vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Motte-and-bailey castle
In England , motte - and - bailey earthworks were put to various uses over later years ; in some cases , mottes were turned into garden features in the 18th century , or reused as military defences during the Second World War . Today , almost no mottes of motte - and - bailey castles remain in regular use in Europe , with one of the few exceptions being that at Windsor Castle , converted for the storage of royal documents . The landscape of northern Europe remains scattered with their earthworks , and many form popular tourist attractions as part of the European heritage industry .
Forbidden City
The common English name `` Forbidden City '' is a translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng ( Chinese : 紫 禁 城 ; pinyin : Zíjinchéng ; literally : `` Purple Forbidden City '' ) . The name Zijin Cheng first formally appeared in 1576 . Another English name of similar origin is `` Forbidden Palace '' .
Mount Everest
There were 334 climbing permits issued in 2014 in Nepal , these were extended until 2019 due to the closure . In 2015 there was 357 permits to climb Everest , but the mountain was closed again because of the avalanche and earthquake , and these permits were given a two - year extension to 2017 ( not to 2019 as with the 2014 issue ) . This was an example of hospitality that Nepalis have become famous for ; an extension was especially requested by expedition firms ( which in turn bring resources into the country due for mountaineering ) . Nepal is essentially a `` fourth world '' country , as of 2015 one of the poorest non-African countries along with Haiti and Myanmar , and the 19th poorest country in the world overall . Despite this , Nepal has been very welcoming to tourists and a significant tourism industry has been established . Although there is some difficulties , especially it can be hard to maintain order in distant areas or control the actions of trouble - makers there is along history of going the extra kilometer for tourists .
Mount Everest
The Chinese side in Tibet is also managed with permits for summiting Everest . They did not issue permits in 2008 , due to the Olympic torch relay being taken to the summit of Mount Everest .
Mount Everest
Near the base of the north side of Everest lies Rongbuk Monastery , which has been called the `` sacred threshold to Mount Everest , with the most dramatic views of the world . '' For Sherpas living on the slopes of Everest in the Khumbu region of Nepal , Rongbuk Monastery is an important pilgrimage site , accessed in a few days of travel across the Himalayas through Nangpa La .
Abu Simbel temples
The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists , engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner ; it cost some USD $40 million at the time ( equal to $300 million in 2017 dollars ) . Between 1964 and 1968 , the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks ( up to 30 tons , averaging 20 tons ) , dismantled , lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 meters higher and 200 meters back from the river , in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history . Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser . Today , a few hundred tourists visit the temples daily . Guarded convoys of buses and cars depart twice a day from Aswan , the nearest city . Many visitors also arrive by plane , at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex .
Mount Everest
The Chinese side of Everest in Tibet was described as `` out of control '' after one Canadian had all his gear stolen and was abandoned by his Sherpa . Another sherpa helped him get off the mountain safely and gave him some spare gear . Other climbers have also reported missing oxygen bottles , which can be worth hundreds of dollars each . One problem is that hundreds of climbers pass by people 's tents . Also weather can damage or even blow people 's equipment away .
Grand Canyon
In 2014 , a developer announced plans to build a multimedia complex on the canyon 's rim called the Grand Canyon Escalade . On 420 acres there would be shops , an IMAX theater , hotels and an RV park . A gondola would enable easy visits to the canyon floor where a `` riverwalk '' of `` connected walkways , an eatery , a tramway station , a seating area and a wastewater package plant '' would be situated . Navajo Nation President Ben Shelly has indicated agreement ; the tribe would have to invest $65 million for road , water and communication facilities for the $1 billion complex . One of the developers is Navajo and has cited an 8 to 18 percent share of the gross revenue for the tribe as an incentive .
Russian culture
Other popular natural destinations include Kamchatka with its volcanoes and geysers , Karelia with its many lakes and granite rocks , Altai with its snowy mountains and Tyva with its wild steppes .
Victoria Falls
Apart from some dry sections , the Second to Fifth and the Songwe Gorges each represents a past site of the falls at a time when they fell into one long straight chasm as they do now . Their sizes indicate that we are not living in the age of the widest - ever falls .
