vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Olympic symbols
Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath . Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae . He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae . The answer was `` All other men are participating in the Olympic Games '' . And when asked `` What is the prize for the winner ? '' , `` An olive - wreath '' came the answer . Then Tigranes , one of his generals uttered a most noble saying : `` Good heavens ! Mardonius , what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight ? Men who do not compete for possessions , but for honour . ''
Melbourne Cup
The Melbourne Cup is Australia 's most prestigious annual Thoroughbred horse race . It is a 3,200 metre race for three - year - olds and over , conducted by the Victoria Racing Club on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne , Victoria as part of the Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival . It is the richest `` two - mile '' handicap in the world , and one of the richest turf races . The event starts at 3pm on the first Tuesday in November and is known locally as `` the race that stops a nation '' .
Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings
All of the 1927 -- 28 to 1945 -- 46 rings from the Stovepipe Cup were redone into nine bands of various heights that were attached below the new collar , forming a vastly expanded barrel - like body . The first 5 rings and half the sixth ring included the winners 1928 , 1930 to 1939 . There was room to add one more team the sixth band . 1956 was winner added later . Underneath that was a replica of the wide 1940 band from the Stovepipe Cup , but expanded to allow room for all winners from 1940 to 1951 . The 1946 -- 47 Cup champion Toronto Maple Leafs , who had to wait a year because of the redesign , was also added to the wide band . Finally , two more narrow blank bands were added to the bottom of the trophy for the winners 1952 to 1955 .
World Snooker Championship
The format for the World Championship has been largely unchanged since 1982 . It has a knock - out format with 32 players , contested over 17 days ending on the first Monday in May , which is a public holiday in the United Kingdom .
America's Cup
Trying again , Ashbury offered a best - of - seven match race challenge for October 1871 , which the NYYC accepted provided a defending yacht could be chosen on the morning of each race . Ashbury 's new yacht Livonia ( 264 tons ) was beaten twice in a row by Osgood 's new centreboard schooner Columbia ( 220 tons ) , which withdrew in the third race after dismasting . The yacht Sappho then stepped in as defender to win the fourth and fifth races , thereby successfully defending the cup .
FIFA World Cup
The 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030 2034
History of tennis
In 1954 , James Van Alen founded the International Tennis Hall of Fame , a non-profit museum in Newport , Rhode Island . The building contains a large collection of memorabilia as well as honoring prominent players and others . Each year , a grass - court tournament takes place on its grounds , as well as an induction ceremony honoring new members .
PGA European Tour
The European Tour Golfer of the Year , since 2009 official known as The Race to Dubai European Tour Golfer of the Year is an award handed by a panel comprising members of the Association of Golf Writers and commentators from television and radio .
Sunderland A.F.C.
Sunderland came close to winning a third successive league championship in the 1893 -- 94 season , finishing second behind Aston Villa . However , they regained the title in the 1894 -- 95 season , ending the season five points ahead of Everton . After winning the English League Championship , Sunderland played against Heart of Midlothian , the champions of the Scottish League , in a game described as the Championship of the World title match . Sunderland won the game 5 -- 3 and were announced `` Champions of the world '' . Sunderland came close to winning another league title in the 1897 -- 98 season , when they finished as runners - up to Sheffield United . That season was their last at Newcastle Road , as they moved to Roker Park the following season . After coming second in 1900 -- 01 , the club won their fourth league title in the 1901 -- 02 season , beating Everton by a three - point margin .
Chronology of Stanley Cup engravings
Although the bands were originally designed to fill up during the Cup 's centennial year , the names of the 1964 -- 65 Montreal Canadiens were engraved over a larger area than allotted ( and thus there are 12 teams on that band instead of 13 ) . Also the Cup underwent several minor alterations , namely the retirement of the collar in 1963 and the bowl in 1969 in favor of duplicates because the originals became too brittle .
PGA European Tour
Over the few decades following the creation of The Open Championship , the number of golf tournaments with prize money increased slowly but steadily . Most were in the United Kingdom , but there were also several `` national opens '' in various countries of Continental Europe . However , for many decades it remained difficult if not impossible for golfers to earn a living from prize money alone . From 1901 the British professionals were represented by The Professional Golfers ' Association , and it was this body that ultimately created the European Tour .
Victoria Cross
Since 1917 a miniature of the Cross has been affixed to the centre of the ribbon bar when worn without the Cross . In the event of a second award bar , a second replica is worn alongside the first .
Melbourne Cup
The Melbourne Cup race is a handicap contest in which the weight of the jockey and riding gear is adjusted with ballast to a nominated figure . Older horses carry more weight than younger ones , and weights are adjusted further according to the horse 's previous results .
