70 % to George W. Bush 's 25 % with 5 % for others , in 2004 John Kerry won 77 % to George W. Bush 's 23 % , in 2008 Barack Obama won 70 % to John McCain 's 27 % with 3 % to others and in 2012 Barack Obama won 76 % to Mitt Romney 's 22 % with 2 % to others . Patrick Egan , a professor of politics at New York University specializing in LGBT voting patterns , calls this a `` remarkable continuity '' . Saying `` about three - fourths vote Democratic and one - fourth Republican from year to year . '' Notable LGBT Democrats include current Senator Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin and current Representatives Jared Polis of Colorado and David Cicilline of Rhode Island . The late activist and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk was a Democrat as is former Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts . The National Stonewall Democrats is an LGBT advocacy group associated with the Democratic Party . The LGBT Equality Caucus is a congressional caucus of 97 Democrats and 3 Republicans that work and advocate for LGBT rights within the House of Representatives .
Medicare Advantage
The Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act of 2003 renamed + Choice `` Medicare Advantage '' . Other managed Medicare plans include ( non-capitated ) COST plans , dual - eligible ( Medicare / Medicaid ) plans and PACE plans ( which try to keep seniors that need custodial care in their homes ) . However 97 % of the beneficiaries in Part C are in one of the roughly one dozen types of Medicare Advantage plans ( HMO , EGWP , SNP , regional PPO , etc . ) , primarily in classic vanilla HMOs .
Voting rights in the United States
Congress has in fact acted in partial compliance with its obligations under the ICCPR when , in 1961 , just a few years after the United Nations first ratified the ICCPR , it amended our fundamental charter to allow the United States citizens who reside in the District of Columbia to vote for the Executive offices . See U.S. Constitutional Amendment XXIII. 51 . Indeed , a bill is now pending in Congress that would treat the District of Columbia as `` a congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives '' , and permit United States citizens residing in the capitol to vote for members of the House of Representatives . See District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act , S. 160 , 111th Congress ( passed by the Senate , February 26 , 2009 ) ( 2009 ). 52 However , the United States has not taken similar `` steps '' with regard to the five million United States citizens who reside in the other U.S. territories , of which close to four million are residents of Puerto Rico . This inaction is in clear violation of the United States ' obligations under the ICCPR `` .
Medicare (United States)
In 2006 , the SGR mechanism was scheduled to decrease physician payments by 4.4 % . ( This number results from a 7 % decrease in physician payments times a 2.8 % inflation adjustment increase . ) Congress overrode this decrease in the Deficit Reduction Act ( P.L. 109 - 362 ) , and held physician payments in 2006 at their 2005 levels . Similarly , another congressional act held 2007 payments at their 2006 levels , and HR 6331 held 2008 physician payments to their 2007 levels , and provided for a 1.1 % increase in physician payments in 2009 . Without further continuing congressional intervention , the SGR is expected to decrease physician payments from 25 % to 35 % over the next several years .
Name change
Documentary evidence of a change of name can be in a number of forms , such as a marriage certificate , decree absolute , civil partnership certificate , statutory declaration or deed of change of name . Such documents are mere evidence that a change of name has occurred , however , and they do not themselves operate to change a person 's name . Deeds of change of name are by far the most commonly used method of providing evidence of a change of name other than changing a woman 's surname after marriage . A deed poll is a legal document that binds a single person to a particular course of action ( in this case , changing one 's name for all purposes ) . The term ' deed ' is common to signed , written agreements that have been shown to all concerned parties . Strictly speaking , it is not a contract because it binds only one party and expresses an intention instead of a promise . ' Poll ' is an old legal term referring to official documents that had cut edges ( were polled ) so that they were straight .
Medicare (United States)
Meanwhile , Medicare Part B and D premiums were restructured in ways that reduced costs for most people while raising contributions from the wealthiest people with Medicare . The law also expanded coverage of or eliminated co-pays for some preventive services .
Civil Rights Act of 1964
In the late 19th and early 20th century , the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector , except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality .
Birth control in the United States
In 2017 , the Department of Health and Human Services changed the previous federal requirement for employers to cover birth control in the health insurance plans for their employees . Under this new rule , hundreds of thousands of women would lose their ability to have their birth control costs covered for them . The new rule would let insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their `` religious beliefs '' or `` moral convictions '' . However , later in 2017 federal judge Wendy Beetlestone issued an injunction temporarily stopping the enforcement of this new rule .
United States budget process
Direct spending , also known as mandatory spending , refers to spending enacted by law , but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill . Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and welfare benefits such as Social Security benefits , Medicare , and Medicaid . Many other expenses , such as salaries of federal judges , are mandatory , but account for a relatively small share of federal spending . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) estimates costs of mandatory spending programs on a regular basis .
United States
The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years .
History of women in the United States
As moderates , we thought we represented the forces of reason and goodwill but failed to take seriously the power of the family values argument and the single - mindedness of Schlafly and her followers . The ERA 's defeat seriously damaged the women 's movement , destroying its momentum and its potential to foment social change ... Eventually , this resulted in feminist dissatisfaction with the Republican Party , giving the Democrats a new source of strength that when combined with overwhelming minority support , helped elect Bill Clinton to the presidency in 1992 and again in 1996 .
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party believe that all women should have access to birth control , and support public funding of contraception for poor women . The Democratic Party , in its national platforms from 1992 to 2004 , has called for abortion to be `` safe , legal and rare '' -- namely , keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions , and reducing the number of abortions by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and contraception , and incentives for adoption . The wording changed in the 2008 platform . When Congress voted on the Partial - Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003 , Congressional Democrats were split , with a minority ( including former Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid ) supporting the ban , and the majority of Democrats opposing the legislation .
Precedent
In the United States , the courts have stated consistently that the text of the statute is read as it is written , using the ordinary meaning of the words of the statute .
Tax protester statutory arguments
The terms `` includes '' and `` including '' when used in a definition contained in this title shall not be deemed to exclude other things otherwise within the meaning of the term defined .
United States budget process
Each function within the budget may include `` budget authority '' and `` outlays '' that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending .
Official bilingualism in Canada
In addition to the symbolic designation of English and French as official languages , official bilingualism is generally understood to include any law or other measure that :
Well-defined
The definition of the binary relation : In the example f : = ( ( a , i ) ∣ i ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) ∧ a ∈ A i ) ( \ displaystyle f : = ( \ bigl \ ( ) ( a , i ) \ mid i \ in \ ( 0 , 1 \ ) \ wedge a \ in A_ ( i ) ( \ bigr \ ) ) ) , ( which so far is nothing but a certain subset of the Cartesian product A × ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle A \ times \ ( 0 , 1 \ ) ) . ) The assertion : The binary relation f ( \ displaystyle f ) is a function ; in the example f : A → ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle f : A \ rightarrow \ ( 0 , 1 \ ) ) .
History of women in the United States
A man could not carry on alone very easily , and set up a household he needed to marry , and if she died to marry again . `` Housewife '' refers to the married women 's economic and cultural roles . Under legal rules of `` coverture , '' a wife had no separate legal identity ; everything she did was under her authority of her husband . He controlled all the money , including any dowry or inheritance she might have brought to the marriage . In practice The great majority were a housewives '' called a `` Goodwife in New England ) . She had certain legal rights to a share of the family property when the husband died . She was in charge of feeding , cleaning and medical care for everyone in the household , and supervise the servants . According to Ulrich , the housewife 's domain , depending upon wealth , would also include `` cellars , pantries , brew houses , milk houses , wash houses and butteries '' . She was responsible for home manufacturing of clothing , candles , and foodstuffs . At harvest time she helped the menfolk gather the crops . She typically kept a vegetable garden , and cared for the poultry and milked the cows . The husband handled the other livestock and the dogs . Mothers were responsible for the spiritual and civic well being of her children . Good housewives raised good children who would become upstanding citizens in the community . Legal statutes and societal norms allowed for husbands to exert physical power over their wives , which could result in violence . A few housewives were able to file for divorces . Writers
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
Social Security and Medicare expenditures are funded by permanent appropriations and so are considered mandatory spending according to the 1997 Budget Enforcement Act ( BEA ) . Social Security and Medicare are sometimes called `` entitlements , '' because people meeting relevant eligibility requirements are legally entitled to benefits , although most pay taxes into these programs throughout their working lives .