vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
New Deal
The economic downturn of 1937 -- 1938 and the bitter split between the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal conservative coalition . By 1942 -- 1943 , they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and the CCC and blocked major liberal proposals . Nonetheless , Roosevelt turned his attention to the war effort and won reelection in 1940 -- 1944 . Furthermore , the Supreme Court declared the NRA and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) unconstitutional , but the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) left the New Deal largely intact , even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs , which Republican Richard Nixon generally retained . However , after 1974 the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) lasted until it was suspended in the 1990s .
Canada–United States relations
King sought to raise Canada 's international visibility by hosting the August 1943 Quadrant conference in Quebec on military and political strategy ; he was a gracious host but was kept out of the important meetings by Winston Churchill and Roosevelt .
New Deal
The Economy Act , drafted by Budget Director Lewis Williams Douglas , was passed on March 14 , 1933 . The act proposed to balance the `` regular '' ( non-emergency ) federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and cutting pensions to veterans by fifteen percent . It saved $500 million per year and reassured deficit hawks , such as Douglas , that the new President was fiscally conservative . Roosevelt argued there were two budgets : the `` regular '' federal budget , which he balanced ; and the emergency budget , which was needed to defeat the depression . It was imbalanced on a temporary basis .
Daughters of the American Revolution
In 1921 , DAR compiled and published the `` DAR Manual for Citizenship . '' DAR distributed this guide to American immigrants at Ellis Island and other ports of entry . To date , more than 10 million manuals have been distributed . From November 1921 until February 1922 , world leaders met in DAR Memorial Continental Hall for the Conference on Limitation of Armaments , a groundbreaking meeting for peace . The Americana Collection , founded in the early 1940s , brought together rare manuscripts and imprints previously scattered among the holdings of the DAR Museum and DAR Library . Today , the collection flourishes from more than 60 years of actively seeking out and acquiring artifacts that reflect a unique image of our nation . DAR raised thousands of dollars to assist in the re-forestation project of the U.S. Forest Service during the 1940s . During World War II , DAR provided 197,000 soldiers with care packages and sponsored all 89 crews of Landing Craft Infantry ships . During World War II , the use of the DAR buildings was given to the American Red Cross . A children 's day nursery was set up in the basement of Constitution Hall for enlisted men 's wives who had to go to work . The tradition of celebrating the Constitution was started many years ago by the Daughters of the American Revolution . In 1955 , the DAR petitioned Congress to set aside September 17 -- 23 annually to be dedicated for the observance of Constitution Week . The resolution was later adopted by the U.S. Congress and signed into Public Law # 915 on August 2 , 1956 , by President Dwight D. Eisenhower .
New Deal
John Garraty wrote that the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was based on economic experiments in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , without establishing a totalitarian dictatorship . Contrary to that , historians such as Hawley have examined the origins of the NRA in detail , showing the main inspiration came from Senators Hugo Black and Robert F. Wagner and from American business leaders such as the Chamber of Commerce . The model for the NRA was Woodrow Wilson 's War Industries Board , in which Johnson had been involved too . Historians argue that direct comparisons between Fascism and New Deal are invalid since there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization . Gerald Feldman wrote that fascism has not contributed anything to economic thought and had no original vision of a new economic order replacing capitalism . His argument correlates with Mason  ́ s that economic factors alone are an insufficient approach to understand fascism and that decisions taken by fascists in power can not be explained within a logical economic framework . In economic terms , both ideas were within the general tendency of the 1930s to intervene in the free market capitalist economy , at the price of its laissez - faire character , `` to protect the capitalist structure endangered by endogenous crises tendencies and processes of impaired self - regulation '' .
Military history of the United States during World War II
American warships escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic had several hostile encounters with U-boats . On 4 September , a German U-Boat attacked the destroyer USS Greer off Iceland . A week later Roosevelt ordered American warships to attack U-boats on sight . A U-boat shot up the USS Kearny as it escorted a British merchant convoy . The USS Reuben James was sunk by U-552 on 31 October 1941 .
