vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Anthony Eden
In 1951 the Conservatives returned to office and Eden became Foreign Secretary for a third time , though not `` Deputy Prime Minister '' ( Churchill gave him this title in the first list of ministers submitted to the King , but the King forbade it on the grounds that this `` office '' is unknown to the Constitution ) . Churchill was largely a figurehead in this government , and Eden had effective control of British foreign policy for the second time , as the Empire declined and the Cold War grew more intense .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose 's correspondence ( prior to 1939 ) reflects his deep disapproval of the racist practices of , and annulment of democratic institutions in Nazi Germany : `` Today I regret that I have to return to India with the conviction that the new nationalism of Germany is not only narrow and selfish but arrogant '' . However , he expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods ( though not the racial ideologies ) which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s , and thought they could be used in building an independent India .
Cornwallis in India
Indian cities , much like British cities of the time , were poorly policed , and crime was widespread . Different penal and civil codes were applied to Hindus and Muslims , and the codification of these codes in different languages meant that it was virtually impossible for justice to be properly and consistently applied . Much of the criminal justice system in Bengal remained in the hands of the nawab , the nominal local ruler of the company 's territory . Furthermore , individuals with powerful political connections in their community often were able to act with impunity , since no one suffering at their hands was likely to press charges for fear of retribution . Hastings had several times made changes to policing and the administration of justice , but none of these had had a significant impact on the problem . William
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
The Mission held talks with the representatives of the Indian National Congress and the All - India Muslim League , the two largest political parties in the Constituent Assembly of India . The two parties planned to determine a power - sharing arrangement between Hindus and Muslims to prevent a communal dispute . The Congress , under Gandhi and Nehru , wanted to obtain a strong central government , with more powers than state governments . The All India Muslim League , under Jinnah , initially wanted to keep India united but with political safeguards provided to Muslims like parity in the legislatures because of the wide belief of Muslims that the British Raj was simply going to be turned into a Hindu Raj once the British departed , and since the Muslim League regarded itself as the sole spokesman party of Indian Muslims , it was incumbent upon it to take the matter up with the Crown . However , in the 1940 Lahore session of the Muslim League , Jinnah endorsed partition via the two nation theory of a West and East Pakistan , painting recent developments ( 1937 provincial election , refusal of Congress to recognise the League as the sole mouthpiece of Muslims in India , etc . ) as a sign of assured enmity from Hindus , culminating in the Lahore Resolution , also known as the Pakistan Resolution . After initial dialogue , the Mission proposed its plan over the composition of the new government on 16 May 1946 . In its proposals , the creation of a separate Muslim Pakistan was rejected .
Partition of India
Britain wanted India and its army to remain united for the purpose of keeping India in its system of ' imperial defence ' . With India 's two political parties unable to come to an agreement , Britain devised the Cabinet Mission Plan . Through this mission , Britain hoped to preserve the united India which they and the Congress desired , while concurrently securing the essence of Jinnah 's demand for a Pakistan through ' groupings ' . The Cabinet Mission was composed of three Cabinet ministers from England . The Cabinet Mission engaged with various Indian political parties for three weeks but could not reach an agreement . Finally , the mission released its own recommendations on May 16 , 1946 . In its recommendations the Cabinet Mission rejected the idea of a separate Pakistan and favoured an undivided , although decentralized , India . The Cabinet Mission recommended groupings of Muslim - majority provinces , separate from Hindu - majority provinces , which were to be provided almost complete autonomy . The Congress , having wanted a strong centre , rejected the proposals concerning decentralization .
Anthony Eden
The Conservatives returned to power at the 1924 General Election . In January 1925 Eden , disappointed not to have been offered a position , went on a tour of the Middle East , meeting Emir Feisal of Iraq . Feisal reminded him of the `` Czar of Russia & ( I ) suspect that his fate may be similar '' ( a similar fate did indeed befall the Iraqi Royal Family in 1958 ) . He inspected the oil refinery at Abadan , which he likened to `` a Swansea on a small scale '' .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
An interim Government at the Centre representing all communities would be installed on the basis of parity between the representatives of the Hindus and the Muslims
Cornwallis in India
He was then engaged by the king in diplomatic efforts in Europe . Cornwallis led the British diplomatic team whose negotiations with Napoleon resulted in the 1802 Treaty of Amiens , with Cornwallis signing the treaty on behalf of King George .
