vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Evidence of common descent
Both hybridization and polyploidy have also been found to be major contributors to plant speciation . With the advent of molecular markers , `` hybridization ( is ) considerably more frequent than previously believed '' . In addition to these two modes leading to speciation , pollinator preference and isolation , chromosomal rearrangements , and divergent natural selection have become critical to the speciation of plants . Furthermore , recent research suggests that sexual selection , epigenetic drivers , and the creation of incompatible allele combinations caused by balancing selection also contribute to the formation of new species . Instances of these modes have been researched in both the laboratory and in nature . Studies have also suggested that , due to `` the sessile nature of plants ... ( it increases ) the relative importance of ecological speciation ... ''
First Nations
Life expectancy at birth is significantly lower for First Nations babies than for babies in the Canadian population as a whole . As of 2001 , Indian and Northern Affairs Canada estimates First Nations life expectancy to be 8.1 years shorter for males and 5.5 years shorter for females . Where females in the general population had a life expectancy at birth of 82 years , First Nations females had a life expectancy of 76 years . In males the life expectancy for First Nations individuals was 69 years as opposed to 77 in the general population . The reasons behind the lower birth rate for First Nations individuals are varied and complex ; however , social determinants of health are thought to play a large part . Suicide
Self-pollination
About 42 % of flowering plants exhibit a mixed mating system in nature . In the most common kind of system , individual plants produce a single flower type and fruits may contain self - pollinated , out - crossed or a mixture of progeny types . Another mixed mating system is referred to as dimorphic cleistogamy . In this system a single plant produces both open , potentially out - crossed and closed , obligately self - pollinated cleistogamous flowers .
Vasoepididymostomy
Vasoepididymostomy is often considered one of the most technically challenging operations in the field of urology . The procedure requires anastomosis of a single epididymal tubule ( luminal diameter . 15 -. 25 mm ) to the lumen of the vas deferens ( diameter . 3 -. 4 mm ) , and is reserved for patients with congenital or acquired epididymal obstruction , or patients who have failed previous attempts at surgical reconstruction of the vas deferens . This surgery attaches the vas deferens directly to the epididymis , the coiled tube on the back of each testicle where sperm matures . A vasectomy can cause blockages or a break in the vas deferens or the epididymis . This surgery is used when a vasovasostomy wo n't work because sperm flow is blocked . The vas deferens is connected to the epididymis above the point of blockage .
Caesarean section
In a research study widely publicized , singleton children born earlier than 39 weeks may have developmental problems , including slower learning in reading and math .
Child care
Many children in Norway start daycare between 10 months and 3 years old . Funded parental leave for working parents is either 44 weeks with full pay , or 54 weeks with 80 % pay ( both up to a certain level only ) . The government guarantees daycare for all children that are at least 1 year old by 1 August . Coverage is still not 100 % , but most regions are getting close ( 2011 ) . There 's a maximum price to enable all families to afford it .
One-drop rule
Shriver 's 2002 survey found different current admixture rates by region , reflecting historic patterns of settlement and change , both in terms of populations who migrated and their descendants ' unions . For example , he found that the black populations with the highest percentage of white ancestry lived in California and Seattle , Washington . These were both majority - white destinations during the Great Migration of 1940 -- 1970 of African Americans from the Deep South of Louisiana , Texas and Mississippi . Blacks sampled in those two locations had more than 25 % white European ancestry on average .
Great Depression in Canada
Women 's primary role were as housewives ; without a steady flow of family income , their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care . The birthrates fell everywhere , as children were postponed until families could financially support them . The average birthrate for 14 major countries fell 12 % from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930 , to 17.0 in 1935 . In Canada , half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births .
Caesarean section
The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and medical policy makers review research studies and find more incidence of suspected or proven sepsis , RDS , hypoglycemia , need for respiratory support , need for NICU admission , and need for hospitalization > 4 -- 5 days . In the case of caesarean sections , rates of respiratory death were 14 times higher in pre-labor at 37 compared with 40 weeks gestation , and 8.2 times higher for pre-labor caesarean at 38 weeks . In this review , no studies found decreased neonatal morbidity due to non-medically indicated ( elective ) delivery before 39 weeks .
Medical diagnosis
Onset - to - medical encounter lag time , the time from onset of symptoms until visiting a health care provider Encounter - to - diagnosis lag time , the time from first medical encounter to diagnosis
United States
The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women .
