vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Eastern Himalaya
The Eastern Himalayas sustain a diverse array of wildlife , including many rare species of fauna and flora . Nepal features , among other rare Nepali animal species , snow leopards in its Himalayan region , and one - horned rhinos , Asian elephants and wild Water Buffaloes in its southern region , making the country one of the world 's greatest Biodiversity hotspots . Three major river basins of Nepal , namely the Karnali , Narayani and Koshi Basins , feature highly dense forests and shelter no less than 5 % of the world 's butterfly species and 8 % of the world 's bird species . Preserving this diverse wilderness is essential for the area 's and the world 's biodiversity . The area has many ecological projects intended to ensure the survival and growth of many species .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
The many archeological sites along the bed of Sarasvati ( variously given as 414 or even 600 ) dwarf the number of sites so far recorded along the Indus River , which number less ( about three dozen ) . However , most of the Harappan sites along the Sarasvati are found in desert country , and have remained undisturbed since the end of the Indus Civilization . This contrasts with the heavy alluvium of the Indus and other large Panjab rivers that have obscured Harappan sites , including part of Mohenjo Daro . About 80 percent of the Sarasvati sites are datable to the fourth or third millennium BCE , suggesting that the river was flowing during ( part of ) this period , which is also indicated by the fact that some Indus sites are found inside the bed of the Ghaggar - Hakra .
Water in California
Main California watersheds Hydrologic region Annual precipitation Annual runoff North Coast 55,900,000 acre feet ( 69.0 km ) 28,900,000 acre feet ( 35.6 km ) Sacramento River 52,400,000 acre feet ( 64.6 km ) 22,400,000 acre feet ( 27.6 km ) North Lahontan 6,000,000 acre feet ( 7.4 km ) 1,900,000 acre feet ( 2.3 km ) San Francisco Bay 5,500,000 acre feet ( 6.8 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km ) San Joaquin River 21,800,000 acre feet ( 26.9 km ) 7,900,000 acre feet ( 9.7 km ) Central Coast 12,300,000 acre feet ( 15.2 km ) 2,500,000 acre feet ( 3.1 km ) Tulare Lake 13,900,000 acre feet ( 17.1 km ) 3,300,000 acre feet ( 4.1 km ) South Lahontan 9,300,000 acre feet ( 11.5 km ) 1,300,000 acre feet ( 1.6 km ) South Coast 10,800,000 acre feet ( 13.3 km ) 1,200,000 acre feet ( 1.5 km ) Colorado River 4,300,000 acre feet ( 5.3 km ) 200,000 acre feet ( 0.25 km )
Amazon River
Since colonial times , the Portuguese portion of the Amazon basin has remained a land largely undeveloped by agriculture and occupied by indigenous people who survived the arrival of European diseases .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
S.P. Gupta however counts over 600 sites of the Indus civilization on the Ghaggar - Hakra river and its tributaries . For ereason stated above , only 90 to 96 Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries ( about 36 sites on the Indus river itself . ) V.N. Misra states that over 530 Harappan sites ( of the more than 800 known sites , not including Late Harappan or OCP ) are located on the Ghaggar - Hakra . The other sites are mainly in Kutch - Saurashtra ( nearly 200 sites ) , Yamuna Valley ( nearly 70 Late Harappan sites ) and in the Indus Valley , in Baluchistan , and in the NW Frontier Province ( less than 100 sites ) .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
He and Jane McIntosh refer to the Ghaggar - Hakra river as `` Sarasvati '' throughout their respective 2002 and 2008 books on the Indus Civilisation .
Narmada River
The basin has five well defined physiographic regions . They are : ( 1 ) The upper hilly areas covering the districts of Shahdol , Mandla , Durg , Balaghat and Seoni , ( 2 ) The upper plains covering the districts of Jabalpur , Narsinghpur , Sagar , Damoh , Chhindwara , Hosangabad , Betul , Raisen and Sehore , ( 3 ) The middle plains covering the districts of Khandwa , part of Khargone , Dewas , Indore and Dhar , ( 4 ) The lower hilly areas covering part of the west Nimar , Jhabua , Dhulia , Narmada and parts of Vadodara , and ( 5 ) the lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada , Bharuch , and parts of Vadodara . The hill regions are well forested . The upper , middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas , well suited for cultivation . The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils . The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface .
Amazon River
From the town of Canaria at the great bend of the Amazon to the Negro , vast areas of land are submerged at high water , above which only the upper part of the trees of the sombre forests appear . Near the mouth of the Rio Negro to Serpa , nearly opposite the river Madeira , the banks of the Amazon are low , until approaching Manaus , they rise to become rolling hills .
Indus River
The 2011 Sindh floods began during the Pakistani monsoon season in mid-August 2011 , resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh , eastern Balochistan , and southern Punjab . The floods caused considerable damage ; an estimated 434 civilians were killed , with 5.3 million people and 1,524,773 homes affected . Sindh is a fertile region and often called the `` breadbasket '' of the country ; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy was said to be extensive . At least 1.7 million acres ( 690,000 ha ; 2,700 sq mi ) of arable land were inundated . The flooding followed the previous year 's floods , which devastated a large part of the country . Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
According to some paleo - environmental scientists and Archaeologists , between 2500 BCE and 1900 BCE some tectonic disturbances caused a tilt in topography of Northwest India resulting in the migration of river . The Sutlej moved westward and became a tributary of the Indus River while the Yamuna moved eastward and became a tributary of the Ganges . The Yamuna shifted its course eastwards , supposedly in the early 2nd millennium BCE , allegedly reaching its current bed by 1st millennium BCE , while the Drishadvati bed retained only a small seasonal flow . The Sutlej shifted its channel northwards repeatedly , and was eventually captured by the Indus system . The water loss due to these movements caused the Sarasvati river to dry up in the Thar Desert .
Godavari River
The frequent drying up of the Godavari river in the drier months has been a matter of great concern . Indiscriminate damming along the river has been cited as an obvious reason . Within Maharashtra sugarcane irrigation has been blamed as one of the foremost causes .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
According to proto - historian Michel Danino , in ancient times a mature river flowed into the Ghaggar - Hakra River valley and into the Rann of Kutch , which he identifies as the Rig Vedic Sarasvati river .
Indus River
The lower basin of the Indus forms a natural boundary between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent ; this region embraces all or parts of the Pakistani provinces Balochistan , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Punjab and Sindh and the countries Afghanistan and India . It was crossed by the invading armies of Alexander , but after his Macedonians conquered the west bank -- joining it to the Hellenic Empire , they elected to retreat along the southern course of the river , ending Alexander 's Asian campaign . The Indus plains were later dominated by the Persian empire and then the Kushan empire . Over several centuries Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Qasim , Mahmud of Ghazni , Mohammed Ghori , Tamerlane and Babur crossed the river to invade the inner regions of the Punjab and points farther south and east
Ghaggar-Hakra River
Several modern scholars identify the old Ghaggar - Hakra river with the Vedic Sarasvati river and the Chautang with the Drishadvati river . Such scholars include Gregory Possehl , J.M. Kenoyer , Bridget and Raymond Allchin , Michael Witzel , Kenneth Kennedy , Franklin Southworth , and numerous Indian archaeologists . Gregory Possehl states :
Ghaggar-Hakra River
The Rig Vedic hymn X 75 , however , gives a list of names of rivers where Sarasvati is merely mentioned while Sindhu receives praise . It is commonly agreed that the tenth Book of the Rig Veda is later than the others . Some revisionists think , ahistorically , that this may indicate that the Rig Veda could be dated to a period after the first drying up of Sarasvati ( c. 3500 BCE ) when the river lost its preeminence .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
Dammed at Ottu barrage near Sirsa , Ghaggar feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan .
Ghaggar-Hakra River
The basin is classified in two parts , Khadir and Bangar , the higher area that is not flooded in rainy season is called Bangar and the lower flood - prone area is called Khadar .
