vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Korea under Japanese rule
Although officially voluntary , and initially resisted by the Japanese Colonial government , convinced by the Pro-Japanese elites of their society , 80 % of Koreans voluntarily changed their name to Japanese in 1940 . Many community leaders urged the adoption of Japanese names to make it easy for their children to succeed in society and overcome discrimination .
Surrender of Japan
On July 26 , the United States , Britain and China released the Potsdam Declaration announcing the terms for Japan 's surrender , with the warning , `` We will not deviate from them . There are no alternatives . We shall brook no delay . '' For Japan , the terms of the declaration specified :
Axis powers
The Japanese entered Cambodia in mid-1941 , but allowed Vichy French officials to remain in administrative posts . The Japanese calls for an `` Asia for the Asiatics '' won over many Cambodian nationalists .
Axis powers
Through the peace with Russia the sustenance of Germany as well as the provision of work were to have been secured by the acquisition of land and soil , by access to raw materials , and by friendly relations between the two lands . --
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The Bolsheviks seized power in Russia in November 1917 but they could not stop German armies which advanced rapidly deep into Russia . In early March 1918 , after bitter disputes among Bolshevik leaders , they agreed to harsh German peace terms at Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . Russia now was helping Germany win the war by freeing up a million German soldiers for the Western Front and by `` relinquishing much of Russia 's food supply , industrial base , fuel supplies , and communications with Western Europe . '' According to historian Spencer Tucker , the Allies felt , `` The treaty was the ultimate betrayal of the Allied cause and sowed the seeds for the Cold War . With Brest - Litovsk the spectre of German domination in Eastern Europe threatened to become reality , and the Allies now began to think seriously about military intervention ( in Russia ) . '' The Bolsheviks saw Russia as only the first step -- they planned to incite revolutions against capitalism in every western country .
Allies of World War II
After a period of neutrality , Bulgaria joined the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944 . The Orthodox church and others convinced King Boris to not allow the Bulgarian Jews to be exported to concentration camps . The king died shortly afterwards , suspected of being poisoned after a visit to Germany . Bulgaria abandoned the Axis and joined the Allies when the Soviet Union invaded , offering no resistance to the incoming forces . In the 1947 peace treaties , Bulgaria gained a small area near the Black Sea from Romania , making it the only former German ally to gain territory from WWII . Mongolia
Munich Agreement
Joseph Stalin was also upset by the results of the Munich conference . The Soviets , who had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia , felt betrayed by France , who also had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia . The British and French , however , mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans . Stalin concluded that the West had actively colluded with Hitler to hand over a Central European country to the Nazis , causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future , allowing the partition of the USSR between the western powers and the fascist Axis . This belief led the Soviet Union to reorient its foreign policy towards a rapprochement with Germany , which eventually led to the signing of the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact in 1939 .
Spratly Islands dispute
North Vietnam recognised China 's claims on the Paracels and Spratlys during the Vietnam War as it was being supported by China . Only after winning the war and conquering South Vietnam did North Vietnam retract its recognition and admitted it recognised them as part of China to receive aid from China in fighting the Americans .
Soviet Union in World War II
Despite the Soviets ' possession of Hitler 's remains , Stalin did not believe that his old nemesis was actually dead , a belief that remained for years after the war . Stalin also later directed aides to spend years researching and writing a secret book about Hitler 's life for his own private reading .
Allies of World War II
On 23 August , Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined `` spheres of influence '' for the two regimes , and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its `` territorial and political rearrangement '' .
Axis powers
On 2 September 1944 , as the Red Army approached the Bulgarian border , a new Bulgarian government came to power and sought peace with the Allies , expelled the few remaining German troops , and declared neutrality . These measures however did not prevent the Soviet Union from declaring war on Bulgaria on 5 September , and on 8 September the Red Army marched into the country , meeting no resistance . This was followed by the coup d'état of 9 September 1944 , which brought a government of the pro-Soviet Fatherland Front to power . After this , the Bulgarian army ( as part of the Red Army 's 3rd Ukrainian Front ) fought the Germans in Yugoslavia and Hungary , sustaining numerous casualties . Despite this , the Paris Peace Treaty treated Bulgaria as one of the defeated countries . Bulgaria was allowed to keep Southern Dobruja , but had to give up all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
Iwo Jima is a volcanic island , shaped like a trapezoid . Marines on the island described it as `` a large , gray pork chop '' . The island was heavily fortified , and the invading Marines suffered high casualties . Politically , the island is part of the prefecture of Tokyo . It would be the first Japanese homeland soil to be captured by the Americans , and it was a matter of honor for the Japanese to prevent its capture .
