vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Metrication in the United States
Gasoline and diesel fuel are sold by the U.S. gallon , and fuel economy is rated in miles per gallon ( MPG ) . The metric unit is kilometers per liter but , with few exceptions , such as Denmark , metric countries use the inverse unit , l / 100 km , rather than km / l . Stations in Point Roberts , Washington , a short , noncontiguous peninsula that is accessible from the rest of the state of Washington only by crossing into Canada , sells its gasoline from pumps calibrated to dispense in liters . Gasoline is dispensed in liters in Puerto Rico . Automobile crankcase oil is sold by the quart , antifreeze by the gallon , brake fluid by the ounce ( fluid ) , and air conditioning refrigerant by the ounce ( mass ) . Windshield wiper replacement blades are measured in inches .
Climate of the United Kingdom
Parts of the United Kingdom have had drought problems in recent years , particularly in 2004 - 2006 . Fires broke out in some areas , even across the normally damp higher ground of north - west England and Wales . The landscape in much of England and east Wales became very parched , even near the coast ; water restrictions were in place in some areas .
Stop sign
Although all English - speaking and many other countries use the word stop on stop signs , some jurisdictions use an equivalent word in their primary language instead of or in addition to it . Israel uses the image of a hand in a `` stop '' gesture .
Westminster system
This custom also occurs in other Westminster Systems in the world , in consequence from the influence of British colonial rule . In Commonwealth realms such as Canada , Australia and New Zealand , the Prime Minister is obligated to seek permission from the Governor - General when implementing executive decisions , in a manner similar to the British practice . An analogous scenario also exists in Commonwealth republics , such as India or Trinidad and Tobago , where there is a President , though not in Israel or Japan , where the respective pri me ministers have the full legal power to implement executive decisions , and presidential ( in Israel ) or imperial ( in Japan ) approval is not required .
Post box
A public ( though unconventional ) post box in Japan shaped as tea caddy . Singapore AA style sheet metal mail box in Hong Kong . Japanese post box at the Osaka Central Post Office . post boxes in Taipei , Taiwan .
Season
In the tropical parts of Australia in the northern parts of Queensland , Western Australia and the Northern Territory , wet and dry seasons are observed in addition to or in place of temperate season names .
Google Street View
The Caribbean except Puerto Rico , limited coverage in the United States Virgin Islands , and some touristic places in Martinique : Boucle d'Absalon , Habitation Clément and the south - western coast of Sainte - Anne Central America except Guatemala French Guiana , Guyana , Paraguay , Suriname and Venezuela in South America Africa except Botswana , Ghana , Lesotho , Nigeria , Réunion , Senegal , South Africa , Swaziland , Tunisia , Uganda and some city views in Madagascar Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Moldova and much of Germany in Europe Asia except Bangladesh , Bhutan , Cambodia , Hong Kong , Japan , Macau , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , South Korea , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , Thailand , much of Indonesia , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Mongolia and Russia The Middle East except Israel , Turkey and the United Arab Emirates The South Pacific , except American Samoa , Australia , New Zealand and Pitcairn Islands ( Pitcairn and Henderson Island )
Yemen
Circa 2009 Sana'a may be the first capital city in the world to run out of drinking water .
Agenda 21
Europe turned out to be the continent where LA21 was best accepted and most implemented . In Sweden , for example , all local governments have implemented a Local Agenda 21 initiative .
Slope
Slope warning sign in the Netherlands Slope warning sign in Poland A 1371 - meter distance of a railroad with a 20 ‰ slope . Czech Republic Steam - age railway gradient post indicating a slope in both directions at Meols railway station , United Kingdom
Climate of the United Kingdom
The most rain recorded to fall on a single day was 279 mm at Martinstown ( Dorset ) on 18 July 1955 , but also 243 mm fell at Bruton , Somerset on 28 June 1917 . Heavy rain also fell between 20 and 25 June in 2007 ; some areas experienced a month 's rainfall in one day . Four people died in the flooding and over £ 1.5 billion of damage to businesses and properties was caused .
International System of Units
This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) Countries
All-way stop
At four - legged intersections within Europe , a roundabout or mini-roundabout is commonly used to assign a relative priority to each approach . ( Roundabouts remain rare in North America , where early failures of rotaries and traffic circles caused such designs to lose favor until the gradual introduction of the modern roundabout in the late 20th century . ) Alternatively , at smaller intersections , priority to the right is widely used in most countries with right - hand traffic .