Jordan River
South of the Sea of Galilee the Jordan River receives the waters of further tributaries , the main ones being
Gobi Desert
In many cases these latitudinal valleys are barred transversely by ridges or spurs , generally elevations en masse of the bottom of the valley . Where such elevations exist , there is generally found , on the east side of the transverse ridge , a cauldron - shaped depression , which some time or other has been the bottom of a former lake , but is now nearly a dry salt - basin . The surface configuration is in fact markedly similar to that which occurs in the inter-mount latitudinal valleys of the Kunlun Mountains . The hydrography of the Ghashiun - Gobi and the Kuruk - tagh is determined by these chequered arrangements of the latitudinal valleys . Most of the principal streams , instead of flowing straight down these valleys , cross them diagonally and only turn west after they have cut their way through one or more of the transverse barrier ranges .
Narmada River
The ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species , none of which are endemic . About 30 % of the ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation . The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges . About 5 % of the ecoregion lies within protected areas , including Bandhavgarh , Panna , and Sanjay National Parks .
Godavari River
A study has found that the delta is at a greater risk as the rate of sediment aggradation ( raising the level of the delta through sediment deposition ) no longer exceeds relative sea - level rise . It further states that the suspended sediment load at the delta has reduced from 150 2 million tons during 1970 -- 1979 to 57 2 million tons by 2000 -- 2006 , which translates into a three-fold decline in the past 4 decades . Impacts of this can be seen in destroyed villages like Uppada in Godavari delta , destruction of Mangrove forests and fragmentation of shoreline -- possibly a fallout of dam construction .
Karachi
Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels . Karachi has developed around the Malir River and Lyari Rivers , with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi . To the west of Karachi lies the Indus River flood plain .
Chola dynasty
In almost all villages the distinction between persons paying the land - tax ( iraikudigal ) and those who did not was clearly established . There was a class of hired day - labourers who assisted in agricultural operations on the estates of other people and received a daily wage . All cultivable land was held in one of the three broad classes of tenure which can be distinguished as peasant proprietorship called vellan - vagai , service tenure and eleemosynary tenure resulting from charitable gifts . The vellan - vagai was the ordinary ryotwari village of modern times , having direct relations with the government and paying a land - tax liable to revision from time to time . The vellan - vagai villages fell into two broad classes - one directly remitting a variable annual revenue to the state and the other paying dues of a more or less fixed character to the public institutions like temples to which they were assigned . The prosperity of an agricultural country depends to a large extent on the facilities provided for irrigation . Apart from sinking wells and excavating tanks , the Chola rulers threw mighty stone dams across the Kaveri and other rivers , and cut out channels to distribute water over large tracts of land . Rajendra Chola I dug near his capital an artificial lake , which was filled with water from the Kolerun and the Vellar rivers .
Narmada River
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Monongahela River
Malangueulé Manaungahela River Me - nan - gi - hil - li Meh - non-au - au - ge - hel - al Mehmannaunringgehlau Mehmannauwinggehla Mo - hon - ga - ly River Mo - hon - galy River Mo - hon - gey - e-la River Mo - hong - gey - e-la River Mohungahala River Mohunghala River Monaung River Monaungahela River Monna River Monnyahela River Monona River Mononga River Monongahalia River Monongahaly River Monongaheley River Monongahelia River Monongalia River Monongalo River Mononguhela River Mononyahela River Muddy River
River Mersey
The Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service manages local nature reserves such as Chorlton Ees and Sale Water Park recreational sites and provides an educational service along the Mersey from Manchester to the Manchester Ship Canal .
List of animals of Yellowstone
Yellowstone Lake supports the largest inland population of cutthroat trout in the world , and is the core of the remaining undisturbed habitat for native Yellowstone cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri ) in the Yellowstone ecosystem . Each spring , cutthroat trout migrate from the lake to its tributaries to spawn . Cutthroat
Long Island Sound
Tidal marshes are some of the most productive biological systems in the world . Along the sound , they produce three to seven tons per acre per year of vegetation , largely in the form of salt marsh grasses . Much of this , enriched by decomposition , is flushed yearly into the estuary water where it directly contributes to the great finfish and shellfish production of the sound .
