vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States presidential primary
Criticisms of the regional plan include the higher entry costs than the other plans ( since 1 / 4 of the country would vote in the first regional ) , and the political bias of certain regions ( the South or the Northeast ) unduly influencing the selection of a nominee .
Child care
Childcare varies dramatically across cultures . These discrepancies are attributed to the homestead and household environments . That is , the type of work performed by adult caretakers in a given community strongly influence the type of childcare used . In agricultural / horticultural societies where work is done to provide sustenance for the community , siblings and similar - aged children are responsible for younger children . While many global communities prefer children aged 7 -- 10 for designated caregiving responsibilities , children no younger than 12 are preferred in the Western world where paid childcare is common .
Caesarean section
Brazil is one of the countries with the highest Cesarean section rate in the world with rates in the public - sector averages 35 - 45 % while the private sector rate is as high as 80 - 90 % .
Southern United States
The East South Central Census Division of the United States ( made up of Kentucky , Tennessee , Mississippi , and Alabama ) had the highest rate of inpatient hospital stays in 2012 . The other divisions , West South Central ( Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas , and Louisiana ) and South Atlantic ( West Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida ) ranked seventh and fifth , respectively . The South had a significantly higher rate of hospital discharges in 2005 than other regions of the United States , but the rate had declined to be closer to the overall national rate by 2011 .
Caesarean section
European travelers in the Great Lakes region of Africa during the 19th century observed Caesarean sections being performed on a regular basis . The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with alcohol , and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing . From the well - developed nature of the procedures employed , European observers concluded they had been employed for some time . James Barry carried out the first successful Caesarean by a European doctor in Africa in Cape Town , while posted there between 1817 and 1828 .
Great Lakes region
During the Confederacy Period of 1781 -- 1789 , the Continental Congress passed three ordinances whose authority was unclear regarding the region 's governance on the American side . The Land Ordinance of 1784 established the broad outlines of future governance . The territory would be divided into six states , which would be given broad powers of constitutional instituting , and admitted to the nation as equal members . The Land Ordinance of 1785 specified the manner in which land would be distributed in the Territory , favoring sale in small parcels to settlers who would work their own farms .
Gender reveal
A significant issue is that as many as 4 % of infants are intersex ( formerly known as androgynous or hermaphrodite ) , though it is incredibly difficult to determine the frequency of these cases . Gender reveal parties may be problematic for expectant parents whose children 's biological sex can not accurately be assigned before birth , and can set the stage for future issues when the babies will not fit squarely into a pink or blue box . Modern practices in intersex management have moved away from the presumption that infants should be subjected to sex assignment surgery by guesswork shortly after birth , and it is perceived to be more important for children to have the autonomy to match a surgical intervention to their chosen gender . Psychologists believe that a child is able to declare their own gender identity `` around age two or three '' .
Child care
Spain provides paid maternity leave of 16 weeks with 30 - 50 % of mothers returning to work ( most full - time ) after this , thus babies 4 months of age tend to be placed in daycare centers . Adult - infant ratios are about 1 : 7 - 8 first year and 1 : 16 - 18 second year . Public preschool education is provided for most children aged 3 -- 5 years in `` Infantil '' schools which also provide primary school education .
Birth control in the United States
In 1970 , Congress removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws ; and in 1973 , the Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy . Birth
Child care
Many agricultural communities highly value sibling - and peer - caretaking . Accounts from the Idakho tribe in Kenya portray infants being left to the care and guidance of other relatively young children in the community with adults and other tribe members merely within shouting distance should a problem arise . The same pattern of caregiving is seen in the Kikuyu people in Kenya , where mothers in the horticultural society are often away working , which relies on siblings , cousins , and neighbors to care for children as young as 4 months old .
History of women in the United States
Federal law made it difficult to divorce absent servicemen , so the number of divorces peaked when they returned in 1946 . In long - range terms , divorce rates changed little .