Friend of Dorothy
In gay slang , a `` friend of Dorothy '' ( occasionally abbreviated FOD ) is a gay man . The phrase dates back to at least World War II , when homosexual acts were illegal in the United States . Stating that , or asking if , someone was a `` friend of Dorothy '' was a euphemism used for discussing sexual orientation without others knowing its meaning . A similar term , `` friend of Mrs. King '' ( i.e. Queen , in the meaning of ' gay man ' ) was used in England , mostly in the first half of the 20th century .
Medicare (United States)
This measure , established under the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) , examines Medicare spending in the context of the federal budget . Each year , MMA requires the Medicare trustees to make a determination about whether general fund revenue is projected to exceed 45 percent of total program spending within a seven - year period . If the Medicare trustees make this determination in two consecutive years , a `` funding warning '' is issued . In response , the president must submit cost - saving legislation to Congress , which must consider this legislation on an expedited basis . This threshold was reached and a warning issued every year between 2006 and 2013 but it has not been reached since that time and is not expected to be reached in the 2016 - 2022 `` window . '' This is a reflection of the reduced spending growth mandated by the ACA according to the Trustees .
Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party supports the death penalty far less than the Republican Party . Though most Democrats in Congress have never seriously moved to overturn the rarely used federal death penalty , both Russ Feingold and Dennis Kucinich have introduced such bills with little success . Democrats have led efforts to overturn state death penalty laws , particularly in New Jersey and in New Mexico . They have also sought to prevent reinstatement of the death penalty in those states which prohibit it , including Massachusetts and New York . During the Clinton administration , Democrats led the expansion of the federal death penalty . These efforts resulted in the passage of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , signed into law by President Clinton ; the law heavily limited appeals in death penalty cases .
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
In principle , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) separates war funding from base funding . In most cases , however , funds for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan use the same accounts as other DoD accounts . This raises challenges to attempts to achieve a precise separation of expenditures on operations in Iraq and Afghanistan from the base defense operations .
Birth control in the United States
In 2000 , the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964 .
Declaration of nullity
Part of a series on the Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law Current law ( show ) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor bonus Pontificalis Domus Universi Dominici gregis Custom Legal history ( show ) 1917 Code of Canon Law Corpus Juris Canonici Decretist Regulæ Juris Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Other Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Benedictus Deus ( Pius IV ) Contractum trinius Defect of Birth Oriental law ( show ) Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Archeparchy Eparchy Liturgical law ( show ) Ecclesia Dei Mysterii Paschalis Sacrosanctum concilium Musicam sacram Summorum Pontificum Tra le sollecitudini Sacramental law ( show ) Canon 844 Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Valid but illicit Holy Orders Impediment ( canon law ) Abstemius Clerical celibacy ( Catholic Church ) Nullity of Sacred Ordination Dimissorial letters Approbation Confession Apostolic Penitentiary Complicit absolution Canon penitentiary Internal forum Paenitentiale Theodori Penitential canons Seal of the Confessional Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Matrimonial law ( show ) Affinity Banns of Marriage Declaration of Nullity Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Impediment of crime Disparity of Cult Ligamen Matrimonial Dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
Funding for the Department of Defense is mostly discretionary , but is excluded from this total and analyzed separately in this article . However , certain defense - related spending is included in other Departments , such as Homeland Security and Veteran 's Affairs . The U.S. Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 ) grants the Congress the authority to `` To raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years . ''
History of women in the United States
In a New Deal - like move , the federal government set up the `` EMIC '' program that provided free prenatal and natal care for the wives of servicemen below the rank of sergeant .