Cornwallis in India
The Company 's acquisition of the territories of Bengal in the 1760s led to its decisions to collect taxes as high as 89 % of land produce in the area as a means of reducing investment capital directed toward India . A variety of taxation schemes were implemented in the following years , none of which produced satisfactory results , and many of which left too much power over the natives in the hands of the tax collectors , or zamindars . The company 's directors gave Cornwallis the task of coming up with a taxation scheme that would meet the company 's objectives without being an undue burden on the working men of its territories . John
Anthony Eden
Eden 's policy had four main aims : first , to secure the Suez Canal ; second and consequentially , to ensure continuity of oil supplies ; third , to remove Nasser ; and fourth , to keep the Russians out of the Middle East . The immediate consequence of the crisis was that the Suez Canal was blocked , oil supplies were interrupted , Nasser 's position as the leader of Arab nationalism was strengthened , and the way was left open for Russian intrusion into the Middle East .
Cornwallis in India
Cornwallis received critical assistance from others in his effort to introduce legal reforms . William Jones , an expert on languages , translated existing Hindu and Muslim penal codes into English so that they could be evaluated and applied by English - speaking judges . Cornwallis began in 1787 by giving limited criminal judicial powers to the company 's revenue collectors , who already also served as civil magistrates . He also required them to report regularly on detention times and sentences given . In 1790 the company took over the administration of justice from the nawab , and Cornwallis introduced a system of circuit courts with a superior court that met in Calcutta and had the power of review over circuit court decisions . Judges were drawn from the company 's European employees . These reforms also included changes to the penal codes to begin harmonising the different codes then in use . By the time of his departure in 1793 his work on the penal code , known in India as the Cornwallis Code , was substantially complete .
Subroto Mukerjee
Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ; 1945 ) India General Service Medal ( 1939 ) 1939 - 1945 Star ( 1945 ) War Medal 1939 - 1945 ( 1945 ; with MID oak leaf ) India Service Medal ( 1945 ) Indian Independence Medal ( 1948 ) King George VI Coronation Medal ( 1937 ) Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal ( 1953 )
The Emergency (India)
This judiciary -- executive battle would continue in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case , where the 24th Amendment was called into question . With a wafer - thin majority of 7 to 6 , the bench of the Supreme Court restricted Parliament 's amendment power by stating it could not be used to alter the `` basic structure '' of the Constitution . Subsequently , Prime Minister Gandhi made A.N. Ray -- the senior most judge amongst those in the minority in Kesavananda Bharati -- Chief Justice of India . Ray superseded three judges more senior to him -- J.M. Shelat , K.S. Hegde and Grover -- all members of the majority in Kesavananda Bharati . Indira Gandhi 's tendency to control the judiciary met with severe criticism , both from the press and political opponents such as Jayaprakash Narayan ( `` JP '' ) .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
After receiving reinforcements Major Eyre pursued Kunwar Singh to his palace in Jagdispur , however Singh had left by the time Eyre 's forces arrived . Eyre then proceeded to destroy the palace and the homes of Singh 's brothers . Bengal
Anthony Eden
Although the media expected Butler would get the nod as Eden 's successor , a survey of the Cabinet taken for the Queen showed Macmillan was the nearly unanimous choice , and he became Prime Minister on 10 January 1957 . Shortly afterwards Eden and his wife left England for a holiday in New Zealand . Suez
British Hong Kong
On 14 August 1945 , when Japan announced its unconditional surrender , the British formed a naval task group to sail towards Hong Kong . On 1 September , Rear - Admiral Cecil Harcourt proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head . He formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in Government House . Young , upon his return as governor in May 1946 , pursued political reform known as the `` Young Plan '' , believing that , to counter the Chinese government 's determination to recover Hong Kong , it was necessary to give local inhabitants a greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to include them .
Labour Party (UK)
The government , however , soon found itself engulfed in crisis : the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and eventual Great Depression occurred soon after the government came to power , and the slump in global trade hit Britain hard . By the end of 1930 unemployment had doubled to over two and a half million . The government had no effective answers to the deteriorating financial situation , and by 1931 there was much fear that the budget was unbalanced , which was born out by the independent May Report which triggered a confidence crisis and a run on the pound . The cabinet deadlocked over its response , with several influential members unwilling to support the budget cuts ( in particular a cut in the rate of unemployment benefit ) which were pressed by the civil service and opposition parties . Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Snowden refused to consider deficit spending or tariffs as alternative solutions . When a final vote was taken , the Cabinet was split 11 - 9 with a minority , including many political heavyweights such as Arthur Henderson and George Lansbury , threatening to resign rather than agree to the cuts . The unworkable split , on 24 August 1931 , made the government resign . MacDonald was encouraged by King George V to form an all - party National Government to deal with the immediate crisis .
