vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Barn swallow
The barn swallow is similar in its habits to other aerial insectivores , including other swallow species and the unrelated swifts . It is not a particularly fast flier , with a speed estimated at about 11 m / s , up to 20 m / s and a wing beat rate of approximately 5 , up to 7 -- 9 times each second .
Shotgun
The shot pellets from a shotgun spread upon leaving the barrel , and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets , which means that the energy of any one ball of shot is fairly low . In a hunting context , this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds and other small game . However , in a military or law enforcement context , the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon . Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements , as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries . Shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet , trap , and sporting clays . These involve shooting clay disks , known as clay pigeons , thrown in various ways .
Ship
Motorised fishing trawlers , trap setters , seiners , longliners , trollers & factory ships . Traditional sailing and rowed fishing vessels and boats used for handline fishing
List of military special forces units
Sri Lanka Air Force Regiment Special Force Sri Lanka Air Force Special Air Borne Force
Hot air balloon
The pressure necessary to force the fuel through the line to the burner may be supplied by the vapor pressure of the propane itself , if warm enough , or by the introduction of an inert gas such as nitrogen . Tanks may be preheated with electrical heat tapes to produce sufficient vapor pressure for cold weather flying . Warmed tanks will usually also be wrapped in an insulating blanket to preserve heat during the setup and flight .
Copper in architecture
Useful techniques and recipes for coloring copper , brass , yellow - brass , bronze , cast bronze , gilding metal , along with various physical and chemical textural finishes are available .
Victoria Falls
In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started . They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas , and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs .
Category talk:Birds by common name
WikiProject Birds ( hide ) ( Rated Category - class ) Birds Wikipedia : WikiProject Birds Template : WikiProject Birds bird articles Birds portal Birds by common name is part of WikiProject Birds , an attempt at creating a standardized , informative and easy - to - use ornithological resource . If you would like to participate , visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . Please do not substitute this template . Category This category does not require a rating on the project 's quality scale . ( show ) WikiProject Birds To - do : edit history watch purge Here are some tasks awaiting attention : Article requests : Sverri Patursson Vogelwarte Radolfzell ( more ) Cleanup : Falconry Avian paramyxovirus Bird - safe Birmingham Roller ( more ) Copyedit : Columbidae Tippler Bonaparte 's gull ( more ) Expand : List of terms used in bird topography Nidicolous Gouldian finch Cathartes Cnemophilidae Avian malaria ( more ) NPOV : Bird - safe Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 Bloedel Floral Conservatory ( more ) Stubs : Phylloscopidae Cnemophilidae Sylviidae Puffbird ( more ) Update : Kauaʻi ʻakialoa Ochthoeca New Caledonian lorikeet Operation Migration ( more ) Verify : Michel Louette Penduline tit Jemima Parry - Jones Clive Byers Ixobrychus Journal of Ornithology Grosbeak Paleornithology Faroese Goose ( more ) Wikify : Kingston parakeets Key Habitat Site Cantabrian capercaillie ( more ) Other : Add photos to bird articles needing photos ( search Flickr for free images ) . Add taxonomic authorities to genus articles . More outstanding tasks at the cleanup listing on Labs , Category : Birds articles needing attention , and Wikipedia : WikiProject Birds # Tasklist . Retrieved
Grip (job)
Triple Header Baby -- A piece of equipment mounted on a light stand which allows multiple light fixtures to be hung on a single stand with baby pins .
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
( a ) a piece of orange - coloured canvas with either a black square and circle or other appropriate symbol ( for identification from the air ) ; ( b ) a dye marker .
Grip (job)
Triple Header Junior -- A piece of equipment mounted on a light stand which allows several light fixtures to be hung on a single stand with junior receivers .
Eyepiece
Technology has developed over time and there are a variety of eyepiece designs for use with telescopes , microscopes , gun - sights , and other devices . Some of these designs are described in more detail below .
