vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
James Russell Lowell
In January 1880 , Lowell was informed of his appointment as Minister to England , his nomination made without his knowledge as far back as June 1879 . He was granted a salary of $17,500 with about $3,500 for expenses . While serving in this capacity , he addressed an importation of allegedly diseased cattle and made recommendations that predated the Pure Food and Drug Act . Queen Victoria commented that she had never seen an ambassador who `` created so much interest and won so much regard as Mr. Lowell '' . Lowell held this role until the close of Chester A. Arthur 's presidency in the spring of 1885 , despite his wife 's failing health . Lowell was already well known in England for his writing and , during his time there , befriended fellow author Henry James , who referred to him as `` conspicuously American '' . Lowell also befriended Leslie Stephen many years earlier and became the godfather to his daughter , future writer Virginia Woolf . Lowell was popular enough that he was offered a professorship at Oxford after his recall by President Grover Cleveland , though the offer was declined .
Toast (honor)
Here 's to dear old Boston , The home of the bean and the cod , Where Lowells speak only to Cabots , And Cabots speak only to God .
Individualism
Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American anarchist , and the four - page weekly paper he edited during 1833 , The Peaceful Revolutionist , was the first anarchist periodical published . For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster `` It is apparent ... that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of Josiah Warren and Stephen Pearl Andrews ... William B. Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form . '' . Henry David Thoreau ( 1817 -- 1862 ) was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe . Thoreau was an American author , poet , naturalist , tax resister , development critic , surveyor , historian , philosopher , and leading transcendentalist . He is best known for his books Walden , a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings , and his essay , Civil Disobedience , an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state . Later Benjamin Tucker fused Stirner 's egoism with the economics of Warren and Proudhon in his eclectic influential publication Liberty .
Rudolph Fisher
An interpretation of the themes explored in this short story is similar to what is found in Alain Locke 's anthology , The New Negro : transformation and self - expression . In comparison , Gillis transitions by the end of the story because when he first arrives in Harlem , `` city of refuge '' , Gillis sees Harlem as a place of hope and freedom . He wanted to have the chance to achieve liberation and be set free from social and political restrictions from the place he originally came from . Instead , Gillis ' experience with Harlem mirrors the South during the time as the beliefs of race and status fill the assumptions that the people of the city contain .
Edward Augustus Freeman
The naturalist William Henry Hudson was dismissive of Freeman 's style of argument in his 1920 book Dead Man 's Plack and an Old Thorn .
Ode to the West Wind
It is also necessary to mention that the first - person pronouns again appear in a great frequency ; but the possessive pronoun `` my '' predominates . Unlike the frequent use of the `` I '' in the previous canto that made the canto sound self - conscious , this canto might now sound self - possessed . The canto is no more a request or a prayer as it had been in the fourth canto -- it is a demand . The poet becomes the wind 's instrument , his `` lyre '' ( 57 ) . This is a symbol of the poet 's own passivity towards the wind ; he becomes his musician and the wind 's breath becomes his breath . The poet 's attitude -- towards the wind has changed : in the first canto the wind has been an `` enchanter '' ( 3 ) , now the wind has become an `` incantation '' ( 65 ) .
Ellipsis
In poetry , an ellipsis is used as a thought - pause or line break at the caesura or this is used to highlight sarcasm or make the reader think about the last points in the poem .
Haiku
In Japanese , haiku are traditionally printed in a single vertical line while haiku in English often appear in three lines to parallel the three phrases of Japanese haiku .
Romare Bearden
Before his death , Bearden claimed the collage fragments aided him in ushering the past into the present : `` When I conjure these memories , they are of the present to me , because after all , the artist is a kind of enchanter in time . ''
Rudolph Fisher
Fisher started his career by contributing to his articles and to journals , such as `` National Association for the Advanced of Colored People 's ( NAACP ) '' and `` The Crisis '' . His first contribution to magazines was `` The Crisis '' .
