vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
To Tell the Truth
The daytime show was reduced to two games to accommodate a five - minute news break towards the half - hour mark . On the CBS daytime run , each wrong vote paid the three challengers $100 for a possible total of $400 divided among the three challengers for a `` complete stump '' of all four wrong votes . If all the votes were correct , the challengers split a consolation prize of $75 . During the show 's final year and a half , for only the daytime version , the studio audience also voted , with the majority vote counting equally with that of one of the celebrity panelists , thus a maximum $500 divided among the challengers could be awarded for the maximum five incorrect votes . If there was a tie for the highest vote from the audience , and for each panelist who was disqualified , a wrong vote was counted . The
Socioeconomic status
Income refers to wages , salaries , profits , rents , and any flow of earnings received . Income can also come in the form of unemployment or worker 's compensation , social security , pensions , interests or dividends , royalties , trusts , alimony , or other governmental , public , or family financial assistance .
Melbourne Cup
Weights were theoretically calculated to give each horse an equal winning chance in the past , but in recent years the rules were adjusted to a `` quality handicap '' formula where superior horses are given less severe weight penalties than under pure handicap rules .
Elizabethan government
Who was in it depended on who the queen wanted there . However , certain powerful noblemen were necessary in the Council so that their and their realms ' interests were represented so that a rebellion would be avoided . Believing that more members ( and therefore more different opinions ) would cause more problems , Elizabeth dropped the previous member count of 50 to 19 and eventually 11 by 1597 . The Counselors employed assistants who did most of the work .
Social equality
Conceivements of social equality may vary per philosophy and individual and other than egalitarianism it does not necessarily require all social inequalities to be eliminated by artificial means but instead often recognizes and respects natural differences between people .
Yahoo! Answers
Users begin on level 1 and receive 100 free points . Prior to this , they began on level 0 , could only answer one question , and then were promoted to level 1 .
Income inequality in the United States
In February 2014 , the CBO reported the effects of a minimum wage increase under two scenarios , an increase to $10.10 with indexing for inflation thereafter and an increase to $9.00 with no indexing :
One man, one vote
The courts have found that special - purpose districts must also follow the one person , one vote rule .
Woodrow Wilson
`` divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seignories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within reach ( of ) the full powers of rule , may at will exercise an almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . ''
American Idol
From seasons four to seven and nine , the twenty - four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve . The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights , and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve .
Thermal comfort
This method treats all occupants the same and disregards location and adaptation to the thermal environment . It basically states that the indoor temperature should not change as the seasons do . Rather , there should be one set temperature year - round . This is taking a more passive stand that humans do not have to adapt to different temperatures since it would always be constant .
Pony Express
It is unknown if riders tried crossing the Sierra Nevada in winter , but they certainly crossed central Nevada . By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City , Nevada . The riders received $100 a month as pay . A comparable wage for unskilled labor at the time was about $0.43 -- $1 per day .
One man, one vote
This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Social class in the United States
Income in the United States is most commonly measured by United States Census Bureau in terms of either household or individual and remains one of the most prominent indicators of class status . As 82 % of all households , 16 % of those in the top quintiles , had two income earners the discrepancy between household and personal income is quite considerable . In 2005 the top 95 % of income earners made $12,500 or more , while 18 % of households had incomes over $100,000 . Personal income is largely the result of scarcity . As individuals who hold higher status positions tend to possess rare skills or assume positions society deems very essential , have higher incomes . Overall the median household income was $46,326 in 2005 while the median personal income ( including only those above the age of 25 ) was $32,140 .
Minstrel show
The interlocutor was responsible for beginning and ending each segment of the show . To this end , he had to be able to gauge the mood of the audience and know when it was time to move on . Accordingly , the actor who played the role was paid very well in comparison to other non-featured performers .
Athenian democracy
The members from each of the ten tribes in the Boule took it in turns to act as a standing committee ( the prytaneis ) of the Boule for a period of thirty - six days . All fifty members of the prytaneis on duty were housed and fed in the tholos of the Prytaneion , a building adjacent to the bouleuterion , where the boule met . `` Each day one of their number was chosen by lot as chairman , and he was required to stay in the tholos for the twenty - four - hour period of his office . The chairman for the day presided over any meeting of the Boule held that day , and if there was a meeting of the Assembly that day ... he also presided over that '' .