St. Johns River
Like all blackwater streams in Florida , the color of most of the St. Johns is black , owing to the tannins in leaf litter and decaying aquatic plants . Spring fed streams , on the other hand , are remarkably clear and visibility is very high , even when the river bottom is dozens of feet below .
Mercury in fish
US government scientists tested fish in 291 streams around the country for mercury contamination . They found mercury in every fish tested , according to the study by the U.S. Department of the Interior . They found mercury even in fish of isolated rural waterways . Twenty - five percent of the fish tested had mercury levels above the safety levels determined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for people who eat the fish regularly .
Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies
With the arrival of English soldiers by ship , and naval battles on the seas , areas used for salt water fishing became perilous , and lay dormant for much of the war . In addition , many of the fishing vessels were converted into warships . Before the war , there was often talk about the excess of lobsters and cod off the shores of New England . This seemed to change during and after the war , due to the vast numbers of ships and artillery entering the ocean waters . Once lobster harvesting and cod fishing was reestablished , most fishermen found that the lobster and cod had migrated away from the shores .
Pecatonica River
The river is the focus of the 110 - acre ( 45 ha ) Pecatonica River Woods State Natural Area near Mineral Point in Iowa County , owned by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and designated as a natural area in 1992 . The Pecatonica River Woods SNA was listed on the basis of possessing a diverse range of forest ecosystems , from southern dry , through mesic , to floodplain . The 52 - acre ( 21 ha ) Weir White Oaks State Natural Area , a privately owned preserve managed by the Wisconsin DNR , contains high - quality old growth upland forest and was designated a state natural area in 2002 .
Great Basin
Two endangered species of fish are found in Pyramid Lake : the Cui - ui sucker fish ( endangered 1967 ) and the Lahontan cutthroat trout ( threatened 1970 ) .
Vermont
In the Northeast Kingdom , the Bread and Puppet Theatre holds weekly shows in Glover in a natural outdoor amphitheater .
List of animals of Yellowstone
Yellowstone cutthroat trout have declined throughout the west and are currently designated as a `` Species of Special Concern - Class A '' by the American Fisheries Society . A formal petition to list this subspecies as `` threatened '' throughout its range was submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1998 . Yellowstone National Park represents approximately 91 % of the current range of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and contains 85 % of the historical lake habitat for this subspecies , so the park is considered crucial to the survival of the species .
Mercury in fish
Perch ( ocean ) * 0.121 0.125 0.102 Cod 0.111 0.152 0.066 3.9 22 Carp 0.110 0.099 0.134 Lobster ( American ) 0.107 0.076 0.086 Sheephead ( California ) 0.093 0.059 0.088 Lobster ( spiny ) 0.093 0.097 0.062 Whitefish 0.089 0.084 0.067 Mackerel ( chub ) 0.088 n / a n / a Pacific 3.1 Herring 0.084 0.128 0.048 3.2 21 Jacksmelt 0.081 0.103 0.050 3.1 Hake 0.079 0.064 0.067 4.0 Trout 0.071 0.141 0.025 Freshwater Crab 0.065 0.096 0.050 Blue , king and snow crab Butterfish 0.058 n / a n / a 3.5 Flatfish * 0.056 0.045 0.050 Flounder , plaice and sole Haddock 0.055 0.033 0.049 Atlantic Whiting 0.051 0.030 0.052 Mackerel ( Atlantic ) 0.050 n / a n /
Shenandoah River
The Shenandoah valley is underlain by limestone . The fertile soil made it a favored place for early settlement . It continues to be a major agricultural area of Virginia and West Virginia . Some karst topography is evident , and the limestone is honeycombed with caves . Several have been developed as commercial tourist attractions , including Luray Caverns , Shenandoah Caverns , and Skyline Caverns .
New Jersey
Appalachian National Scenic Trail Delaware National Scenic River Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Ellis Island National Monument Gateway National Recreation Area in Monmouth County Great Egg Harbor River Morristown National Historical Park in Morristown New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route New Jersey Pinelands National Reserve Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park Thomas Edison National Historical Park in West Orange
Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area
The area has many miles of hiking trails , many boat ramps , an off - road vehicle area , many campgrounds , and group lodges and a few cabins ; most attractions require a user fee .