America's Cup
Thomas Sopwith , Endeavour II 4 -- 0 IYRU 12mR 1958 Newport New York Yacht Club Henry Sears , Columbia Royal Yacht Squadron Hugh Goodson syndicate , Sceptre 4 -- 0 1962 Newport New York Yacht Club Mercer , Walsh , Frese syndicate , Weatherly Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Sir Frank Packer , Gretel 4 -- 1 1964 Newport New York Yacht Club Eric Ridder syndicate , Constellation Royal Thames Yacht Club Anthony Boyden , Sovereign 4 -- 0 1967 Newport New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate , Intrepid Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Emil Christensen , Dame Pattie 4 -- 0 1970 Newport New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate , Intrepid Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Sir Frank Packer , Gretel II 4 -- 1 Newport New York Yacht Club Robert Willis McCullough syndicate , Courageous Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond , Southern Cross 4 -- 0 1977 Newport New York Yacht Club Ted Turner , Courageous Sun City Yacht Club Alan Bond , Australia 4 -- 0 1980 Newport New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate , Freedom Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond , Australia 4 -- 1 Newport New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate , Liberty Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond , Australia II 3 -- 4 Fremantle Royal Perth Yacht Club Kevin Parry , Kookaburra III San Diego Yacht Club Sail America , Stars & Stripes 87 0 -- 4 DOG match 1988
America's Cup
The first Australian challenge was in 1962 , when Gretel lost to the NYYC 's Weatherly , designed by Philip Rhodes .
Melbourne Cup
prize money earned in the previous two years , wins or placings in certain lead - up races allocated handicap weight
America's Cup
The Shamrock IV and Erin proceeded to New York , from where the Erin returned to Britain while Shamrock IV was laid up in the Erie Basin dry dock until 1920 , when she received some adjustments to her build and ballast , just before the races were held . Despite Shamrock IV 's severe rating , she took the first two races from the defender Resolute , and came closer to winning back the Cup than any previous challenger . The Resolute won every subsequent race of the event . Harold
Mesoamerican ballgame
It is not known precisely when or where ōllamaliztli originated , although it is likely that the game originated earlier than 1400 BCE in the low - lying tropical zones home to the rubber tree .
Jai alai
Jai alai Jai alai play in progress First played 14th century Characteristics Contact No Team members Various Type Indoor -- outdoor Equipment pelota , xistera / cesta
Mesoamerican ballgame
Little is known about the game 's symbolic contents . Several themes recur in scholarly writing .
Mesoamerican ballgame
These examples and others are cited by many researchers who have made compelling arguments that ōllamaliztli served as a way to defuse or resolve conflicts without genuine warfare , to settle disputes through a ballgame instead of a battle . Over time , then , the ballgame 's role would expand to include not only external mediation , but also the resolution of competition and conflict within the society as well .
Mesoamerican ballgame
The other major candidate is the Olmec heartland , across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec along the Gulf Coast . The Aztecs referred to their Postclassic contemporaries who then inhabited the region as the Olmeca ( i.e. `` rubber people '' ) since the region was strongly identified with latex production . The earliest - known rubber balls come from the sacrificial bog at El Manatí , an early Olmec - associated site located in the hinterland of the Coatzacoalcos River drainage system . Villagers , and subsequently archaeologists , have recovered a dozen balls ranging in diameter from 10 to 22 cm from the freshwater spring there . Five of these balls have been dated to the earliest - known occupational phase for the site , approximately 1700 -- 1600 BCE . These rubber balls were found with other ritual offerings buried at the site , indicating that even at this early date ōllamaliztli had religious and ritual connotations . A stone `` yoke '' of the type frequently associated with Mesoamerican ballcourts was also reported to have been found by local villagers at the site , leaving open the distinct possibility that these rubber balls were related to the ritual ballgame , and not simply an independent form of sacrificial offering .
Mesoamerican ballgame
From the tropical lowlands , ōllamaliztli apparently moved into central Mexico . Starting around 1000 BCE or earlier , ballplayer figurines were interred with burials at Tlatilco and similarly styled figurines from the same period have been found at the nearby Tlapacoya site . It was about this period , as well , that the so - called Xochipala - style ballplayer figurines were crafted in Guerrero . Although no ballcourts of similar age have been found in Tlatilco or Tlapacoya , it is possible that the ballgame was indeed played in these areas , but on courts with perishable boundaries or temporary court markers .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Ballplayer painting from the Tepantitla murals . Ballplayer painting from the Tepantitla , Teotihuacan murals . Note the speech scroll issuing from the player 's mouth . Detail of a Tepantitla mural showing a hip - ball game on an open - ended ballcourt , represented by the parallel horizontal lines .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Ōllamaliztli was a ritual deeply engrained in Mesoamerican cultures and served purposes beyond that of a mere sporting event . Fray Juan de Torquemada , a 16th - century Spanish missionary and historian , tells that the Aztec emperor Axayacatl played Xihuitlemoc , the leader of Xochimilco , wagering his annual income against several Xochimilco chinampas . Ixtlilxochitl , a contemporary of Torquemada , relates that Topiltzin , the Toltec king , played against three rivals , with the winner ruling over the losers .