Vedaranyam March
The Madras Government took a series of measures to bring an end to the march . It ordered the district officers to organize public meetings to persuade people upon the `` impracticability '' of the march and issued orders to arrest the participants of the march . Other preventive measures included , censoring news items related to the march and taking actions against the editors of the nationalist newspapers . Parents were warned not to send their children to participate in the satyagraha . The telegrams of the volunteers were confiscated , and the Government servants were cautioned about the consequences of participating in the march .
Munich Agreement
Later that day he stood outside 10 Downing Street and again read from the document and concluded :
Axis powers
The Free Thai Movement ( `` Seri Thai '' ) was established during these first few months . Parallel Free Thai organizations were also established in the United Kingdom . Queen Rambai Barni was the nominal head of the British - based organization , and Pridi Banomyong , the regent , headed its largest contingent , which was operating within Thailand . Aided by elements of the military , secret airfields and training camps were established , while Office of Strategic Services and Force 136 agents slipped in and out of the country .
Partition of Bengal (1905)
`` Calcutta is the centre from which the Congress Party is manipulated throughout the whole of Bengal , and indeed the whole of India . Its best wire pullers and its most frothy orators all reside here . The perfection of their machinery , and the tyranny which it enables them to exercise are truly remarkable . They dominate public opinion in Calcutta ; they affect the High Court ; they frighten the local Government , and they are sometimes not without serious influence on the Government of India . The whole of their activity is directed to creating an agency so powerful that they may one day be able to force a weak government to give them what they desire . Any measure in consequence that would divide the Bengali - speaking population ; that would permit independent centres of activity and influence to grow up ; that would dethrone Calcutta from its place as the center of successful intrigue , or that would weaken the influence of the lawyer class , who have the entire organisation in their hands , is intensely and hotly resented by them . The outcry will be loud and very fierce , but as a native gentleman said to me -- ' my countrymen always howl until a thing is settled ; then they accept it ' . ''
Borneo
In Kalimantan , the Japanese also killed many Malay intellectuals , executing all the Malay Sultans of West Kalimantan in the Pontianak incidents , together with Chinese people who were already against the Japanese for suspecting them to be threats . Sultan Muhammad Ibrahim Shafi ud - din II of Sambas was executed in 1944 . The Sultanate was thereafter suspended and replaced by a Japanese council . The Japanese also set - up Pusat Tenaga Rakjat ( PUTERA ) in the Indonesian archipelago in 1943 , although it was abolished the following year when it become too nationalistic . Some of the Indonesian nationalist like Sukarno and Hatta who had returned from Dutch exile began to co-operate with the Japanese . Shortly after his release , Sukarno became President of the Central Advisory Council , an advisory council for south Borneo , Celebes , and Lesser Sunda , set up in February 1945 .
Munich Agreement
On 30 September , upon his return to Britain , Chamberlain delivered his infamous `` peace for our time '' speech to crowds in London . The
Bangladesh Liberation War
The immediate lifting of martial law . Immediate withdrawal of all military personnel to their barracks . An inquiry into the loss of life . Immediate transfer of power to the elected representative of the people before the assembly meeting 25 March .
Appeasement
Earlier , in April 1935 , Italy had joined Britain and France in protest against Germany 's rearmament . France was anxious to placate Mussolini so as to keep him away from an alliance with Germany . Britain was less hostile to Germany and set the pace in imposing sanctions and moved a naval fleet into the Mediterranean . But in November 1935 , the British Foreign Secretary , Sir Samuel Hoare and the French Prime Minister , Pierre Laval , had secret discussions in which they agreed to concede two - thirds of Abyssinia to Italy . However , the press leaked the content of the discussions and a public outcry forced Hoare and Laval to resign . In May 1936 , undeterred by sanctions , Italy captured Addis Ababa , the Abyssinian capital , and proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III the Emperor of Ethiopia . In July the League abandoned sanctions . This episode , in which sanctions were incomplete and appeared to be easily given up , seriously discredited the League .
Malayan Union
Some ex-Malayan government officials , including Sir Frank Swettenham , criticised the way these constitutional reforms were brought about in Malaya , even saying that it went against the principles of the Atlantic Charter . They also encouraged Malay opposition to the Malayan Union .
