vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Peninsular War
The emperor wants me to take the offensive ... but his Majesty does not realize that the smallest movement in these parts expends quantities of resources and of horses ... To make a requisition on the poorest village we have to send a detachment of 200 men and , to be able to live , we have to scatter over distances . --
Aftermath of the Korean War
From 1950 to 1953 , 17,000 in the Army , Navy and Air Force fought as part of the United Nations multinational forces .
Horses in warfare
World War I saw great changes in the use of cavalry . The mode of warfare changed , and the use of trench warfare , barbed wire and machine guns rendered traditional cavalry almost obsolete . Tanks , introduced in 1917 , began to take over the role of shock combat .
World War I
The widespread use of chemical warfare was a distinguishing feature of the conflict . Gases used included chlorine , mustard gas and phosgene . Few war casualties were caused by gas , as effective countermeasures to gas attacks were quickly created , such as gas masks . The use of chemical warfare and small - scale strategic bombing were both outlawed by the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , and both proved to be of limited effectiveness , though they captured the public imagination .
World War I
September saw the Allies advance to the Hindenburg Line in the north and centre . The Germans continued to fight strong rear - guard actions and launched numerous counterattacks on lost positions , but only a few succeeded , and those only temporarily . Contested towns , villages , heights , and trenches in the screening positions and outposts of the Hindenburg Line continued to fall to the Allies , with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September . On 24 September an assault by both the British and French came within 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) of St. Quentin . The Germans had now retreated to positions along or behind the Hindenburg Line . An
World War I
In Britain , in 1914 , the Public Schools Officers ' Training Corps annual camp was held at Tidworth Pennings , near Salisbury Plain . Head of the British Army , Lord Kitchener , was to review the cadets , but the imminence of the war prevented him . General Horace Smith - Dorrien was sent instead . He surprised the two - or - three thousand cadets by declaring ( in the words of Donald Christopher Smith , a Bermudian cadet who was present ) ,
Casualties of the Iraq War
As of November 4 , 2006 , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that 1.8 million Iraqis had been displaced to neighboring countries , and 1.6 million were displaced internally , with nearly 100,000 Iraqis fleeing to Syria and Jordan each month .
World War I
Meanwhile , new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbors . The Peace Conference required all the defeated powers to pay reparations for all the damage done to civilians . However , owing to economic difficulties and Germany being the only defeated power with an intact economy , the burden fell largely on Germany .
World War I
A number of socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914 . But European socialists split on national lines , with the concept of class conflict held by radical socialists such as Marxists and syndicalists being overborne by their patriotic support for war . Once the war began , Austrian , British , French , German , and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries ' intervention in the war .
British Army during World War I
Australians made up seven percent of the British Expeditionary Force but 25 percent of deserters , while an Australian was nine times more likely to be imprisoned than a British soldier . Haig asked for permission to shoot Australians , but their government refused .
World War I
The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause , or to undermine support for the enemy . For the most part , wartime diplomacy focused on five issues : propaganda campaigns ; defining and redefining the war goals , which became harsher as the war went on ; luring neutral nations ( Italy , Ottoman Empire , Bulgaria , Romania ) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory ; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers , especially among Czechs , Poles , and Arabs . In addition , there were multiple peace proposals coming from neutrals , or one side or the other ; none of them progressed very far .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The combined total of coalition and contractor casualties in the conflict is now over ten times that of the 1990 -- 1991 Gulf War . In the Gulf War , coalition forces suffered around 378 deaths , and among the Iraqi military , tens of thousands were killed , along with thousands of civilians .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Since the official handover of power to the Iraqi Interim Government on June 28 , 2004 , coalition soldiers have continued to come under attack in towns across Iraq .
World War I
The Austro - Hungarian authorities encouraged the subsequent anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo , in which Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks killed two Bosnian Serbs and damaged numerous Serb - owned buildings . Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organized outside Sarajevo , in other cities in Austro - Hungarian - controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia and Slovenia . Austro - Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned and extradited approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs , 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison . A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death . A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the Schutzkorps was established and carried out the persecution of Serbs .