United States Congress
When the Constitution was ratified in 1787 , the ratio of the populations of large states to small states was roughly twelve to one . The Connecticut Compromise gave every state , large and small , an equal vote in the Senate . Since each state has two senators , residents of smaller states have more clout in the Senate than residents of larger states . But since 1787 , the population disparity between large and small states has grown ; in 2006 , for example , California had seventy times the population of Wyoming . Critics such as constitutional scholar Sanford Levinson have suggested that the population disparity works against residents of large states and causes a steady redistribution of resources from `` large states to small states . '' However , others argue that the Connecticut compromise was deliberately intended by the Framers to construct the Senate so that each state had equal footing not based on population , and contend that the result works well on balance .
Athenian democracy
Also , Donald Kagan writes that `` In the fourth century , Plato and Aristotle must have been repeating old complaints when they pointed out the unfairness of democracy : ' it distributes a sort of equality to equal and unequal alike ' . '' Instead of seeing it as a fair system under which ' everyone ' has equal rights , the critics saw it as the numerically preponderant poor tyrannizing the rich . They regarded this as manifestly unjust . In Aristotle this is categorized as the difference between ' arithmetic ' and ' geometric ' ( i.e. proportional ) equality .
Snuff (song)
Aside from their real names , members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight .
Income inequality in the United States
In other words , `` many people who have incomes greater than $1 million one year fall out of the category the next year -- but that 's typically because their income fell from , say , $1.05 million to 0.95 million , not because they went back to being middle class . ''
Executive compensation
Executives are also compensated with restricted stock , which is stock given to an executive that can not be sold until certain conditions are met and has the same value as the market price of the stock at the time of grant . As the size of stock option grants have been reduced , the number of companies granting restricted stock either with stock options or instead of , has increased . Restricted stock has its detractors , too , as it has value even when the stock price falls . As an alternative to straight time vested restricted stock , companies have been adding performance type features to their grants . These grants , which could be called performance shares , do not vest or are not granted until these conditions are met . These performance conditions could be earnings per share or internal financial targets .
Lobbying in the United States
But a more general sentiment supporting the lobbying arrangement is that every citizen can be construed as being `` represented '' by dozens of special interests :
United States
After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . According to a 2018 study by the OECD , the United States has much higher income inequality and a larger percentage of low - income workers than almost any other developed nation . This is largely because at - risk workers get almost no government support and are further set back by a very weak collective bargaining system . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate .
Income inequality in the United States
In their Great Gatsby curve , White House Council of Economic Advisers Chairman Alan B. Krueger and labor economist Miles Corak show a negative correlation between inequality and social mobility . The curve plotted `` intergenerational income elasticity '' -- i.e. the likelihood that someone will inherit their parents ' relative position of income level -- and inequality for a number of countries .
Dust Bowl
As part of New Deal programs , Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act in 1936 , requiring landowners to share the allocated government subsidies with the laborers who worked on their farms . Under the law , `` benefit payments were continued as measures for production control and income support , but they were now financed by direct Congressional appropriations and justified as soil conservation measures . The Act shifted the parity goal from price equality of agricultural commodities and the articles that farmers buy to income equality of farm and non-farm population . '' Thus , the parity goal was to re-create the ratio between the purchasing power of the net income per person on farms from agriculture and that of the income of persons not on farms that prevailed during 1909 -- 1914 .
Osage Nation
The Osage Allotment Act of 1906 , mentioned in more detail under the previous section Natural Resources and Headrights , provided for election of a principal chief , assistant principal chief and an eight - member tribal council as the recognized governing body of the Osage Tribe . Each allottee received 657 acres ( 2.66 km ) of surface rights and mineral rights were reserved to the Osage Tribe . Only allottees and their descendants with headrights , considered shareholders , could vote or run for office in the tribe . Over generations , headrights and votes became highly fractionated .