Operation Barbarossa
Although the Soviet High Command was alarmed by this , Stalin 's belief that the Third Reich was unlikely to attack only two years after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact resulted in a slow Soviet preparation . This fact aside , the Soviets did not entirely overlook the threat of their German neighbor , as well before the German invasion Marshal Semyon Timoshenko referred to the Germans as the Soviet Union 's `` most important and strongest enemy '' and as early as July 1940 , Red Army Chief of Staff , Boris Shaposhnikov , produced a preliminary three - pronged plan of attack for what a German invasion might look like , remarkably similar to the actual attack . Since April 1941 , the Germans had begun setting up Operation Haifisch and Operation Harpune to substantiate their claims that Britain was the real target . These simulated preparations in Norway and the English Channel coast included activities such as ship concentrations , reconnaissance flights and training exercises .
Korean War
The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons . The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the fighting was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north - south border fighting was classed as a civil war . Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of all the five permanent members including the Soviet Union .
Surrender of Japan
As a final attempt to stop the Allied advances , the Japanese Imperial High Command planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū codenamed Operation Ketsugō . This was to be a radical departure from the defense in depth plans used in the invasions of Peleliu , Iwo Jima , and Okinawa . Instead , everything was staked on the beachhead ; more than 3,000 kamikazes would be sent to attack the amphibious transports before troops and cargo were disembarked on the beach .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Despite the expenses and regardless of who paid them , it must also be said that the Korean War provided approximately thirty thousand Soviet military personnel valuable experience in waging local wars . The conflict also allowed the Soviets the opportunity to test several new forms of armament , in particular the MiG - 15 combat aircraft . Furthermore , numerous models of American military equipment were captured , which made it possible for Soviet engineers and scientists to reverse engineer American technology , and use what they learned for the development of new forms of their own armaments . According to declassified Soviet documents released after the fall of the USSR , Stalin himself may have been the main obstacle for peace in Korea specifically because of the intelligence gathered on the American war machine , and the testing of new Soviet military equipment during the conflict .
Spratly Islands dispute
China has produced a letter written by North Vietnam 's former Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng in 1958 as proof that it holds sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly islands . The Vietnamese newspaper Thanh Niên News claims China has intentionally misrepresented the letter , which contains no direct reference to either island chain . In addition , it ignores the spirit and time in which the letter was written . During that time , the two communist neighbors shared extremely close ties and the US navy was patrolling the Taiwan Strait , threatened them both . The letter represented a diplomatic gesture of goodwill that has no legal relevance to the current territorial dispute , stating :
Modern history
the withdrawal of Russia from the war effort , worried about a possible Russo - German alliance , and galvanized by the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good their threats to assume no responsibility for , and so default on , Imperial Russia 's massive foreign loans .
Axis powers
Bulgaria participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece by letting German troops attack from its territory and sent troops to Greece on April 20 . As a reward , the Axis powers allowed Bulgaria to occupy parts of both countries -- southern and south - eastern Yugoslavia ( Vardar Banovina ) and north - eastern Greece ( parts of Greek Macedonia and Greek Thrace ) . The Bulgarian forces in these areas spent the following years fighting various nationalist groups and resistance movements . Despite German pressure , Bulgaria did not take part in the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union and actually never declared war on the Soviet Union . The Bulgarian Navy was nonetheless involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet , which attacked Bulgarian shipping .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The repaired bridge made possible the further advance of Japanese forces and their armored trains . Additional troops from Japan , notably the 4th Mixed Brigade from the 8th Division , were sent in November .
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
At the end of World War II , Soviet development with modern four - engined heavy bombers lagged behind the west . The Petlyakov Pe - 8 -- the sole heavy bomber operated by the VVS -- first flew in 1936 . Intended to replace the obsolete Tupolev TB - 3 , only 93 Pe - 8s were built by the end of World War II . During 1944 and 1945 five B - 29s made emergency landings in Soviet territory after bombing raids on Japanese Manchuria and Japan . In accordance with Soviet neutrality in the Pacific War , the bombers were interned by the Soviets despite American requests for their return . Rather than return the aircraft , the Soviets reverse engineered the American B - 29s and used them as a pattern for the Tupolev Tu - 4 .
