vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Federalist Era
Washington sent John Jay to Britain to resolve numerous difficulties , some left over from the Treaty of Paris and some having arisen during the French Revolutionary Wars . These issues included boundary disputes , debts owed in each direction , and the continued presence of British forts in the Northwest Territory . In addition America hoped to open markets in the British Caribbean and end disputes stemming from the naval war between Britain and France . As a neutral party , the United States argued , it had the right to carry goods anywhere it wanted , but the British seized American ships that traded with the French . In the Jay Treaty , the British agreed to evacuate the western forts , open their West Indies ports to American ships , allow small vessels to trade with the French West Indies , and set up a commission that would adjudicate American claims against Britain for seized ships , and British claims against Americans for debts incurred before 1775 .
Perry Expedition
On 10 July , yoriki Kayama Eizaemon , pretending to be the Uraga bugyō , called on Susquehanna and was allowed to meet Captain Franklin , whom he advised to travel to Nagasaki , as this was the designated port for all foreign contact . Kayama was told that unless a suitable official came to receive the document , Perry would land troops and march on Edo , to deliver the letter in person . Kayama asked for three days in order to respond . The actual Uraga bugyō , Ido Hiromichi , sent a report to the Shogun and advised that his defenses were totally inadequate to repel the Americans by force .
Atlantic slave trade
We think this trade must go on . That is the verdict of our oracle and the priests . They say that your country , however great , can never stop a trade ordained by God himself .
Fur trade
John C. Phillips and J.W. Smurr tied the fur trade to an imperial struggle for power , positing that the fur trade served both as an incentive for expanding and as a method for maintaining dominance . Dismissing the experience of individuals , the authors searched for connections on a global stage that revealed its `` high political and economic importance . '' E.E. Rich brought the economic purview down a level , focusing on the role of trading companies and their men as the ones who `` opened up '' much of Canada 's territories , instead of on the role of the nation - state in opening up the continent . Two
Pearl Harbor
After 1868 , when the Commander of the Pacific Fleet visited the islands to look after American interests , naval officers played an important role in internal affairs . They served as arbitrators in business disputes , negotiators of trade agreements and defenders of law and order . Periodic voyages among the islands and to the mainland aboard U.S. warships were arranged for members of the Hawaiian royal family and important island government officials . When King Lunalilo died in 1873 , negotiations were underway for the cessation of Pearl Harbor as a port for the duty - free export of sugar to the U.S. With the election of King Kalākaua in March 1874 , riots prompted landing of sailors from USS Tuscarora and Portsmouth . The British warship , HMS Tenedos , also landed a token force . During the reign of King Kalākaua the United States was granted exclusive rights to enter Pearl Harbor and to establish `` a coaling and repair station . ''
History of United States foreign policy
The Jeffersonians deeply distrusted the British in the first place , but the British shut down most American trade with France , and impressed into the Royal Navy about 6000 sailors on American ships who claimed American citizenship . American honor was humiliated by the British attack on the American warship the Chesapeake in 1807 .
Spanish–American War
Our own direct interests were great , because of the Cuban tobacco and sugar , and especially because of Cuba 's relation to the projected Isthmian ( Panama ) Canal . But even greater were our interests from the standpoint of humanity ... It was our duty , even more from the standpoint of National honor than from the standpoint of National interest , to stop the devastation and destruction . Because of these considerations I favored war .
Perry Expedition
Perry finally reached Uraga at the entrance to Edo Bay in Japan on 8 July 1853 . His fleet at this time consisted of four vessels : Susquehanna , Mississippi , Plymouth and Saratoga . As he arrived , Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of Edo , and position their guns towards the town of Uraga . He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannons , which he claimed was in celebration of the American Independence Day . Perry 's ships were equipped with new Paixhans shell guns , cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell .
Great Depression
Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as : `` imposing tariffs , import quotas , and exchange controls '' . These restrictions formed a lot of tension between trade nations , causing a major deduction during the depression . Not all countries enforced the same measures of protectionism . Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions , while other countries condensed `` trade and exchange restrictions only marginally '' :
Foreign trade of the United States
The U.S. is a member of several international trade organizations . The purpose of joining these organizations is to come to agreement with other nations on trade issues , although there is domestic political controversy to whether or not the U.S. government should be making these trade agreements in the first place . These organizations include :
Mercantilism
With respect to its colonies , British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires . The government protected its merchants -- and kept others out -- through trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm . The government had to fight smuggling , which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French , Spanish , or Dutch . The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires , and sometimes seized them . Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country .
Mercantilism
Mercantalism taught that trade was a zero - sum game , with one country 's gain equivalent to a loss sustained by the trading partner . Overall , however , mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the world 's dominant trader and the global hegemon . One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of `` waste lands '' to agricultural use . Mercantilists believed that to maximize a nation 's power , all land and resources had to be used to their utmost , and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens .
Jay Treaty
For about ten years there was peace on the frontier , joint recognition of the value of commercial intercourse , and even , by comparison with both preceding and succeeding epochs , a muting of strife over ship seizures and impressment . Two controversies with France ... pushed the English - speaking powers even more closely together .
Tariff
Alexander Hamilton feared that Britain 's policy towards the colonies would condemn the United States to be only producers of agricultural products and raw materials . Washington and Hamilton believed that political independence was predicated upon economic independence . Increasing the domestic supply of manufactured goods , particularly war materials , was seen as an issue of national security . He called in the Report on Manufactures for customs barriers to allow American industrial development and to help protect infant industries , including bounties ( subsidies ) derived in part from those tariffs . Hamilton explained that despite an initial `` increase of price '' caused by regulations that control foreign competition , once a `` domestic manufacture has attained to perfection ... it invariably becomes cheaper '' .
Foreign trade of the United States
From 1871 to 1913 , `` the average U.S. tariff on dutiable imports never fell below 38 percent ( and ) gross national product ( GNP ) grew 4.3 percent annually , twice the pace in free trade Britain and well above the U.S. average in the 20th century , '' notes Alfred Eckes Jr. , chairman of the U.S. International Trade Commission under President Reagan .
Articles of Confederation
By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government .
Thirteen Colonies
Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires . The government protected its merchants -- and kept others out -- by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm . The government had to fight smuggling -- which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French , Spanish or Dutch . The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires , and sometimes seized them . Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country .
Carthage
( 1 ) to open and maintain markets for its merchants , whether by entering into direct contact with foreign peoples using either treaty negotiations or naval power , or by providing security for isolated trading stations ; ( 2 ) the reservation of markets exclusively for the merchants of Carthage , or where competition could not be eliminated , to regulate trade by state - sponsored agreements with its commercial rivals ; ( 3 ) suppression of piracy , and promotion of Carthage 's ability to freely navigate the seas .
Tariff
During `` The Long Depression , the economic slowdown of nations preceded that of foreign trade . This indicates that it is national growth that drives foreign trade . During the 1929 Great Depression , it was the decline in the nations ' domestic production that preceded that of foreign trade : at the world level , in 1930 , the world 's industrial production ( minus Russia ) fell by 14 % while the volume of world trade fell by only 7 % ; In 1931 , the figures were - 13 % for industry and - 8 % for world trade ; in 1932 they were - 15 % for industry and - 13 % for world trade . In the United States , industrial production had declined since October 1929 , while the value of all American exports rose by 20 % and that of manufactured goods exports by 5 % .
Pearl Harbor
During the early 19th century , Pearl Harbor was not used for large ships due to its shallow entrance . The interest of United States in the Hawaiian Islands grew as a result of its whaling , shipping and trading activity in the Pacific . As early as 1820 , an `` Agent of the United States for Commerce and Seamen '' was appointed to look after American business in the Port of Honolulu . These commercial ties to the American continent were accompanied by the work of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions . American missionaries and their families became an integral part of the Hawaiian political body .
Canada–United States relations
Relations with the United States were cordial until 1930 , when Canada vehemently protested the new Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act by which the U.S. raised tariffs ( taxes ) on products imported from Canada . Canada retaliated with higher tariffs of its own against American products , and moved toward more trade within the British Commonwealth . U.S. -- Canadian trade fell 75 % as the Great Depression dragged both countries down .
Australia–Canada relations
The subject of trade , which was increasingly bound up in the debate over the imperial connection , was equally divisive . The failure to conclude a commercial treaty had not materially harmed bilateral trade . Indeed , the war provided a tremendous boost to the sale of Canadian forestry products , metal manufactures and auto parts in Australia . However , access to this market , which became more important as a postwar recession deprived Canada of its American sales , was threatened . In 1921 , Australia introduced steep new tariffs on Canadian newsprint at the same time as it announced its readiness to conclude trade treaties with members of the British Empire . In October 1922 , Mackenzie King 's minister of trade and commerce , James Robb , set out for Australia in renewed pursuit of a bilateral trade agreement .
Foreign policy of the United States
Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) is an important partner for United States in both economic and geostrategic aspects . ASEAN 's geostrategic importance stems from many factors , including : the strategic location of member countries , the large shares of global trade that pass through regional waters , and the alliances and partnerships which the United States shares with ASEAN member states . In July 2009 , the United States signed ASEAN 's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation , which establishes guiding principles intended to build confidence among its signatories with the aim of maintaining regional peace and stability . Trade flows are robust and increasing between America and the ASEAN region . Indonesia
Mercantilism
It promotes governmental regulation of a nation 's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers . Mercantilism includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade , especially of finished goods . Historically , such policies frequently led to war and also motivated colonial expansion .
Economic history of Argentina
This trade was legally limited to Spain : the Spanish Crown enforced a monopsony which limited supplies and enabled Spanish merchants to mark up prices and increase profits . British and Portuguese merchants broke this monopsony by resorting to contraband trade .