Health care in the United States
The 2015 global average for under - five child mortality was 42.5 per 1000 live births . The U.S. 's under - five child mortality of 6.5 is more than 6 times less . The 2015 global average for maternal mortality was 216 , the United State 's average of 14 maternal deaths 100,000 live births is more than 15 times less , however Canada had half as many ( 7 ) and Finland , Greece , Iceland and Poland each only had 3 . While not as high in 2015 ( 14 ) as in 2013 ( 18.5 ) , maternal deaths related to childbirth have shown recent increases ; in 1987 , the mortality ratio was 7.2 per 100,000 . As of 2015 , the American rate is double the maternal mortality rate in Belgium or Canada , and more than triple the rate in the Finland as well as several other Western European countries .
History of women in the United States
The New England regional economy grew rapidly in the 17th century , thanks to heavy immigration , high birth rates , low death rates , and an abundance of inexpensive farmland . The population grew from 3000 in 1630 to 14,000 in 1640 , 33,000 in 1660 , 68,000 in 1680 , and 91,000 in 1700 . Between 1630 and 1643 , about 20,000 Puritans arrived , settling mostly near Boston ; after 1643 fewer than fifty immigrants a year arrived . The average size of a completed family 1660 -- 1700 was 7.1 children ; the birth rate was 49 babies per year per 1000 people , and the death rate was about 22 deaths per year per thousand people . About 27 percent of the population comprised men between 16 and 60 years old .
Michigan
As of 2011 , 34.3 % of Michigan 's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups , meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
See Fischer ( 1989 ) for a detailed description of the various aspects of the regional cultures . The following sections are all based primarily on the chapters in Fischer dealing with food and eating habits .
Midwestern United States
In addition to intra-American regional overlaps , the Upper Peninsula of Michigan has historically had strong cultural ties to Canada , partly as a result of early settlement by French Canadians . Moreover , the Yooper accent shares some traits with Canadian English , further demonstrating transnational cultural connections . Similar but less pronounced mutual Canadian - American cultural influence occurs throughout the Great Lakes region .
Gilded Age
Northeast 15 % Middle Atlantic 17 % Midwest 43 % South Atlantic 63 % South Central 67 % West 29 %
Iodine-131
The risk of thyroid cancer in later life appears to diminish with increasing age at time of exposure . Most risk estimates are based on studies in which radiation exposures occurred in children or teenagers . When adults are exposed , it has been difficult for epidemiologists to detect a statistically significant difference in the rates of thyroid disease above that of a similar but otherwise - unexposed group .
Estrogen
Local application of estrogen in the rat hippocampus has been shown to inhibit the re-uptake of serotonin . Contrarily , local application of estrogen has been shown to block the ability of fluvoxamine to slow serotonin clearance , suggesting that the same pathways which are involved in SSRI efficacy may also be affected by components of local estrogen signaling pathways . Parenthood
Cell cycle
The pattern of resistance and sensitivity correlates with the level of sulfhydryl compounds in the cell . Sulfhydryls are natural substances that protect cells from radiation damage and tend to be at their highest levels in S and at their lowest near mitosis .