Manhattan Project
By March 1943 Conant decided that British help would benefit some areas of the project . James Chadwick and one or two other British scientists were important enough that the bomb design team at Los Alamos needed them , despite the risk of revealing weapon design secrets . In August 1943 Churchill and Roosevelt negotiated the Quebec Agreement , which resulted in a resumption of cooperation between scientists working on the same problem . Britain , however , agreed to restrictions on data on the building of large - scale production plants necessary for the bomb . The subsequent Hyde Park Agreement in September 1944 extended this cooperation to the postwar period . The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee to coordinate the efforts of the United States , United Kingdom and Canada . Stimson , Bush and Conant served as the American members of the Combined Policy Committee , Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J.J. Llewellin were the British members , and C.D. Howe was the Canadian member . Llewellin returned to the United Kingdom at the end of 1943 and was replaced on the committee by Sir Ronald Ian Campbell , who in turn was replaced by the British Ambassador to the United States , Lord Halifax , in early 1945 . Sir John Dill died in Washington , D.C. , in November 1944 and was replaced both as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and as a member of the Combined Policy Committee by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson .
State of the Union
Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help .
New Deal
At the end of February we were a congeries of disorderly panic - stricken mobs and factions . In the hundred days from March to June we became again an organized nation confident of our power to provide for our own security and to control our own destiny .
Statue of Liberty
In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 .
Jamestown, Virginia
The Jamestown Exposition of 1907 was one of the many world 's fairs and expositions that were popular in the early part of the 20th century . Held from April 26 , 1907 to December 1 , 1907 , attendees included US President Theodore Roosevelt , Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany , the Prince of Sweden , Mark Twain , Henry H. Rogers , and dozens of other dignitaries and famous persons . A major naval review featuring the United States ' Great White Fleet was a key feature . U.S. Military officials and leaders were impressed by the location , and the Exposition site later formed the first portion of the large U.S. Naval Station Norfolk in 1918 during World War I .
New Deal
From 1929 to 1933 , the industrial economy had been suffering from a vicious cycle of deflation . Since 1931 , the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , the voice of the nation 's organized business , promoted an anti-deflationary scheme that would permit trade associations to cooperate in government - instigated cartels to stabilize prices within their industries . While existing antitrust laws clearly forbade such practices , organized business found a receptive ear in the Roosevelt Administration .
Kenya
Telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade now comprises 62 % of GDP . 22 % of GDP still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75 % of the labour force ( a consistent characteristic of under - developed economies that have not attained food security -- an important catalyst of economic growth ) A small portion of the population relies on food aid . Industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector , accounting for 16 % of GDP . The service , industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25 % of the labour force but contribute 75 % of GDP . Kenya also exports textiles worth over $400 million under Agoa .
Education in India
An optimistic estimate from 2008 was that only one in five job - seekers in India ever had any sort of vocational training .
Arizona
Sector Employees ( thousands ) Trade , transportation , and utilities 488.6 Government 408.5 Education and health services 392.1 Professional and business services 384.2 Leisure and hospitality 286.4 Financial activities 193.2 Manufacturing 156.0 Construction 118.2 Other services 88.2 Information 41.8 Mining and logging 13.7
Economy of French Guiana
Labor force - by occupation : services , government , and commerce 60 , 6 % , industry 21 , 2 % , agriculture 18 , 2 % ( 1980 )
Arizona
Rank Company Employees Industry Banner Health 39,781 Health care Wal - Mart Stores , Inc . 34,856 Discount retailer Kroger Co . 16,856 Grocery stores McDonald 's Corp . 15,781 Food service 5 Wells Fargo & Co . 15,071 Financial services 6 Albertsons Inc . 14,490 Grocery stores , retail drugstores 7 Intel Corp . 11,300 Semiconductor manufacturing 8 HonorHealth 10,600 Health care 9 ( tie ) American Airlines 10,000 Airline Home Depot Inc . 10,000 Retail home improvement Honeywell International Inc . 10,000 Aerospace manufacturing 12 Bank of America Corp . 9,800 Financial services 13 Raytheon Co . 9,600 Defense ( missile manufacturing ) 14 JP Morgan Chase & Co . 9,500 Financial services 15 Bashas ' Supermarkets 8,525 Grocery stores 16 Target Corp . 8,241 Discount retailer 17 Freeport - McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc . 8,030 Mining 18 Dignity Health 8,000 Health care 19 CVS Health 7,200 Pharmaceutical services ( including retail drugstores ) 20 American Express Co . 7,079 Financial services 21 Circle K Corp . 6,800 Convenience stores 22 UnitedHealthcare 6,000 Health care 23 Pinnacle West Capital Corp . 6,407 Electric utility 24 Mayo Foundation 6,274 Health care 25 Amazon.com 6,000 Online Shopping
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County is commonly associated with the entertainment and digital media industry ; all six major film studios -- Paramount Pictures , 21st Century Fox , Sony , Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures , and Walt Disney Studios -- are located within the county . Numerous other major industries also define the economy of Los Angeles County , including international trade supported by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach , music recording and production , aerospace and defense , fashion , and professional services such as law , medicine , engineering and design services , financial services and more . High - tech sector employment within Los Angeles County is 368,500 workers , and manufacturing employment within Los Angeles County is 365,000 workers .