Conscription in the United States
In 1981 , several men filed lawsuit in the case Rostker v. Goldberg , alleging that the Military Selective Service Act violates the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment by requiring that men only and not also women register with the Selective Service System . The Supreme Court upheld the act , stating that Congress 's `` decision to exempt women was not the accidental byproduct of a traditional way of thinking about women '' , that `` since women are excluded from combat service by statute or military policy , men and women are simply not similarly situated for purposes of a draft or registration for a draft , and Congress ' decision to authorize the registration of only men therefore does not violate the Due Process Clause '' , and that `` the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity , but Congress was entitled , in the exercise of its constitutional powers , to focus on the question of military need , rather than ' equity . ' ''
United States budget process
650 Social Security Function 650 consists of the two payroll tax - financed programs that are collectively known as Social Security : Old - Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance ( OASDI ) . This function includes Social Security benefit payments and funds to administer the program . Under provisions of the Congressional Budget Act and the Budget Enforcement Act , Social Security trust funds are off - budget and do not appear in the budget resolution totals . However , a small portion of spending in Function 650 - the general fund transfer of income taxes on Social Security benefits - is considered on - budget and appears in the budget resolution totals . 700 Veterans Benefits and Services Function 700 covers the programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) , including veterans ' medical care , compensation and pensions , education and rehabilitation benefits , and housing programs . It also includes the Department of Labor 's Veterans ' Employment and Training Service , the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims , and the American Battle Monuments Commission . Almost 90 percent of appropriated funding in Function 700 goes to veterans ' health care . 750 Administration of Justice The Administration of Justice function consists of federal law enforcement programs , litigation and judicial activities , correctional operations , and state and local justice assistance . Agencies within this function include : the Federal Bureau of Investigation ; the Drug Enforcement Administration ; Border and Transportation Security ; the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ; the United States Attorneys ; legal divisions within the Department of Justice ; the Legal Services Corporation ; the federal Judiciary ; and the Federal Bureau of Prisons . This function includes several components of the Department of Homeland Security . 800 General Government This function includes the activities of the White House and the Executive Office of the President , the legislative branch , and programs designed to carry out the legislative and administrative responsibilities of the federal government , including personnel management , fiscal operations , and property control . 900 Net Interest Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities . This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust . 920 Allowances This function displays the budgetary effect of proposals that can not easily be distributed across other budget functions . In the past , this function has included funding for emergencies or proposals contingent on certain events .
Antonin Scalia
Scalia argued that laws that make distinctions between genders should be subjected to intermediate scrutiny , requiring that the gender classification be substantially related to important government objectives . When , in 1996 , the Court upheld a suit brought by a woman who wished to enter the Virginia Military Institute in the case of United States v. Virginia , Scalia filed a lone , lengthy dissent . Scalia said that the Court , in requiring Virginia to show an `` extremely persuasive justification '' for the single - sex admission policy , had redefined intermediate scrutiny in such a way `` that makes it indistinguishable from strict scrutiny '' .
Name change
A married woman can change her surname to that of her husband or join her maiden name with her husband 's surname , and a divorced woman may return to her previous surname , without applying or paying a fee ; but she must notify the department so that the details in the Population Register can be changed . ( It is possible that , if challenged , these provisions might be held to be unconstitutional because they apply only to women . )
History of women in the United States
Two important cases concerning women 's rights were litigated in the late 1990s . The Matter of Kasinga was a legal case decided in June 1996 involving Fauziya Kassindja ( surname also spelled as Kasinga ) , a Togolese teenager seeking asylum in the United States in order to escape a tribal practice of female genital mutilation . The Board of Immigration Appeals granted her asylum in June 1996 after an earlier judge denied her claims . The case set a precedent in United States immigration law as applicants could now seek asylum in the United States from gender - based persecution , whereas previously religious or political grounds were often used to grant asylum . In 1999 Lilly Ledbetter , a supervisor at a Goodyear tire plant in Alabama , sued Goodyear because she was being paid at least 15 % less than the men who held the same job . A jury sided with her and awarded her back pay of $224,000 and nearly $3.3 million in punitive damages , but the company appealed , arguing she filed her claim too late , and it won a reversal from a U.S. appeals court in Atlanta . In 2007 the Supreme Court agreed with the company and ruled that her suit should have been thrown out at the start because it relied on evidence of discrimination in the 1980s , not on unfair pay decisions in 1998 or 1999 ; the Supreme Court declared that employees wishing to file discrimination charges must do so no more than 180 days after they have received their first discriminatory paycheck , although Lilly Ledbetter did not know she had been discriminated against in pay until much more than 180 days had passed . However , in 2009 President Barack Obama signed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act into law ( the first bill signed into law during his presidency ) , which changed the law so that now workers can sue up to 180 days after receiving any discriminatory paycheck , not just the first discriminatory paycheck .