Testosterone
-- 9.2 pg / mL 2.8 -- 31.9 pmol / L Postmenopausal -- -- 0.6 -- 6.7 pg / mL 2.1 -- 23.2 pmol / L Bioavailable testosterone Stage Age range Male Female Values SI units Values SI units Child 1 -- 6 years 0.2 -- 1.3 ng / dL 0.007 -- 0.045 nmol / L 0.2 -- 1.3 ng / dL 0.007 -- 0.045 nmol / L 7 -- 9 years 0.2 -- 2.3 ng / dL 0.007 -- 0.079 nmol / L 0.2 -- 4.2 ng / dL 0.007 -- 0.146 nmol / L Puberty 10 -- 11 years 0.2 -- 14.8 ng / dL 0.007 -- 0.513 nmol / L 0.4 -- 19.3 ng / dL 0.014 -- 0.670 nmol / L 12 -- 13 years 0.3 -- 232.8 ng / dL 0.010 -- 8.082 nmol / L 1.1 -- 15.6 ng / dL 0.038 -- 0.541 nmol / L 14 -- 15 years 7.9 -- 274.5 ng / dL 0.274 -- 9.525 nmol / L 2.5 -- 18.8 ng / dL 0.087 -- 0.652 nmol / L 16 -- 17 years 24.1 -- 416.5 ng / dL 0.836 -- 14.452 nmol / L 2.7 -- 23.8 ng / dL 0.094 -- 0.826 nmol / L Adult ≥
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
These percentages represent estimated relative increases over the baseline rates and are not absolute risks for developing such cancers . Due to the low baseline rates of thyroid cancer , even a large relative increase represents a small absolute increase in risks . For example , the baseline lifetime risk of thyroid cancer for females is just three - quarters of one percent and the additional lifetime risk estimated in this assessment for a female infant exposed in the most affected location is one - half of one percent . --
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Thyroid cancer is one of the most survivable cancers , with an approximate 94 % survival rate after first diagnosis . That rate increases to a nearly 100 % survival rate if caught early . Chernobyl
Estrogen
About 80 % of breast cancers , once established , rely on supplies of the hormone estrogen to grow : they are known as hormone - sensitive or hormone - receptor - positive cancers . Prevention of the actions or production of estrogen in the body is a treatment for these cancers .
Estrogen
High doses of potent estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol and ethinylestradiol were used in the past in the treatment of breast cancer . Their effectiveness is approximately equivalent to that of antiestrogen therapy with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors . The use of high dose estrogen therapy in breast cancer has mostly been superseded by antiestrogen therapy due to the improved safety profile of the latter .
Estrogen
Androgens such as testosterone powerfully oppose estrogen action in the breasts , such as by reducing estrogen receptor expression in them .
Estrogen
The implantation of 17β - estradiol pellets in ovariectomized mice significantly reduced binge eating behaviors and injections of GLP - 1 in ovariectomized mice decreased binge - eating behaviors .
Iodine-131
The ingestion of goitrogen drugs is , much like potassium iodide , also not without its dangers , such as hypothyroidism . In all these cases however , despite the risks , the prophylaxis benefits of intervention with iodide , iodate , or perchlorate outweigh the serious cancer risk from radioiodine bioaccumulation in regions where radioiodine has sufficiently contaminatated the environment .
Estrogen
In a study by the NIH , esterified estrogens were not proven to pose the same risks to health as conjugated equine estrogens . Hormone replacement therapy has favorable effects on serum cholesterol levels , and when initiated immediately upon menopause may reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease , although this hypothesis has yet to be tested in randomized trials . Estrogen appears to have a protector effect on atherosclerosis : it lowers LDL and triglycerides , it raises HDL levels and has endothelial vasodilatation properties plus an anti-inflammatory component .
BRCA1
Thus , while BRCA1 expression is low in these cancers , BRCA1 promoter methylation is only a minor cause of reduced expression .
Hormonal contraception
Hormonal Contraception Background Type Hormonal First use 1960 Pregnancy rates ( first year ) Perfect use Varies by method : 0.05 - 2 % Typical use Varies by method : 0.05 - 9 % Usage Duration effect Various Reversibility Upon discontinuation User reminders Must follow usage schedule Advantages and disadvantages STI protection No Periods Frequently lighter , for some methods periods may stop altogether Weight No proven effect
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
In 2016 Ohira et al. conducted a study cross-comparing thyroid cancer patients from Fukushima prefecture evacuees with rates of Thyroid cancer in from those outside of the evacuation zone . Ohira et al. found that `` The duration between accident and thyroid examination was not associated with thyroid cancer prevalence . There were no significant associations between individual external doses and prevalence of thyroid cancer . External radiation dose was not associated with thyroid cancer prevalence among Fukushima children within the first 4 years after the nuclear accident ... ''
Estrogen
The labeling of estrogen - only products in the U.S. includes a boxed warning that unopposed estrogen ( without progestogen ) therapy increases the risk of endometrial cancer . Based on a review of data from the WHI , in 2003 the FDA changed the labeling of all estrogen and estrogen with progestin products for use by postmenopausal women to include a new boxed warning about cardiovascular and other risks .