A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall
`` When I got back from India , and got to the West Coast , there 's a poet , Charlie Plymell - at a party in Bolinas -- played me a record of this new young folk singer . And I heard `` Hard Rain , '' I think . And wept . ' Cause it seemed that the torch had been passed to another generation . From earlier bohemian , or Beat illumination . And self - empowerment . ''
The Man of the Crowd
At the beginning of the tale , the narrator surveys and categorizes the people around him in a similar way as Walt Whitman in `` Song of Myself '' . Poe 's narrator , however , lacks Whitman 's celebratory spirit . While viewing these people , the narrator is able to ascertain a great deal of information about them based on their appearance and by noting small details . For example , he notices that a man 's ear sticks out a small amount , indicating he must be a clerk who stores his pen behind his ear . Poe would later incorporate this ability to observe small details in his character C. Auguste Dupin . All of this is a virtuoso performance of the representation of social typicality ; it owes something to Dickens 's Sketches by Boz , but there is also something of the moralizing medieval Vice in its parade of degenerates , of depraved women and of social outcasts . In one sense this is a sideshow , a digression from the main line of the narrative , which is concerned with the crowd only as an abstract force ; in another , however , it brings to the fore the sense that it is only through these social clichés that the crowd can be made humanly understandable .
The Man of the Crowd
At the time of the story 's publication , Poe 's reputation in the United States was mixed , but his reception among many French modernists , including Stéphane Mallarmé and Paul Valéry , was enthusiastic . Charles Baudelaire discusses `` The Man of the Crowd '' in The Painter of Modern Life ; it would go on to become a key example in Walter Benjamin 's essay `` On Some Motifs in Baudelaire '' , which theorizes the role of the crowd in modernity .
Dada
The assemblages were three - dimensional variations of the collage -- the assembly of everyday objects to produce meaningful or meaningless ( relative to the war ) pieces of work including war objects and trash . Objects were nailed , screwed or fastened together in different fashions . Assemblages could be seen in the round or could be hung on a wall .
Across the River and into the Trees
Ernest Hemingway first met A.E. Hotchner , who later became a close friend , in 1948 when Hotchner , recently released from the Air Force , had taken a job with Cosmopolitan Magazine as a `` commissioned agent . '' Hemingway 's name was on the list of authors Hotchner was to contact , so he went to Cuba , asked for a meeting ( Hemingway took him to a bar ) , and for a short article . Hemingway did not write an article , but he did submit his next novel Across the River and into the Trees to Hotchner , which Cosmopolitan then serialized in five installments . The protagonist is generally considered to have been based loosely on a friend of Hemingway , Charles T. Lanham , with components of the character also being autobiographically based on the author himself .
Haiku
In 1973 , the Haiku Society of America noted that the norm for writers of haiku in English was to use 17 syllables , but they also noted a trend toward shorter haiku .
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights
`` neither Japanese nor American , neither poet nor pragmatist , neither straight nor gay . ''
Hoover Dam
With the agreement of Kaufmann and the engineers , True also devised an innovative color - coding for the pipes and machinery , which was implemented throughout all BOR projects . True 's consulting artist job lasted through 1942 ; it was extended so he could complete design work for the Parker , Shasta and Grand Coulee dams and power plants . True 's work on the Hoover Dam was humorously referred to in a poem published in The New Yorker , part of which read , `` lose the spark , and justify the dream ; but also worthy of remark will be the color scheme '' .
Rudolph Fisher
Rudolph John Chauncey Fisher ( May 9 , 1897 -- December 26 , 1934 ) was an African - American physician , radiologist , novelist , short story writer , dramatist , musician , and orator . His father was John Wesley Fisher , a clergyman , his mother was Glendora Williamson Fisher , and he had two siblings . Fisher married Jane Ryder , a school teacher from Washington , D.C. in 1925 , and they had one son , Hugh , who was born in 1926 and was also nick named `` The New Negro '' as a tribute to the Harlem renaissance .