Axis powers
As the war dragged on , the Thai population came to resent the Japanese presence . In June 1944 , Phibun was overthrown in a coup d'état . The new civilian government under Khuang Aphaiwong attempted to aid the resistance while maintaining cordial relations with the Japanese . After the war , U.S. influence prevented Thailand from being treated as an Axis country , but the British demanded three million tons of rice as reparations and the return of areas annexed from Malaya during the war . Thailand also returned the portions of British Burma and French Indochina that had been annexed . Phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes and of collaborating with the Axis powers . However , the charges were dropped due to intense public pressure . Public opinion was favourable to Phibun , as he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Many fugitive European officers and civilians had congregated at the Flagstaff Tower on the ridge north of Delhi , where telegraph operators were sending news of the events to other British stations . When it became clear that the help expected from Meerut was not coming , they made their way in carriages to Karnal . Those who became separated from the main body or who could not reach the Flagstaff Tower also set out for Karnal on foot . Some were helped by villagers on the way ; others were killed .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On a political level it was also felt that the previous lack of consultation between rulers and ruled had been another significant factor in contributing to the uprising . In consequence , Indians were drawn into government at a local level . Though this was on a limited scale a crucial precedent had been set , with the creation of a new ' white collar ' Indian elite , further stimulated by the opening of universities at Calcutta , Bombay and Madras , a result of the Indian Universities Act . So , alongside the values of traditional and ancient India , a new professional middle class was starting to arise , in no way bound by the values of the past . Their ambition can only have been stimulated by Queen Victoria 's Proclamation of November 1858 , in which it is expressly stated , `` We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligations of duty which bind us to our other subjects ... it is our further will that ... our subjects of whatever race or creed , be freely and impartially admitted to offices in our service , the duties of which they may be qualified by their education , ability and integrity , duly to discharge . ''
Cornwallis in India
Cornwallis 's predecessor , John Macpherson , had authorised negotiations with the sultan of Kedah for the establishment of a company trading post on the island of Penang . Captain Francis Light , a trader familiar with the East Indies , negotiated an agreement in which the sultan , who was surrounded by powerful adversaries , received a share of the trade profits and a defensive military alliance in exchange for Penang . Captain Light made representations to the sultan that the company had agreed to these terms , and occupied the island in August 1786 . Cornwallis , concerned that the military aspects of the agreement might draw the company into conflicts with the sultan 's adversaries or the Dutch , withheld approval of the agreement and requested the company 's directors to decide the issue . When the company refused the military alliance , the sultan began blockading the island , renamed Prince of Wales Island by Light , and started in 1790 to accumulate troops with the view toward forcibly evicting the British . Cornwallis 's brother William , then with the Royal Navy in the area , sailed from Penang to pick up troops in India for its defence . Captain Light , however , routed the sultan 's forces in April 1791 before those reinforcements arrived . An agreement was then signed in which the company paid the sultan an annual stipend for the use of Penang . The fort that Captain Light constructed to protect Penang 's principal town , George Town , became known as Fort Cornwallis in the earl 's honour .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
During April , there was unrest and fires at Agra , Allahabad and Ambala . At Ambala in particular , which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice , it was clear to General Anson , Commander - in - Chief of the Bengal Army , that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent . Despite the objections of the civilian Governor - General 's staff , he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth . However , he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and , rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble , he then proceeded to Simla , the cool `` hill station '' where many high officials spent the summer .
Vedaranyam March
Despite numerous obstacles , the group reached Vedaranyam on 28 April 1930 , 15 days after setting out . When Gandhi was informed he wrote back : `` It is good that our hands and feet are tied so that we can sing with joy . God is the help of the helpless . '' The police , despite their previous failures , tightened the security at Vedaranyam to prevent the marchers from collecting salt . As soon as the group reached Vedaranyam , Rajagopalachari called for more participants and publicly declared that the salt laws would be broken on 30 April . Pillai offered accommodation to the group by constructing a camp on the shore . On the same day , when Rajaji and 16 others moved to the Edanthevar salt swamp , which was about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from the camp . A police force led by the District Superintendent arrived at the spot and asked the group to surrender . When they refused , Rajagopalachari was arrested under section 74 of the Salt Act , and was produced before the district magistrate Ponnusamy Pillai . He was sentenced to six - months of imprisonment and was sent to the Trichinopoly Central Prison .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high - caste sepoy and a low - caste labourer at Dum Dum . The labourer had taunted the sepoy that by biting the cartridge , he had himself lost caste , although at this time such cartridges had been issued only at Meerut and not at Dum Dum . There had been rumours that the British sought to destroy the religions of the Indian people , and forcing the native soldiers to break their sacred code would have certainly added to this rumour , as it apparently did . The Company was quick to reverse the effects of this policy in hopes that the unrest would be quelled .
Early Nationalists
The Early Nationalists defended civil rights whenever the British government tried to curtail them . Their struggle for freedom became an integral part of the national movement from the very beginning . In 1897 , Tilak and many other leaders were arrested and tried for making provocative speeches . The Early Nationalists demanded the Abolition of the Preventive Detention Act and restoration of individual liberties and right to assemble and to form associations . They also wanted the Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British Government on the freedom of speech , and the freedom of the press .