vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Carbon
At very high pressures , carbon forms the more compact allotrope , diamond , having nearly twice the density of graphite . Here , each atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four others , forming a 3 - dimensional network of puckered six - membered rings of atoms . Diamond has the same cubic structure as silicon and germanium , and because of the strength of the carbon - carbon bonds , it is the hardest naturally occurring substance measured by resistance to scratching . Contrary to the popular belief that `` diamonds are forever '' , they are thermodynamically unstable ( Δ f G ∘ ( d i a m o n d , 298 K ) = 2.9 k J ⋅ m o l − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta _ ( \ mathrm ( f ) ) G ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ mathrm ( diamond ) , \ 298 \ mathrm ( K ) ) = 2.9 \ \ mathrm ( kJ ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( mol ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ) under normal conditions ( 298 K , 10 Pa ) and transform into graphite . Due to a high activation energy barrier , the transition into graphite is so slow at normal temperature that it is unnoticeable . The bottom left corner of the phase diagram for carbon has not been scrutinized experimentally . However , a recent computational study employing density functional theory methods reached the conclusion that as T → 0 K and p → 0 Pa , diamond becomes more stable than graphite by approximately 1.1 kJ mol . Under some conditions , carbon crystallizes as lonsdaleite , a hexagonal crystal lattice with all atoms covalently bonded and properties similar to those of diamond .
Mount Everest
The bulk of Mount Everest , between 7,000 and 8,600 m ( 23,000 and 28,200 ft ) , consists of the North Col Formation , of which the Yellow Band forms its upper part between 8,200 to 8,600 m ( 26,900 to 28,200 ft ) . The Yellow Band consists of intercalated beds of Middle Cambrian diopside - epidote - bearing marble , which weathers a distinctive yellowish brown , and muscovite - biotite phyllite and semischist . Petrographic analysis of marble collected from about 8,300 m ( 27,200 ft ) found it to consist as much as five percent of the ghosts of recrystallised crinoid ossicles . The upper five metres of the Yellow Band lying adjacent to the Qomolangma Detachment is badly deformed . A 5 -- 40 cm ( 2.0 -- 15.7 in ) thick fault breccia separates it from the overlying Qomolangma Formation .
Carbon
It has been estimated that the solid earth as a whole contains 730 ppm of carbon , with 2000 ppm in the core and 120 ppm in the combined mantle and crust . Since the mass of the earth is 7024597200000000000 ♠ 5.972 × 10 kg , this would imply 4360 million gigatonnes of carbon . This is much more than the amount of carbon in the oceans or atmosphere ( below ) .
Diamond
The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions -- exposure of carbon - bearing materials to high pressure , ranging approximately between 45 and 60 kilobars ( 4.5 and 6 GPa ) , but at a comparatively low temperature range between approximately 900 and 1,300 ° C ( 1,650 and 2,370 ° F ) . These conditions are met in two places on Earth ; in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates , and at the site of a meteorite strike .
Mount Everest
Years in review summary Year Summiters Reference ( s ) 2012 547 2013 658 2014 106 2015 0 2016 641 2017 648
Ural Mountains
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly karst topography , especially in the Sylva River basin , which is a tributary of the Chusovaya River . It is composed of severely eroded sedimentary rocks ( sandstones and limestones ) that are about 350 million years old . There are many caves , sinkholes and underground streams . The karst topography is much less developed on the eastern slopes . The eastern slopes are relatively flat , with some hills and rocky outcrops and contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic Era . Most high mountains consist of weather - resistant rocks such as quartzite , schist and gabbro that are between 570 and 395 million years old . The river valleys are underlain by limestone .