Korean War
Following the initial assault by the north , the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large - scale tank battles . The mountainous , forested terrain , especially in the Eastern Central Zone , was poor tank country , limiting their mobility . Through the last two years of the war in Korea , UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces .
World War I
Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 , after most of the German and Austro - Hungarian troops had been withdrawn . The Bulgarians were defeated at the Battle of Dobro Pole and by 25 September 1918 British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed . Bulgaria capitulated four days later , on 29 September 1918 . The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line , but these forces were far too weak to reestablish a front .
American Civil War
The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses :
Modern history
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power , first in Petrograd ( St. Petersburg ) and then in other places . In the wake of the October Revolution , the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized ; the volunteer - based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks ' main military force , augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka , the Bolshevik state security apparatus . There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army . Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance . Former Tsarist officers were utilized as `` military specialists '' ( voenspetsy ) , taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty . At the start of the war , three - fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers . By its end , 83 % of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers .
Military history of Italy during World War II
On the Greek island of Cephallonia , General Antonio Gandin , commander of the 12,000 - strong Italian Acqui Division , decided to resist the German attempt to forcibly disarm his force . The battle raged from 13 -- 22 September , when the Italians were forced to surrender after suffering some 1,300 casualties . The ensuing massacre of several thousand Italian prisoners of war by the Germans stands as one of the worst single war crimes committed by the Wehrmacht .
Economic history of World War I
The onset of World War I exposed the poor administrative skills of the czarist government under Nicholas II . A show of national unity had accompanied Russia 's entrance into the war , with defense of the Slavic Serbs the main battle cry . In the summer of 1914 , the Duma and the zemstva expressed full support for the government 's war effort . The initial conscription was well organized and peaceful , and the early phase of Russia 's military buildup showed that the empire had learned lessons from the Russo - Japanese War . But military reversals and the government 's incompetence soon soured much of the population . Enemy control of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea severed Russia from most of its foreign supplies and markets .
War for the Planet of the Apes
During Alpha - Omega 's attack , the human soldiers are met by heavy ape resistance . Four soldiers and a `` donkey '' gorilla named Red are captured by the apes . Caesar arrives and releases the human soldiers , telling them to deliver a message to the Colonel - that he killed Koba for starting the war and that he desires peace between the humans and apes . Caesar then orders that Red be imprisoned but Red escapes , injuring albino gorilla Winter .
Philippines
Eventually , the largest naval battle in history , according to gross tonnage sunk , the Battle of Leyte Gulf , occurred when Allied forces started the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese Empire . Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945 . By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died .
Siege
At the second Siege of Przemyśl , the Austro - Hungarian garrison showed an excellent knowledge of siege warfare , not only waiting for relief , but sending sorties into Russian lines and employing an active defence that resulted in the capture of the Russian General Lavr Kornilov . Despite its excellent performance , the garrison 's food supply had been requisitioned for earlier offensives , a relief expedition was stalled by the weather , ethnic rivalries flared up between the defending soldiers , and a breakout attempt failed . When the commander of the garrison Hermann Kusmanek finally surrendered , his troops were eating their horses and the first attempt of large - scale air supply had failed . It was one of the few great victories obtained by either side during the war ; 110,000 Austro - Hungarian prisoners were marched back to Russia . Use of aircraft for siege running , bringing supplies to areas under siege , would nevertheless prove useful in many sieges to come .
The Thin Red Line (1998 film)
`` Malick 's Guadalcanal would be a Paradise Lost , an Eden , raped by the green poison , as Terry used to call it , of war . Much of the violence was to be portrayed indirectly . A soldier is shot , but rather than showing a Spielbergian bloody face we see a tree explode , the shredded vegetation , and a gorgeous bird with a broken wing flying out of a tree '' .
Famine
The 872 days of the Siege of Leningrad ( 1941 -- 1944 ) caused unparalleled famine in the Leningrad region through disruption of utilities , water , energy and food supplies . This resulted in the deaths of about one million people .
