vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Motte-and-bailey castle
The bailey was an enclosed courtyard overlooked by the motte and surrounded by a wooden fence called a palisade and another ditch . The bailey was often kidney - shaped to fit against a circular motte , but could be made in other shapes according to the terrain . The bailey would contain a wide number of buildings , including a hall , kitchens , a chapel , barracks , stores , stables , forges or workshops , and was the centre of the castle 's economic activity . The bailey was linked to the motte either by a flying bridge stretching between the two , or , more popularly in England , by steps cut into the motte . Typically the ditch of the motte and the bailey joined , forming a figure of eight around the castle . Wherever possible , nearby streams and rivers would be dammed or diverted , creating water - filled moats , artificial lakes and other forms of water defences .
Key West, Florida
Generally , the structures date from 1886 to 1912 . The basic features that distinguish the local architecture include wood - frame construction of one - to two - and - a-half - story structures set on foundation piers about three feet ( one meter ) above the ground . Exterior characteristics of the buildings are peaked `` metal '' roofs , horizontal wood siding , gingerbread trim , pastel shades of paint , side - hinged louvered shutters , covered porches ( or balconies , galleries , or verandas ) along the fronts of the structures , and wood lattice screens covering the area elevated by the piers .
Kitchen cabinet
Cabinets consist of six - sided wooden boxes or `` carcases '' closed on five sides with a door or drawers on the sixth . A
Copper in architecture
Lightning strike protection minimizes damage to buildings during lightning terminations . This is usually accomplished by providing multiple interconnected pathways of low electrical impedance to the ground .
Post box
USPS `` Snorkel '' collection boxes for drive - through access . Post box in Markham , Ontario , Canada
Copper in architecture
Copper roofs may be used as part of a lightning protection scheme where the copper skin , gutters and rainwater pipes can be linked and bonded to an earth termination facility . The thickness of copper specified for roofing materials is usually adequate for lightning protection . A dedicated lightning protection system may be recommended to adequate lightning protection with an installed copper roof system . The system would include air terminals and intercepting conductors on the roof , a system of ground electrodes , and a system of down - conductors connecting the roof and ground components . It is recommended that the copper roof be bonded to the system of conductors . Bonding ensures that the conductors and roof remain at equipotential and reduce side flashing and possible roof damage .
Wetland
Wetlands have also been described as ecotones , providing a transition between dry land and water bodies . Mitsch and Gosselink write that wetlands exist `` ... at the interface between truly terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic systems , making them inherently different from each other , yet highly dependent on both . ''
Copper in architecture
Horizontal seam roofs , also called the Bermuda style , consist of copper pans where the long dimension runs horizontally across a roof , attached to horizontal wood nailers . A step is used at each nailer to allow adjacent pans to lock effectively . The height and spacing of the steps enable different appearances .
Copper in architecture
Architects often look to architectural copper for continuity in design elements . For example , a copper roofing system may be designed with copper flashings , weatherings , vents , gutters , and downpipes . Cover details may include cornices , moldings , finials and sculptures .
Copper in architecture
Mansard roofs are used on vertical or nearly vertical surfaces . For the most part , these roofs are based on standing seam or batten seam construction .
Wetland
Coastal wetlands , such as tropical mangroves and temperate salt marshes are known to be sinks of carbon , therefore mitigating climate change , however they are also emitters of nitrous oxide ( N O ) , which is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 300 times that of carbon dioxide and the dominant ozone - depleting substance emitted in the 21st century . Anthropogenic greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions have rapidly increased in the atmosphere due to the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation practices , and these gases are major contributors to global climate change .
Chennai
By the early 20th century , the art deco too made its entry upon the city 's urban landscape . From the 1930s onwards , many buildings in George Town were built in this style , including the United India building ( presently housing LIC ) and the Burma Shell building ( presently the Chennai House ) , both built in the 1930s , and the Dare House , built in 1940 . Other examples include the Bombay Mutual building ( presently housing LIC ) and the South Indian Chamber of Commerce building . After Independence , the city witnessed a rise in the Modernism style of architecture . The completion of the LIC Building in 1959 , the tallest building in the country at that time , marked the transition from lime - and - brick construction to concrete columns in the region . The presence of the weather radar at the Chennai Port , however , prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60 m around a radius of 10 km . In addition , the floor - area ratio ( FAR ) in the central business district is also 1.5 , much less than that of smaller cities of the country . This resulted in the city expanding horizontally , unlike other metropolitan cities where vertical growth is prominent . On the contrary , the peripheral regions , especially on the southern and south - western sides , are experiencing vertical growth with the construction of buildings up to 60 floors .