Mount Everest
The remainder of the North Col Formation , exposed between 7,000 to 8,200 m ( 23,000 to 26,900 ft ) on Mount Everest , consists of interlayered and deformed schist , phyllite , and minor marble . Between 7,600 and 8,200 m ( 24,900 and 26,900 ft ) , the North Col Formation consists chiefly of biotite - quartz phyllite and chlorite - biotite phyllite intercalated with minor amounts of biotite - sericite - quartz schist . Between 7,000 and 7,600 m ( 23,000 and 24,900 ft ) , the lower part of the North Col Formation consists of biotite - quartz schist intercalated with epidote - quartz schist , biotite - calcite - quartz schist , and thin layers of quartzose marble . These metamorphic rocks appear to be the result of the metamorphism of Middle to Early Cambrian deep sea flysch composed of interbedded , mudstone , shale , clayey sandstone , calcareous sandstone , graywacke , and sandy limestone . The base of the North Col Formation is a regional low - angle normal fault called the `` Lhotse detachment '' .
Lake District
Fell -- from Old Norse fjallr , brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian fjell and Swedish fjäll meaning mountain Howe -- place name from the Old Norse haugr meaning hill , knoll , or mound Tarn -- a word that has been taken to mean a small lake situated in a corrie ( the local name for which is cove ) , a local phrase for any small pool of water . The word is derived from the Old Norse , Norwegian and Swedish word tjern / tjärn , meaning small lake . Yan tan tethera -- the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District . Though now rare , it is still used by some and taught in local schools . Heaf ( a variant of heft ) -- the `` home territory '' of a flock of sheep
Karnataka
By virtue of its varied geography and long history , Karnataka hosts numerous spots of interest for tourists . There is an array of ancient sculptured temples , modern cities , scenic hill ranges , forests and beaches . Karnataka has been ranked as the fourth most popular destination for tourism among the states of India . Karnataka has the second highest number of nationally protected monuments in India , second only to Uttar Pradesh , in addition to 752 monuments protected by the State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums . Another 25,000 monuments are yet to receive protection . Gol
Mass number
The mass number ( symbol A , from the German word Atomgewichte ( atomic weight ) , also called atomic mass number or nucleon number , is the total number of protons and neutrons ( together known as nucleons ) in an atomic nucleus . It determines the atomic mass of atoms . Because protons and neutrons both are baryons , the mass number A is identical with the baryon number B as of the nucleus as of the whole atom or ion . The mass number is different for each different isotope of a chemical element . This is not the same as the atomic number ( Z ) which denotes the number of protons in a nucleus , and thus uniquely identifies an element . Hence , the difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons ( N ) in a given nucleus : N = A − Z ( \ displaystyle N = A-Z ) .
Mental calculation
Four tens ( bottom ) , plus two times four ( top ) gives 40 + 2 × 4 = 48 .
Welsh language
The traditional counting system used in the Welsh language is vigesimal , i.e. it is based on twenties , as in standard French numbers 70 ( soixante - dix , literally `` sixty - ten '' ) to 99 ( quatre - vingt - dix - neuf , literally `` four score nineteen '' ) . Welsh numbers from 11 to 14 are `` x on ten '' ( e.g. un ar ddeg : 11 ) , 16 to 19 are `` x on fifteen '' ( e.g. un ar bymtheg : 16 ) , though 18 is deunaw , `` two nines '' ; numbers from 21 to 39 are `` 1 -- 19 on twenty '' , 40 is deugain `` two twenties '' , 60 is trigain `` three twenties '' , etc . This form continues to be used , especially by older people , and it is obligatory in certain circumstances ( such as telling the time , and in ordinal numbers ) .
Ellipsis
1 + 4 + 9 + ⋯ + n 2 + ⋯ + 400 ( \ displaystyle 1 + 4 + 9 + \ cdots + n ^ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + 400 )
Justice of the peace
Under Section 18 , the number of JP 's ( and associated constables ) is dependent on the size of the county :
Kumari (goddess)
In addition to this , her hair and eyes should be very black , she should have dainty hands and feet , small and well - recessed sexual organs and a set of twenty teeth .