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
Policy . Abu Dhabi is ruled by a Sheikh . Below him is an Executive Council taking care of day - to - day policy - making . The Council is chaired by the Crown Prince . The Chairmen of four Departments and a number of Authorities are members of the Executive Council . The government structure is not comparable to the Western structure of Ministries and separate technical authorities under those Ministries . Authorities in Abu Dhabi are rather comparable to Ministries . Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi is the responsibility of the Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority ( ADWEA ) . As mentioned above , the Chairman of ADWEA is a member of the Executive Council and holds the rank of a Minister .
Southern Ocean
Despite this , the 4th edition definition has partial de facto usage by many nations , scientists and organisations such as the U.S. ( the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook uses `` Southern Ocean '' but none of the other new sea names within the `` Southern Ocean '' such as `` Cosmonauts Sea '' ) and Merriam - Webster , scientists and nations -- and even by some within the IHO . Some nations ' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries ; the United Kingdom used the 55 ° S parallel for example . Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean . For example , the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America , and confers great significance on the Antarctic Convergence , yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this , describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica .
Maldives
before 1998 , we never thought that this reef would die . We had always taken for granted that these animals would be there , that this reef would be there forever . El Niño gave us a wake - up call that these things are not going to be there for ever . Not only this , they also act as a natural barrier against the tropical storms , floods and tsunamis . Seaweeds grow on the skeletons of dead coral .
Stop sign
Almost all of Europe , including France , Greece , Russia , Serbia and Spain , ( except Turkey ) use stop in Latin letters .
Primus inter pares
Countries and jurisdictions that have adapted the British parliamentary system ( such as Canada and Australia ) would have the same use for the phrase .
Summer Time in Europe
Spain , France , Belgium , and the Netherlands may also be thought of as observing `` summer time '' throughout the winter , and `` double - summer time '' during summer , because of their position far to the west of the central European time zone .
International System of Units
At the end of the Second World War , a number of different systems of measurement were in use throughout the world . Some of these systems were metric system variations ; others were based on customary systems of measure , like the U.S customary system and Imperial system of the UK and British Empire .
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
As of January 1 , 2015 , UAE citizens pay 1.7 Dirham ( 0.46 USD ) per cubic meter of water for a very generous first block of consumption , which is set at 700 liters per day for apartments and 7,000 liters per day for villas . Above these amounts , the tariff increases slightly to 1.89 Dirham ( 0.51 USD ) per cubic meter . Previously , water was free of charge for UAE citizens . Foreign residents and commercial users were always charged for water , starting at 5.95 Dirham ( USD 1.61 ) per cubic meter in the lowest consumption block . The introduction of water tariffs for residents aims at reducing subsidies , encourage the efficient use of water and raise awareness of the importance of reducing consumption . It was combined with a large public relations campaign , as well as advice for customers who want to save water . Even before the change in tariff , bills highlighted water usage beyond a certain level in red and showed the subsidy paid by the state .
Wetland
The UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined that environmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth . International conservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to inform people about wetland issues .
All-way stop
Few countries outside North America -- least of all , those in Europe -- have intersections at which all users must stop at all times ; the conditions for stop sign placement may indeed preclude such an arrangement in many places . In Sweden all - way stops ( Flervägsstopp ) have been tested since the 1980s but are little used even though they are now permitted . In the UK they have always been very uncommon and were formally prohibited by the Department for Transport in 2002 .
Senate
Afghanistan Argentina Austria Australia Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bolivia Brazil Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile Colombia Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of Congo Czech Republic Dominican Republic France Gabon Grenada Haiti India Indonesia Ireland Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kazakhstan Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malaysia Mexico Netherlands Nigeria Palau Pakistan Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Lucia South Africa Spain Swaziland Switzerland Trinidad and Tobago United States Uzbekistan Uruguay Zimbabwe
Israel
Israel has embraced solar energy ; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology and its solar companies work on projects around the world . Over 90 % of Israeli homes use solar energy for hot water , the highest per capita in the world . According to government figures , the country saves 8 % of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating . The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev Desert . Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of charging stations to facilitate the charging and exchange of car batteries . It was thought that this would have lowered Israel 's oil dependency and lowered the fuel costs of hundreds of Israel 's motorists that use cars powered only by electric batteries . The Israeli model was being studied by several countries and being implemented in Denmark and Australia . However , Israel 's trailblazing electric car company Better Place shut down in 2013 .
