vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Alkaloid
Preparations of plants containing alkaloids and their extracts , and later pure alkaloids , have long been used as psychoactive substances . Cocaine , caffeine , and cathinone are stimulants of the central nervous system . Mescaline and many of indole alkaloids ( such as psilocybin , dimethyltryptamine and ibogaine ) have hallucinogenic effect . Morphine and codeine are strong narcotic pain killers .
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms . This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties . Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids . In addition to carbon , hydrogen and nitrogen , alkaloids may also contain oxygen , sulfur and , more rarely , other elements such as chlorine , bromine , and phosphorus .
Friction
Materials Static Friction , μ s ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( s ) ) \ , ) Kinetic / Sliding Friction , μ k ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( \ mathrm ( k ) ) \ , ) Dry and clean Lubricated Dry and clean Lubricated Aluminium Steel 0.61 0.47 Aluminum Aluminum 1.5 Gold Gold 2.5 Platinum Platinum 3.0 Silver Silver 1.5 Alumina ceramic Silicon Nitride ceramic 0.004 ( wet ) BAM ( Ceramic alloy AlMgB ) Titanium boride ( TiB ) 0.04 -- 0.05 0.02 Brass Steel 0.35 - 0.51 0.19 0.44 Cast iron Copper 1.05 0.29 Cast iron Zinc 0.85 0.21 Concrete Rubber 1.0 0.30 ( wet ) 0.6 - 0.85 0.45 - 0.75 ( wet ) Concrete Wood 0.62 Copper Glass 0.68 Copper Steel 0.53 0.36 Glass Glass 0.9 - 1.0 0.4 Human synovial fluid Cartilage 0.01 0.003 Ice Ice 0.02 - 0.09 Polyethene Steel 0.2 0.2 PTFE ( Teflon ) PTFE ( Teflon ) 0.04 0.04 0.04 Steel Ice 0.03 Steel PTFE ( Teflon ) 0.04 - 0.2 0.04 0.04 Steel Steel 0.74 - 0.80 0.16 0.42 - 0.62 Wood Metal 0.2 -- 0.6 0.2 ( wet ) Wood Wood 0.25 -- 0.5 0.2 ( wet )
Salicylic acid
Other derivatives include methyl salicylate used as a liniment to soothe joint and muscle pain and choline salicylate used topically to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers .
Carbon
A new allotrope of carbon , fullerene , that was discovered in 1985 includes nanostructured forms such as buckyballs and nanotubes . Their discoverers -- Robert Curl , Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley -- received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 . The resulting renewed interest in new forms lead to the discovery of further exotic allotropes , including glassy carbon , and the realization that `` amorphous carbon '' is not strictly amorphous .
Oak (wine)
The hemicellulose in the Hungarian oak breaks down more easily , and conveys an exceptional selection of toasted , vanilla , sugary , woody , spicy and caramel - like flavors -- imparting these aromas with less intensity , and slower than American or French oak .
Kitchen cabinet
High pressure laminates or ( HPL ) are made from resin and paper components under high pressure ; in contrast , ordinary wood does not sustain such pressures , and can be crushed to less than half its natural thickness in a hand operated arbor press . The high pressure squeezes the HPL to such a solid density that it becomes highly resistant to damage simply because any utensil or tool striking the HPL will not have a force greater than the force used to form the HPL itself . In effect , the HPL has been dented in advance . HPL can be decorated in any pattern and is applied using contact cement and pressed in place using a `` J - roller . '' It is cut slightly larger than the panel on which it is to be installed and trimmed using a router - like laminate trimmer along the edge . It may also be filed to obtain the final edge . While HPL became prevalent in the twentieth century , since the 1970s the trend has been away from HPL in favor of wood . Melamine is a coating for furniture board panels in carcases . Its unique white - in - color chemical formulation helps prevent damage by chemicals and gives it impact resistance comparable to HPL . Melamine coated boards are widely available in home centers for purposes such as shelving . Thermofoil is a plastic coating laminate applied to furniture - board . It is typically applied to boards which have been milled , shaped , or routed into a complex profile . While thermofoil can have a unique glossy sheen and have strength and impact resistance almost as much as HPL , it ca n't be repaired if damaged . Paint is usually applied to maple cabinet doors or to MDF ( Medium - density fibreboard ) with a spray gun as opposed to a paint brush or roller , in order to achieve a smooth coating . Most large - scale cabinet makers apply one or two coats of primer before the paint as well as a protective coat of lacquer afterwards . Stain is a water or thinner based dye that allows for the grain of the wood to show through . When it comes to application there are two main categories of staining . wiping stains and spray stains . Wiping stains are sprayed on to the Wood and then wiped off whereas the spray stain is left to dry without wiping .
Cigarette
Once in the environment , cellulose acetate can go through biodegradation and photodegradation . Several factors go into determining the rate of both degradation process . This variance in rate and resistance to biodegradation in many conditions is a factor in littering and environmental damage .
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are generated by various living organisms , especially by higher plants -- about 10 to 25 % of those contain alkaloids . Therefore , in the past the term `` alkaloid '' was associated with plants .
Oyster
Pearl farmers can culture a pearl by placing a nucleus , usually a piece of polished mussel shell , inside the oyster . In three to seven years , the oyster can produce a perfect pearl . These pearls are not as valuable as natural pearls , but look exactly the same . In fact , since the beginning of the 20th century , when several researchers discovered how to produce artificial pearls , the cultured pearl market has far outgrown the natural pearl market .
Semen
The scientific term for semen in Chinese is 精液 ( pinyin : jīng yè , literally : fluid of essence / jing ) and the term for sperm is 精子 ( pinyin : jīng zǐ , literally : basic element of essence / jing ) , two modern terms with classical referents .
Alpha hydroxy acid
AHAs have a profound effect on keratinization ; which is clinically detectable by the formation of a new stratum corneum . It appears that AHAs modulate this formation through diminished cellular cohesion between corneocytes at the lowest levels of the stratum corneum .
Borneo
According to ancient Chinese ( 977 ) , Indian and Japanese manuscripts , western coastal cities of Borneo had become trading ports by the first millennium AD . In Chinese manuscripts , gold , camphor , tortoise shells , hornbill ivory , rhinoceros horn , crane crest , beeswax , lakawood ( a scented heartwood and root wood of a thick liana , Dalbergia parviflora ) , dragon 's blood , rattan , edible bird 's nests and various spices were described as among the most valuable items from Borneo . The Indians named Borneo Suvarnabhumi ( the land of gold ) and also Karpuradvipa ( Camphor Island ) . The Javanese named Borneo Puradvipa , or Diamond Island . Archaeological findings in the Sarawak river delta reveal that the area was a thriving centre of trade between India and China from the 6th century until about 1300 .
Alternative energy
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has conducted various ethanol research projects , mainly in the area of cellulosic ethanol . Cellulosic ethanol has many benefits over traditional corn based - ethanol . It does not take away or directly conflict with the food supply because it is produced from wood , grasses , or non-edible parts of plants . Moreover , some studies have shown cellulosic ethanol to be more cost effective and economically sustainable than corn - based ethanol . Sandia National Laboratories conducts in - house cellulosic ethanol research and is also a member of the Joint BioEnergy Institute ( JBEI ) , a research institute founded by the United States Department of Energy with the goal of developing cellulosic biofuels .
Candle
International markets have developed a range of standards and regulations to ensure compliance , while maintaining and improving safety , including :
Kitchen cabinet
A floating panel in a door can be hardwood - veneer plywood captured within a solid wood or MDF frame . Solid wood and MDF can be edge - shaped , e.g. , to round or pattern the edges of doors , drawer fronts , or face frames . Particle board , once manufactured , can not be edge - shaped suitably . Plywood can not be shaped without revealing its veneer core , often considered unsightly , though edge - shaped furniture - grade plywood with thin plies ( ca . ⁄ - inch ( 1.6 mm ) ) is considered attractive for limited uses . MDF , once shaped , can be coated conformally with flexible veneers such as thermofoil or can be painted . It can also be covered with wood veneer or high - pressure laminate but only if the edge profile is square or approximately so ( to within the veneer thickness ) . Today many cabinet doors and drawer fronts utilize an MDF core . Doors and drawer fronts may also be fashioned of particle board surfaced with high - pressure laminate . Natural wood offers its subtle combination of color , grain , pore pattern , variable absorption and smoothness of finish , and variation with viewing angle and lighting condition . The appearance of natural wood can only be achieved with solid wood components ( wherever edges are shaped ) or possibly veneer ( where they are not ) ; as already pointed out , the two approaches can be combined in a single cabinet . Various transparent grain - revealing finishes including shellac , lacquer , varnish , or polyurethane have been devised . A built - up finish may optionally utilize diverse pigments , dyes , bleaches , glazes , or wood fillers that may highlight contrasting colorants . Finishes can be applied by brush or spray and may comprise many separately applied layers . Accordingly , finishes formulated by differing manufacturers do not , in general , exactly match . Distressing the wood cabinets is another finish application and is often done in conjunction with glazes , stains , paints or dyes . This process consists of adding manufactured imperfections to cabinet doors to give the wood cabinets an aged , distressed , old - world rustic appearance . Common techniques include creating wormholes , rasping , dings and dents and sanding through the wood and layers of finish unevenly .
Coal
The white rot fungus Trametes versicolor can grow on and metabolize naturally occurring coal . The bacteria Diplococcus has been found to degrade coal , raising its temperature .
Coal
Coal can also be converted into synthetic fuels equivalent to gasoline or diesel by several different direct processes ( which do not intrinsically require gasification or indirect conversion ) . In the direct liquefaction processes , the coal is either hydrogenated or carbonized . Hydrogenation processes are the Bergius process , the SRC - I and SRC - II ( Solvent Refined Coal ) processes , the NUS Corporation hydrogenation process and several other single - stage and two - stage processes . In the process of low - temperature carbonization , coal is coked at temperatures between 360 and 750 ° C ( 680 and 1,380 ° F ) . These temperatures optimize the production of coal tars richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar . The coal tar is then further processed into fuels . An overview of coal liquefaction and its future potential is available .
Coal
Petroleum coke is the solid residue obtained in oil refining , which resembles coke , but contains too many impurities to be useful in metallurgical applications .
Kitchen cabinet
Hardware is the term used for metal fittings incorporated into a cabinet extraneous of the wood or engineered wood substitute and the countertop . The most basic hardware consists of hinges and drawer / door pulls , although only hinges are an absolute necessity for a cabinet since pulls can be fashioned of wood or plastic , and drawer slides were traditionally fashioned of wood . In a modern kitchen it is highly unusual to use wood for a drawer slides owing to the much superior quality of metal drawer slides / sides .
Cherokee
Other examples of borrowed words are kawi ( ᎧᏫ ) for coffee and watsi ( ᏩᏥ ) for watch ( which led to utana watsi ( ᎤᏔᎾ ᏩᏥ ) or `` big watch '' for clock ) .
Alkaloid
→ spermidine → spermine Paucine Spermidine derivatives Lunarine , codonocarpine Spermine derivatives Verbascenine , aphelandrine Peptide ( cyclopeptide ) alkaloids Peptide alkaloids with a 13 - membered cycle Nummularine C type From different amino acids Nummularine C , Nummularine S Ziziphine type Ziziphine A , sativanine H Peptide alkaloids with a 14 - membered cycle Frangulanine type Frangulanine , scutianine J Scutianine A type Scutianine A Integerrine type Integerrine , discarine D Amphibine F type Amphibine F , spinanine A Amfibine B type Amphibine B , lotusine C Peptide alkaloids with a 15 - membered cycle Mucronine A type Mucronine A Pseudoalkaloids ( terpenes and steroids ) Diterpenes Lycoctonine type Mevalonic acid → izopentenilpyrophosfate → geranyl pyrophosphate Aconitine , delphinine Steroids Cholesterol , arginine Solasodine , solanidine , veralkamine , batrachotoxin
Cigarette filter
Cellulose acetate is non-toxic , odorless , tasteless , and weakly flammable . It is resistant to weak acids and is largely stable to mineral and fatty oils as well as petroleum . It is biodegradable and the raw material is a renewable natural polymer expected to find application for other uses in the future . Smoked cigarette butts contain 5 -- 7 mg ( ~ 0.08 - 0.11 gr ) nicotine ( about 25 % of the total cigarette nicotine content ) , children ingesting > 2 whole cigarettes , 6 cigarette butts or a total of 0.5 mg / kg ( ~ 0 , 0035 gr / lbs ) of nicotine should be admitted to a hospital . Cellulose acetate is hydrophilic and retains the water - soluble smoke constituents , of which many are irritating ( acids , alkali , aldehydes , and phenols ) , while letting through the lipophilic aromatic compounds .
Oak (wine)
Characteristics of white wines fermented in oak include a pale color and extra silky texture . White wines fermented in steel and matured in oak will have a darker coloring due to heavy phenolic compounds still present . Flavor notes commonly used to describe wines exposed to oak include caramel , cream , smoke , spice and vanilla . Chardonnay is a varietal with very distinct flavor profiles when fermented in oak , which include coconut , cinnamon and cloves notes . The `` toastiness '' of the barrel can bring out varying degrees of mocha and toffee notes in red wine .
Carbon
with sulfur to form carbon disulfide and with steam in the coal - gas reaction :
Castoreum
Castoreum / kæsˈtɔːriəm / is the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American beaver ( Castor canadensis ) and the European beaver ( Castor fiber ) .
Alkaloid
More recent classifications are based on similarity of the carbon skeleton ( e.g. , indole - , isoquinoline - , and pyridine - like ) or biochemical precursor ( ornithine , lysine , tyrosine , tryptophan , etc . ) . However , they require compromises in borderline cases ; for example , nicotine contains a pyridine fragment from nicotinamide and a pyrrolidine part from ornithine and therefore can be assigned to both classes .
Tapioca balls
, Dibasic Ammonium Phosphate , Monobasic Potassium Phosphate , Dibasic Potassium Phosphate , Tribasic Potassium Phosphate , Monobasic Sodium Phosphate , Monobasic ( Anhydrous ) Sodium Phosphate , Dibasic Sodium Phosphate , Dibasic ( Anhydrous ) Sodium Phosphate , Tribasic Sodium Phosphate , Tribasic ( Anhydrous ) Sodium Phosphate , Potassium Metaphosphate , Sodium Metaphosphate , Potassium Polyphosphate , Sodium Polyphosphate , ( Anhydrous ) Sodium Acetate , Glycerol , Sodium Stearyl 2 - Lactylate , Bentonite , Aluminum Silicate , Diatomaceous Earth , Talc , Sodium Silicoaluminate , Silicon Dioxide , Calcium Oxide , Potassium Bicarbonate , Stearic Acid , Adipic Acid , Aluminum Sulfate , Perlite , Sodium Stearate , Potassium Stearate , Hydroxypropyl Cellulose , Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ( Propylene Glycol Ether of Methylcellulose ) , Polydextrose , Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate , Potassium Pyrophosphate , Sodium Pyrophosphate , Sodium Pyrophosphate ( Anhydrous ) , Anhydrous Calcium Chloride , D - Sorbitol Solution 70 % , D - Xylitol , D - Mannitol , Maltitol , Maltitol Syrup ( Hydrogenated Glucose Syrup ) , Isomalt ( Hydrogenated Palatinose ) , Lactitol , Erythritol Nutrient Additives Triglyceryl Linoleate , L - HistidineMono - hydrochloride , L - Isoleucine , etc .
Kitchen cabinet
Cabinet body . The cabinet carcase is usually made from plywood or high - quality particle board , particularly for flat sections that do not need to be shaped , such as shelves , cabinet sides , or drawer bottoms . Typical plywood thickness in these applications varies from ⁄ in ( 9.5 mm ) to ⁄ in ( 19 mm ) ( with ⁄ in ( 6.4 mm ) used often for drawer bottoms ) . Stiffness and strength are important factors since cabinets are expected to retain their shape over time and avoid bend or sag while continuing to support a heavy load . The best choices for strength are plywood and higher - quality particle board ; they also have the benefit of being less susceptible to warping from moisture . Stiffness increases rapidly with shelf thickness ; regardless of material choice , a ⁄ - inch ( 19 mm ) shelf is 73 % stiffer than a ⁄ - inch ( 16 mm ) shelf , even though it is only 20 % thicker . Shelves made of some particle board formulations , especially where not reinforced , may sag or deform . Particle board strength and rigidity varies by formulation and is determined by the resin used . Plywood carcases are usually assembled with screws and nails while particle board carcases do not hold screws or nails as well and therefore are typically joined with glue , groove joints , or mechanical fasteners such as confirmat - cam assemblies . Generally , plywood - carcase cabinets are more expensive than particle - board - carcase cabinets . Cabinet frames and doors may be fashioned from solid wood ( typically a species of hardwood ) , medium density fiberboard ( MDF ) , particle board , plywood , or a combination , and may include lamination or a surface coating over these core materials . A floating panel in a door can be hardwood - veneer plywood captured within a solid wood or MDF frame . Solid wood and MDF can be edge - shaped , e.g. , to round or pattern the edges of doors , drawer fronts , or face frames . Particle board , once manufactured , can not be edge - shaped suitably . Plywood can not be shaped without revealing its veneer core , often considered unsightly , though edge - shaped furniture - grade plywood with thin plies ( ca .
Alkaloid
Extracts from plants containing toxic alkaloids , such as aconitine and tubocurarine , were used since antiquity for poisoning arrows .
Alkaloid
The role of alkaloids for living organisms that produce them is still unclear . It was initially assumed that the alkaloids are the final products of nitrogen metabolism in plants , as urea in mammals . It was later shown that alkaloid concentrations varies over time , and this hypothesis was refuted .
Alkaloid
In the acidic extraction , the raw plant material is processed by a weak acidic solution ( e.g. , acetic acid in water , ethanol , or methanol ) . A base is then added to convert alkaloids to basic forms that are extracted with organic solvent ( if the extraction was performed with alcohol , it is removed first , and the remainder is dissolved in water ) . The solution is purified as described above .
Alternative energy
Solar panels are an icon of the ' green power ' movement , however the process of manufacturing the quartz based panels can be detrimental to the environment . Raw quartz ( silica ) is used to create solar cells must be mined using harsh chemicals that harm the surrounding environment , as well as those working in the mines . Silicosis is a form of lung disease that is caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust resulting in nodule lesions in the lungs . The silica must be cultivated into metallurgical - grade silicon , the process requiring a massive amount of energy as the quartz is placed into electric arc furnaces . The metallurgical grade silica must be processed into polysilicon . This process also produces tetrachloride , a toxic substance that , if not disposed of correctly , can be harmful to the surrounding environment . Hydrochloric acid is formed when tetrachloride interacts with water , raising water and soil pH . Incidents of tetrachloride spills are common in China , as the production of solar panels has shifted from Europe and the United States to Asian countries within the early 2000s . Because of such , the villagers of Gaolong are unable to leave their homes due to air and soil becoming toxic . This was due to Luoyang Zhongui High - Technology Co. repeatedly dumped tetrachloride in a nearby field for almost a year .
Candle
Europe : GPSD , EN 15493 , EN 15494 , EN 15426 , EN 14059 , REACH , RAL - GZ 041 Candles ( Germany ) , French Decree 91 - 1175 United States : ASTM F2058 , ASTM F2179 , ASTM F2417 , ASTM F2601 , ASTM F2326 , California Proposition 65 , CONEG China : QB / T 2119 Basic Candle , QB / T 2902 Art Candle , QB / T 2903 Jar Candle , GB / T 22256 Jelly Candle
Lead poisoning
In 2014 a case by the state of California against a number of companies decided against Sherwin - Williams , NL Industries and ConAgra and ordered them to pay $1.15 billion . The case is currently under appeal .
Angular cheilitis
Allergic reactions may account for about 25 -- 34 % of cases of generalized cheilitis ( i.e. , inflammation not confined to the angles of the mouth ) . It is unknown how frequently allergic reactions are responsible for cases of angular cheilitis , but any substance capable of causing generalized allergic cheilitis may present involving the corners of the mouth alone .
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Katanga Mining Limited , a Swiss - owned company , owns the Luilu Metallurgical Plant , which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year , making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world . After a major rehabilitation program , the company resumed copper production operations in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008 .
Salicylic acid
As a topical agent and as a beta - hydroxy acid ( and unlike alpha - hydroxy acids ) , salicylic acid is capable of penetrating and breaking down fats and lipids , causing moderate chemical burns of the skin at very high concentrations . It may damage the lining of pores if the solvent is alcohol , acetone or an oil . Over-the - counter limits are set at 2 % for topical preparations expected to be left on the face and 3 % for those expected to be washed off , such as acne cleansers or shampoo .
Alkaloid
Schiff bases can be obtained by reacting amines with ketones or aldehydes . These reactions are a common method of producing C = N bonds .
History of chemistry
The three metallic principles : sulphur to flammability or combustion , mercury to volatility and stability , and salt to solidity . became the tria prima of the Swiss alchemist Paracelsus . He reasoned that Aristotle 's four - element theory appeared in bodies as three principles . Paracelsus saw these principles as fundamental and justified them by recourse to the description of how wood burns in fire . Mercury included the cohesive principle , so that when it left in smoke the wood fell apart . Smoke described the volatility ( the mercurial principle ) , the heat - giving flames described flammability ( sulphur ) , and the remnant ash described solidity ( salt ) .