Containment
The Soviets perceived themselves to be in a state of perpetual war with capitalism ; The Soviets would use controllable Marxists in the capitalist world as allies ; Soviet aggression was not aligned with the views of the Russian people or with economic reality , but with historic Russian xenophobia and paranoia ; The Soviet government 's structure prevented objective or accurate pictures of internal and external reality .
Axis powers
Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland , having interest in Spiš and Orava . Those two regions , along with Cieszyn Silesia , had been disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia since 1918 . The Poles fully annexed them following the Munich Agreement . After the invasion of Poland , Slovakia reclaimed control of those territories . Slovak
Soviet Union in World War II
Successes at Operation Bagration and in the year that followed were , in large part , due to an operational improve of battlehardened Red Army , which has learned painful lessons from previous years battling the powerful Wehrmacht : better planning of offensives , efficient use of artillery , better handling of time and space during attacks in contradiction to Stalin 's order `` not a step back '' . To a lesser degree , the success of Bagration was due to a weakened Wehrmacht that lacked the fuel and armament they needed to operate effectively , growing Soviet advantages in manpower and materials , and the attacks of Allies on the Western Front . In his 1944 May Day speech , Stalin praised the Western allies for diverting German resources in the Italian Campaign , Tass published detailed lists of the large numbers of supplies coming from Western allies , and Stalin made a speech in November 1944 stating that Allied efforts in the West had already quickly drawn 75 German divisions to defend that region , without which , the Red Army could not yet have driven the Wehrmacht from Soviet territories . The weakened Wehrmacht also helped Soviet offensives because no effective German counter-offensive could be launched ,
Rough Riders Memorial
A 21 - gun salute by the artillery welcomed President Roosevelt , who was accompanied by Lieutenant General S.B.M. Young ( the recently retired Chief of Staff of the United States Army ) and Major General Frank McCoy ( his military aide ) . Each band played a musical selection , and Rev. Henry A. Brown provided the invocation . The crowd sang Nearer , My God , to Thee and then Mrs. Capron unveiled the memorial as the bands played The Star Spangled Banner . President Roosevelt spoke at length about patriotism and duty , and then the Rev. Dr. Stafford provided an oration on virtue . After several more musical pieces by the bands , Rev. Brown gave the benediction . Taps was played by a bugler , and another 21 - gun salute closed the ceremony .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Swope Plan was the starting point for drafting the NIRA and it was in no way copied from Europe . Many prominent businessmen had participated in writing it . However , Hoover denounced the Swope plan as monopolistic and refused to support any proposal made by the Chamber of Commerce , though it was widely praised by American businessmen and academics . The Swope Plan was corporatist , but far less extensive than fascist corporatism . Historian John A. Garraty said that the NIRA was `` similar to experiments being carried out by the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy and by the Nazis in Hitler 's Germany . It did not , of course , turn America into a fascist state , but it did herald an increasing concentration of economic power in the hands of interest groups , both industrialists ' organizations and labor unions '' . Garraty said that another influence was the concept of the corporate state , where capitalists and workers , supervised by the government , worked out problems to avoid wasteful competition and dangerous social clashes . Historian Ellis Hawley reviewed the legislative history of the NIRA . A key member of the Brains Trust , Raymond Moley , led efforts to review industrial recovery plans . Another significant influence was Hugh S. Johnson , who drew on his experience with the war industries board . Popular historian Amity Shlaes stated :
Woodrow Wilson
Wilson named Paul Warburg and other prominent bankers to direct the new system . While power was supposed to be decentralized , the New York branch dominated the Fed as the `` first among equals '' . The new system began operations in 1915 and played a major role in financing the Allied and American war effort . The strengthening of the Federal Reserve during the Great Depression was later a major accomplishment of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal .
Woodrow Wilson
The War Industries Board , headed by Bernard Baruch , was established to set U.S. war manufacturing policies and goals ; future President Herbert Hoover led the Food Administration , to conserve food ; the Federal Fuel Administration , run by Henry Garfield , introduced daylight saving time and rationed fuel supplies ; William McAdoo was in charge of war bond efforts and Vance McCormick headed the War Trade Board . All of the above , known collectively as the `` war cabinet '' , met weekly with Wilson at the White House . These and other bodies were headed by businessmen recruited by Wilson for a-dollar - a-day salary to make the government more efficient in the war effort .
Rough Riders Memorial
Those attending included all Cabinet officers ; Lieutenant General Adna Chaffee , the incumbent Army Chief of Staff ; Secretary of the Navy Victor H. Metcalf ; Major General George F. Elliott , Commandant of the Marine Corps ; Rear Admiral William S. Cowles ; Presidential secretary Loeb ; Brigadier General J. Franklin Bell ; Assistant Secretary of War Robert Shaw Oliver ; Assistant Secretary of the Navy Truman Newberry ; the Commissioners of the District of Columbia ; and the commanding general of the D.C. National Guard . Many former Rough Riders were also present , as well as representatives of the Spanish War Veterans , Army and Navy Union , Grand Army of the Republic , Society of the Army of the Tennessee , Oldest Inhabitants of the District of Columbia , United Confederate Veterans , Daughters of the American Revolution , George Washington Memorial Association , Sons of the Revolution , Union Veteran Legion , Loyal Legion , and Washington National Monument Society . Foreign dignitaries present included Jean Jules Jusserand , French ambassador to the United States ; Baron Rosen , Imperial Russian ambassador to the United States ; ambassadors from Brazil , Denmark , Japan , Norway , Panama , Thailand , and the United Kingdom ; and the military attachés from the Embassy of Germany and Embassy of Japan .
Manhattan Project
The Advisory Committee on Uranium became the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) Committee on Uranium when that organization was formed on 27 June 1940 . Briggs proposed spending $167,000 on research into uranium , particularly the uranium - 235 isotope , and the recently discovered plutonium . On 28 June 1941 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8807 , which created the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , with Vannevar Bush as its director . The office was empowered to engage in large engineering projects in addition to research . The NDRC Committee on Uranium became the S - 1 Section of the OSRD ; the word `` uranium '' was dropped for security reasons .
New Deal
A separate set of programs operated in Puerto Rico , headed by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . It promoted land reform and helped small farms , it set up farm cooperatives , promoted crop diversification and helped local industry . The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration was directed by Juan Pablo Montoya Sr. from 1935 to 1937 .
Rough Riders Memorial
The foundation for the memorial was laid on March 27 , 1907 . Present for this event were Mrs. Capron , Mrs. Towne , and Mr. Carmody . A time capsule in the form of a bronze box was placed beneath the monument . Included in the capsule were copies of each daily newspaper in Washington , D.C. ; an American flag ; and one of each American silver coin in circulation , and a copy of Theodore Roosevelt 's book , The Rough Riders in Cuba , autographed by President Roosevelt , the Reverend Doctor Denis J. Stafford , rector of St. Patrick 's Catholic Church of Washington , D.C. , Presidential Secretary William Loeb , Jr. , and members of the memorial committee .
New Deal
NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson was showing signs of mental breakdown due to the extreme pressure and workload of running the National Recovery Administration . After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt , Johnson resigned on September 24 , 1934 and Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board , of which Donald Richberg was named Executive Director .
State of the Union
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' Ford said he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George
Appeasement
In March 1939 , Chamberlain foresaw a possible disarmament conference between himself , Edouard Daladier , Adolf Hitler , Benito Mussolini and Joseph Stalin ; his home secretary , Samuel Hoare , said , `` These five men , working together in Europe and blessed in their efforts by the President of the United States of America , might make themselves eternal benefactors of the human race . ''
New Deal
The wartime Fair Employment Practices Commission ( FEPC ) executive orders that forbade job discrimination against African Americans , women and ethnic groups was a major breakthrough that brought better jobs and pay to millions of minority Americans . Historians usually treat FEPC as part of the war effort and not part of the New Deal itself . Segregation
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In mid-1902 , Franklin began courting his future wife Eleanor Roosevelt , whom he had been acquainted with as a child . Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins , once removed , and Eleanor was a niece of Theodore Roosevelt . They began corresponding with each other after meeting in 1902 , and in October 1904 , Franklin proposed marriage to Eleanor . Eleanor