Indian rupee
1 rupee = 16 anna ( later 100 naye paise ) 1 ardharupee = 8 anna , or ​ ⁄ rupee ( later 50 naye paise ) 1 pavala = 4 anna , or ​ ⁄ rupee ( later 25 naye paise ) 1 beda = 2 anna , or ​ ⁄ rupee ( later equivalent to 12.5 naye paise ) 1 anna = ​ ⁄ rupee ( later equivalent to 6.25 naye paise ) 1 paraka = ​ ⁄ anna ( later equivalent to 3.125 naye paise ) 1 kani ( pice ) = ​ ⁄ anna ( later equivalent to 1.5625 naye paise ) 1 damari ( pie ) = ​ ⁄ anna ( later equivalent to 0.520833 naye paise ) 1 Athanni ( dheli ) = ​ ⁄ rupee 1 Chawanni = ​ ⁄ rupee 1 Dawanni = ​ ⁄ rupee 1 Anna / Ekanni = ​ ⁄ rupee 1 Taka / Adhanni = ​ ⁄ rupee Paisa = ​ ⁄ rupee Dhela = ​ ⁄ rupee ( ​ ⁄ paisa ) Pie = ​ ⁄ paisa = ​ ⁄ rupee Damari = ​ ⁄ paisa = ​ ⁄ rupee .
Lake District
The Lake District 's geology is very complex but well - studied . A granite batholith beneath the area is responsible for this upland massif , its relatively low density causing the area to be `` buoyed up '' . The granite can be seen at the surface as the Ennerdale , Skiddaw , Carrock Fell , Eskdale and Shap granites .
Moai
Completed statues were moved to ahu mostly on the coast , then erected , sometimes with red stone cylinders ( pukao ) on their heads . Moai must have been extremely expensive to craft and transport ; not only would the actual carving of each statue require effort and resources , but the finished product was then hauled to its final location and erected .
Mark and recapture
The example ( K , n , k ) = ( 10 , 15 , 5 ) gives the estimate N ≈ 42 ± 21.5
List of poker hands
There are 40 possible straight flush hands and 10 distinct ranks of straight flush under high rules when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each straight flush is ranked by the rank of its highest - ranking card . For example , 10 ♣ 9 ♣ 8 ♣ 7 ♣ 6 ♣ ranks higher than 8 ♥ 7 ♥ 6 ♥ 5 ♥ 4 ♥ , which ranks higher than 6 ♠ 5 ♠ 4 ♠ 3 ♠ 2 ♠ . Straight flush hands that differ by suit alone , such as 7 6 5 4 3 and 7 ♠ 6 ♠ 5 ♠ 4 ♠ 3 ♠ , are of equal rank .
Belshazzar's feast
The Chaldean wise men are unable to read or interpret the writing on the wall , but Daniel does so by supplying vowels in two different ways , first reading them as nouns , then interpreting them as verbs . The nouns are monetary weights : a mənê , equivalent to a Jewish mina or sixty shekels ( several ancient versions have only one mənê instead of two ) , a təqêl , equivalent to a shekel , and p̄arsîn , meaning `` half - pieces '' . The last involves a word - play on the name of the Persians ( pārās in Hebrew ) , suggesting not only that they are to inherit Belshazzar 's kingdom , but that they are two peoples , Medes and Persians . Daniel then interprets the words as verbs , based on their roots : mənê is interpreted as meaning `` numbered '' , təqêl , from a root meaning to weigh , as meaning `` weighed '' ( and found wanting ) , and pərês ( פְּרַס ) , the singular form of p̄arsîn , from a root meaning `` to divide '' , denoting that the kingdom is to be `` divided '' and given to the Medes and Persians . If the `` half - pieces '' means two half - shekels , then the various weights -- a mənê or sixty shekels , another shekel , and two half - shekels -- add up to 62 , which the tale gives as the age of Darius the Mede , indicating that God 's will is being worked out .