Moose
In Sweden , no fall menu is without a mouthwatering moose dish . The Swedes fence their highways to reduce moose fatalities and design moose - proof cars . Sweden is less than half as large as the Canadian province of British Columbia , but the annual take of moose in Sweden -- upward of 150,000 -- is twice that of the total moose harvest in North America .
Atlantic Ocean
In the North - West Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013 . During the 21th century some species have shown weak signs of recovery , including Greenland halibut , yellowtail flounder , Atlantic halibut , haddock , spiny dogfish , while other stocks shown no such signs , including cod , witch flounder , and redfish . Stocks of invertebrates , in contrast , remain at record levels of abundance . 31 % of stocks are overfished in the North - west Atlantic . Capture
Boise, Idaho
The Morrison - Knudsen Nature Center offers water features and wildlife experiences just east of downtown . It is located adjacent to Municipal Park . It features live fish and wildlife exhibits , viewing areas into the water , bird and butterfly gardens , waterfalls and a free visitor 's center .
Rhode Island
Additionally , the large number of beaches in Washington County lures many Rhode Islanders south for summer vacation .
Rhode Island
Rhode Island , like the rest of New England , has a tradition of clam chowder . Both the white New England and the red Manhattan varieties are popular , but there is also a unique clear - broth chowder known as Rhode Island Clam Chowder available in many restaurants . A culinary tradition in Rhode Island is the clam cake ( also known as a clam fritter outside of Rhode Island ) , a deep fried ball of buttery dough with chopped bits of clam inside . They are sold by the half - dozen or dozen in most seafood restaurants around the state , and the quintessential summer meal in Rhode Island is chowder and clam cakes .
Seine
In 2009 , it was announced that Atlantic salmon had returned to the Seine .
Vermont
( show ) Vermont state symbols The Flag of Vermont The Seal of Vermont Living insignia Amphibian Northern leopard frog Rana pipiens Bird Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus Fish Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis Walleye Sander vitreous vitreous Flower Red clover Trifolium pratense Insect Western honey bee Apis mellifera Mammal Morgan horse Reptile Painted turtle Tree Sugar maple Acer saccharum Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Food Apple pie Fossil Beluga whale Gemstone Grossular garnet Mineral Talc Motto Freedom and Unity and Stella quarta decima fulgeat ( May 14 star shine bright ) Rock Granite , marble , slate Soil Tunbridge Song `` These Green Mountains '' State route marker State quarter Released in 2001 Lists of United States state symbols
Mississippi River
The colonization of the area was barely slowed by the three earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , that were centered near New Madrid , Missouri .
Nile
In 2010 , an exploration party went to a place described as the source of the Rukarara tributary , and by hacking a path up steep jungle - choked mountain slopes in the Nyungwe forest found ( in the dry season ) an appreciable incoming surface flow for many kilometres upstream , and found a new source , giving the Nile a length of 6,758 km ( 4,199 mi ) .
Rocky Mountains
Pikes Peak Royal Gorge Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad Rocky Mountain National Park Yellowstone National Park Grand Teton National Park Glacier National Park Sawtooth National Recreation Area
Adams–Onís Treaty
Informally this new border has been called the `` Step Boundary , '' although the step - like shape of the boundary was not apparent for several decades -- the source of the Arkansas , believed to be near the 42nd parallel north , was not known until John C. Frémont located it in the 1840s , hundreds of miles south of the 42nd parallel .
Great Basin
Bonneville Salt Flats Hastings Cutoff Hidden Cave , an archaeological cave site located in the Great Basin Nevada Basin Salton Sea
Mississippi River
Effigy Mounds National Monument Jefferson National Expansion Memorial ( includes Gateway Arch ) Vicksburg National Military Park Natchez National Historical Park New Orleans Jazz National Historical Park Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve
Grand Canyon
Between 100,000 and 3 million years ago , volcanic activity deposited ash and lava over the area which at times completely obstructed the river . These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon .
Rocky Mountains
In 1819 , Spain ceded their rights north of the 42nd Parallel to the United States , though these rights did not include possession and also included obligations to Britain and Russia concerning their claims in the same region .