Thar Desert
A large number of farmers in Thar desert depend on animal husbandry for their livelihood . Cows , buffalos , sheep , goats , camels , and oxen consists of major cattle population . Barmer district has the highest cattle population out of which sheep and goats are in majority . Some of the best breeds of bullocks such as Kankrej ( Sanchori ) and Nagauri are from desert region .
Solar cell
In 2014 , Malaysia was the world 's third largest manufacturer of photovoltaics equipment , behind China and the European Union .
Maldives
As of 2010 , fisheries contributed over 15 % of the country 's GDP and engaged about 30 % of the country 's work force . Fisheries were also the second - largest foreign exchange earner after tourism .
Agriculture in Sudan
The average annual growth of agricultural production declined in the 1980s to 0.8 percent for the period 1980 - 87 , as compared with 2.9 percent for the period 1965 - 80 . Similarly , the sector 's total contribution to GDP declined over the years , as the other sectors of the economy expanded . Total sectoral activities , which contributed an estimated 40 percent of GDP in the early 1970s , had fluctuated during the 1980s and represented about 36 percent in 1988 . Crop cultivation was divided between a modern , market - oriented sector comprising mechanized , large - scale irrigated and rainfed farming ( mainly in central Sudan ) and small - scale farming following traditional practices that was carried on in the other parts of the country where rainfall or other water sources were sufficient for cultivation .
Agriculture in Sudan
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( August 2008 ) Irrigation
Agriculture in Sudan
Substantial variations also existed in land classified as actually used or potentially usable for livestock grazing . The ministry and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) have classified about 24 million hectares as pastureland . The 1965 estimate of land use classified 101.4 million hectares as grazing land , and in 1975 an ILO - United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) interagency mission to Sudan estimated the total potential grazing land at between 120 million and 150 million hectares .
Agriculture in Sudan
It was generally agreed , however , that in the late 1980s Sudan still had a substantial amount of land suitable for future cropping . The ILO - UNDP mission believed that two - thirds of the potential area for livestock grazing , however , was already in use . In addition to land suitable for cultivation and livestock grazing , Sudan also had about 76 million to 86 million hectares of desert . Additionally , an area of about 2.9 million hectares was covered by swamps and inland water , and about 280,000 hectares were occupied by urban settlements and other man - made features .
Agriculture in Sudan
This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2010 )
Agriculture in Sudan
The private sector response was positive , and by 1960 mechanized farming had spread into other areas of the cracking clay zone in Ash Sharqi and Al Awsat provinces . The government set aside rectangular areas that were divided into plots of 420 hectares ( later raised in places to 630 hectares ) each . Half of these plots were leased to private farmers , the other half left in fallow . After four years , the originally leased land was to be returned to fallow and the farmer was to receive a new lease to an adjacent fallow area . When the demand for land grew faster than it could be demarcated , areas outside the designated project limits were taken over by private individuals . The four - year lease proved unpopular because it meant new investment in clearing land every four years , and apparently much of the worked land continued to be cultivated while fallow land was also placed under cultivation . By 1968 more than 750,000 hectares were being cultivated , of which it was estimated that more than 200,000 hectares constituted unauthorized holdings . The average agricultural production growth rate declined , however , from 2.9 percent in the period between 1965 and 1980 , to 0.8 percent in the period between 1980 and 1987 . Reportedly , for the 1991 - 92 season , the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources planned for about 7.3 million hectares of food crops to be planted , with about 1.6 million hectares planted in the irrigated sector and about 5.7 million hectares in the rain - fed areas .
Caste system in India
Irfan Habib , an Indian historian , states that Abu al - Fadl 's Ain - i Akbari provides a historical record and census of the Jat peasant caste of Hindus in northern India , where the zamindars ( tax collecting noble class ) , the armed cavalry and infantry ( warrior class ) doubling up as the farming peasants ( working class ) , were all of the same Jat caste in the 16th century . These occupationally diverse members from one caste served each other , writes Habib , either because of their reaction to taxation pressure of Muslim rulers or because they belonged to the same caste . Peasant social stratification and caste lineages were , states Habib , tools for tax revenue collection in areas under the Islamic rule .