Mental calculation
to which is it is easy to add 21 : 281 and then 800 : 1081
Xhosa language
< 1 / km2 1 -- 3 / km2 3 -- 10 / km2 10 -- 30 / km2 30 -- 100 / km2 100 -- 300 / km2 300 -- 1000 / km2 1000 -- 3000 / km2 > 3000 / km2 Trilingual
Diamond
The hardest natural diamonds mostly originate from the Copeton and Bingara fields located in the New England area in New South Wales , Australia . These diamonds are generally small , perfect to semiperfect octahedra , and are used to polish other diamonds . Their hardness is associated with the crystal growth form , which is single - stage crystal growth . Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages , which produce inclusions , flaws , and defect planes in the crystal lattice , all of which affect their hardness . It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure and high temperature to produce diamonds that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges .
Geography of Maharashtra
Except around Mumbai , and along the eastern limits , the State of Maharashtra presents a monotonously uniform , flat - topped skyline . This topography of the state is the outcome of its geological structure . The state area , barring the extreme eastern Vidarbha region , parts of Kolhapur and Sindhudurg , is practically co-terminous with the Deccan Traps . Roughly 60 to 90 million years ago , the outpouring of basic lava through fissures formed horizontally bedded basalt over large areas . Variations in their composition and structure have resulted in massive , well - jointed steel - grey cliff faces alternating with structural benches of vesicular amygdaloid lava and ash layers , all of which contribute to the pyramida - shaped hills and crest - level plateaux or mesas . Earth sculpturing under the tropical climate completed the panorama - sharply defining the landform features in the semi-arid conditions , and rounding the hilltops under water condition . Fluvial action by the Krishna , Bhima , Godavari , Tapi - Purna and Wardha - Wainganga river systems has further aided in the compartmentalisation of the Desh into broad , open river valleys , alternating with plateau interfluves , that form the ribs of the Sahyadrian backbone . In sharp contrast , the hill torrents of the Konkan , barely a 100 km long , tumble down as roaring streams which flow in deeply entrenched valleys to terminate in tidal estuaries. Apart from mainly occurring rock Basalt ; other rocks like - Laterites are found in coastal humid and tropical region . Granite , Granite gneiss , Quartzite , Conglomerates are found exposed in the basement regions of Konkan rivers . Nanded is another region where pink Granites are found . Maharashtra is having rich ore deposits . Kamti of Nagpur region is famous for Coal deposits of Gondwana .
Hajj
Year Hijri year Local pilgrims Foreign pilgrims Total 1920 1338 58,584 1921 1339 57,255 1922 1340 56,319 1950 1369 100,000 ( approx . ) 1950s 150,000 ( approx . ) 1960s 300,000 ( approx . ) 1970s 700,000 ( approx . ) 1980s 900,000 ( approx . ) 1409 774,600 1410 827,200 1991 1411 720,100 1412 1,015,700 1413 992,800 1414 997,400 1995 1415 1,046,307 1416 784,769 1,080,465 1,865,234 1417 774,260 1,168,591 1,942,851 1998 1418 699,770 1,132,344 1,832,114 1999 1419 775,268 1,056,730 1,831,998 2000 1420 466,430 1,267,355 1,733,785 1421 440,808 1,363,992 1,804,800 2002 1422 590,576 1,354,184 1,944,760 2003 1423 493,230 1,431,012 1,924,242 1424 473,004 1,419,706 1,892,710 2005 1425 1,030,000 ( approx . ) 1,534,769 2,560,000 ( approx . ) 2006 1426 573,147 1,557,447 2,130,594 2006 1427 724,229 1,654,407 2,378,636 2007 1428 746,511 1,707,814 2,454,325 2008 1429 1,729,841 2009 1430 154,000 1,613,000 2,521,000 1431 989,798 1,799,601 2,854,345 2011 1432 1,099,522 1,828,195 2,927,717 2012 1433 1,408,641 1,752,932 3,161,573 2013 1434 700,000 ( approx .