Penny board
These variants can be made still be more complex by changing the takeoff foot or direction of movement ( Ollie , Switch , Fakie ) or by adding a rotation of the skater in addition to the trick .
Bird ringing
In some surveys , involving larger birds such as eagles , brightly coloured plastic tags are attached to birds ' wing feathers . Each has a letter or letters , and the combination of colour and letters uniquely identifies the bird . These can then be read in the field , through binoculars , meaning that there is no need to re-trap the birds . Because the tags are attached to feathers , they drop off when the bird moults .
America's Cup
The Cup is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co . Henry William Paget , 1st Marquess of Anglesey bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron 's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight .
America's Cup
This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Defender
Melbourne Cup
The Cup currently has a $500,000 bonus for the owner of the winner if it has also won the group one Irish St. Leger run the previous September .
America's Cup
Since the two parties were unable to agree otherwise , the match took place as a one - on - one Deed of Gift match with no other clubs or teams participating .
World Snooker Championship
The ' Crucible curse ' refers to the fact that no first - time world champion has retained the title the following year , since the tournament moved to the Crucible Theatre in 1977 .
America's Cup
Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the deed of gift has the right to challenge the yacht club that holds the cup . If the challenging club wins the match , it gains stewardship of the cup .
Jockey
Australia Scobie Breasley Medal Canada Avelino Gomez Memorial Award United Kingdom Lester Award Champion Flat Jockey Award Champion Jump Jockey Award United States George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award Isaac Murphy Award
Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings
After the bands were finally all filled , the top band of the large barrel , with the 1927 -- 28 to 1939 -- 40 champions , was taken to the Hockey Hall of Fame , and a new blank band was introduced at the bottom so the size of the Stanley Cup would not grow further .
Masters Tournament
The winner of the par 3 competition , which is played the day before the tournament begins , wins a crystal bowl .
Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings
As soon as the 1956 Montreal Canadiens added their names to the Cup , all of the various narrow and wide bands of the trophy 's barrel was full . Therefore , they were replaced with five symmetrical bands , each of which could contain 13 winning teams . The winning teams and rosters from 1927 -- 28 to 1939 -- 40 were engraved on the first band , the 1940 -- 41 to 1952 -- 53 champions on the second band , and the 1953 -- 54 winners onward on the third band .
Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings
With the Stovepipe Cup becoming impractical because of its ever - increasing height , the NHL decided to redesign the trophy .
America's Cup
The history and prestige associated with the America 's Cup attracts not only the world 's top sailors and yacht designers but also the involvement of wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors . It is a test not only of sailing skill and boat and sail design , but also of fundraising and management skills .
America's Cup
The America 's Cup is currently held by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron , who will defend the Cup in the 36th time .
History of tennis
The tournament was made officially one of the tennis ' Majors ' from 1924 by the International Lawn Tennis Federation ( ILTF ) .
America's Cup
On 14 March 1996 , a man entered the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron 's clubroom and damaged the America 's Cup with a sledgehammer . The man , Benjamin Peri Nathan , was subsequently found guilty of criminal damage and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment ( reduced from 34 months on appeal ) . The damage was so severe that it was feared that the cup was irreparable . London 's Garrards silversmiths , who had manufactured the cup in 1848 , painstakingly restored the trophy to its original condition over three months , free of charge . In 2003 , an extra 20 cm was added to the cup 's base to accommodate the names of future winners .
Jim Thorpe
President Richard Nixon , as authorized by U.S. Senate Joint Resolution 73 , proclaimed Monday , April 16 , 1973 , as `` Jim Thorpe Day '' to promote the nationwide recognition of Thorpe . In 1986 , the Jim Thorpe Association established an award with Thorpe 's name . The Jim Thorpe Award is given annually to the best defensive back in college football . The annual Thorpe Cup athletics meeting is named in his honor . The United States Postal Service issued a 32 ¢ stamp on 3 February 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series .
Pierre de Coubertin
He was the referee of the first ever French championship rugby union final on 20 March 1892 , between Racing Club de France and Stade Français .