Horseshoe
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Mesoamerican ballgame
Ballcourts were public spaces used for a variety of elite cultural events and ritual activities like musical performances and festivals , and , of course , the ballgame . Pictorial depictions often show musicians playing at ballgames , while votive deposits buried at the Main Ballcourt at Tenochtitlan contained miniature whistles , ocarinas , and drums . A pre-Columbian ceramic from western Mexico shows what appears to be a wrestling match taking place on a ballcourt .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Young Aztecs would be taught ballplaying in the calmecac school -- and those who were most proficient might become so famous that they could play professionally . Games would frequently be staged in the different city wards and markets -- often accompanied by large - scale betting . Diego Durán , an early Spanish chronicler , said that `` these wretches ... sold their children in order to bet and even staked themselves and became slaves '' .
Mesoamerican ballgame
The southeast panel of the South Ballcourt at El Tajín shows the protagonist ballplayer being dressed in a warrior 's garb . Captives are a prominent part of ballgame iconography . For example :
Jai alai
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Mesoamerican ballgame
In the sixteenth - century Aztec ballgame that the Spaniards witnessed , points were lost by a player who let the ball bounce more than twice before returning it to the other team , who let the ball go outside the boundaries of the court , or who tried and failed to pass the ball through one of the stone rings placed on each wall along the center line . According to 16th century Aztec chronicler Motolinia , points were gained if the ball hit the opposite end wall , while the decisive victory was reserved for the team that put the ball through a ring . However , placing the ball through the ring was a rare event -- the rings at Chichen Itza , for example , were set 6 meters off the playing field -- and most games were likely won on points .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Captives were often shown in Maya art , and it is assumed that these captives were sacrificed after losing a rigged ritual ballgame . Rather than nearly nude and sometimes battered captives , however , the ballcourts at El Tajín and Chichen Itza show the sacrifice of practiced ballplayers , perhaps the captain of a team . Decapitation is particularly associated with the ballgame -- severed heads are featured in much Late Classic ballgame art and appear repeatedly in the Popol Vuh . There has even been speculation that the heads and skulls were used as balls .
History of tennis
Many original tennis courts remain , including courts at Oxford , Cambridge , Falkland Palace in Fife where Mary Queen of Scots regularly played , and Hampton Court Palace . Many of the French courts were decommissioned with the terror that accompanied the French Revolution . The Tennis Court Oath ( Serment du Jeu de Paume ) was a pivotal event during the first days of the French Revolution . The Oath was a pledge signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estates - General on 20 June 1789 . Any history of tennis that ignores its origins in the game that was ( and is still in certain circles ) known as tennis until `` lawn tennis '' became popular in the late nineteenth century is inaccurate .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Since the rubber tree Castilla elastica was not found in the highlands of the Aztec Empire , the Aztecs generally received balls and rubber as tribute from the lowland areas where it was grown . The Codex Mendoza gives a figure of 16,000 lumps of raw rubber being imported to Tenochtitlan from the southern provinces every six months , although not all of it was used for making balls .
History of tennis
Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis :
Mesoamerican ballgame
In Maya Ballgame the Hero Twins myth links ballcourts with death and its overcoming . The ballcourt becomes a place of transition , a liminal stage between life and death . The ballcourt markers along the centerline of the Classic playing field depicted ritual and mythical scenes of the ballgame , often bordered by a quatrefoil that marked a portal into another world . The Twins themselves , however , are usually absent from Classic ballgame scenes , with the Vucub Caquix of the Copán ball court babe , holding the severed arm of Hunahpu , as an important exception .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Astronomy . The bouncing ball is thought to have represented the sun . The stone scoring rings are speculated to signify sunrise and sunset , or equinoxes . War . This is the most obvious symbolic aspect of the game ( see also above , `` Proxy for warfare '' ) . Among the Mayas , the ball can represent the vanquished enemy , both in the late - Postclassic K'iche ' kingdom ( Popol Vuh ) , and in Classic kingdoms such as that of Yaxchilan . Fertility . Formative period ballplayer figurines -- most likely females -- often wear maize icons . At El Tajín , the ballplayer sacrifice ensures the renewal of pulque , an alcoholic maguey cactus beverage . Cosmologic duality . The game is seen as a struggle between day and night , and / or a battle between life and the underworld . Courts were considered portals to the underworld and were built in key locations within the central ceremonial precincts . Playing ball engaged one in the maintenance of the cosmic order of the universe and the ritual regeneration of life .