Uluru
Uluru is dominantly composed of coarse - grained arkose ( a type of sandstone characterized by an abundance of feldspar ) and some conglomerate . Average composition is 50 % feldspar , 25 -- 35 % quartz and up to 25 % rock fragments ; most feldspar is K - feldspar with only minor plagioclase as subrounded grains and highly altered inclusions within K - feldspar . The grains are typically 2 -- 4 millimetres ( 0.079 -- 0.157 in ) in diameter , and are angular to subangular ; the finer sandstone is well sorted , with sorting decreasing with increasing grain size . The rock fragments include subrounded basalt , invariably replaced to various degrees by chlorite and epidote . The minerals present suggest derivation from a predominantly granite source , similar to the Musgrave Block exposed to the south . When relatively fresh , the rock has a grey colour , but weathering of iron - bearing minerals by the process of oxidation gives the outer surface layer of rock a red - brown rusty colour . Features related to deposition of the sediment include cross-bedding and ripples , analysis of which indicated deposition from broad shallow high energy fluvial channels and sheet flooding , typical of alluvial fans .
Diamond
The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the lithospheric mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure . These depths are estimated between 140 and 190 kilometers ( 87 and 118 mi ) though occasionally diamonds have crystallized at depths about 300 km ( 190 mi ) . The rate at which temperature changes with increasing depth into the Earth varies greatly in different parts of the Earth . In particular , under oceanic plates the temperature rises more quickly with depth , beyond the range required for diamond formation at the depth required . The correct combination of temperature and pressure is only found in the thick , ancient , and stable parts of continental plates where regions of lithosphere known as cratons exist . Long residence in the cratonic lithosphere allows diamond crystals to grow larger .
Hajj
If unable to leave on the 12th before sunset or opt to stay at free will , they must perform the stoning ritual again on the 13th before returning to Mecca . Tawaf
Mount Everest
Mount Everest consists of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that have been faulted southward over continental crust composed of Archean granulites of the Indian Plate during the Cenozoic collision of India with Asia . Current interpretations argue that the Qomolangma and North Col formations consist of marine sediments that accumulated within the continental shelf of the northern passive continental margin of India before it collided with Asia . The Cenozoic collision of India with Asia subsequently deformed and metamorphosed these strata as it thrust them southward and upward . The Rongbuk Formation consists of a sequence of high - grade metamorphic and granitic rocks that were derived from the alteration of high - grade metasedimentary rocks . During the collision of India with Asia , these rocks were thrust downward and to the north as they were overridden by other strata ; heated , metamorphosed , and partially melted at depths of over 15 to 20 kilometres ( 9.3 to 12.4 mi ) below sea level ; and then forced upward to surface by thrusting towards the south between two major detachments . The Himalayas are rising by about 5 mm per year .
Solomon's Temple
The lavers , each of which held `` forty baths '' ( 1 Kings 7 : 38 ) , rested on portable holders made of bronze , provided with wheels , and ornamented with figures of lions , cherubim , and palm - trees . The author of the books of the Kings describes their minute details with great interest ( 1 Kings 7 : 27 -- 37 ) . Josephus reported that the vessels in the Temple were composed of orichalcum in Antiquities of the Jews . According to 1 Kings 7 : 48 there stood before the Holy of Holies a golden Altar of Incense and a table for showbread . This table was of gold , as were also the five candlesticks on each side of it . The implements for the care of the candles -- tongs , basins , snuffers , and fire - pans -- were of gold ; and so were the hinges of the doors .
Fingerprint
0 / 0 + 8 / 0 + 0 / 0 + 0 / 2 + 0 / 0 + 1 / 1 , and the calculation : ( 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 ) / ( 0 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 1 ) = 9 / 3 = 3 .
