vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Apartheid
International opposition to apartheid in South Africa Campaigns ( show ) Academic boycott Sporting boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Free South Africa Movement International anti-apartheid music Instruments and legislation ( show ) 1962 UN Resolution 1761 1973 Crime of Apartheid Convention 1977 Gleneagles Agreement 1977 Sullivan principles 1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act Organisations ( show ) Anti-Apartheid Movement Artists United Against Apartheid Commonwealth of Nations Halt All Racist Tours Organisation of African Unity TransAfrica UN Special Committee against Apartheid Conferences ( show ) 1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions 1978 World Conference against Racism UN Security Council Resolutions ( show ) Resolution 134 ( Sharpeville massacre ) Resolution 181 ( voluntary arms embargo ) Resolution 191 ( sanctions feasibility ) Resolution 282 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Resolution 418 ( mandatory arms embargo ) Resolution 435 ( South - West Africa ceasefire ) Resolution 591 ( arms embargo strengthening ) Other aspects ( show ) Elimination of Racism Day `` Biko '' ( song ) Activists Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Equity television programming ban Rugby union and apartheid Main
Apartheid
Early in 1989 , Botha suffered a stroke ; he was prevailed upon to resign in February 1989 . He was succeeded as president later that year by F.W. de Klerk . Despite his initial reputation as a conservative , de Klerk moved decisively towards negotiations to end the political stalemate in the country . In his opening address to parliament on 2 February 1990 , de Klerk announced that he would repeal discriminatory laws and lift the 30 - year ban on leading anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress , the Pan Africanist Congress , the South African Communist Party ( SACP ) and the United Democratic Front . The Land Act was brought to an end . De Klerk also made his first public commitment to release Nelson Mandela , to return to press freedom and to suspend the death penalty . Media restrictions were lifted and political prisoners not guilty of common law crimes were released .
Apartheid
While international opposition to apartheid grew , the Nordic countries -- and Sweden in particular -- provided both moral and financial support for the ANC . On 21 February 1986 -- a week before he was murdered -- Sweden 's Prime Minister Olof Palme made the keynote address to the Swedish People 's Parliament Against Apartheid held in Stockholm . In addressing the hundreds of anti-apartheid sympathisers as well as leaders and officials from the ANC and the Anti-Apartheid Movement such as Oliver Tambo , Palme declared : `` Apartheid can not be reformed ; it has to be eliminated . ''
1963
In Saigon , Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức commits self - immolation to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the Ngô Đình Diệm administration . Alabama Governor George Wallace stands in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration , before stepping aside and allowing blacks James Hood and Vivian Malone to enroll . President John F. Kennedy broadcasts a historic Civil Rights Address , in which he promises a Civil Rights Bill , and asks for `` the kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves '' . June 12 Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson , Mississippi . ( His killer , Byron De La Beckwith , is convicted in 1994 . ) The film Cleopatra is released . June 13 The cancellation of Mercury - Atlas 10 effectively ends the United States ' manned spaceflight Project Mercury . The New York Commodity Exchange begins trading silver futures contracts . June 15 -- The AC Cobra makes its first appearance at the 24 Hours of Le Mans . It would go on to win its class the following year . June 16 -- Vostok 6 carries Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova , the first woman into space . June 17 -- Abington School District v. Schempp : The U.S. Supreme Court rules that state - mandated Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional . June 19 -- Valentina Tereshkova the first woman in space , returns to Earth . June 20 Establishment of the Moscow -- Washington hotline ( officially , the Direct Communications Link or DCL ; unofficially , the `` red telephone '' ; and in fact a teleprinter link ) is authorized by signing of a Memorandum of Understanding in Geneva by representatives of the Soviet Union and the United States . Swedish Air Force Colonel Stig Wennerström is arrested as a spy for the Soviet Union . June 21 -- Pope Paul VI ( Giovanni Battista Montini ) succeeds Pope John XXIII as the 262nd pope . June 23 -- Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room opens at Disneyland , premiering the first Audio - Animatronics in the park . June 26 -- John F. Kennedy gives his `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' speech in West Berlin , East Germany . June -- UNESCO History of Mankind , vol. 1 published .
One World Trade Center
On October 19 , 2012 , the monument was rededicated in front of the tower . The inscription at base of the sculpture bears its name , America 's Response Monument , and the Latin subtitle De Oppresso Liber . The subtitle , traditionally translated as `` to free the oppressed '' , is the motto of the Green Berets , who inspired the monument . A piece of steel from the original World Trade Center is embedded in the base .