Melbourne Cup
The Melbourne Cup has a long tradition with the first race held in 1861 over two miles ( 3.219 km ) but was shortened to 3,200 metres ( 1.988 mi ) in 1972 when Australia adopted the metric system . This reduced the distance by 18.688 metres ( 61.312 ft ) , and Rain Lover 's 1968 race record of 3 : 19.1 was accordingly adjusted to 3 : 17.9 . The present record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3 : 16.3 . Archer
Olympic symbols
The kotinos ( Greek : κότινος ) , is an olive branch , originally of wild olive - tree , intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe , introduced by Heracles . In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold , silver , or bronze medals . There was only one winner per event , crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia . Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold . The victorious athletes were honored , feted , and praised . Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments .
America's Cup
In the wake of the 1988 controversies , the International America 's Cup Class ( IACC ) was introduced , replacing the 12 - metre class that had been used since 1958 .
Golden Key International Honour Society
1977 - United States of America 1993 - Australia 1997 - Canada 1998 - Malaysia 1999 - New Zealand 2000 - South Africa 2010 - The Bahamas 2011 - India
Melbourne Cup
It is commonly billed as The race that stops a nation , but it is more accurately The race that stops two nations , as many people in New Zealand , as well as Australia , pause to watch the race .
Victoria Cross
The power to cancel and restore awards is still included in the Victoria Cross warrant . The last award to be forfeited was in 1908 and none have been restored .
Football records in England
This table follows the elite criteria above . It also includes any competitions that were not directly run by the governing bodies but were precursors to such competitions .
Sunderland A.F.C.
FA Cup : Winners ( 2 ) : 1937 , 1973 Charity Shield Winners ( 1 ) : 1936 Sheriff of London Charity Shield : Winners ( 1 ) : 1903
List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics
Winners ( 1 ) : 1890 -- 91 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1889 -- 90
Olympic Games
In 1850 an Olympian Class was started by William Penny Brookes at Much Wenlock , in Shropshire , England . In 1859 , Brookes changed the name to the Wenlock Olympian Games . This annual sports festival continues to this day . The Wenlock Olympian Society was founded by Brookes on 15 November 1860 .
PGA European Tour
The prize funds of many European Tour events have increased rapidly since the late 1990s . Nonetheless , in 2005 , an increasing amount of media attention was given to the perceived failure of the European Tour to attract as many leading players to its events as in the recent past . It is unclear how this contradiction between the Tour 's apparently weakening on - course position and its seemingly strong sponsorship position will play out in the future . The role of Asia may be crucial ; in November 2005 a new European Tour - sanctioned event in China called the HSBC Champions tournament was played for the first time . With a purse of $ 5 million , it was by far the richest tournament ever played in Asia . It now has a purse of $7 million , and became a World Golf Championships event starting in 2009 .
World Snooker Championship
World Snooker Championship Tournament information Venue Crucible Theatre ( since 1977 ) Location Sheffield Country England Established 1927 Organisation ( s ) World Snooker Association Format Ranking event Total prize fund UK £ 1,968,000 Recent edition 2018 Current champion ( s ) Mark Williams
America's Cup
The history of the America 's Cup has included legal battles and disputes over rule changes including most recently over the rule changes for the 2017 America 's Cup .
America's Cup
Lipton died in 1931 , and English aviation industrialist Sir Thomas Sopwith bought Shamrock V with the intent of preparing the next challenge . To Nicholson 's skills , he added aeronautical expertise and materials that would intensify the rivalry into a technological race . In 1934 , the Royal Yacht Squadron issued a challenge for Sopwith 's newly built challenger Endeavour . Being steel - plated , she was less disfavoured than Shamrock V , especially after a minimum mast weight limit was set to 5,500 lb ( 2,500 kg ) , as this made American duralumin technology less advantageous for this contest . Endeavour received significant innovations , but Sopwith failed to secure the services of his entire Shamrock V professional crew due to a pay strike . He hired amateurs to complete his team , and while the Endeavour was described unanimously as the faster boat in the Cup , taking the first two races , failed tactics and crew inexperience lost her the following four races to Vanderbilt 's new defender Rainbow .