Joshua Tree National Park
The park is popular with rock climbers and was originally a winter practice area while Yosemite Valley and other parts of the Sierra Nevada were snowbound , but later became an area of interest in its own right . There are thousands of named climbing routes , at all levels of difficulty . The routes are typically short , the rocks being rarely more than 230 ft ( 70 m ) in height , but access is usually a short , easy walk through the desert , and it is possible to do a number of interesting climbs in a single day . The rocks are all composed of quartz monzonite , a very rough type of granite made even more so as there is no snow or ice to polish it as in places like Yosemite .
Shofar
Tashrat three times , yielding twelve blasts Tashat three times , yielding nine Tarat three times , yielding nine
Yahoo! Answers
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Points 1 -- 249 250 -- 999 1,000 -- 2,499 2,500 -- 4,999 5,000 -- 9,999 10,000 -- 24,999 25,000 + Questions 5 10 15 20 20 20 20 Answers 20 80 120 160 160 160 160 Commentaries 10 20 30 40 40 40 40 Stars 10 100 100 100 100 100 100 Evaluation permission No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Carbon
Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world , but the most important sources economically are in China , India , Brazil and North Korea . Graphite deposits are of metamorphic origin , found in association with quartz , mica and feldspars in schists , gneisses and metamorphosed sandstones and limestone as lenses or veins , sometimes of a metre or more in thickness . Deposits of graphite in Borrowdale , Cumberland , England were at first of sufficient size and purity that , until the 19th century , pencils were made simply by sawing blocks of natural graphite into strips before encasing the strips in wood . Today , smaller deposits of graphite are obtained by crushing the parent rock and floating the lighter graphite out on water .
Black Hills
The final layers of the Black Hills consist of sedimentary rocks . The oldest lie on top of the metamorphic layers at a much shallower angle . This rock called the Deadwood Formation is mostly sandstone and was the original source of gold found in the Deadwood area . Above the Deadwood Formation lies the Englewood Formation and Pahasapa limestone , which is the source of the more than 200 caves found in the Black Hills , including Jewel Cave and Wind Cave . The Minnelusa Formation is next and is composed of highly variable sandstones and limestones followed by the Opeche shale and the Minnekahta limestone .
Polygon
Any surface is modelled as a tessellation called polygon mesh . If a square mesh has n + 1 points ( vertices ) per side , there are n squared squares in the mesh , or 2n squared triangles since there are two triangles in a square . There are ( n + 1 ) / 2 ( n ) vertices per triangle . Where n is large , this approaches one half . Or , each vertex inside the square mesh connects four edges ( lines ) .
Tennis court
Clay courts are made of crushed shale , stone or brick . The French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to use clay courts .
Easter Island
The Rapa Nui people had a Stone Age culture and made extensive use of local stone :
Carbon
Carbon is a constituent ( about 12 % by mass ) of the very large masses of carbonate rock ( limestone , dolomite , marble and so on ) . Coal is very rich in carbon ( anthracite contains 92 -- 98 % ) and is the largest commercial source of mineral carbon , accounting for 4,000 gigatonnes or 80 % of fossil fuel .
List of poker hands
There are 1,098,240 possible one pair hands and 2,860 distinct ranks of one pair when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each one pair is ranked first by the rank of its pair , then by the rank of its highest - ranking kicker , then by the rank of its second highest - ranking kicker , and finally by the rank of its lowest - ranking kicker . For example , 9 ♣ 9 Q ♠ J ♥ 5 ♥ ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ K ♠ 7 ♥ 4 ♣ , which ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ Q ♥ J ♠ 2 ♣ , which ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ Q ♠ 8 ♣ 7 , which ranks higher than 6 6 ♥ Q 8 ♥ 3 ♠ . One pair hands that differ by suit alone , such as 8 ♠ 8 10 ♥ 6 ♣ 5 ♠ and 8 ♥ 8 ♣ 10 ♣ 6 ♠ 5 ♣ , are of equal rank .