Testosterone
The partial synthesis in the 1930s of abundant , potent testosterone esters permitted the characterization of the hormone 's effects , so that Kochakian and Murlin ( 1936 ) were able to show that testosterone raised nitrogen retention ( a mechanism central to anabolism ) in the dog , after which Allan Kenyon 's group was able to demonstrate both anabolic and androgenic effects of testosterone propionate in eunuchoidal men , boys , and women . The period of the early 1930s to the 1950s has been called `` The Golden Age of Steroid Chemistry '' , and work during this period progressed quickly . Research in this golden age proved that this newly synthesized compound -- testosterone -- or rather family of compounds ( for many derivatives were developed from 1940 to 1960 ) , was a potent multiplier of muscle , strength , and well - being .
Caenorhabditis elegans
All cells of the germline arise from a single primordial germ cell , called the P4 cell , established early in embryogenesis . This primordial cell divides to generate two germline precursors that do not divide further until after hatching . Axis
Thalidomide
In the United Kingdom , the drug was licensed in 1958 and withdrawn in 1961 . Of the approximately 2,000 babies born with defects , around half died within a few months and 466 survived to at least 2010 .
Estrogen
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Testosterone
Fatherhood also decreases testosterone levels in men , suggesting that the resulting emotional and behavioral changes promote paternal care . The way testosterone levels change when a child is in distress is indicative of fathering styles . If the levels reduce , then there is more empathy by the father than in fathers whose levels go up . Motivation
Eating disorder
Children with PANDAS `` have obsessive - compulsive disorder ( OCD ) and / or tic disorders such as Tourette syndrome , and in whom symptoms worsen following infections such as `` strep throat '' and scarlet fever `` . ( NIMH ) There is a possibility that PANDAS may be a precipitating factor in the development of anorexia nervosa in some cases , ( PANDAS AN ) . Lesions : studies have shown that lesions to the right frontal lobe or temporal lobe can cause the pathological symptoms of an eating disorder . Tumors : tumors in various regions of the brain have been implicated in the development of abnormal eating patterns . Brain calcification : a study highlights a case in which prior calcification of the right thalumus may have contributed to development of anorexia nervosa . somatosensory homunculus : is the representation of the body located in the somatosensory cortex , first described by renowned neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield . The illustration was originally termed `` Penfield 's Homunculus '' , homunculus meaning little man . `` In normal development this representation should adapt as the body goes through its pubertal growth spurt . However , in AN it is hypothesized that there is a lack of plasticity in this area , which may result in impairments of sensory processing and distortion of body image '' . ( Bryan Lask , also proposed by VS Ramachandran ) Obstetric complications : There have been studies done which show maternal smoking , obstetric and perinatal complications such as maternal anemia , very pre-term birth ( less than 32 weeks ) , being born small for gestational age , neonatal cardiac problems , preeclampsia , placental infarction and sustaining a cephalhematoma at birth increase the risk factor for developing either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa .
Statin
Several meta - analyses have found no increased risk of cancer , and some meta - analyses have found a reduced risk .
Estrogen
Diethylstilbestrol is a nonsteroidal estrogen that is no longer used medically . It is a member of the stilbestrol group . Other stilbestrol estrogens that have been used clinically include benzestrol , dienestrol , dienestrol acetate , diethylstilbestrol dipropionate , fosfestrol , hexestrol , and methestrol dipropionate . Chlorotrianisene , methallenestril , and doisynoestrol are nonsteroidal estrogens structurally distinct from the stilbestrols that have also been used clinically . Environmental
Estrogen
Approximately 95 % of orally ingested estradiol is inactivated during first - pass metabolism . Nonetheless , levels of estradiol in the liver with oral administration are supraphysiological and approximately 4 - to 5-fold higher than in circulation due to the first - pass . This does not occur with parenteral estradiol . In contrast to estradiol , ethinylestradiol is much more resistant to hepatic metabolism , with a mean oral bioavailability of approximately 45 % , and has a similar impact on hepatic protein synthesis with both oral and transdermal routes .