Public domain
Before 1988 in the US , works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit Copyright notice . With the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 ( and the earlier Copyright Act of 1976 , which went into effect in 1978 ) , all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a waiver statement / anti-copyright can call notice . Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain , e.g. civil law of continental Europe . This may even `` effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law , particularly moral rights '' . Public
Public domain
The observance of a `` Public Domain Day '' was initially informal ; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean ( a Canadian public domain activist ) , with support for the idea echoed by Lawrence Lessig . As of 1 January 2010 a Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain . There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day .
Apartheid
The anniversary of the elections , 27 April , is celebrated as a public holiday known as Freedom Day .
Summer Time in Europe
26 October 2014 25 October 2015 30 October 2016 29 October 2017 28 October 2018 27 October 2019 25 October 2020 31 October 2021 30 October 2022
Prague
Prague was a city in the territory of military and political control of the Soviet Union ( see Iron Curtain ) . The biggest Stalin Monument was unveiled on Letná hill in 1955 and destroyed in 1962 . The 4th Czechoslovakian Writers ' Congress held in the city in June 1967 took a strong position against the regime . On 31 October 1967 students demonstrated at Strahov . This spurred the new secretary of the Communist Party , Alexander Dubček , to proclaim a new deal in his city 's and country 's life , starting the short - lived season of the `` socialism with a human face '' . It was the `` Prague Spring '' , which aimed at the renovation of institutions in a democratic way . The other Warsaw Pact member countries , except Romania and Albania , reacted with the invasion of Czechoslovakia and the capital on 21 August 1968 by tanks , suppressing any attempt at reform . Jan Palach and Jan Zajíc committed suicide by self - immolation in January and February 1969 to protest against the `` normalization '' of the country .
Yemen
In 1990 , the two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen , and the countries were merged on 22 May 1990 , with Saleh as President . The President of South Yemen , Ali Salim al - Beidh , became Vice President . A unified parliament was formed and a unity constitution was agreed upon . In the 1993 parliamentary election , the first held after unification , the General People 's Congress won 122 of 301 seats .
Zimbabwe
The campaign officially ended in 1987 after Nkomo and Mugabe reached a unity agreement that merged their respective parties , creating the Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( ZANU -- PF ) .
Czechoslovakia
The word `` socialist '' was removed from the country 's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by `` federal '' .
Rise of nationalism in Europe
1789 , French Revolution 1804 -- 15 , Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire 1814 , Norwegian independence attempt against Denmark - Norway and future Sweden & Norway , aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars ( including War on independence ) 1815 , Congress of Vienna 1821 - 29 , Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire 1830 , Croatian national revival 1830 - 31 , Belgian Revolution 1830 - 31 , Revolution in Poland and Lithuania 1846 , Uprising in Greater Poland 1848 , Nationalist revolts in Hungary , Italy and Germany ( including Polish revolt in Greater Poland ) 1859 , Romania unified 1859 - 61 , Italy unified 1863 , Polish national revolt 1866 - 71 , Otto Von Bismarck unifies Germany 1867 , Hungary granted autonomy 1867 , Irish Fenian uprising 1878 , Congress of Berlin : Serbia , Romania and Montenegro granted independence , after they won the war against the Ottoman Empire 1905 , Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire 1905 , Norway becomes fully independent from United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 1908 , Bulgaria becomes independent 1912 , Albanian national awakening Albania becomes independent . 1923 , Turkish War of Independence resulted in the abolition of monarchy in 1922 and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923
Industrial Revolution
Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories , Germany , which was unified in 1871 , became dominant in the world 's chemical industry in the late 19th century . At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical .
Central Powers
Upon its founding in 1871 , the German Empire controlled Alsace - Lorraine as an `` imperial territory '' incorporated from France after the Franco - Prussian War . It was held as part of Germany 's sovereign territory .
Yemen
In 1979 , fresh fighting between the two states resumed and efforts were renewed to bring about unification . North
Senate
1863 Greece 1958 Sudan 1966 Kenya ( restored in 2013 ) 1971 Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) 1990 Tucumán Province , Argentina 1981 South Africa 2000 Bavaria , Germany 2001 Córdoba Province , Argentina 2005 Chad 2017 Mauritania Legislature
Republic of Ireland
The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo - Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named `` Ireland '' and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 . It joined the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , the predecessor of the European Union , in 1973 . The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the twentieth century , but during the 1980s and 1990s the British and Irish governments worked with the Northern Ireland parties towards a resolution to `` the Troubles '' . Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 , the Irish government and Northern Ireland Executive have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the North - South Ministerial Council created by the Agreement .
Government of the Soviet Union
ru : Комитет по оперативному управлению народным хозяйством СССР ( since August 24 , 1991 ) ru : Межреспубликанский экономический комитет СССР ( since September 5 , 1991 ) ru : Межгосударственный экономический комитет СССР ( since November 14 , 1991 until December 26 , 1991 )
Munich Agreement
On 4 December 1938 , there were elections in Reichsgau Sudetenland , in which 97.32 % of the adult population voted for NSDAP . About a half million Sudeten Germans joined the Nazi Party which was 17.34 % of the German population in Sudetenland ( the average NSDAP participation in Nazi Germany was 7.85 % ) . This means the Sudetenland was the most `` pro-Nazi '' region in the Third Reich .