Stop sign
Arabic - speaking countries use قف qif Chinese - using area ( Mainland China , Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan ) uses 停 tíng Iran and Afghanistan use ایست ist Japan uses 止まれ tomare North Korea uses 섯 sŏt South Korea uses 정지 jeongji Malaysia and Brunei use berhenti Mongolia uses ЗОГС zogs Thailand uses หยุด yùd Turkey uses dur
Zihuatanejo
Bensenville , DuPage County , Illinois , USA McAllen , Hidalgo County , Texas , USA Palm Desert , Riverside County , California , USA Collingwood , Ontario , Canada Tauranga , New Zealand
Philippines
Sitting astride the typhoon belt , most of the islands experience annual torrential rains and thunderstorms from July to October , with around nineteen typhoons entering the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and eight or nine making landfall . Annual rainfall measures as much as 5,000 millimeters ( 200 in ) in the mountainous east coast section but less than 1,000 millimeters ( 39 in ) in some of the sheltered valleys . The wettest known tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 1911 cyclone , which dropped over 1,168 millimeters ( 46.0 in ) of rainfall within a 24 - hour period in Baguio . Bagyo is the local term for a tropical cyclone in the Philippines .
Agenda 21
France , whose national government , along with 14 cities , is a signatory , boasts nationwide programs supporting Agenda 21 . Opposition
Cahokia
Together with these factors , researchers found evidence in 2015 of major floods at Cahokia , so severe as to flood dwelling places . Analysis of sediment from beneath Horseshoe Lake has revealed that two major floods occurred in the period of settlement at Cahokia , in roughly 1100 -- 1260 and 1340 -- 1460 .
Siege
Assyrian palace reliefs of the 9th to 7th centuries BC display sieges of several Near Eastern cities . Though a simple battering ram had come into use in the previous millennium , the Assyrians improved siege warfare and used huge wooden tower - shaped battering rams with archers positioned on top .
Ancient Roman architecture
The Roman circus was a large open - air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire . The circuses were similar to the ancient Greek hippodromes , although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction . Along with theatres and amphitheatres , Circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time . Circuses were venues for chariot races , horse races , and performances that commemorated important events of the empire were performed there . For events that involved re-enactments of naval battles , the circus was flooded with water .
Mexico City
Preconquest Tenochtitlan was built in the center of the inland lake system , with the city reachable by canoe and by wide causeways to the mainland . The causeways were rebuilt under Spanish rule with indigenous labor . Chapultepec
Cahokia
One of the major problems that large centers like Cahokia faced was keeping a steady supply of food . A related problem was waste disposal for the dense population , and Cahokia became unhealthy from polluted waterways . Because it was such an unhealthy place to live , Snow believes that the town had to rely on social and political attractions to bring in a steady supply of new immigrants ; otherwise the town 's death rate would have caused it to be abandoned earlier .
Ancient Roman architecture
Multi-story apartment blocks called insulae catered to a range of residential needs . The cheapest rooms were at the top owing to the inability to escape in the event of a fire and the lack of piped water . Windows were mostly small , facing the street , with iron security bars . Insulae were often dangerous , unhealthy , and prone to fires because of overcrowding and haphazard cooking arrangements . There are examples in the Roman port town of Ostia , that date back to the reign of Trajan , but they seem to have been found only in Rome and a few other places . Elsewhere writers report them as something remarkable , but Livy and Vituvius refer to them in Rome . External walls were in `` Opus Reticulatum '' and interiors in `` Opus Incertum '' , which would then be plastered and sometimes painted .
Nile
The White Nile was even less understood . The ancients mistakenly believed that the Niger River represented the upper reaches of the White Nile . For example , Pliny the Elder wrote that the Nile had its origins `` in a mountain of lower Mauretania '' , flowed above ground for `` many days '' distance , then went underground , reappeared as a large lake in the territories of the Masaesyli , then sank again below the desert to flow underground `` for a distance of 20 days ' journey till it reaches the nearest Ethiopians . '' A merchant named Diogenes reported that the Nile 's water attracted game such as buffalo . A
Ancient Roman architecture
With the colossal Diocletian 's Palace , built in the countryside but later turned into a fortified city , a form of residential castle emerges , that anticipates the Middle Ages .
History of insurance
The first methods of transferring or distributing risk in a monetary economy , were practised by Chinese and Babylonian traders in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC , respectively . Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessel 's capsizing . The Babylonians developed a system that was recorded in the famous Code of Hammurabi , c. 1750 BC , and practised by early Mediterranean sailing merchants . If a merchant received a loan to fund his shipment , he would pay the lender an additional sum in exchange for the lender 's guarantee to cancel the loan should the shipment be stolen or lost at sea . Merchants
Ghaggar-Hakra River
Analysis of sand grains using optically stimulated luminescence by Ajit Singh and others in 2017 indicated that the abandonment of this valley by the Sutlej started 15,000 years ago , and was complete by 8,000 years ago . They suggest that the urban populations settled not along a perennial river , but a monsoon - fed seasonal river that was not subject to devastating floods .