The Bronx
Nash repented 33 years after his calumny , penning in 1964 the following prose poem to the Dean of Bronx Community College :
Pulitzer Prize
Bernard Bailyn , History Samuel Barber , Music Composition Walter Jackson Bate , Biography Samuel Flagg Bemis , History and Biography Stephen Vincent Benét , Poetry Robert Caro , Biography Elliott Carter , Music Composition David Herbert Donald , Biography Horst Faas , Photography William Faulkner , Fiction Douglas Southall Freeman , Biography Burton J. Hendrick , Biography Paul Horgan , History Marquis James , Biography George S. Kaufman , Drama ( both shared ) Margaret Leech , History David Levering Lewis , Biography Robert Lowell , Poetry Norman Mailer , Fiction and Nonfiction David McCullough , Biography Gian Carlo Menotti , Music Composition W.S. Merwin , Poetry Samuel Eliot Morison , Biography Allan Nevins , Biography Lynn Nottage , Drama Walter Piston , Music Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. , History and Biography T.J. Stiles , Biography and History Booth Tarkington , Novel Alan Taylor , History Barbara W. Tuchman , Nonfiction John Updike , Fiction Richard Wilbur , Poetry Tennessee Williams , Drama August Wilson , Drama E.O. Wilson , Nonfiction
First they came ...
`` First they came ... '' is a poem written by German Lutheran pastor Martin Niemöller ( 1892 -- 1984 ) . It is about the cowardice of German intellectuals following the Nazis ' rise to power and subsequent purging of their chosen targets , group after group . Many variations and adaptations in the spirit of the original have been published in the English language . It deals with themes of persecution , guilt and responsibility .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
As a symbol , an urn can not completely represent poetry , but it does serve as one component in describing the relationship between art and humanity . The nightingale of `` Ode to a Nightingale '' is separated from humanity and does not have human concerns . In contrast , being a piece of art , the urn requires an audience and is in an incomplete state on its own . This allows the urn to interact with humanity , to put forth a narrative , and allows for the imagination to operate . The images on the urn provoke the narrator to ask questions , and the silence of the urn reinforces the imagination 's ability to operate . This interaction and use of the imagination is part of a greater tradition called ut pictura poesis -- the contemplation of art by a poet -- which serves as a meditation upon art itself . In this meditation , the narrator dwells on the aesthetic and mimetic features of art . The beginning of the poem posits that the role of art is to describe a specific story about those with whom the audience is unfamiliar , and the narrator wishes to know the identity of the figures in a manner similar to `` Ode on Indolence '' and `` Ode to Psyche '' . The figures on the urn within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' lack identities , but the first section ends with the narrator believing that if he knew the story , he would know their names . The second section of the poem , describing the piper and the lovers , meditates on the possibility that the role of art is not to describe specifics but universal characters , which falls under the term `` Truth '' . The three figures would represent how Love , Beauty , and Art are unified together in an idealised world where art represents the feelings of the audience . The audience is not supposed to question the events but instead to rejoice in the happy aspects of the scene in a manner that reverses the claims about art in `` Ode to a Nightingale '' . Similarly , the response of the narrator to the sacrifice is not compatible with the response of the narrator to the lovers .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
All that exists in the scene is a procession of individuals , and the narrator conjectures on the rest . The altar and town exist as part of a world outside art , and the poem challenges the limitations of art through describing their possible existence . The questions are unanswered because there is no one who can ever know the true answers , as the locations are not real . The final stanza begins with a reminder that the urn is a piece of eternal artwork :
Dada
In Cologne , Ernst , Baargeld , and Arp launched a controversial Dada exhibition in 1920 which focused on nonsense and anti-bourgeois sentiments . Cologne 's Early Spring Exhibition was set up in a pub , and required that participants walk past urinals while being read lewd poetry by a woman in a communion dress . The police closed the exhibition on grounds of obscenity , but it was re-opened when the charges were dropped . Marcel
Dejection: An Ode
The original draft was titled `` Letter to Sara Hutchinson '' , and it became Dejection when he sought to publish it . There are many differences between the versions beyond the original being 340 lines and the printed 139 lines as they reflect two different moments in Coleridge 's emotional struggle . Also , passages describing his childhood and other personal matters were removed between versions . It was published in the 4 October 1802 Morning Post ( see 1802 in poetry ) . This date corresponding to Wordsworth 's wedding to Mary Hutchinson and Coleridge 's own wedding anniversary . The poem was grouped with the Asra poems , a series of poems discussing love that were dedicated to Hutchinson . Eventually , Coleridge cut himself off from Hutchinson and renounced his feelings for her , which ended the problems that resulted in the poem .