Estrogen
In 1938 , British scientists obtained a patent on a newly formulated nonsteroidal estrogen , diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) , that was cheaper and more powerful than the previously manufactured estrogens . Soon after , concerns over the side effects of DES were raised in scientific journals while the drug manufacturers came together to lobby for governmental approval of DES . It was only until 1941 when estrogen therapy was finally approved by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for the treatment of menopausal symptoms . Premarin ( conjugated equine estrogens ) was introduced in 1941 and succeeded Emmenin , the sales of which had begun to drop after 1940 due to competition from DES . Ethinylestradiol was synthesized in 1938 by Hans Herloff Inhoffen and Walter Hohlweg at Schering AG in Berlin and was approved by the FDA in the U.S. on June 25 , 1943 and marketed by Schering as Estinyl .
Education reform
Substantial resources and time can be saved by permitting students to test out of classes . This also increases motivation , directs individual study , and reduces boredom and disciplinary problems .
Trump: The Art of the Deal
Think big Protect the downside and the upside will take care of itself Maximize your options Know your market Use your leverage Enhance your location Get the word out Fight back Deliver the goods Contain the costs Have fun
Women's empowerment
The U.S. provides foreign aid to third world countries in various forms , one of which is by providing education programs . There are currently bills in Congress that work to ensure education to girls , one of which is the Protecting Girls ' Access to Education Act . These are enacted with the belief that proper education will pull them out of poverty and reduce exploitation .
Education reform
Many educators now believe that anything that more precisely meets the needs of the child will work better . This was initiated by Maria Montessori and is still utilized in Montessori schools . The teaching method must be teachable ! This is a lesson from both Montessori and Dewey . This view now has very wide currency , and is used to select much of the curricula of teachers ' colleges .
Think globally, act locally
Warren Heaps states , `` It 's really important to recognize that markets are different around the world , and company compensation programs should reflect a balance between global corporate philosophy and local practice and culture '' .
GEICO advertising campaigns
These ads show a person seemingly in trouble , until they state that switching to GEICO could save you money on car insurance ; at which point this unrelated answer is accepted as a great answer .
Education reform
New programs based on modern learning theories that test individual learning , and teach to mastery of a subject have been proved by the Kentucky Education Reform Act ( KERA ) to be far more effective than group instruction with compromise schedules , or even class - size reduction .
Cherry picking
`` With rational messages , you need to decide if you want to use a one - sided argument or a two - sided argument . A one - sided argument only presents the pro side of the argument , while a two - sided argument presents both sides . Which one you use will depend on which one meets your needs and the type of audience . Generally , one - sided arguments are better with audiences already favorable to your message . Two - sided arguments are best with audiences who are opposed to your argument , are better educated or have already been exposed to counter arguments . ''
Education reform
Administrators are not exempt from the technological disconnect . They must recognize the existence of a younger generation of teachers who were born during the Digital Age and are very comfortable with technology . However , when old meets new , especially in a mentoring situation , conflict seems inevitable . Ironically , the answer to the outdated mentor may be digital collaboration with worldwide mentor webs ; composed of individuals with creative ideas for the classroom .
Terror management theory
The rationale behind decisions regarding one 's own health can be explored through a terror management model . A 2008 research article in Psychological Review proposes a three - part model for understanding how awareness of death can ironically subvert health - promoting behaviors by redirecting one 's focus towards behaviors that build self - esteem instead : `` Proposition 1 suggests that conscious thoughts about death can instigate health - oriented responses aimed at removing death - related thoughts from current focal attention . Proposition 2 suggests that the unconscious resonance of death - related cognition promotes self - oriented defenses directed toward maintaining , not one 's health , but a sense of meaning and self - esteem . The last proposition suggests that confrontations with the physical body may undermine symbolic defenses and thus present a previously unrecognized barrier to health promotion activities . ''