Child care
Other factors of childcare that vary cross-culturally are the relative ages of both caretaker and child , parental expectations , demands of the child , culturally - varied conceptions of children 's maturity , and factors affecting demographic makeup .
Caesarean section
Elective caesarean sections may be performed on the basis of an obstetrical or medical indication , or because of a medically non-indicated maternal request . Among women in the United Kingdom , Sweden and Australia , about 7 % preferred caesarean section as a method of delivery . In cases without medical indications the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommend a planned vaginal delivery . The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends that if after a women has been provided information on the risk of a planned caesarean section and she still insists on the procedure it should be provided . If provided this should be done at 39 weeks of gestation or later .
Caesarean section
In Italy the incidence of Caesarean sections is particularly high , although it varies from region to region . In Campania , 60 % of 2008 births reportedly occurred via Caesarean sections . In the Rome region , the mean incidence is around 44 % , but can reach as high as 85 % in some private clinics .
Caesarean section
Global rates of caesarean section rates are increasing . In the United Kingdom , in 2008 , the Caesarean section rate was 24 % . In Ireland the rate was 26.1 % in 2009 . The Canadian rate was 26 % in 2005 -- 2006 . Australia has a high Caesarean section rate , at 31 % in 2007 . In the United States the rate of C - section is around 33 % and varies from 23 % to 40 % depending on the state in question . One out three women who gave birth in the US delivered by cesarean in 2011 . In 2012 , close to 23 million C - sections were done globally in 2012 . At one time the rate of 10 % and 15 % was thought to be ideal . A higher rate of 19 % may result in better outcomes . More than 50 nations have rates greater than 27 % . Another 45 countries have rates less than 7.5 % There are efforts to both improve access to and reduce the use of C - section . In the United States about 33 % of deliveries are by C - section . The rates in the UK and Australia are 26.5 % and 32.3 % respectively . In China , the most recent CS rate reported was 41 % . Globally , 1 % of all cesarean deliveries are done without the medical need for one . Overall , the rate of caesarean section rate was 25.7 % during 2004 - 2008 .
Naming in the United States
The research found that the sounds chosen by liberals and conservatives varied as well . Liberals `` favor birth names with ' softer , feminine ' sounds while conservatives favor names with ' harder , masculine ' phonemes . ''
Health care in the United States
One study has found significant geographic variations in Medicare spending for patients in the last two years of life . These spending levels are associated with the amount of hospital capacity available in each area . Higher spending did not result in patients living longer . Care
Bachelor's degree
Depending on programs and personal choices , Europeans can achieve a master 's degree in as little as four years ( a three - year bachelor 's and a one - year Master 's ) and as long as six years ( a four - year bachelor 's , a two - year Master 's ) of higher education . In Brazil it would be possible to have a specialization `` lato - sensu '' degree -- which differs from a Brazilian `` stricto - sensu '' master 's degree -- in as little as three years ( two years for a `` tecnólogo '' degree and an additional year for a specialization ) or as long as eight years ( six years for professional degrees , plus two years for a master 's `` stricto - sensu '' degree -- typical in medicine or engineering ) . Colombia
Naming in the United States
Political status also seems to impact naming strategies . A study on babies born in 2004 in California found that conservatives were less likely to give their children unusual names than liberals . This holds true even across racial and socioeconomic lines . Among families who had less than a college education , political leanings made no major difference in naming trends , however , the study found that the less education the parents had , the more likely they were to use an uncommon name or spelling . But among caucasian families with a college education , conservative families chose different names than liberal families . College educated liberals were more likely to choose unusual names than college educated conservatives .
Kenya
Despite major achievements in the health sector , Kenya still faces many challenges . The life expectancy estimate has dropped to approximately 55 years in 2009 -- five years below 1990 levels . The infant mortality rate is high at approximately 44 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012 . The WHO estimated in 2011 that only 42 % of births were attended by a skilled health professional .
Southwestern United States
In 1967 , Governor John A. Love signed the nation 's first liberalized abortion law .
Society of the United States
Cultural differences in the various regions of the United States are explored in New England , Mid-Atlantic States , Southern United States , Midwestern United States , Southwest United States , Western United States and Pacific Northwestern United States pages . The western coast of the continental United States consisting of California , Oregon , and the state of Washington is also sometimes referred to as the Left Coast , indicating it 's left - leaning political orientation and tendency towards liberal norms , folkways and values .