List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics
Winners ( 4 ) : 1931 , 1933 , 1965 , 1966 ( shared record )
America's Cup
For the 1970 America 's Cup , interest in challenging was so high that the NYYC allowed the Challenger of Record ( the original yacht club presenting the challenge accepted for the match ) to organize a regatta among multiple challengers with the winner being substituted as challenger and going on to the cup match . This innovation has been used ever since , except for the default deed of gift matches in 1988 and 2010 .
Melbourne Cup
1861 - The very first Melbourne Cup was held with 17 runners . The eventful race ( a horse bolted prior to the start and 3 horses fell during the race of which 2 had to be put down ) was won by Archer . 1862 - Archer became the first horse to win the race twice . 1863 - The smallest ever Melbourne Cup field of only 7 runners contested the race after several horses were scratched in sympathy with Etienne de Mestre 's champion Archer being ruled out of the race on a technicality . 1869 - The Victorian Racing Club introduced the four - day Spring Racing Carnival format . 1870 - The race was postponed a week . 1875 -- The first time the race was held on the first Tuesday in November . 1876 - The youngest jockey in the history of the race Peter St. Albans won on Briseis aged 13 ( officially ) , but actually 12 years 11 months 23 days . 1882 -- The first bookmakers were licensed at Flemington . 1888 -- The first Gold whip was presented to the winning Cup jockey ( Mick O'Brien ) . 1890 - The largest ever Melbourne Cup field of 39 runners contested the race with the champion Carbine ( horse ) winning and setting a weight carrying record of 10 st 5 lb ( 66 kg ) , which is unlikely to ever be beaten . He carried 53 lb ( 24 kg ) more than second placed horse Highborn . 1894 -- Strand starts were introduced to Flemington . 1896 -- The Melbourne Cup was first filmed . This race was won by Newhaven . 1915 -- First woman owner to win was Mrs E.A. Widdis with Patrobas . 1916 -- The race was postponed until the following Saturday . 1925 -- The first radio broadcast of the Melbourne Cup was made by the Australian Broadcasting Company . 1930 - The legendary Phar Lap won his Melbourne Cup ( after a 3rd placing the previous year ) , as the shortest priced favourite in history and the only favourite to win at ' odds on ' ( 8 / 11 ) . 1931 -- The first year the totalisator operated at the Melbourne Cup . The Totalisator Agency Board was introduced in 1961 .
List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics
Winners ( 1 ) : 1905 -- 06 Runners - up ( 1 ) : 1903 -- 04 Pre-season
Victoria Cross
A single company of jewellers , Hancocks of London , has been responsible for the production of every VC awarded since its inception .
Olympic symbols
However , in later times , this was not their only reward ; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country . The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games , although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal . Apart from its use in the awards - ceremonies , the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem .
Olympic symbols
Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth , fifth , and sixth since 1949 , and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981 .
America's Cup
Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65 -- 90 ft ( 20 -- 27 m ) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen . This culminated with the J - Class regattas of the 1930s . After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge , the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller , less expensive 12 - metre class yachts to compete ; this class was used until it was replaced in 1990 by the International America 's Cup Class which was used until 2007 .