Golf ball
There were a few drawbacks to the featherie . First , it was hard to make a perfectly round , spherical ball , and because of this , the featherie often flew irregularly . Also , when the featherie became too wet , its distance would be reduced , and there was a possibility of its splitting open upon impact when hit or when hitting the ground or other hard surface . Despite these , the featherie was still a dramatic improvement over the wooden ball , and remained the standard golf ball well into the 19th century .
Mesoamerican ballgame
The Maya Twin myth of the Popol Vuh establishes the importance of the game ( referred to in Classic Maya as pitz ) as a symbol for warfare intimately connected to the themes of fertility and death . The story begins with the Hero Twins ' father , Hun Hunahpu , and uncle , Vucub Hunahpu , playing ball near the underworld , Xibalba . The lords of the underworld became annoyed with the noise from the ball playing and so the primary lords of Xibalba , One Death and Seven Death , sent owls to lure the brothers to the ballcourt of Xibalba , situated on the western edge of the underworld . Despite the danger the brothers fall asleep and are captured and sacrificed by the lords of Xibalba and then buried in the ballcourt . Hun Hunahpu is decapitated and his head hung in a fruit tree , which bears the first calabash gourds . Hun Hunahpu 's head spits into the hands of a passing goddess who conceives and bears the Hero Twins , Hunahpu and Xbalanque . The Hero Twins eventually find the ballgame equipment in their father 's house and start playing , again to the annoyance of the Lords of Xibalba , who summon the twins to play the ballgame amidst trials and dangers . In one notable episode , Hunahpu is decapitated by bats . His brother uses a squash as Hunahpu 's substitute head until his real one , now used as a ball by the Lords , can be retrieved and placed back on Hunahpu 's shoulders . The twins eventually go on to play the ballgame with the Lords of Xibalba , defeating them . However , the twins are unsuccessful in reviving their father , so they leave him buried in the ball court of Xibalba .
Golf (card game)
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Mesoamerican ballgame
Several ceramic figurines show war captives holding game balls . The ballcourt at Toniná was decorated with sculptures of bound captives . A captive - within - the - ball motif is seen on the Hieroglyphic Stairs at Structure 33 in Yaxchilan and on Altar 8 at Tikal .
History of tennis
Francis I of France ( 1515 -- 47 ) was an enthusiastic player and promoter of real tennis , building courts and encouraging play among the courtiers and commoners . His successor Henry II ( 1547 -- 59 ) was also an excellent player and continued the royal French tradition . In 1555 an Italian priest , Antonio Scaino da Salothe , wrote the first known book about tennis , Trattato del Giuoco della Palla . Two French kings died from tennis related episodes -- Louis X of a severe chill after playing and Charles VIII after hitting his head during a game . King Charles IX granted a constitution to the Corporation of Tennis Professionals in 1571 , creating the first pro tennis ' tour ' , establishing three professional levels : apprentice , associate , and master . A professional named Forbet wrote and published the first codification of the rules in 1599 .
Golf (card game)
Given that the game 's relative simplicity is conducive to a party setting , a `` strip golf '' variant has been popularized as well. The majority of the game is confusing , but is easily learned .
Mesoamerican ballgame
This `` boundary maintenance '' or `` conflict resolution '' theory would also account for some of the irregular distribution of ballcourts . Overall , there appears to be a negative correlation between the degree of political centralization and the number of ballcourts at a site . For example , the Aztec Empire , with a strong centralized state and few external rivals , had relatively few ballcourts while Middle Classic Cantona , with 24 ballcourts , had many diverse cultures residing there under a relatively weak state .
Golf ball
When a golf ball is hit , the impact , which lasts less than a millisecond , determines the ball 's velocity , launch angle and spin rate , all of which influence its trajectory and its behavior when it hits the ground .
Golf (card game)
Game is nine or eighteen `` holes '' ( deals ) , and the player with the lowest total score is designated winner .
Golf ball
As well as bearing the maker 's name or logo , balls are usually printed with numbers or other symbols to help players identify their ball .
Mesoamerican ballgame
Ballcourts , monuments with ballgame imagery and ballgame paraphernalia have been excavated at sites along the Pacific coast of Guatemala and El Salvador including the Cotzumalhuapa nuclear zone sites of Bilbao and El Baúl and sites right at the southeast periphery of the Mesoamerican region such as Quelepa .
Guy's Grocery Games
Spreeball : A version of the arcade game skee ball . Each chef rolls an orange toward a target board to determine a constraint such as a required ingredient or spending limit . More desirable results correspond to the higher , harder - to - reach targets .