vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sadness
While being one of the moods people most want to shake , sadness can sometimes be perpetuated by the very coping strategies chosen , such as ruminating , `` drowning one 's sorrows '' , or permanently isolating oneself . As alternative ways of coping with sadness to the above , cognitive behavioral therapy suggests instead either challenging one 's negative thoughts , or scheduling some positive event as a distraction .
Mother Box
This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2018 )
History of Native Americans in the United States
How different would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population that we had persevered through all difficulties and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts , to the Aboriginals of the Country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended . But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America -- This opinion is probably more convenient than just . --
Sustainability
The sheer size and complexity of the planetary ecosystem has proved problematic for the design of practical measures to reach global sustainability . To shed light on the big picture , explorer and sustainability campaigner Jason Lewis has drawn parallels to other , more tangible closed systems . For example , he likens human existence on Earth -- isolated as the planet is in space , whereby people can not be evacuated to relieve population pressure and resources can not be imported to prevent accelerated depletion of resources -- to life at sea on a small boat isolated by water . In both cases , he argues , exercising the precautionary principle is a key factor in survival .
Triangle
Rectangles have been the most popular and common geometric form for buildings since the shape is easy to stack and organize ; as a standard , it is easy to design furniture and fixtures to fit inside rectangularly shaped buildings . But triangles , while more difficult to use conceptually , provide a great deal of strength . As computer technology helps architects design creative new buildings , triangular shapes are becoming increasingly prevalent as parts of buildings and as the primary shape for some types of skyscrapers as well as building materials . In Tokyo in 1989 , architects had wondered whether it was possible to build a 500 - story tower to provide affordable office space for this densely packed city , but with the danger to buildings from earthquakes , architects considered that a triangular shape would be necessary if such a building were to be built .
Trafficking of children
Other supported methods , such as those outlined by the Buffalo Human Rights Center , include relying on three Ps : protection , prosecution , and prevention . Protection starts with enforcing strict measures on the matters of both trafficking and begging . For many nations the first step is the criminalization of begging and trafficking . Prosecution should be instituted in the form of greater legal ramifications for traffickers , with punishment focused on the exploiter rather than the exploited . This becomes difficult with respect to victims of familial trafficking , considering this would require changes in care placement and strict monitoring of each displaced child 's welfare . Many organizations affirm that prevention begins with discouraging donations and improving services so that children , and families as a whole , have greater capabilities . Though well - intentioned , by giving child beggars money , individuals only make this practice more profitable , and soon these funds find their way into the hands of the child 's abuser . Government
Wireless security
It 's practical in some cases to apply specialized wall paint and window film to a room or building to significantly attenuate wireless signals , which keeps the signals from propagating outside a facility . This can significantly improve wireless security because it 's difficult for hackers to receive the signals beyond the controlled area of an enterprise , such as within parking lots .
The Gospel of Wealth
Little Free Libraries are starting to pop up in cities like Ann Arbor and Detroit , Michigan , and Cleveland , Ohio . These free libraries follow Carnegie 's philosophy of offering to the lower class things that the upper class already has access to . Little Free Libraries is an organization that stocks books in boxes throughout inner - city areas for the youth to enjoy . For many reasons , these kids do n't have access to regular libraries . Having instant access to books in their neighborhood is beneficial in helping them improve their literacy and progress with their education at the same pace as the children in the more affluent neighborhoods .
Sleep
Scientists demonstrated in various ways that sleep enhances memory . Apparently procedural memory benefits from late , REM - rich sleep , whereas declarative memory benefits from early , slow wave - rich sleep .
Terror management theory
Critically , Hewstone et al. ( 2002 ) have questioned the causal direction between self - esteem and death - anxiety , evaluating whether one 's self - esteem comes from their desire to reduce their death anxiety , or if death anxiety arises from a lack of self - esteem . In other words , an individual 's suppression of death anxiety may arise from their overall need to increase their self - esteem in a positive manner .
Costa Maya
The Mexican government is trying to improve the standard of living for the indigenous population in the Costa Maya area by developing small scale ecologically - based tourism .