Irrigation tank
A shrine in a ruined tank at Vijayanagara in Karnataka A stepped temple tank at Belur in Karnataka Pothundi Reservoir in Kerala A tank at Badami in Karnataka A bavdi at Shekhawati in Rajasthan A johad at Thathawata in Rajasthan A well at Trikuteshwara temple in Karnataka A temple pond and waterfall at Ellora Caves in Maharashtra Adalaj Stepwell in Gujarat A tank used for irrigating a market garden on Lamma Island in Hong Kong
Islamic architecture
The traditional Islamic courtyard , a sehan ( Arabic : صحن ‎ ) , is found in secular and religious structures .
Long Island Sound
Other plants in the pannes are sea lavender , salt marsh aster , seaside gerardia , and some species of glasswort . Plants found near the border of the marsh with the upland include bayberry and groundsel - tree shrubs , switchgrass ( growing where occasional storm tides reach ) , reeds and marsh elder .
Great Basin
The Great Basin physiographic section is a geographic division of the Basin and Range Province defined by Nevin Fenneman in 1931 . The United States Geological Survey adapted Fenneman 's scheme in their Physiographic division of the United States . The `` section '' is somewhat larger than the hydrographic definition .
Castillo de San Marcos
The fort has four bastions named San Pedro , San Agustín , San Carlos and San Pablo with a ravelin protecting the sally port . On the two landward sides a large glacis was constructed which would force any attackers to advance upward toward the fort 's cannon and allow the cannon shot to proceed downslope for greater efficiency in hitting multiple targets . Immediately surrounding the fort was a moat which was usually kept dry , but that could be flooded with seawater to a depth of about a foot in case of attack by land .
Glock
Polymer holsters in various configurations and matching magazine pouches are available . In addition , Glock produces optional triggers , recoil springs , slide stops , magazine release levers , and maritime spring cups . Maritime spring cups are designed to allow the pistol to be fired immediately after being submerged in water . They feature additional openings that allow liquids to flow and escape around them , offering enhanced reliability when water has penetrated into the firing pin assembly channel .
Casement window
A casement is a window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges at the side . They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame , in which case they are hinged on the outside . Casement windows are often held open using a casement stay . Windows hinged at the top are referred to as awning windows , and ones hinged at the bottom are called hoppers . Hinged
Sundial
within the parameter ranges : D < D c ( \ displaystyle D < D_ ( c ) ) and − 90 ∘ < R < ( 90 ∘ − L ) ( \ displaystyle - 90 ^ ( \ circ ) < R < ( 90 ^ ( \ circ ) - L ) ) .
Tropical cyclone
Q i n : k = C k ρ u Δ k ( \ displaystyle Q_ ( in : k ) = C_ ( k ) \ rho \ mathbf ( u ) \ Delta k )
Water tank
A Hydro - pneumatic tank is typically a horizontal pressurized storage tank . Pressurizing this reservoir of water creates a surge free delivery of stored water into the distribution system .
Chennai
Chennai 's soil is mostly clay , shale and sandstone . Clay underlies most of the city , chiefly Manali , Kolathur , Maduravoyal , K.K. Nagar , Tambaram , Mudichur , Pallavaram Semmencherry , Alapakkam , Vyasarpadi and Anna Nagar . Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts , and include areas such as Tiruvottiyur , George Town , Madhavaram , New Washermanpet , Chepauk , Mylapore , Porur , Adyar , Besant Nagar and Uthandi . In these areas , rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil . Areas having hard rock surface include Guindy , Nanganallur , Pallikaranai , Alandur , Jaladampet , Velachery , Adambakkam and a part of Saidapet and Perungudi . The ground water table in Chennai is at 4 - 5m below ground in most of the areas , which was considerably improved and maintained through the mandatory rain water harvesting system .
Sundarbans
The physical development processes along the coast are influenced by a multitude of factors , comprising wave motions , micro and macro-tidal cycles and long shore currents typical to the coastal tract . The shore currents vary greatly along with the monsoon . These are also affected by cyclonic action . Erosion and accretion through these forces maintains varying levels , as yet not properly measured , of physiographic change whilst the mangrove vegetation itself provides a remarkable stability to the entire system . During each monsoon season almost all the Bengal Delta is submerged , much of it for half a year . The sediment of the lower delta plain is primarily advected inland by monsoonal coastal setup and cyclonic events . One of the greatest challenges people living on the Ganges Delta may face in coming years is the threat of rising sea levels caused mostly by subsidence in the region and partly by climate change .