Western Front (World War I)
The same month , the French Commander - in - Chief , General Robert Nivelle , ordered a new offensive against the German trenches , promising that it would end the war within 48 hours . The 16 April attack , dubbed the Nivelle Offensive ( also known as the Second Battle of the Aisne , after the area where the offensive took place ) , would be 1.2 million men strong , preceded by a week - long artillery bombardment and accompanied by tanks . The offensive proceeded poorly as the French troops , with the help of two Russian brigades , had to negotiate rough , upward - sloping terrain in extremely bad weather . Planning had been dislocated by the voluntary German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line . Secrecy had been compromised and German aircraft gained air superiority , making reconnaissance difficult and in places , the creeping barrage moved too fast for the French troops . Within a week 120,000 French soldiers were casualties . Despite the casualties and his promise to halt the offensive if it did not produce a breakthrough , Nivelle ordered the attack to continue into May .
World War I
The Allies had much more potential wealth they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 U.S. dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , the UK spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion .
Vietnam War
The U.S. dropped over 7 million tons of bombs on Indochina during the war -- more than triple the 2.1 million tons of bombs the U.S. dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II , and more than ten times the amount dropped by the U.S. during the Korean War . 500 thousand tons were dropped on Cambodia , 1 million tons were dropped on North Vietnam , and 4 million tons were dropped on South Vietnam . On a per capita basis , the 2 million tons dropped on Laos make it the most heavily bombed country in history ; The New York Times noted this was `` nearly a ton for every person in Laos . '' Due to the particularly heavy impact of cluster bombs during this war , Laos was a strong advocate of the Convention on Cluster Munitions to ban the weapons , and was host to the First Meeting of States Parties to the convention in November 2010 .
Vietnam War
Some Russian sources give more specific numbers : Between 1953 and 1991 , the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks , 1,700 APCs , 7,000 artillery guns , over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns , 158 surface - to - air missile launchers , 120 helicopters . During the war , the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450 million . From July 1965 to the end of 1974 , fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals , as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces . In addition , Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers -- in all more than 10,000 military personnel .
World War I
The British naval blockade began to have a serious impact on Germany . In response , in February 1917 , the German General Staff convinced Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg to declare unrestricted submarine warfare , with the goal of starving Britain out of the war . German planners estimated that unrestricted submarine warfare would cost Britain a monthly shipping loss of 600,000 tons . The General Staff acknowledged that the policy would almost certainly bring the United States into the conflict , but calculated that British shipping losses would be so high that they would be forced to sue for peace after 5 to 6 months , before American intervention could make an impact . In reality , tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July . It peaked at 860,000 tons in April . After July , the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat . Britain was safe from starvation , while German industrial output fell and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated .
Korean War
In contrast , the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641 , and its army was unprepared and ill - equipped . As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers ( 65,000 combat , 33,000 support ) , no tanks ( they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied ) , and a 22 - piece air force comprising 12 liaison - type and 10 AT6 advanced - trainer airplanes . Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan , but only 200 -- 300 American troops were in Korea .
Economic history of World War I
Bulgaria , a poor rural nation of 4.5 million people , at first stayed neutral . In 1915 it joined the Central Powers . It mobilized a very large army of 800,000 men , using equipment supplied by Germany . Bulgaria was ill - prepared for a long war ; absence of so many soldiers sharply reduced agricultural output . Much of its best food was smuggled out to feed lucrative black markets elsewhere . By 1918 the soldiers were not only short of basic equipment like boots but they were being fed mostly corn bread with a little meat . The peace treaty in 1919 stripped Bulgaria of its conquests , reduced its army to 20,000 men , and demanded reparations of £ 100 million .
World War I
On 3 May 1917 , during the Nivelle Offensive , the French 2nd Colonial Division , veterans of the Battle of Verdun , refused orders , arriving drunk and without their weapons . Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division , and harsh measures were not immediately implemented . The French Army Mutinies eventually spread to a further 54 French divisions and saw 20,000 men desert . However , appeals to patriotism and duty , as well as mass arrests and trials , encouraged the soldiers to return to defend their trenches , although the French soldiers refused to participate in further offensive action . Robert Nivelle was removed from command by 15 May , replaced by General Philippe Pétain , who suspended bloody large - scale attacks .