Trojan Horse
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) The
Dipping tobacco
Taxation and restriction of smoking is causing more smokeless tobacco use as `` substitution . '' There have been public health debates regarding risk - reduction for smokers and the reconsideration of smokeless tobacco risks . `` ... There is a substantial body of informed and independent opinion that sees the value of harm reduction strategies based on smokeless tobacco . ''
Pleurisy
Lying on the painful side may be more comfortable Breathing deeply and coughing to clear mucus as the pain eases . Otherwise , pneumonia may develop . Getting rest
Income inequality in the United States
Public policy responses addressing causes and effects of income inequality include : progressive tax incidence adjustments , strengthening social safety net provisions such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families , welfare , the food stamp program , Social Security , Medicare , and Medicaid , increasing and reforming higher education subsidies , increasing infrastructure spending , and placing limits on and taxing rent - seeking . Democrat and Republican politicians also provided a series of recommendations for increasing median wages in December 2014 . These included raising the minimum wage , infrastructure stimulus , and tax reform .
Education reform
Since most modern schools copy the Prussian models , children start school at an age when their language skills remain plastic , and they find it easy to learn the national language . This was an intentional design on the part of the Prussians .
Terror management theory
Conversely , self - esteem can work in the opposite manner . Research has confirmed that individuals with higher self - esteem , particularly in regard to their behavior , have a more positive attitude towards their life . Specifically , death cognition in the form of anti-smoking warnings were n't effective for smokers and in fact , increased their already positive attitudes towards the behavior . The reasons behind individuals ' optimistic attitudes towards smoking after mortality was made salient , indicate that people use positivity as a buffer against anxiety . Continuing to hold certain beliefs even after they are shown to be flawed creates cognitive dissonance regarding current information and past behavior , and the way to alleviate this is to simply reject new information . Therefore , anxiety buffers such as self - esteem allow individuals to cope with their fears more easily . Death cognition may in fact cause negative reinforcement that leads people to further engage in dangerous behaviors ( smoking in this instance ) because accepting the new information would lead to a loss of self - esteem , increasing vulnerability and awareness of mortality .
Mental calculation
The author also outlines another similar algorithm if you want to round the original larger number down and the original smaller number up instead . The
Waste minimisation
Waste minimisation can offer many opportunities to these establishments to use fewer resources , be less wasteful and generate less hazardous waste . Good management and control practices among health - care facilities can have a significant effect on the reduction of waste generated each day .
Project Runway (season 16)
It 's the Heidi Klum Sleepwear Challenge and the designers are feeling on top of the world , literally . If a slumber party on the roof of the Empire State Building does n't bring them the inspiration they need to impress Heidi , nothing will !
Housewarming party
In Germany , common gifts include gift certificates , for example from a furniture shop . Guests also usually bring something to drink or a homemade dish , such as a salad or a pie .
Slope
This generalization of the concept of slope allows very complex constructions to be planned and built that go well beyond static structures that are either horizontals or verticals , but can change in time , move in curves , and change depending on the rate of change of other factors . Thereby , the simple idea of slope becomes one of the main basis of the modern world in terms of both technology and the built environment .
Necessity is the mother of invention
`` If necessity is the mother of invention , then laziness is the father . '' A driving force for engineers and coders , attributed to Allen Dale an engineer 's engineer c 1990 in Erie , PA .
Rule of law
INPROL provides an online forum for the exchange of information about best practices . Members may post questions , and expect a response from their fellow rule of law practitioners worldwide on their experiences in addressing rule of law issues .
Republic (Plato)
With all of us , we may approve of something , as long we are not directly involved with it . If we joke about it , we are supporting it .
Quality of life
The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Truman Doctrine
I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes .
Mark and recapture
Modelling mark - recapture data is trending towards a more integrative approach , which combines mark - recapture data with population dynamics models and other types of data . The integrated approach is more computationally demanding , but extracts more information from the data improving parameter and uncertainty estimates .
Toast (honor)
( to the bride ) May I see you grey And combing your grandchildren 's hair .
Semen
When the British Secret Intelligence Service discovered that semen made a good invisible ink , Sir George Mansfield Smith - Cumming noted of his agents that `` Every man ( is ) his own stylo '' .
Health care in the United States
One innovation in encouraging quality of health care is the public reporting of the performance of hospitals , health professionals or providers , and healthcare organizations . However , there is `` no consistent evidence that the public release of performance data changes consumer behaviour or improves care . ''
Poudre School District
If the bond is not approved by the board or passed by voters , the school district will implement an alternative growth plan to accommodate the booming student population , including managing school choice , adding modular classrooms outside crowded schools , changing school boundaries and creating larger class sizes .