River Welland
Below Spalding , there were no restrictions on headroom , which allowed small coasters to reach the town . The bridge at Fosdyke was a swing bridge , to comply with the provisions of the Fosdyke Bridge Act of 1870 . The demise of such traffic allowed it to be replaced by a fixed bridge with headroom of 16.5 feet ( 5.0 m ) , but the powers of the original act had to be rescinded , and the Port of Fosdyke Act was obtained in 1987 to allow this to happen . The redundant wharfs at Fosdyke have been developed to provide moorings for yachts and other pleasure craft . The lock at Fulney has three sets of gates , two pointing towards the sea , and a third between them which points upriver . The lock can thus only be used when the level below it is higher than the level above it , and as the tide falls , the intermediate gate closes to prevent its use .
Kitchen cabinet
Drawer extension is the exposed proportion of a fully extended drawer . Traditional drawers with wood - on - wood runners can only be extended about three - quarters ; however , modern runners enable full - extension drawers . A slide 's design parameters are its height , depth , extension , weight rating , durability , serviceability , and smoothness of operation .
Hurricane Katrina
Reconstruction of each section of the southern portion of Louisiana has been addressed in the Army Corps LACPR ( Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration ) Final Technical Report , which identifies areas to not be rebuilt and areas where buildings need to be elevated .
Islamic architecture
Minarets or towers ( these were originally used as torch - lit watchtowers , as seen in the Great Mosque of Damascus ; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur , meaning `` light '' ) . The minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia is considered as the oldest surviving minaret in the world . It has the shape of a square massive tower of three superimposed sections . A four - iwan plan , with three subordinate halls and one principal one that faces toward Mecca Mihrab or prayer niche on an inside wall indicating the direction to Mecca . Domes and Cupolas . In South East Asia ( Indonesia and Malaysia ) , these are very recent additions . Pishtaq is the formal gateway to the iwan , usually the main prayer hall of a mosque , a vaulted hall or space , walled on three sides , with one end entirely open ; a Persian term for a portal projecting from the facade of a building , usually decorated with calligraphy bands , glazed tilework , and geometric designs . Iwans to intermediate between different pavilions .
Tropical cyclone
k = C p T + L v q ( \ displaystyle k = C_ ( p ) T + L_ ( v ) q )
Grip (job)
Sandbag -- Heavy cloth bags filled with sand that are used to secure equipment on set . Available in a variety of weights , sandbags commonly used by production companies are designed for ease of movement , such as draping over uneven objects like the legs of a lighting stand .
Statue of Liberty
Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time .
Ashtray
An ashtray is a receptacle for ash from cigarettes and cigars . Ashtrays are typically made of fire retardant material such as glass , heat - resistant plastic , pottery , metal , or stone .
Tropical cyclone
W o u t = C d ρ u 3 ( \ displaystyle W_ ( out ) = C_ ( d ) \ rho \ mathbf ( u ) ^ ( 3 ) )
Wetland
The water chemistry of fens ranges from low pH and low minerals to alkaline with high accumulation of calcium and magnesium because they acquire their water from precipitation as well as ground water .
The Bahamas
Solution weathering of the limestone results in a `` Bahamian Karst '' topography . This includes potholes , Blue holes such as Dean 's Blue Hole , sinkholes , beachrock such as the Bimini Road ( `` pavements of Atlantis '' ) , limestone crust , caves due to the lack of rivers , and sea caves . Several blue holes are aligned along the South Andros Fault line . Tidal flats and tidal creeks are common , but the more impressive drainage patterns are formed by troughs and canyons such as Great Bahama Canyon with the evidence of turbidity currents and turbidite deposition .
Casement window
Casement windows `` generally have lower air leakage rates than sliding windows because the sash closes by pressing against the frame . ''
Motte-and-bailey castle
A motte - and - bailey castle was made up of two structures , a motte , a type of mound -- often artificial -- topped with a wooden or stone structure known as a keep ; and at least one bailey , a fortified enclosure built next to the motte . The term `` motte and bailey '' is a relatively modern one , and is not medieval in origin . The word `` motte '' is the French version of the Latin mota , and in France the word motte was initially an early word for a turf ; it then became used to refer to a turf bank , and by the 12th century was used to refer to the castle design itself . The word `` bailey '' comes from the Norman - French baille , or basse - cour , referring to a low yard . In medieval sources , the Latin term castellum was used to describe the bailey complex within these castles .
Kitchen cabinet
Considering that North Americans spend a large proportion of their lives indoors , it 's clear why this is a key issue in designing healthy spaces . Additionally , air quality is not a stand - alone problem ; rather , every other component of the home can affect air quality . Air quality can be compromised by off - gassing from cabinetry , countertops , flooring , wall coverings or fabrics ; by cooking by - products released into the air , and by mold caused by excess moisture or poor ventilation . A
Karachi
Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi 's historic core lies the sprawling district of Orangi Town . North of the historic core is the largely middle - class district of Nazimabad , and upper - middle class North Nazimabad , which were developed in the 1950s . To the east of the historic core is the area known as Defence -- an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the Pakistan Army . Karachi 's coastal plains along the Arabian Sea south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of the greater Defence Housing Authority project .