Balkans
In the 1990s , the transition of the regions ' ex-Soviet bloc countries towards democratic free - market societies went peacefully with the exception of Yugoslavia . Wars between the former Yugoslav republics broke out after Slovenia and Croatia held free elections and their people voted for independence on their respective countries ' referenda . Serbia in turn declared the dissolution of the union as unconstitutional and the Yugoslavian army unsuccessfully tried to maintain status quo . Slovenia and Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991 , followed by the Ten - Day War in Slovenia . Till October 1991 , the Army withdrew from Slovenia , and in Croatia , the Croatian War of Independence would continue until 1995 . In the ensuing 10 years armed confrontation , gradually all the other Republics declared independence , with Bosnia being the most affected by the fighting . The long lasting wars resulted in a United Nations intervention and NATO ground and air forces took action against Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia . State
Czechoslovakia
In 1992 , because of growing nationalist tensions in the government , Czechoslovakia was peacefully dissolved by parliament . On 1 January 1993 it formally separated into two independent countries , the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic .
Central Powers
Central Powers by date of armistice Flag Name Date Bulgaria 000000001918 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 1918 Ottoman Empire 000000001918 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1918 Austria - Hungary 000000001918 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November 1918 German Empire 000000001918 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1918 Central Powers treaties Flag Name Treaty of Austria Saint - Germain Bulgaria Neuilly Germany Versailles Hungary Trianon Ottoman Empire Turkey Sèvres Lausanne
History of the United Kingdom
The Maastricht Treaty transformed the European Community into the European Union . In 1992 , the Conservative government under John Major ratified it , against the opposition of his backbench Maastricht Rebels .
Nation state
The nation state promoted economic unity , by abolishing internal customs and tolls . In Germany , that process , the creation of the Zollverein , preceded formal national unity . Nation states typically have a policy to create and maintain a national transportation infrastructure , facilitating trade and travel . In 19th - century Europe , the expansion of the rail transport networks was at first largely a matter for private railway companies , but gradually came under control of the national governments . The French rail network , with its main lines radiating from Paris to all corners of France , is often seen as a reflection of the centralised French nation state , which directed its construction . Nation states continue to build , for instance , specifically national motorway networks . Specifically transnational infrastructure programmes , such as the Trans - European Networks , are a recent innovation .
Modern history
The Cold War began in the mid-1940s and lasted into the early 1990s . Throughout this period , the conflict was expressed through military coalitions , espionage , weapons development , invasions , propaganda , and competitive technological development . The conflict included costly defense spending , a massive conventional and nuclear arms race , and numerous proxy wars ; the two superpowers never fought one another directly . Borders
Axis powers
After the war , Tiso was executed and Slovakia once again became part of Czechoslovakia . The border with Poland was shifted back to the pre-war state . Slovakia and the Czech Republic finally separated into independent states in 1993 .
Cheka
In January -- June 1918 : 22 ; in July -- December 1918 : more than 6,000 ; in 1918 -- 20 : 12,733 .
1000 Ways to Die (season 1)
Death # `` Event '' Name Date of Death Location Circumstances of Death 77 Red , White and Blew July 4 , 1983 Happy 's Trailer Park Lawrence , KS A group of rednecks attempt to celebrate the Fourth of July by launching a firework from a homemade launcher . When it fails to work , one of them looks down the barrel of the launcher and the firework explodes in his face , shattering his skull into his brain . ( Note : this clip features a Wilhelm scream ) 756 Bank Ruptured December 21 , 1978 ( Note : this is the third death on this date ) Chateau Cousteau Bordeaux , France A man with the eating disorder pica syndrome manages to fill his stomach with metal objects , which eventually cut the surrounding veins and arteries , filling his stomach with blood . His stomach soon bursts and spills blood and undigested metal objects into his abdomen . 66 Guitar Zeros July 23 , 2005 Beijing , China Two Chinese heavy metal music lovers spend their nights doing air guitar and listening to loud music while jumping back and forth on their beds . On this particular occasion , one of the men slips off the bed next to the window and falls six stories to his death . His friend , not willing to live life without him , gives one last `` warrior yell '' , then follows suit and jumps out after him . ( This is the first episode in season one to feature an accidental death , followed by a suicide ) . 196 Radium Girls January 5 , 1920 U.S. Radium Corp . Orange , NJ In the 1920s , a group of women who work at a factory that uses paint containing radium to create fluorescent watch faces notice that the paint also glows when applied to their skin . They eventually expose themselves to huge amounts of radiation after repeated applications ( mostly using the radioactive paint as glow - in - the - dark body paint for their lovers during sex ) . While most of them died from bone cancer , the survivors filed one of the first successful workers ' rights lawsuits against the company and won , leading to increased safety standards in American workplaces . 638 Oz Holed August 18 , 2001 Bonelli Park San Dimas , CA Two teenagers obsessed with rock legend Ozzy Osbourne snort fire ants in celebration of Ozzfest , believing an urban legend that Osbourne had supposedly done the same with fellow rocker Nikki Sixx .