The Catcher in the Rye
Holden decides to meet his old classmate , a Columbia student named Carl Luce , for drinks at the Wicker Bar in the Seton Hotel . During the meeting , Holden annoys Carl with his fixation on sex . After Luce leaves , Holden gets drunk , awkwardly flirts with several adults , and calls an icy Sally . Exhausted and out of money , Holden wanders over to Central Park to investigate the ducks , breaking Phoebe 's record on the way . Nostalgically recalling his experience in elementary school and the unchanging dioramas in the Museum of Natural History that he enjoyed visiting as a child , Holden heads home to see Phoebe . He sneaks into his parents ' apartment while they are out , and wakes up Phoebe -- the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate his true feelings . Although Phoebe is happy to see Holden , she quickly deduces that he has been expelled , and chastises him for his aimlessness and his apparent dislikes towards everything . When asked if he cares about anything , Holden shares a selfless fantasy he has been thinking about ( based on a mishearing of Robert Burns 's Comin ' Through the Rye ) : he pictures himself as the sole guardian of thousands of children playing in a huge rye field on the edge of a cliff . His job is to catch the children if , in their abandon , they come close to falling off the brink ; to be , in effect , the `` catcher in the rye '' . Because of this misinterpretation , Holden believes that to be the `` catcher in the rye '' means to save children from losing their innocence .
The Catcher in the Rye
Losing hope of finding belonging or companionship in the city , Holden impulsively decides that he will head out west and live a reclusive lifestyle as a gas station attendant . He decides to see Phoebe at lunchtime to explain his plan and say farewell . While visiting Phoebe 's school to give a forged excuse note , Holden becomes obsessed with graffiti containing the word `` fuck '' , and becomes distressed by the thought of children learning the word 's meaning . When he meets Phoebe at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , she arrives with a suitcase and asks to go with him , even though she was looking forward to acting as Benedict Arnold in a play that Friday . Holden refuses to let her come with him , which upsets Phoebe , so Holden decides not to leave after all . He tries to cheer her up by allowing her to skip school and taking her to the Central Park Zoo , but she remains angry with him . They eventually reach the zoo 's carousel , where Phoebe reconciles with Holden after he buys her a ticket . Holden is finally filled with happiness and joy at the sight of Phoebe riding in the rain .
Halley's Comet
I came in with Halley 's comet in 1835 . It is coming again next year , and I expect to go out with it . It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I do n't go out with Halley 's comet . The Almighty has said , no doubt : ' Now here are these two unaccountable freaks ; they came in together , they must go out together . '
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
Then Ira started drinkin ' hard Jail was often his home They 'd let him raise the flag and lower it Like you 'd throw a dog a bone ! He died drunk early one mornin ' Alone in the land he fought to save Two inches of water in a lonely ditch Was a grave for Ira Hayes .