One man, one vote
Some states redrew their U.S. House districts every ten years to reflect changes in population patterns ; many did not . Some never redrew them , except when it was mandated by a change in the number of seats to which that state was entitled in the House of Representatives . In many states , this led to a skewing of influence for voters in some districts over those in others . For example , if the 2nd congressional district eventually had a population of 1.5 million , but the 3rd had only 500,000 , then , in effect -- since each district elected the same number of representatives -- a voter in the 3rd district had three times the voting `` power '' of a 2nd - district voter . Alabama 's state legislature resisted redistricting from 1910 to 1972 ( when forced by federal court order ) . As a result , rural residents retained a wildly disproportionate amount of power in a time when other areas of the state became urbanized and industrialized , attracting greater populations . Such urban areas were under - represented in the state legislature and underserved ; their residents had difficulty getting needed funding for infrastructure and services . They paid far more in taxes to the state than they received in benefits in relation to the population .
Free market
Advocates of free - market socialism such as Jaroslav Vanek argue that genuinely free markets are not possible under conditions of private ownership of productive property . Instead , he contends that the class differences and inequalities in income and power that result from private ownership enable the interests of the dominant class to skew the market to their favor , either in the form of monopoly and market power , or by utilizing their wealth and resources to legislate government policies that benefit their specific business interests . Additionally , Vanek states that workers in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self - managed enterprises have stronger incentives to maximize productivity because they would receive a share of the profits ( based on the overall performance of their enterprise ) in addition to receiving their fixed wage or salary .
One man, one vote
When Northern Ireland was established in 1921 , it adopted the same political system then in place for the Westminster Parliament and British local government . But , the Parliament of Northern Ireland did not follow Westminster in changes to the franchise up to 1950 . As a result , into the 1960s , plural voting was still allowed for both Parliament and local government . This meant that in local council elections only ratepayers and their spouses , whether renting or owning the property , could vote while company directors had an extra vote by virtue of their company 's status . University representation continued at Stormont to 1969 , while it was abolished for Westminster in 1948 . Historians and political scholars have debated the extent to which the franchise for local government contributed to Unionist electoral success in controlling councils in Nationalist - majority areas .
Osage Nation
In 1994 by referendum , the tribe voted for a new constitution ; among its provisions was the separation of the Mineral Council , or Mineral Estate , from regular tribal government . According to the constitution , only Osage members who are also headright holders can vote for the members of the Mineral Council . It is as if they were shareholders of a corporation .
Income inequality in the United States
Even these class levels can affect the politics in certain ways . There has been an increased influence by the rich on the regulatory , legislative and electoral processes within the country that has led to improved employment standards for the bureaucrats and politicians . They have a greater influence through their lobbying and contributions that give them an opportunity to immerse wealth for themselves .
Income inequality in the United States
During 2012 , investor Warren Buffett advocated higher minimum effective income tax rates on the wealthy , considering all forms of income : `` I would suggest 30 percent of taxable income between $1 million and $10 million , and 35 percent on amounts above that . '' This would eliminate special treatment for capital gains and carried interest , which are taxed at lower rates and comprise a relatively larger share of income for the wealthy . He argued that in 1992 , the tax paid by the 400 highest incomes in the United States averaged 26.4 % of adjusted gross income . In 2009 , the rate was 19.9 % .
Native Hawaiians
Native Hawaiian children cooperate with flexible leadership to combine their skills , ideas , and abilities , like that found in Learning by Observing and Pitching In ( LOPI ) in the Indigenous Communities of the Americas . Family organization is a `` shared - function '' system that includes flexible roles and fluid responsibility within the group . Basic family values include interdependence , responsibility for others , sharing of work and resources , obedience , and respect . Children assume important family responsibilities early and act as members of a sibling workforce that is held collectively responsible for completing tasks .
Primus inter pares
Primus inter pares ( Ancient Greek : Πρώτος μεταξὺ ἴσων , prōtos metaxỳ ísōn ) is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals . It is typically used as an honorary title for those who are formally equal to other members of their group but are accorded unofficial respect , traditionally owing to their seniority in office . Historically , the princeps senatus of the Roman Senate was such a figure and initially only bore the distinction that he was allowed to speak first during debate . Also , Constantine the Great was given the role of primus inter pares . However , the term is also often used ironically or self - deprecatingly by leaders with much higher status as a form of respect , camaraderie , or propaganda . After the fall of the Republic , Roman emperors initially referred to themselves only as princeps despite having power of life and death over their `` fellow citizens '' . Various modern figures such as the Chair of the Federal Reserve , the prime minister of parliamentary regimes , the Federal President of Switzerland , the Chief Justice of the United States , and the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church fall under both senses : bearing higher status and various additional powers while remaining still merely equal to their peers in important senses .