Kent State shootings
The shootings killed four students and wounded nine . Two of the four students killed , Allison Krause and Jeffrey Miller , had participated in the protest . The other two , Sandra Scheuer and William Knox Schroeder , had been walking from one class to the next at the time of their deaths . Schroeder was also a member of the campus ROTC battalion . Of those wounded , none was closer than 71 feet ( 22 m ) to the guardsmen . Of those killed , the nearest ( Miller ) was 225 feet ( 69 m ) away , and their average distance from the guardsmen was 345 feet ( 105 m ) . Eyewitness
Korean War
In the end , 14,235 Chinese POWs went to Nationalist China ( Taiwan ) and less than 6,000 POWs went back to mainland China . Those who went to Taiwan are called `` righteous men '' and experienced brainwashing again and were sent to the army or were arrested ; while the survivors who went back to mainland China were welcomed as a `` hero '' first , but experienced anti-brainwashing , strict interrogation , and house arrest eventually , after the tattoos were discovered . After 1988 , the Taiwanese government allowed POWs to go back to mainland China , and helped remove anti-communist tattoos ; while the mainland Chinese government started to accept old POWs to return from Taiwan . UN
Casualties of the Iraq War
Number of deaths in household Percent of responders None 72 % One 14 % Two 3 % Three 1 % Four or more `` more than zero but less than 0.5 % '' Do n't know 2 % No answer 8 %
Korean War
The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312 , Hill 303 , the Pusan Perimeter , and Daejeon ; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces . Later , a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations , reported that `` two - thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes '' .
Korean War
According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense , the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths , along with 2,830 non-battle deaths , during the Korean War . U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950 . South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths . Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded , while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded .
Kent State shootings
Two of the four people who were killed , Jeffrey Miller and Allison Krause , were my friends . We were all running our asses off from these motherfuckers . It was total , utter bullshit . Live ammunition and gasmasks -- none of us knew , none of us could have imagined ... They shot into a crowd that was running away from them !
Bobby Sands
Sands died on 5 May 1981 in the Maze 's prison hospital after 66 days on hunger strike , aged 27 . The original pathologist 's report recorded the hunger strikers ' causes of death as `` self - imposed starvation '' , later amended to simply `` starvation '' after protests from the dead strikers ' families . The coroner recorded verdicts of `` starvation , self - imposed '' .
Camp David Accords
In total , 11 were killed from collateral gunfire and 28 were injured . Among the killed were the Cuban ambassador , an Omani general , and a Coptic Orthodox bishop . Among the wounded were Egyptian Vice-President Hosni Mubarak , Irish Defence Minister James Tully , and four U.S. military liaison officers . One of the assassins was killed and the other three were wounded and taken into custody . The surviving assassins were tried and found guilty of assassinating the president and killing 10 others in the process ; they were sentenced to capital punishment and were executed by firing squad on 15 April 1982 .
Dyatlov Pass incident
Searching for the remaining four travelers took more than two months . They were finally found on May 4 under four metres of snow in a ravine 75 metres farther into the woods from the cedar tree . These four were better dressed than the others , and there were signs that those who had died first had apparently relinquished their clothes to the others . Zolotaryov was wearing Dubinina 's faux fur coat and hat , while Dubinina 's foot was wrapped in a piece of Krivonishenko 's wool trousers .
World War II casualties
Deported to special settlements : ( figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only , not including those executed , sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army . Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war ) . Deported from annexed territories 1940 -- 41 380,000 to 390,000 persons , including : Poland 309 -- 312,000 ; Lithuania 17,500 ; Latvia 17,000 ; Estonia 6,000 ; Moldova 22,842 . In August 1941 , 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets . Deported during the War 1941 -- 1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including : Soviet Germans 1,209,000 ; Finns 9,000 ; Karachays 69,000 ; Kalmyks 92,000 ; Chechens and Ingush 479,000 ; Balkars 37,000 ; Crimean Tatars 191,014 ; Meskhetian Turks 91,000 ; Greeks , Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000 ; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000 ; Poles 30,000 . A total of 2,230,500 persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941 -- 1948 .