Ancient Roman architecture
The largest truss roof by span of ancient Rome covered the Aula Regia ( throne room ) built for emperor Domitian ( 81 -- 96 AD ) on the Palatine Hill , Rome . The timber truss roof had a width of 31.67 m , slightly surpassing the postulated limit of 30 m for Roman roof constructions . Tie - beam trusses allowed for much larger spans than the older prop - and - lintel system and even concrete vaulting . Nine out of the ten largest rectangular spaces in Roman architecture were bridged this way , the only exception being the groin vaulted Basilica of Maxentius .
Mexico City
The seventh plague was the construction of the great City of Mexico , which , during the early years used more people than in the construction of Jerusalem . The crowds of laborers were so numerous that one could hardly move in the streets and causeways , although they are very wide . Many died from being crushed by beams , or falling from high places , or in tearing down old buildings for new ones .
Irrigation tank
1 . The undulating relief and hard rocks make it difficult to dig canals and wells .
Ancient Roman architecture
The Romans first adopted the arch from the Etruscans , and implemented it in their own building . The use of arches that spring directly from the tops of columns was a Roman development , seen from the 1st century AD , that was very widely adopted in medieval Western , Byzantine and Islamic architecture .
Colosseum
Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards , which directed them to the appropriate section and row . They accessed their seats via vomitoria ( singular vomitorium ) , passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind . These quickly dispersed people into their seats and , upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation , could permit their exit within only a few minutes . The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge , from which English derives the word vomit .
Ancient Roman architecture
Each insula was 80 yards ( 73 m ) square , with the land within it divided . As the city developed , each insula would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys . Most insulae were given to the first settlers of a Roman city , but each person had to pay to construct his own house .
Ancient Greek architecture
The earliest temples , built to enshrine statues of deities , were probably of wooden construction , later replaced by the more durable stone temples many of which are still in evidence today . The signs of the original timber nature of the architecture were maintained in the stone buildings .
Ancient Roman architecture
Hypocausts were used for heating hot baths ( thermae ) , houses and other buildings , whether public or private . The floor was raised above the ground by pillars , called pilae stacks , with a layer of tiles , then a layer of concrete , then another of tiles on top ; and spaces were left inside the walls so that hot air and smoke from the furnace would pass through these enclosed areas and out of flues in the roof , thereby heating but not polluting the interior of the room .
Ancient Egypt
Early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull and had mastered advanced forms of shipbuilding as early as 3000 BC . The Archaeological Institute of America reports that the oldest planked ships known are the Abydos boats . A group of 14 discovered ships in Abydos were constructed of wooden planks `` sewn '' together . Discovered by Egyptologist David O'Connor of New York University , woven straps were found to have been used to lash the planks together , and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams . Because the ships are all buried together and near a mortuary belonging to Pharaoh Khasekhemwy , originally they were all thought to have belonged to him , but one of the 14 ships dates to 3000 BC , and the associated pottery jars buried with the vessels also suggest earlier dating . The ship dating to 3000 BC was 75 feet ( 23 m ) long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh . According to professor O'Connor , the 5,000 - year - old ship may have even belonged to Pharaoh Aha .
Ancient Egypt
The earliest preserved ancient Egyptian temples , such as those at Giza , consist of single , enclosed halls with roof slabs supported by columns . In the New Kingdom , architects added the pylon , the open courtyard , and the enclosed hypostyle hall to the front of the temple 's sanctuary , a style that was standard until the Greco - Roman period . The earliest and most popular tomb architecture in the Old Kingdom was the mastaba , a flat - roofed rectangular structure of mudbrick or stone built over an underground burial chamber . The step pyramid of Djoser is a series of stone mastabas stacked on top of each other . Pyramids were built during the Old and Middle Kingdoms , but most later rulers abandoned them in favor of less conspicuous rock - cut tombs . The Twenty - fifth dynasty was a notable exception , as all Twenty - fifth dynasty pharaohs constructed pyramids .
Maya civilization
The Postclassic Period was marked by changes from the preceding Classic Period . The once - great city of Kaminaljuyu in the Valley of Guatemala was abandoned after continuous occupation of almost 2,000 years . Across the highlands and neighbouring Pacific coast , long - occupied cities in exposed locations were relocated , apparently due to a proliferation of warfare . Cities came to occupy more - easily defended hilltop locations surrounded by deep ravines , with ditch - and - wall defences sometimes supplementing the protection provided by the natural terrain . One of the most important cities in the Guatemalan Highlands at this time was Q'umarkaj , the capital of the aggressive K'iche ' kingdom . The government of Maya states , from the Yucatán to the Guatemalan highlands , was often organized as joint rule by a council . However , in practice one member of the council could act as a supreme ruler , while the other members served him as advisors . Mayapan