Bachelor's degree
On a per - country , per - discipline and sometimes even per - institute basis , the duration of an undergraduate degree program is typically three or four years , but can range anywhere from three to six years . This is an important factor in the student 's decision - making process . Austria
Midwestern United States
The rate of potentially preventable hospital discharges in the Midwestern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions , acute conditions , and chronic conditions .
Caesarean section
With nearly 1.3 million stays , Caesarean section was one of the most common procedures performed in U.S. hospitals in 2011 . It was the second-most common procedure performed for people ages 18 to 44 years old . Caesarean rates in the U.S. have risen considerably since 1996 . The procedure increased 60 % from 1996 to 2009 . In 2010 , the Caesarean delivery rate was 32.8 % of all births ( a slight decrease from 2009 's high of 32.9 % of all births ) . A study found that in 2011 , women covered by private insurance were 11 % more likely to have a caesarean section delivery than those covered by Medicaid .
One-child policy
As part of the policy , women were required to have a contraceptive intrauterine device ( IUD ) surgically installed after having a first child , and to be sterilized by tubal ligation after having a second child . From 1980 to 2014 , 324 million Chinese women were fitted with IUDs in this way and 108 million were sterilized . Women who refused these procedures -- which many resented -- could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to education or health services . The IUDs installed in this way were modified such that they could not be removed manually , but only through surgery . In 2016 , following the abolition of the one - child policy , the Chinese government announced that IUD removals would now be paid for by the government .
Official bilingualism in Canada
This variation can be seen , for example , in responses to the question , `` Are you , personally , in favour of bilingualism for all of Canada ? '' Between 1988 and 2003 , support for this statement among Francophones ranged between 79 % and 91 % , but among Anglophones support was never higher than 48 % , and fell as low as 32 % in the early 1990s . The ebb in support for bilingualism among anglophones can likely be attributed to political developments in the late 1980s and 1990s , including the failure of the Meech Lake Accord , and the 1995 referendum on Quebec independence .
Society of the United States
Exceptions to the custom of leaving home in one 's mid-20s can occur especially among Italian and Hispanic Americans , and in expensive urban real estate markets such as New York City ( 1 ) , California ( 2 ) , and Honolulu ( 3 ) , where monthly rents commonly exceed $1000 a month .
Child care
Canada offers both private and subsidized daycare centers . Some shortages of subsidized openings can lengthen the time needed to find a suitable childcare provider . To counter this , government or private enterprise sometimes enable parents to look for available spaces online .
United States
As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans , in particular , are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians .
United Kingdom
Over a quarter ( 27.0 % ) of live births in 2014 were to mothers born outside the UK , according to official statistics released in 2015 .
Lyme disease
Many studies in North America have examined ecological and environmental correlates of Lyme disease prevalence . A 2005 study using climate suitability modelling of I. scapularis projected that climate change would cause an overall 213 % increase in suitable vector habitat by the year 2080 , with northward expansions in Canada , increased suitability in the central U.S. , and decreased suitable habitat and vector retraction in the southern U.S. A 2008 review of published studies concluded that the presence of forests or forested areas was the only variable that consistently elevated the risk of Lyme disease whereas other environmental variables showed little or no concordance between studies . The authors argued that the factors influencing tick density and human risk between sites are still poorly understood , and that future studies should be conducted over longer time periods , become more standardized across regions , and incorporate existing knowledge of regional Lyme disease ecology . Canada
Vermont
In 2011 , Vermont was fifth among the states with the greatest backlog of foreclosures needing court processing , taking an estimated 18 years . The national average was eight years .
Baby boom
Decreţei : ( 1967 -- 1989 ) , A baby boom in Romania was caused by a ban on abortion and contraception , consequently , hospitals became overcrowded . From the Chicago Tribune on December 26 , 1967 , the article stated that a doctor had to beg a woman to have a home birth due to overcrowding at the hospital , `` Please stay at home , we have no rooms '' . The column also stated how `` pregnant women were having to share hospitals beds and sickly babies were being put into oxygen tents in groups '' . The baby boom in Romania caused problems that began affecting the health of its residents . Abortion before being banned in 1966 was the only form of birth control , leaving people without access to that form of family planning . Another set of policies from Romania 's Leader at the time , Nicolae Ceausescu , contributed to the baby boom based upon ethno - nationalism . To encourage people to have more children from dominant ethnic groups , the Romanian Government created financial incentives to have children , specifically a tax for anyone over 25 without a child . This motivated a lot of people to have children at a younger age , and with ethnic Romanian partners . Which lead to an initial surge of babies being born but then began to decrease in the birth rate to 14.3 births per individual by the 80 's . In an effort to ramp up birth rates Ceausescu made new policies . Changing the legal age to marry to 15 , social media campaigns and mandating monthly gynecological exams to all women of children bearing age . This caused a near 5x increase in spending for incentives , yet managed to decrease the birth rate by 40 % .