Atlantic slave trade
Each day the traders are kidnapping our people -- children of this country , sons of our nobles and vassals , even people of our own family . This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated . We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers , and no merchandise , unless it is wine and flour for Mass . It is our wish that this Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves ...
Economic history of World War I
Fuel oil for the Royal Navy was the highest priority . In 1917 , the Royal Navy consumed 12,500 tons a month , but had a supply of 30,000 tons a month from the Anglo - Persian Oil Company , using their oil wells in Persia . Scotland
Alternative energy
Whale oil was the dominant form of lubrication and fuel for lamps in the early 19th century , but the depletion of the whale stocks by mid century caused whale oil prices to skyrocket setting the stage for the adoption of petroleum which was first commercialized in Pennsylvania in 1859 .
United States home front during World War II
Gasoline , meat , and clothing were tightly rationed . Most families were allocated 3 US gallons ( 11 l ; 2.5 imp gal ) of gasoline a week , which sharply curtailed driving for any purpose . Production of most durable goods , like cars , new housing , vacuum cleaners , and kitchen appliances , was banned until the war ended . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled . Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war .
History of Mexico
In Mexico and throughout Latin America , Franklin Roosevelt 's `` Good Neighbor Policy '' was necessary at such a delicate time . Much work had already been accomplished between the U.S. and Mexico to create more harmonious relations between the two countries , including the settlement of U.S. citizen claims against the Mexican government , initially and ineffectively negotiated by the binational American - Mexican Claims Commission , but then in direct bilateral negotiations between the two governments . The U.S. had not intervened on behalf of U.S. oil companies when the Mexican government expropriated foreign oil in 1938 , allowing Mexico to assert its economic sovereignty but also benefiting the U.S. by easing antagonism in Mexico . The Good Neighbor Policy led to the Douglas - Weichers Agreement in June 1941 that secured Mexican oil only for the United States , and the Global Settlement in November 1941 that ended oil company demands on generous terms for the Mexicans , an example of the U.S. putting national security concerns over the interests of U.S. oil companies . When it became clear in other parts of Latin America that the U.S. and Mexico had substantially resolved their differences , the other Latin American countries were more amenable to support the U.S. and Allied effort against the Axis . The
History of United States–Middle East economic relations
While the specifics of the relations the United States had with several Middle Eastern countries vary , the same trends of Western dependence on oil and Middle Eastern need for foreign wealth recur throughout most of the Middle East .
Second Sino-Japanese War
At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor , the IJA had 51 divisions , of which 35 were in China , and 39 independent brigades , of which all but one were in China . This represented roughly 80 % of the IJA 's manpower .
Appeasement
Numerous scholars have explored the trade aspects of appeasement . Britain 's commercial relationship with Germany was steady throughout the 1930s , extending even beyond the invasion of Prague . Germany was , after India , Britain 's largest exporter . `` In consequence , '' The Economist notes , `` the German war machine continued to be fueled with oil and armed with metals from British sources '' up until the declaration of war in September 1939 . It has been argued that trade in strategic materials with the Nazis was necessary for Britain 's rearmament .
Causes of World War II
For Overy , the problem with Mason 's thesis was that it rested on the assumption that in a way not shown by records , information was passed on to Hitler about the Reich 's economic problems . Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials , industry and foreign reserves of neighboring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan . Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was somewhat downplayed by Mason . Finally , Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the German state felt they could master the economic problems of rearmament ; as one civil servant put it in January 1940 `` we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past , that here too , if one or other raw material became extremely scarce , ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix '' .
Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor
Although this idea gained some support , it was soon dismissed for several reasons :
United States home front during World War II
In 1942 a rationing system was begun to guarantee minimum amounts of necessities to everyone ( especially poor people ) and prevent inflation . Tires were the first item to be rationed in January 1942 because supplies of natural rubber were interrupted . Gasoline rationing proved an even better way to allocate scarce rubber . In June 1942 the Combined Food Board was set up to coordinate the worldwide supply of food to the Allies , with special attention to flows from the U.S. and Canada to Britain . By 1943 one needed government issued ration coupons to purchase coffee , sugar , meat , cheese , butter , lard , margarine , canned foods , dried fruits , jam , gasoline , bicycles , fuel oil , clothing , silk or nylon stockings , shoes , and many other items . Some items , like automobiles and home appliances , were no longer made . The rationing system did not apply to used goods like clothes or cars , but they became more expensive since they were not subject to price controls .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Several Japanese junior officers including Fuchida and Genda urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor 's fuel and torpedo storage , maintenance , and dry dock facilities as possible . Genda , who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after the air attack , believed that without an invasion three strikes were necessary to disable the base as much as possible . The captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike . Military historians have suggested the destruction of these shore facilities would have hampered the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships . If they had been wiped out , `` serious ( American ) operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year '' ; according to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet , `` it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' Nagumo , however , decided to withdraw for several reasons :