America's Cup
Bell syndicate , Thistle 2 -- 0 SCYC 85ft 1893 New York City New York Yacht Club Charles Oliver Iselin syndicate , Vigilant Royal Yacht Squadron Earl of Dunraven , Valkyrie II 3 -- 0 SCYC 90ft 1895 New York City New York Yacht Club William K. Vanderbilt syndicate , Defender Royal Yacht Squadron Earl of Dunraven syndicate , Valkyrie III 3 -- 0 1899 New York City New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate , Columbia Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock 3 -- 0 1901 New York City New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate , Columbia Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock II 3 -- 0 1903 New York City New York Yacht Club Cornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate , Reliance Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock III 3 -- 0 Universal 75 ft 1920 New York City New York Yacht Club Henry Walters syndicate , Resolute Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock IV 3 -- 2 Universal J - Class 1930 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate , Enterprise Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton , Shamrock V 4 -- 0 1934 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate , Rainbow Royal Yacht Squadron Sir Thomas Sopwith , Endeavour 4 -- 2 1937 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt , Ranger Royal Yacht Squadron Sir
History of tennis
1913 also saw twelve national tennis associations agree at a Paris conference to form the International Lawn Tennis Federation ( ILTF ) , which was renamed in 1977 as the current International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The rules the association promulgated in 1924 have remained remarkably stable in the ensuing ninety years , the one major change being the addition of the tie - break system designed by James Van Alen .
History of tennis
Name 1877 : The Championships Surface 1877 : Grass Venue change 1877 : Worple Road , Wimbledon 1922 : Church Road , Wimbledon 1881
SS Great Britain
The engineers Fenton Holloway won the IStructE Award for Heritage Buildings in 2006 for the restoration of the Great Britain . In May of that year the ship won the prestigious Gulbenkian Prize for museums and galleries . The chairman of the judging panel , Professor Robert Winston , commented :
America's Cup
A second Boyd / Robertson challenger , Sovereign , lost to the Olin Stephens -- designed Constellation in 1964 . In 1967 , another Australian challenger , Dame Pattie , lost to the innovative Olin Stephens design Intrepid ( which won again in 1970 , to become the second yacht , after Columbia , to defend the Cup twice ) . Defender
America's Cup
The J - class yachts from the 1930s remained the default for the cup , but post-war economic realities meant that no - one could afford to challenge in this hugely expensive class . As twenty years had passed since the last challenge , the NYYC looked for a cheaper alternative in order to restart interest in the cup . In 1956 Henry Sears led an effort to replace the J - class yachts with 12 - metre class yachts , which are approximately 65 to 75 feet ( 20 to 23 m ) in overall length .
Melbourne Cup
1916 -- The race was postponed until the following Saturday . 1925 -- The first radio broadcast of the Melbourne Cup was made by the Australian Broadcasting Company . 1930 - The legendary Phar Lap won his Melbourne Cup ( after a 3rd placing the previous year ) , as the shortest priced favourite in history and the only favourite to win at ' odds on ' ( 8 / 11 ) . 1931 -- The first year the totalisator operated at the Melbourne Cup . The Totalisator Agency Board was introduced in 1961 . It was also the last of 3 Melbourne Cups that Phar Lap contested , where the handicappers allotted him 10 st 10 lb ( 68 kg ) , the heaviest weight ever carried in the race . He only managed to finish 8th behind White Nose . 1941 - Skipton would be the last 3yo to win the race until 2017 . At the time 3yo 's had won more Melbourne Cups than any other age group , but changes to qualifying conditions resulted in less 3 yo 's contesting the race . 1942 -- 44 -- The Melbourne Cup was run on Saturdays during the war years . 1948 -- The photo finish camera was first used in Melbourne Cup . Rimfire beat Dark Marne . However , many on - course punters believe the result should have been reversed , and it was later found that the camera was incorrectly aligned . 1958 -- The first Cup start from starting stalls . 1960 -- For the first time the race was televised live to Sydney . 1962 -- `` Fashions on the Field '' was first held at the Carnival . 1972 - The Melbourne Cup distance was updated to the metric 3,200 metres from the previous imperial distance of 2 miles which meant the race effectively became 18.6 metres shorter . The race was won by the George Hanlon trained 40 - 1 outsider Piping Lane ridden by John Letts and carrying only 48 kg . 1985 -- The first sponsored Melbourne Cup , and the first million dollar Cup , with $650,000 for the winner . 1987 -- First female jockey to ride in the cup was Maree Lyndon on Argonaut Style . Dunaden