Caesarean section
In the United States C - section rates have increased from just over 20 % in 1996 to 33 % in 2011 . This increase has not resulted in improved outcomes resulting in the position that C - sections may be done too frequently .
Cultural identity
Identity development among immigrant groups has been studied across a multi-dimensional view of acculturation . Dina Birman and Edison Trickett ( 2001 ) conducted a qualitative study through informal interviews with first - generation Soviet Jewish Refugee adolescents looking at the process of acculturation through three different dimensions : language competence , behavioral acculturation , and cultural identity . The results indicated that , `` ... acculturation appears to occur in a linear pattern over time for most dimensions of acculturation , with acculturation to the American culture increasing and acculturation to the Russian culture decreasing . However , Russian language competence for the parents did not diminish with length of residence in the country '' ( Birman & Trickett , 2001 ) .
Official bilingualism in Canada
Among Anglophones , support for providing federal French - language services to French - speakers living outside Quebec has remained consistently high over a quarter - century period -- 79 % in 1977 and 76 % in 2002 . Over the same period , support among English - speakers for the `` right to French language education outside Quebec where numbers make costs reasonable '' has ranged from 79 % to 91 % . Among French - speaking Canadians , support for these policies was even higher .
Child care
Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States . The average annual cost of full - time care for an infant in center - based care ranges from $4,863 in Mississippi to $16,430 in Massachusetts .
Great Lakes
Land below the glaciers `` rebounded '' as it was uncovered . Because the glaciers covered some areas longer than others , this glacial rebound occurred at different rates .
Dust Bowl
Much of the farmland was eroded in the aftermath of the Dust Bowl . In 1941 , a Kansas agricultural experiment station released a bulletin that suggested reestablishing native grasses by the `` hay method '' . Developed in 1937 to speed up the process and increase returns from pasture , the `` hay method '' was originally supposed to occur in Kansas naturally over 25 -- 40 years . After much data analysis , the causal mechanism for the droughts can be linked to ocean temperature anomalies . Specifically , Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures appear to have had an indirect effect on the general atmospheric circulation , while Pacific sea surface temperatures seem to have had the most direct influence .
Pre-Columbian era
Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line , with an initial 20,000 - year layover on Beringia for the founding population . The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region . The Na - Dené , Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q - M242 ( Y - DNA ) mutations , however are distinct from other indigenous Amerindians with various mtDNA mutations . This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations .
Great Depression in Canada
The Prairie Provinces and Western Canada were the hardest - hit . In the rural areas of the prairies , two thirds of the population were on relief . The region fully recovered after 1939 . The fall of wheat prices drove many farmers to the towns and cities , such as Calgary , Alberta ; Regina , Saskatchewan ; and Brandon , Manitoba . Population in the prairie provinces fell below natural replacement level . There was also migration from the southern prairies affected by Dust Bowl conditions such as the Palliser 's Triangle to aspen parkland in the north . The
Stepfamily
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Native Hawaiians
A study comparing Midwestern and Hawaiian mother -- Kindergartener pairs presented with a novel task , found Hawaiian mothers to be much lower than their Midwestern counterparts in the use of verbal - control techniques and much higher in non-verbal communication , a finding which implies coordination through non-verbal and verbal means . Aspects of togetherness , continuity , purpose , and significance are a part of learning and coincide with the Native Hawaiian 's spiritual connection to earth and environment .
Caesarean section
Caesarean section is recommended when vaginal delivery might pose a risk to the mother or baby . C - sections are also carried out for personal and social reasons . Systematic reviews have found no strong evidence about the impact of caesareans for non-medical reasons . Recommendations encourage counseling to identify the reasons for the request , addressing anxieties and information , and encouraging vaginal birth . Elective caesareans at 38 weeks showed increased health complications in the newborn . For this reason , planned caesarean sections ( also known as elective caesarean sections ) should not be scheduled before 39 weeks gestation unless there is medical reason to do so .