Ode on a Grecian Urn
In terms of the actual figures upon the urn , the image of the lovers depicts the relationship of passion and beauty with art . In `` Ode to a Nightingale '' and `` Ode on Melancholy '' , Keats describes how beauty is temporary . However , the figures of the urn are able to always enjoy their beauty and passion because of their artistic permanence . The urn 's description as a bride invokes a possibility of consummation , which is symbolic of the urn 's need for an audience . Charles Patterson , in a 1954 essay , explains that `` It is erroneous to assume that here Keats is merely disparaging the bride of flesh wed to man and glorifying the bride of marble wed to quietness . He could have achieved that simple effect more deftly with some other image than the richly ambivalent unravished bride , which conveys ... a hint of disparagement : It is natural for brides to be possessed physically ... it is unnatural for them not to be . '' John Jones , in his 1969 analysis , emphasises this sexual dimension within the poem by comparing the relationship between `` the Eve Adam dreamed of and who was there when he woke up '' and the `` bridal urn '' of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' . Helen Vendler expands on the idea , in her 1983 analysis of Keats 's odes , when she claimed `` the complex mind writing the Urn connects stillness and quietness to ravishment and a bride '' . In the second stanza , Keats `` voices the generating motive of the poem -- the necessary self - exhaustion and self - perpetuation of sexual appetite . '' To Vendler , desire and longing could be the source of artistic creativity , but the urn contains two contradicting expressions of sexuality : a lover chasing after a beloved and a lover with his beloved . This contradiction reveals Keats 's belief that such love in general was unattainable and that `` The true opponent to the urn - experience of love is not satisfaction but extinction . ''
Michelle (song)
... we 'd tag along to these parties , and it was at the time of people like Juliette Greco , the French bohemian thing ... So I used to pretend to be French , and I had this song that turned out later to be ' Michelle ' . It was just an instrumental , but years later John said : ' You remember that thing you wrote about the French ? ' I said : ' Yeah . ' He said : ' That was n't a bad song , that . You should do that , y'know . ' --
Across the River and into the Trees
Charles Oliver writes the novel shows a central Hemingway theme of `` maintaining control over one 's life , even in the face of terrible odds . '' Cantwell knows he is dying and faces death `` with the dignity which he believes he has maintained throughout his military service . '' Oliver thinks the two male characters , Cantwell and Alvarito , have an unstated understanding -- both men love Renata , but Cantwell accepts and is happy to know Renata will almost certainly marry Alvarito . Within hours of dying he says to himself : `` You have said goodbye to your girl and she has said goodbye to you . That is certainly simple '' . The theme of death is central in Hemingway 's writings and his characters routinely achieve redemption at the moment of death , which can be seen as a form of existentialism . Jean - Paul Sartre believed to face death well is to live a heightened existence .
John Lennon
Lennon 's first son , Julian , was born during his marriage to Cynthia as his commitments with the Beatles intensified at the height of Beatlemania . Lennon was touring with the Beatles when Julian was born on 8 April 1963 . Julian 's birth , like his mother Cynthia 's marriage to Lennon , was kept secret because Epstein was convinced that public knowledge of such things would threaten the Beatles ' commercial success . Julian recalled that as a small child in Weybridge some four years later , `` I was trundled home from school and came walking up with one of my watercolour paintings . It was just a bunch of stars and this blonde girl I knew at school . And Dad said , ' What 's this ? ' I said , ' It 's Lucy in the sky with diamonds . ' '' Lennon used it as the title of a Beatles song , and though it was later reported to have been derived from the initials LSD , Lennon insisted , `` It 's not an acid song . '' McCartney corroborated Lennon 's explanation that Julian innocently came up with the name . Lennon was distant from Julian , who felt closer to McCartney than to his father . During a car journey to visit Cynthia and Julian during Lennon 's divorce , McCartney composed a song , `` Hey Jules '' , to comfort him . It would evolve into the Beatles song `` Hey Jude '' . Lennon later said , `` That 's his best song . It started off as a song about my son Julian ... he turned it into ' Hey Jude ' . I always thought it was about me and Yoko but he said it was n't . ''