Çatalhöyük
Çatalhöyük has strong evidence of an egalitarian society , as no houses with distinctive features ( belonging to royalty or religious hierarchy , for example ) have been found so far . The most recent investigations also reveal little social distinction based on gender , with men and women receiving equivalent nutrition and seeming to have equal social status , as typically found in Paleolithic cultures . Children observed domestic areas . They learned how to perform rituals and how to build or repair houses by watching the adults make statues , beads and other objects . Çatalhöyük 's spatial layout may be due to the close kin relations exhibited amongst the people . It can be seen , in the layout , that the people were `` divided into two groups who lived on opposite sides of the town , separated by a gully . '' Furthermore , because no nearby towns were found from which marriage partners could be drawn , `` this spatial separation must have marked two intermarrying kinship groups . '' This would help explain how a settlement so early on would become so large .
Talk:Mode (statistics)
I brought this to question since the definition uses `` frequency , '' and it would appear that they are all equally frequent and thus all modes ? I 'm not sure of the official accepted interpretation .
Active and passive citizens
This new system of elections and electoral rights managed to remove common people from political involvement . The laws were applied to all equally , with the idea that everyone had passive citizenship rights . There was no expectation that passive citizens would become active citizens . Because of the belief that women could not use reason to deliberate , active citizens could only be men .
Wealth inequality in the United States
However , according to the federal reserve , `` For most households , pensions and Social Security are the most important sources of income during retirement , and the promised benefit stream constitutes a sizable fraction of household wealth '' and `` including pensions and Social Security in net worth makes the distribution more even '' .
Household income in the United States
Household income is one of the most commonly used measures of income and , therefore , also one of the most prominent indicators of social class . Household income and education do not , however , always reflect perceived class status correctly . Sociologist Dennis Gilbert acknowledges that `` ... the class structure ... does not exactly match the distribution of household income '' with `` the mismatch ( being ) greatest in the middle ... '' ( Gilbert , 1998 : 92 ) As social classes commonly overlap , it is not possible to define exact class boundaries .
Trinity
They also combined `` the servant does not know what his master is doing '' with 1 Corinthians 2 : 11 in an attempt to show that the Holy Spirit is not the slave of God , and therefore his equal .
Cuban Americans
However , the median annual personal earnings for foreign born Cuban Americans is $25,000 , which is lower than that of US population at $30,000 .
Antonin Scalia
This is not , of course , an `` educational benefit '' on which students will be graded on their Law School transcript ( Works and Plays Well with Others : B+ ) or tested by the bar examiners ( Q : Describe in 500 words or less your cross-racial understanding ) . For it is a lesson of life rather than law -- essentially the same lesson taught to ( or rather learned by , for it can not be `` taught '' in the usual sense ) people three feet shorter and twenty years younger than the full - grown adults at the University of Michigan Law School , in institutions ranging from Boy Scout troops to public - school kindergartens .
Criticism of democracy
Another form is commonly called Pork barrel , where local areas or political sectors are given special benefits but whose costs are spread among all taxpayers .
Income inequality in the United States
Two journalists concerned about social separation in the US are economist Robert Frank , who notes that : `` Today 's rich had formed their own virtual country ... ( T ) hey had built a self - contained world unto themselves , complete with their own health - care system ( concierge doctors ) , travel network ( Net jets , destination clubs ) , separate economy ... The rich were n't just getting richer ; they were becoming financial foreigners , creating their own country within a country , their own society within a society , and their economy within an economy .
Income inequality in the United States
The Great Divergence differs in some ways from the pre-Depression era inequality . Before 1937 , a larger share of top earners income came from capital ( interest , dividends , income from rent , capital gains ) . After 1970 , income of high - income taxpayers comes predominantly from labor : employment compensation .