Western Front (World War I)
During the winter of 1916 -- 1917 , German air tactics had been improved , a fighter training school was opened at Valenciennes and better aircraft with twin guns were introduced . The result was near disastrous losses for Allied air power , particularly for the British , Portuguese , Belgians and Australians who were struggling with outmoded aircraft , poor training and weak tactics . As a result , the Allied air successes over the Somme would not be repeated and heavy losses were inflicted by the Germans . During their attack at Arras , the British lost 316 air crews and the Canadians lost 114 compared to 44 lost by the Germans . This became known to the Royal Flying Corps as Bloody April .
Military history of Australia during World War I
The 1st Division entered the line on 23 July 1916 , taking part in the assault on Pozières . Initially they succeeded in carrying the German positions with relatively small losses , however , once the Germans had recovered they directed an intense artillery barrage upon the town which resulted in heavy losses . By the time that they were relieved by the 2nd Division on 27 July , they had suffered 5,286 casualties . Two days after taking over the line , the 2nd Division was thrown into a hastily planned attack that resulted in further casualties when the Germans spotted the Australians forming up and once again subjected them to the weight of their artillery and machine guns . Another attack was launched on 4 August which , although it met with success , resulted again in such heavy casualties -- almost 7,000 -- that the division was relieved the next day .
World War I
In the beginning , the Macedonian Front was mostly static . French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir Offensive , which brought stabilization of the front .
Perry Expedition
In the meantime , Perry began a campaign of intimidation , by sending boats to survey the surrounding area , and threatened to use force if the Japanese guard boats around the American squadron did not disperse . He also presented the Japanese with a white flag and a letter which told them that in case they chose to combat , the Americans would necessarily vanquish them .
Perry Expedition
The American ships were almost surrounded by Japanese guard boats ; however , Perry ordered that any attempt at boarding was to be repelled . One boat carried a large sign in French ordering the American fleet to depart immediately .
Surrender of Japan
To strive for the common prosperity and happiness of all nations as well as the security and well - being of Our subjects is the solemn obligation which has been handed down by Our Imperial Ancestors and which lies close to Our heart .
Articles of Confederation
When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports .
Great Depression
In Japan , official government policy was deflationary and the opposite of Keynesian spending . Consequently , the government launched a nationwide campaign to induce households to reduce their consumption , focusing attention on spending by housewives .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The only clause in the treaty of peace ( 1783 ) concerning commerce was a stipulation guaranteeing that the navigation of the Mississippi should be forever free to the United States . John Jay at this time had tried to secure some reciprocal trade provisions with Great Britain , but without result . Pitt in 1783 introduced a bill into the British Parliament providing for free trade between the United States and the British colonies , but instead of passing this bill Parliament enacted the British Navigation Act of 1783 which admitted only British - built ships and manned ships to the ports of the West Indies and imposed heavy tonnage dues upon American ships in other British ports . This was amplified in 1786 by another act designed to prevent the fraudulent registration of American vessels , and by still another in 1787 which prohibited the importation of American goods by way of foreign islands . The favorable features of the old Navigation Acts which had granted bounties and reserved the English markets in certain cases to colonial products were gone ; the unfavorable alone were left . The British market was further curtailed by the depression there after 1783 . Although the French treaty of 1778 had promised `` perfect equality and reciprocity '' in commercial relations , it was found impossible to make a commercial treaty upon this basis . Spain demanded as her price for reciprocal trading relations that the United States surrender for twenty - five years the right of navigating the Mississippi , a price which the New England merchants would have been glad to pay . France ( 1778 ) and the Dutch Republic ( 1782 ) made treaties , but not on even terms ; Portugal refused our advances . Only Sweden ( 1783 ) and Prussia ( 1785 ) made treaties guaranteeing reciprocal commercial privileges .
Foreign trade of the United States
In 1985 , the U.S. had just begun a growing trade deficit with China . During the 1990s , the U.S. trade deficit became a more excessive long - run trade deficit , mostly with Asia . By 2012 , the U.S. trade deficit , fiscal budget deficit , and federal debt increased to record or near - record levels following the implementation of broad unconditional or unilateral U.S. free trade policies and formal trade agreements in the preceding decades .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many , and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted .