vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Economic history of Argentina
Wartime reserves enabled the Peronist government to fully pay off the external debt in 1952 ; by the end of the year , Argentina became creditor of US $5.000. 000.000 . Between 1946 and 1948 , the French and British - owned railways were nationalized , and the existing networks were expanded , reaching 120 000 kilometers of rails by 1954 . The government also established the IAPI to control the foreign trade in export commodities . Perón erected a system of almost complete protection against imports , largely cutting off Argentina from the international market . In 1947 , he announced his first Five - Year Plan based on growth of nationalized industries . Protectionism also created a domestically oriented industry with high production costs , incapable of competing in international markets . At the same time , output of beef and grain , the country 's main export goods , stagnated . The IAPI began shortchanging growers and , when world grain prices dropped in the late 1940s , it stifled agricultural production , exports and business sentiment , in general . Despite these shortcomings , protectionism and government credits did allow an exponential growth of the internal market : radio sales increased 600 % and fridge sales grew 218 % , among others .
Indian painting
Indian Art got a boost with the economic liberalisation of the country since the early 1990s . Artists from various fields now started bringing in varied styles of work . Post-liberalisation Indian art thus works not only within the confines of academic traditions but also outside it . In this phase , artists have introduced even newer concepts which have hitherto not been seen in Indian art . Devajyoti Ray has introduced a new genre of art called Pseudorealism . Pseudorealist Art is an original art style that has been developed entirely on the Indian soil . Pseudorealism takes into account the Indian concept of abstraction and uses it to transform regular scenes of Indian life into a fantastic images .
Great Depression
Influenced profoundly by the Great Depression , many national leaders promoted the development of local industry in an effort to insulate the economy from future external shocks . After six years of government austerity measures , which succeeded in reestablishing Chile 's creditworthiness , Chileans elected to office during the 1938 -- 58 period a succession of center and left - of - center governments interested in promoting economic growth by means of government intervention .
Economy of India under the British Raj
Christensen ( 1996 ) looks at of colonial purpose , local needs , capital , service , and private - versus - public interests . He concludes that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time - consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses . Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the timely needs of the railways or their passengers .
Great Depression
The Great Depression hit Italy very hard . As industries came close to failure they were bought out by the banks in a largely illusionary bail - out -- the assets used to fund the purchases were largely worthless . This led to a financial crisis peaking in 1932 and major government intervention . The Industrial Reconstruction Institute ( IRI ) was formed in January 1933 and took control of the bank - owned companies , suddenly giving Italy the largest state - owned industrial sector in Europe ( excluding the USSR ) . IRI did rather well with its new responsibilities -- restructuring , modernising and rationalising as much as it could . It was a significant factor in post-1945 development . But it took the Italian economy until 1935 to recover the manufacturing levels of 1930 -- a position that was only 60 % better than that of 1913 .
Wales
By the end of the 1960s , the regional policy of bringing businesses into disadvantaged areas of Wales through financial incentives had proven very successful in diversifying the industrial economy . This policy , begun in 1934 , was enhanced by the construction of industrial estates and improvements in transport communications , most notably the M4 motorway linking south Wales directly to London . It was believed that the foundations for stable economic growth had been firmly established in Wales during this period ; but this view was shown to be wildly optimistic after the recession of the early 1980s saw the collapse of much of the manufacturing base that had been built over the preceding forty years . Devolution
History of the United States (1945–64)
Unemployment peaked at 7 % in the spring of 1961 before an economic rebound began that would continue to the end of the decade . President Kennedy then decided to break with the New Deal orthodoxy of high Federal taxes to force income equality . In a December 1962 speech , he announced his plans to reduce the top marginal tax rate to 75 % , which one GOP Congressman wryly dubbed `` the most Republican speech a president has made since McKinley '' . Although the president did not live to see his tax proposal passed , Lyndon Johnson quickly steered it through Congress , and by late 1965 , real GDP growth was exceeding 6 % a year . Aerial
Industrial Revolution
French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ) , industrialisation , along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ) , economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ) , renewal of the growth after 1905 . Germany
History of the United Kingdom
Opportunities in life , if not equal , were distributed much more fairly than ever before and \ the weekly wage - earner , in particular , had gained standards of living that would have been almost unbelievable in the thirties . ''
History of Mexico
During the next four decades , Mexico experienced impressive economic growth ( albeit from a low baseline ) , an achievement historians call `` El Milagro Mexicano '' , the Mexican Economic Miracle . Annual economic growth during this period averaged 3 -- 4 percent , with a modest 3 - percent annual rate of inflation .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
A victory issue in 1946 was followed in November 1947 by a first Dominion issue , whose three stamps were the first to depict the Ashoka Pillar and the new flag of India ( the third showed an aeroplane ) .
Industrial Revolution
A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal . Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms . The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory . Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position , jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy . The milling machine , a fundamental machine tool , is believed to have been invented by Eli Whitney , who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program . Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe , invented by Thomas Blanchard . The Blanchard lathe , or pattern tracing lathe , was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks . The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing .
United States
The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large - scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor - saving techniques created the system called mass production .
Midwestern United States
Former Vice President Henry A. Wallace , a pioneer of hybrid seeds , declared in 1956 that the Corn Belt developed the `` most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen '' . Today , the U.S. produces 40 percent of the world crop .
Paterson, New Jersey
The first marketable revolver was produced in Paterson by Samuel Colt starting in 1836 , and was known as the Colt Paterson .
Sewing
The Industrial Revolution shifted the production of textiles from the household to the mills . In the early decades of the Industrial Revolution , the machinery produced whole cloth . The world 's first sewing machine was patented in 1790 by Thomas Saint . By the early 1840s , other early sewing machines began to appear . Barthélemy Thimonnier introduced a simple sewing machine in 1841 to produce military uniforms for France 's army ; shortly afterward , a mob of tailors broke into Thimonnier 's shop and threw the machines out of the windows , believing the machines would put them out of work . By the 1850s , Isaac Singer developed the first sewing machines that could operate quickly and accurately and surpass the productivity of a seamstress or tailor sewing by hand .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Samuel Colt -- Invented the revolver , the first repeating pistol John Browning - guns
Technological and industrial history of the United States
Colonial Virginia provided a potential market of rich plantations . At least 19 silversmiths worked in Williamsburg between 1699 and 1775 . The best - known were James Eddy ( 1731 -- 1809 ) and his brother - in - law William Wadill , also an engraver . Most planters , however , purchased English - made silver .
Midwestern United States
The very dense soil of the Midwest plagued the first settlers who were using wooden plows , which were more suitable for loose forest soil . On the prairie , the plows bounced around and the soil stuck to them . This problem was solved in 1837 by an Illinois blacksmith named John Deere who developed a steel moldboard plow that was stronger and cut the roots , making the fertile soils of the prairie ready for farming .
Industrial Revolution
Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701 . It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth . This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five . Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact . Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century .
Sewing
Clothing technology has evolved to a complicated science weighed against the labor cost making positive and negative effects across the globe . Millions of women in Bangladesh and other developing countries have come out of poverty working as Sewing Machine Operators .
Mechanised agriculture
In the 1880s the reaper and threshing machine were combined into the combine harvester . These machines required large teams of horses or mules to pull . Steam power was applied to threshing machines in the late 19th century . There were steam engines that moved around on wheels under their own power for supplying temporary power to stationary threshing machines . These were called road engines , and Henry Ford seeing one as a boy was inspired to build an automobile .
Wind turbine
By the 1930s , wind generators for electricity were common on farms , mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed . In this period , high - tensile steel was cheap , and the generators were placed atop prefabricated open steel lattice towers .
Industrial Revolution
For much of the 19th century , production was done in small mills , which were typically water - powered and built to serve local needs . Later , each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler .
United States
This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2018 ) Main
Great Lakes region
German - born Pennsylvania immigrant John A. Roebling invented steel wire rope , a pivotal part of suspension bridges he designed and whose construction he supervised in Pittsburgh , Cincinnati and Buffalo , based on earlier successful canal aqueducts . His most famous project was the Brooklyn Bridge .
Sewing
Sewing machines are now made for a broad range of specialised sewing purposes , such as quilting machines , computerized machines for embroidery , and sergers for finishing raw edges of fabric .
Industrial Revolution
Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass - producing agricultural equipment , such as reapers , binders and combine harvesters .
Charles City, Iowa
Although more famously known for producing tractors , the Hart - Parr company also made some of the first washing machines . Selling for $155.00 in the 1920s , the buyer had the option of ordering either an electric or gasoline engine
Midwestern United States
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Maya textiles
The backstrap loom , in use before European contact and still used by some weavers today , can not even exist on its own without the support of a convenient upright at one end and the weaver 's body at the other . The weaver controls the tension by the direction in which she moves her body , and opens and closes the sheds in which weft threads are inserted by lifting heddles , placing and rotating the wooden batten , and using other hand - held implements as needed ... ' The loom itself appears to be a simple device . When the cloth is completed , nothing remains of the loom except a pile of sticks ' , yet studies of this technology have argued that it is really ' a complex device , more responsive to the weaver 's creative impulses than the modern treadle loom ' ... introduced into the region by the Spanish .
Southern United States
The first major oil well in the South was drilled at Spindletop near Beaumont , Texas , on the morning of January 10 , 1901 . Other oil fields were later discovered nearby in Arkansas , Oklahoma , and under the Gulf of Mexico . The resulting `` Oil Boom '' permanently transformed the economy of the West South Central states and produced the most significant economic expansion after the Civil War .
History of agriculture
Watermills were introduced by the Romans , but were improved throughout the Middle Ages , along with windmills , and used to grind grains into flour , to cut wood and to process flax and wool .
Kudzu in the United States
Other uses may include : paper products , food products , insect repellents ( the smoke from burning leaves ) , honey , and methane production .
Great Lakes region
The Great Lakes region has produced globally influential breakthroughs in agricultural technology , transportation and building construction . Cyrus McCormick 's reaper , John Deere 's steel plow , Joseph Dart ( Dart 's Elevator ) , and George Washington Snow 's balloon - frame construction are some of innovations that made significant , global impact . The University of Chicago and Case Western Reserve University figured prominently in developing nuclear power . Automobile manufacture developed simultaneously in Ohio and Indiana and became centered in the Detroit area of Michigan . Henry Ford 's movable assembly line drew on regional experience in meat processing , agricultural machinery manufacture , and the industrial engineering of steel in revolutionizing the modern era of mass production manufacturing . Chicago - based Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck companies complemented mass manufactures with mass retail distribution .
Bessemer process
The modern process is named after its inventor , the Englishman Henry Bessemer , who took out a patent on the process in 1856 . The process was said to be independently discovered in 1851 by the American inventor William Kelly , though there is little to back up this claim .
Industrial Revolution
These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions , replacing many small - scale operations with more cost - effective and controllable processes . Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass , textile , soap , and paper industries . Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling ( removing rust ) iron and steel , and for bleaching cloth .
Technological and industrial history of the United States
In addition to lighting , electric motors ( analogous to generators operating in reverse , or using a current to spin a magnet to perform work ) became extremely important to industry . Speed control of early DC motors limited their use . Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor ( ca . 1886 ) by solving the problem of varying speed with load . Within a few years DC motors were used in electric street railways . In 1888 , a Serbian immigrant , Nikola Tesla , a former employee of Edison 's , patented an AC induction motor and licensed it to the Westinghouse Corporation . Electric motors eventually replaced steam engines in factories around the nation as they required neither complex mechanical transmissions from a central engine nor water sources for steam boilers in order to operate .
Midwestern United States
The U.S. was predominantly rural at the time of the Civil War . The Midwest was no exception , dotted with small farms all across the region . The late 19th century saw industrialization , immigration , and urbanization that fed the Industrial Revolution , and the heart of industrial domination and innovation was in the Great Lakes states of the Midwest , which only began its slow decline by the late 20th century .
Mechanised agriculture
Jethro Tull 's seed drill ( ca . 1701 ) was a mechanical seed spacing and depth placing device that increased crop yields and saved seed . It was an important factor in the British Agricultural Revolution .
Midwestern United States
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Modern history
The Industrial Revolutions were major technological , socioeconomic , and cultural changes in late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world . The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century , eventually affecting the majority of the world . The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic revolution , when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle .
Illinois
The National Corn - to - Ethanol Research Center ( NCERC ) , the world 's only facility dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting corn ( maize ) to ethanol is located on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville .
Industrial Revolution
Other developments included more efficient water wheels , based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton the beginnings of a machine industry and the rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by John Smeaton , which had been lost for 1300 years .
Sewing
The spread of sewing machine technology to industrialized economies around the world meant the spread of Western - style sewing methods and clothing styles as well . In Japan , traditional clothing was sewn together with running stitch that could be removed so that the clothing could be taken apart and the assorted pieces laundered separately . The tight - locked stitches made by home sewing machines , and the use of Western clothing patterns , led to a movement towards wearing Western - style clothing during the early 20th century . Western sewing and clothing styles were disseminated in sub-Saharan Africa by Christian missionaries from the 1830s onward . Indigenous cultures , such as the Zulu and Tswana , were indoctrinated in the Western way of dress as a sign of conversion to Christianity . First Western hand sewing techniques , and later machine sewing , spread throughout the regions where the European colonists settled . However , a recent examination of new online learning methods demonstrated that technology can be adapted to share knowledge of a culture 's traditional sewing methods . Using self - paced online tutorials , a Malay sewing class learned how to tailor and sew a traditional men 's Baju Kurung garment in 3 days , whereas a traditional Malay sewing class would have taken 5 days to teach the same information .
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain , and many of the technological innovations were British . By the mid-18th century Britain controlled a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa , and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent , through the activities of the East India Company . The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution .
Savannah, Georgia
In the nineteenth century , the Port of Savannah became one of the most active in the United States , and Savannahians had the opportunity to consume some of the world 's finest goods , imported by foreign merchants . Savannah 's port has always been a mainstay of the city 's economy . In the early years of the United States , goods produced in the New World had to pass through Atlantic ports such as Savannah 's before they could be shipped to England .
Paterson, New Jersey
The industries developed in Paterson were powered by the 77 - foot - high Great Falls and a system of water raceways that harnessed the power of the falls , providing power for the mills in the area until 1914 and fostering the growth of the city around the mills . The district originally included dozens of mill buildings and other manufacturing structures associated with the textile industry and , later , the firearms , silk and railroad locomotive manufacturing industries . In the latter half of the 19th century silk production became the dominant industry and formed the basis of Paterson 's most prosperous period , earning it the nickname `` Silk City . ''
Industrial Revolution
Britain 's canal network , together with its surviving mill buildings , is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain . Roads
Industrial Revolution
James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century , as did Matthew Murray of Leeds . Roberts was a maker of high - quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement .
Midwestern United States
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Industrial Revolution
In Britain by the 16th century the putting - out system , by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes , often described as cottage industry , was being practiced . Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving . Merchant capitalist typically provided the raw materials , paid workers by the piece , and were responsible for the sale of the goods . Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems . The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system .