Terror management theory
In terms of smoking behaviors and attitudes , the impact of warnings with death messages depends on :
Terror management theory
With regards to the studies that found similar effects , TMT theorists have argued that in the previously mentioned studies where death was not the subject thought about , the subjects would quite easily be related to death in an individual 's mind due to `` linguistic or experiential connection with mortality '' ( p. 332 ) For example , being robbed invokes thoughts of violence and being unsafe in one 's own home -- many people have died trying to protect their property and family . A second possible explanation for these results involves the death - thought accessibility hypothesis : these threats somehow sabotage crucial anxiety - buffering aspects of an individual 's worldview or self - esteem , which increases their DTA . For example , one study found increased DTA in response to thoughts of antagonistic relations with attachment figures .
Lobbying in the United States
Strategic considerations for lobbyists , trying to influence legislation , include `` locating a power base '' or a constituency logically predisposed to support a given policy . Timing , as well , is usually important , in the sense of knowing when to propose a certain action and having a big - picture view of the possible sequence of desired actions . Strategic lobbying tries to estimate the possible responses of different groups to a possible lobby approach ; one study suggested that the `` expectations of opposition from other interests '' was a key factor helping to determine how a lobby should operate .
Medicare (United States)
As legislators continue to seek new ways to control the cost of Medicare , a number of new proposals to reform Medicare have been introduced in recent years .
BRCA1
Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are common environmental sources of DNA cross links that often require repairs mediated by BRCA1 containing pathways .
X chromosome
It was first suggested that the X chromosome was involved in sex determination by Clarence Erwin McClung in 1901 after comparing his work on locusts with Henking 's and others . McClung noted that only half the sperm received an X chromosome . He called this chromosome an accessory chromosome and insisted , correctly , that it was a proper chromosome , and theorized , incorrectly , that it was the male determining chromosome .
DNA replication
Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome , so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome . Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes , DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes . Due to this problem , DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome . Telomeres are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening . Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in somatic cells . This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome . As a result , cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division . ( This is known as the Hayflick limit . ) Within the germ cell line , which passes DNA to the next generation , telomerase extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation . Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells , sometimes leading to cancer formation . Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer .
Base pair
Other chemicals , known as DNA intercalators , fit into the gap between adjacent bases on a single strand and induce frameshift mutations by `` masquerading '' as a base , causing the DNA replication machinery to skip or insert additional nucleotides at the intercalated site . Most intercalators are large polyaromatic compounds and are known or suspected carcinogens . Examples include ethidium bromide and acridine .
Genetic recombination
The NCO recombinants ( illustrated on the left in the figure ) are produced by a process referred to as `` synthesis dependent strand annealing '' ( SDSA ) . Recombination events of the NCO / SDSA type appear to be more common than the CO / DHJ type . The NCO / SDSA pathway contributes little to genetic variation since the arms of the chromosomes flanking the recombination event remain in the parental configuration . Thus , explanations for the adaptive function of meiosis that focus exclusively on crossing - over are inadequate to explain the majority of recombination events .
Benzo(a)pyrene
Moreover , BaP has been found to activate a transposon , LINE1 , in humans .
BRCA1
BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation was present in only 13 % of unselected primary breast carcinomas . Similarly , BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation was present in only 5 % to 15 % of EOC cases .
Cell-free fetal DNA
Factors limiting sensitivity and specificity include the levels of cffDNA in the maternal plasma ; maternal chromosomes may have mosaicism .
X chromosome
109,400,000 gneg X q 23 6050 6322 7008109400001000000 ♠ 109,400,001 7008117400000000000 ♠ 117,400,000 gpos 75 X q 24 6322 6619 7008117400001000000 ♠ 117,400,001 7008121800000000000 ♠ 121,800,000 gneg X q 25 6619 7059 7008121800001000000 ♠ 121,800,001 7008129500000000000 ♠ 129,500,000 gpos 100 X q 26.1 7059 7253 7008129500001000000 ♠ 129,500,001 7008131300000000000 ♠ 131,300,000 gneg X q 26.2 7253 7395 7008131300001000000 ♠ 131,300,001 7008134500000000000 ♠ 134,500,000 gpos 25 X q 26.3 7395 7602 7008134500001000000 ♠ 134,500,001 7008138900000000000 ♠ 138,900,000 gneg X q 27.1 7602 7808 7008138900001000000 ♠ 138,900,001 7008141200000000000 ♠ 141,200,000 gpos 75 X q 27.2 7808 7886 7008141200001000000 ♠ 141,200,001 7008143000000000000 ♠ 143,000,000 gneg X q 27.3 7886 8145 7008143000001000000 ♠ 143,000,001 7008148000000000000 ♠ 148,000,000 gpos 100 X q 28 8145 8610 7008148000001000000 ♠ 148,000,001 7008156040895000000 ♠ 156,040,895 gneg
Benzo(a)pyrene
There are indications that benzo ( a ) pyrene diol epoxide specifically targets the protective p53 gene . This gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppressor . By inducing G ( guanine ) to T ( thymidine ) transversions in transversion hotspots within p53 , there is a probability that benzo ( a ) pyrene diol epoxide inactivates the tumor suppression ability in certain cells , leading to cancer .