Motte-and-bailey castle
The type of soil would make a difference to the design of the motte , as clay soils could support a steeper motte , whilst sandier soils meant that a motte would need a more gentle incline . Where available , layers of different sorts of earth , such as clay , gravel and chalk , would be used alternatively to build in strength to the design . Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up , or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength . Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches , where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug , the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be , making it more defensive . Although militarily a motte was , as Norman Pounds describes it , `` almost indestructible '' , they required frequent maintenance . Soil wash was a problem , particularly with steeper mounds , and mottes could be clad with wood or stone slabs to protect them . Over time , some mottes suffered from subsidence or damage from flooding , requiring repairs and stabilisation work .
Times Square
Times Square functions as a town square , but is not a square in the geometric sense of a polygon ; it is more of a bowtie shape , with two triangles emanating roughly north and south from 45th Street , where Seventh Avenue intersects Broadway . Broadway runs diagonally , crossing through the horizontal and vertical street grid of Manhattan laid down by the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , and that intersection creates the `` bowtie '' shape of Times Square .
Sun path
Before the days of modern , inexpensive , 3D computer graphics , a heliodon ( precisely - movable light source ) was used to show the angle of the sun on a physical model of a proposed building . Today , mathematical computer models calculate location - specific solar gain ( shading ) and seasonal thermal performance , with the ability to rotate and animate a 3D color graphic model of a proposed building design .
Holmes on Homes
Bungled Bungalow - A couple purchases a charming 1930s era cottage in which to enjoy their golden years . Sadly , their attempts at renovating it leave them with empty wallets and a half - finished interior . Mike and his crew step in and unify what turns out to be about four different additions from various decades . Kitchen Coleslaw - A first - time home owner wants to update the kitchen in his 120 - year - old Victorian townhouse . When the contractor cuts and runs leaving a gutted downstairs and a hazardous mess of plumbing and wiring , Mike and co . end up tearing out the floor as well as the walls to make it right . Bar None - A young couple want to add a bar and entertainment area to their finished basement . In a refreshing turn for the unusual , Mike deems the previous contractor 's work `` not bad '' if only about 40 % complete . With fewer headaches than usual to deal with , Mike and the crew put extra care into creating the perfect pub . Two Steps Back Window Un-Well ( a.k.a. Window Well to Hell ) - Homeowner hired contractor to finish basement and install larger windows to make a living space for her daughter and grandchildren . After reaching the end of her rope and running out of money she fired the contractor . When she noticed the window wells filling with water she called Mike . Along with no provision for drainage he noticed that they had not installed proper lintels above the window to support the brick . Once inside he noticed signs of poor workmanship in the basement finishing . Pulling some drywall for further inspection found improper construction , insulation , electrical and plumbing . Mike tore it all down and rebuilt the basement , plus corrected the windows . A River Ran Through It - Homeowners attempt to solve the problem of their mid-century home 's leaky roof by adding a second story addition . However , the contractor does little to fix the lingering damage from the roof leaks and eventually skips out with the work only half - finished . Mike and the crew assist in correcting old mistakes and finishing the work left undone . Best Laid Plans - A wooden kitchen floor was replaced several times due to water damage . Mike calls in several experts to determine the source .
Oyster
The `` oyster - tecture '' movement promotes the use of oyster reefs for water purification and wave attenuation . An oyster - tecture project has been implemented at Withers Estuary , Withers Swash , South Carolina , by Neil Chambers - led volunteers , at a site where pollution was affecting beach tourism . Currently , for the installation cost of $3000 , roughly 4.8 million liters of water are being filtered daily . In New Jersey , however , the Department of Environmental Protection refused to allow oysters as a filtering system in Sandy Hook Bay and the Raritan Bay , citing worries that commercial shellfish growers would be at risk and that members of the public might disregard warnings and consume tainted oysters . New Jersey Baykeepers responded by changing their strategy for utilizing oysters to clean up the waterway , by partnering with Naval Weapons Station Earle . The Navy station is under 24 / 7 security and therefore eliminates any poaching and associated human health risk . Oyster - tecture projects have been proposed to protect coastal cities , such as New York , from the threat of rising sea levels due to climate change .
Zebra mussel
Because zebra mussels damage water intakes and other infrastructure , methods such as adding oxidants , flocculants , heat , dewatering , mechanical removal , and pipe coatings are becoming increasingly common .