Agriculture in Sudan
In the late 1970s , about 2.2 million hectares had been allocated for mechanized farming , and about 420,000 hectares more had been occupied without official demarcation . About 1.9 million hectares in all were believed to be under cultivation in any one season . Of the officially allocated land , more than 70 percent was held by private individuals . Private companies had also begun entering the field , and some allocations had been made to them . State farms accounted for another 7.5 percent . About 15 percent of the total allocated land was in MFC - IDA projects . The largest proportion of mechanized farming was in Ash Sharqi Province , 43 percent ; the next largest in Al Awsat Province , 32 percent ; and about 20 percent was in Aali an Nil Province . Mechanized farming had also been initiated in southern Kurdufan Province through a project covering small - scale farmers in the area of the Nuba Mountains , but under a different government program . Proposals also have been made for MFC projects using mechanized equipment in other areas of southern Kurdufan ( some have already been tried ) and southern Darfur provinces . There were serious feasibility problems in view of competition for land and conflicts with traditional farming practices , difficult soil conditions , and the probable negative effect on the large numbers of livestock of nomads .
Dust Bowl
The change in the total value of agricultural land and revenue was quite similar over the twentieth century . Agricultural land and revenue boomed during World War I , but fell during the Great Depression and the 1930s . The land and revenue began increasing again in 1940 , and has been increasing since then . From 1910 to the 1940s , total farmland increased and remained constant until 1970 when it slightly declined . During this time , total population increased steadily , but there was a slight dip in trend from 1930 to 1960 .
Yemen
Most Yemenis are employed in agriculture . Sorghum is the most common crop . Cotton and many fruit trees are also grown , with mangoes being the most valuable . A big problem in Yemen is the cultivation of Khat , a psychoactive plant that releases a stimulant when chewed , and accounts for up to 40 percent of the water drawn from the Sana'a Basin each year , and that figure is rising . Some agricultural practices are drying the Sana'a Basin and displaced vital crops , which has resulted in increasing food prices . Rising food prices , in turn , pushed an additional six percent of the country into poverty in 2008 alone . Efforts are being made by the Government and Dawoodi Bohra community at North Yemen to replace qat with coffee plantations .
Caste system in India
There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India ; it is generally estimated to be sizable , but many believe that it is lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey .
Agriculture in Sudan
The government owned most of the land used by the modern agricultural sector and leased it to tenants ( for example , the Gezira Scheme ) or to private entrepreneurs , such as most operators of large - scale mechanized rainfed farming . In the late 1980s , however , the great area of land used for pasture and for subsistence cultivation was communally owned under customary land laws that varied somewhat by location but followed a broadly similar pattern . In agricultural communities , the right to cultivate an area of unused land became vested in the individual who cleared it for use . The rights to such land could be passed on to heirs , but ordinarily the land could not be sold or otherwise disposed of . The right was also retained to land left in fallow , although in Bahr al Ghazal , Aali an Nil , and Al Istiwai there were communities where another individual could claim such land by clearing it .
Caste system in India
In an early Upanishad , Shudra is referred to as Pūşan or nourisher , suggesting that Shudras were the tillers of the soil . But soon afterwards , Shudras are not counted among the tax - payers and they are said to be given away along with the lands when it is gifted . The majority of the artisans were also reduced to the position of Shudras , but there is no contempt indicated for their work . The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas are given a special position in the rituals , distinguishing them from both the Vaishyas and the Shudras . The Vaishya is said to be `` oppressed at will '' and the Shudra `` beaten at will . ''
Agriculture in Sudan
Forestland estimates also differed greatly , from less than 60 million hectares by staff of the Forestry Administration to about 915 million hectares by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources and the FAO . Dense stands of trees only covered between 20 million and 24 million hectares of the total forestland . Differences in land classification may have been accounted for by use of some woodland areas for grazing and some traditional grazing lands for raising crops . Given the dearth of rainfall during the 1980s and early 1990s , the ecological damage from mechanized farming , and the steady march of desertification , discrepancies in these statistics had little meaning in 1991 .
Rice production in Thailand
Many farmers are in debt to local businessmen for their mortgages . The percentage of farmers owning land in Thailand has dropped -- from 44 percent in 2004 to 15 percent in 2011 . Land rights problems have been exacerbated by political turmoil over the past 15 years . Often new governments fail to honour the land rights commitments made to farmers by past regimes .