Foreign policy of the United States
The United States has responsibility for the defense of the three Compact of Free Association states : Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau .
Democratic Party (United States)
With a stated goal of reducing crime and homicide , the Democratic Party has introduced various gun control measures , most notably the Gun Control Act of 1968 , the Brady Bill of 1993 , and Crime Control Act of 1994 . However , some Democrats , especially rural , Southern , and Western Democrats , favor fewer restrictions on firearm possession and warned the party was defeated in the 2000 presidential election in rural areas because of the issue . In the national platform for 2008 , the only statement explicitly favoring gun control was a plan calling for renewal of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban . Death
Trump Tower
In February 2017 , the United States Department of Defense announced it was looking to lease space in Trump Tower , to house `` personnel and equipment '' dedicated to protecting President Trump . This followed precedents where the DOD bought space in other presidents ' properties , but the difference in this case was that the DOD 's plan would directly profit Trump 's business holdings . Later that month , a controversial Indiegogo campaign launched to house refugees in Trump Tower in response to EO 13769 , which barred nationals of several majority - Muslim countries from entering the United States before being superseded by EO 13780 .
Taxation in the United States
The taxable estate of a married decedent is reduced by a deduction for all property passing to the decedent 's spouse . Certain terminable interests are included . Other conditions may apply .
United States home front during World War II
Federal law made it difficult to divorce absent servicemen , so the number of divorces peaked when they returned in 1946 . In long - range terms , divorce rates changed little .
Indigenous Australians
As a result , there arose court cases throughout the 1990s where excluded people demanded that their Aboriginality be recognised . In 1995 , Justice Drummond ruled `` ... either genuine self - identification as Aboriginal alone or Aboriginal communal recognition as such by itself may suffice , according to the circumstances . '' This contributed to an increase of 31 % in the number of people identifying as Indigenous Australians in the 1996 census when compared to the 1991 census .
Foreign trade of the United States
In 2006 , the primary economic concerns focused on : high national debt ( $9 trillion ) , high non-bank corporate debt ( $9 trillion ) , high mortgage debt ( $9 trillion ) , high financial institution debt ( $12 trillion ) , high unfunded Medicare liability ( $30 trillion ) , high unfunded Social Security liability ( $12 trillion ) , high external debt ( amount owed to foreign lenders ) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position ( NIIP ) ( − 24 % of GDP ) , high trade deficits , and a rise in illegal immigration .
Equal Rights Amendment
As moderates , we thought we represented the forces of reason and goodwill but failed to take seriously the power of the family values argument and the single - mindedness of Schlafly and her followers . The ERA 's defeat seriously damaged the women 's movement , destroying its momentum and its potential to foment social change ... Eventually , this resulted in feminist dissatisfaction with the Republican Party , giving the Democrats a new source of strength that when combined with overwhelming minority support , helped elect Bill Clinton to the presidency in 1992 and again in 1996 .
Right of self-defense in Maryland
Within days of the shooting in 2001 , bills were introduced in each of the two chambers of the General Assembly to shield business owners from civil lawsuits for deadly force against a person `` who unlawfully and forcefully enters '' the business . The state Senate passed its bill , but the House of Delegates took no action on the measure or on the bill that had been introduced in the House . In 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , and 2009 , the House of Delegates passed bills on the subject , but none of the bills made it out of committee in the state Senate . The statute that the General Assembly enacted in 2010 had wording that was different from the language of the prior bills .
Medicare (United States)
Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit
Expenditures in the United States federal budget
During FY 2009 , the GAO reported that the U.S. government incurred approximately $683 billion in expenses for the Department of Defense ( DoD ) and $54 billion for Homeland Security , a total of $737 billion . The GAO financial statements present data on an accrual basis , meaning as expenses are incurred rather than actual cash payments .