Self-pollination
Meiosis followed by self - pollination produces little overall genetic variation . This raises the question of how meiosis in self - pollinating plants is adaptively maintained over extended periods ( i.e. for roughly a million years or more , as in the case of A. thaliana ) in preference to a less complicated and less costly asexual ameiotic process for producing progeny . An adaptive benefit of meiosis that may explain its long - term maintenance in self - pollinating plants is efficient recombinational repair of DNA damage . This benefit can be realized at each generation ( even when genetic variation is not produced ) .
Trafficking of children
Forced begging is a profitable practice in which exploiters are motivated by economic incentives . The business structures of major rings of children trafficked for the purpose of begging have been examined as comparable to a medium - size business enterprise . In the most severe cases networks of children forced to beg may generate $30 -- 40,000 USD for the profiteer . Though family networks are not nearly as extensive , a study conducted in Albania showed that a family with multiple children begging can earn up to fifteen euros a day , an amount greater than the average national teacher salary . Anti-Slavery International asserts that because this income is relatively high many families believe it is the best option available given the lack of existing capabilities . Capability deprivation , meaning the routine absence of adequate resources that serve in facilitating opportunities , may account for cross-generational begging practices within families . UNICEF studies have found that begging is especially prevalent among families in which parents are incapacitated in some way , leading children to be the sole providers . Political
Indigenous Australian art
painting for a lemon ( car ) : `` Artists have come to me and pulled out photos of cars with mobile phone numbers on the back . They 're asked to paint 10 - 15 canvasses in exchange for a car . When the ' Toyotas ' materialise , they often arrive with a flat tyre , no spares , no jack , no fuel . '' ( Coslovich 2003 ) preying on a sick artist : `` Even coming to town for medical treatment , such as dialysis , can make an artist easy prey for dealers wanting to make a quick profit who congregate in Alice Springs '' ( op. cit . ) pursuing a famous artist : `` The late ( great ) Emily Kngwarreye ... was relentlessly pursued by carpetbaggers towards the end of her career and produced a large but inconsistent body of work . '' According to Sotheby 's `` We take about one in every 20 paintings of hers , and with those we look for provenance we can be 100 % sure of . '' ( op. cit . )
Great Salt Lake
Great Salt Lake contributes an estimated $1.3 billion annually to Utah 's economy , including $1.1 billion from industry ( primarily mineral extraction ) , $136 million from recreation , and $57 million from the harvest of brine shrimp .
Women's empowerment
Another popular methodology for women 's economic empowerment also includes microcredit . Microfinance institutions aim to empower women in their community by giving them access to loans that have low interest rates without the requirement of collateral . More specifically , they aim to give microcredit to women whom want to be entrepreneurs . The success and efficiency of microcredit and microloans is controversial and constantly debated . Some critiques claim that microcredit alone does n't guarantee women have control over the way it is used . Microfinance institutions do n't address cultural barriers that allow men to still control household finances ; as a result , microcredit may simply be transferred to the husband . Microcredit does n't relieve women of household obligations , and even if women have credit , they do n't have the time to be as active in the market as men .
Women in Vietnam
Vietnamese women were often married to European men . This was particularly true in the upper - class , where marriage to a European male was seen as an opportunity for advancement . Often , this marriage was a temporary arrangement . A Vietnamese women married a European man for a certain amount of time . Since objects like clothes , coins , or jewelry were given in exchange for sex , women could make a profit in this way . When their European husband left , the woman were often remarried . This was seen as a profitable arrangement for most parties . In fact , Vietnamese nobles had `` thought it no Shame or Disgrace to marry their daughters to English and Dutch Seamen , for the Time they were to stay in Tonquin , and often presented their Son in Law pretty hand - somely at their departure , especially if they left their Wives with Child . '' In this way , the marriage and subsequent departure of a foreign husband was seen as an opportunity for social advancement , and there was n't a stigma surrounding the `` abandoned wife . '' There was almost an aura surrounding a woman who married a foreign man , rather than a stigma . It was believed that `` When ( a trader ) wants to depart he gives whatever is promised , and so they leave each other in friendship and she may then look for another man as she wishes in all propriety , without scandal . ''