vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
House sparrow
The house sparrow is typically about 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) long , ranging from 14 to 18 cm ( 5.5 to 7.1 in ) . It is a compact bird with a full chest and a large , rounded head . Its bill is stout and conical with a culmen length of 1.1 -- 1.5 cm ( 0.43 -- 0.59 in ) , strongly built as an adaptation for eating seeds . Its tail is short , at 5.2 -- 6.5 cm ( 2.0 -- 2.6 in ) long . The wing chord is 6.7 -- 8.9 cm ( 2.6 -- 3.5 in ) , and the tarsus is 1.6 -- 2.5 cm ( 0.63 -- 0.98 in ) . In mass , the house sparrow ranges from 24 to 39.5 g ( 0.85 to 1.39 oz ) . Females usually are slightly smaller than males . The median mass on the European continent for both sexes is about 30 g ( 1.1 oz ) , and in more southerly subspecies is around 26 g ( 0.92 oz ) . Younger birds are smaller , males are larger during the winter , and females are larger during the breeding season . Birds at higher latitudes , colder climates , and sometimes higher altitudes are larger ( under Bergmann 's rule ) , both between and within subspecies .
Red fox
Atypical colourations in red foxes usually represent stages toward full melanism , and mostly occur in cold regions .
Evidence of common descent
Increase in size ( from 0.4 m to 1.5 m -- from 15 in to 60 in ) ; Lengthening of limbs and feet ; Reduction of lateral digits ; Increase in length and thickness of the third digit ; Increase in width of incisors ; Replacement of premolars by molars ; and Increases in tooth length , crown height of molars .
Ear
Simpler structures allow other arthropods to detect near - field sounds . Spiders and cockroaches , for example , have hairs on their legs which are used for detecting sound . Caterpillars may also have hairs on their body that perceive vibrations and allow them to respond to sound .
Red fox
The red fox is considered a more specialised form of Vulpes than the Afghan , corsac and Bengal foxes in the direction of size and adaptation to carnivory ; the skull displays much fewer neotenous traits than in other species , and its facial area is more developed . It is , however , not as adapted for a purely carnivorous diet as the Tibetan fox .
Arctic fox
It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758 as Canis lagopus . The type specimen was recovered from Lapland , Sweden . The generic name vulpes is Latin for `` fox '' . The specific name lagopus is derived from Ancient Greek λαγώς ( lagōs , `` hare '' ) and πούς ( pous , `` foot '' ) , referring to the hair on its feet similar to those found in cold - climate species of hares .
Arctic fox
The Arctic fox lives in some of the most frigid extremes on the planet , but they do not start to shiver until the temperature drops to − 70 ° C ( − 94 ° F ) . Among its adaptations for survival in the cold is its dense , multilayered pelage , which provides excellent insulation . Additionally , the Arctic fox is the only canid whose foot pads are covered in fur . There are two genetically distinct coat color morphs : white and blue . In the winter the white morph is white in color and turns brown along the back with light grey around the abdomen in summer . The blue morph is often a dark blue , brown , or grey color year - round . Although the blue allele is dominant over the white allele , 99 % of the Arctic fox population is the white morph . The fur of the Arctic fox provides the best insulation of any mammal .
Bird feet and legs
The most common arrangement is the anisodactyl foot , and second among perching birds is the zygodactyl arrangement .
Russian Blue
The Russian Blue has bright green eyes , pinkish lavender or mauve paws , two layers of short thick fur , and a blue - grey coat . The color is a bluish - gray that is the dilute expression of the black gene . However , as dilute genes are recessive ( `` d '' ) and each parent will have a set of two recessive genes ( `` dd '' ) two non-CPC Russian Blues will always produce a blue cat . Due to the breeding with Siamese after World War II , there are colorpoint genes floating around . If two carriers are bred together , then they will produce a litter of mixed colors -- solid blue or white with blue like a Siamese . People call these CPC cats `` colorpoint '' , `` whites '' or `` pointed '' Russians . In most registries , one can not register , breed or show a colorpoint Russian .
Angora wool
The premium first quality wool is taken from the back and upper sides of the rabbit . This is usually the longest and cleanest fibre on the rabbit . There should not be hay or vegetable matter in the fibre . Second quality is from the neck and lower sides , and may have some vegetable matter . Third quality is the buttocks and legs and any other areas that easily felt and are of shorter length . Fourth quality is totally unsalvageable , and consists of the larger felted bits or stained fibre . Third and fourth quality are perfect for cutting up for birds to use in lining their nests . With daily brushing , felting of the fibre can be avoided , increasing the usable portion of fibre .
Hearing range
Hearing is birds ' second most important sense and their ears are funnel - shaped to focus sound . The ears are located slightly behind and below the eyes , and they are covered with soft feathers -- the auriculars -- for protection . The shape of a bird 's head can also affect its hearing , such as owls , whose facial discs help direct sound toward their ears .
Human brain
As a primate brain , the human brain has a much larger cerebral cortex , in proportion to body size , than most mammals , and a highly developed visual system .
Rabbit
Rabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth , and have long been associated with spring and Easter as the Easter Bunny . The species ' role as a prey animal with few defenses evokes vulnerability and innocence , and in folklore and modern children 's stories , rabbits often appear as sympathetic characters , able to connect easily with youth of all kinds ( for example , the Velveteen Rabbit , or Thumper in Bambi ) . Tile
Bird feet and legs
The bird foot also contains one or two metatarsals not fused in the tarsometatarsus .
Dodo
The mayors are superb and proud . They presented themselves with an unyielding , stern face and wide open mouth , very jaunty and audacious of gait . They did not want to budge before us ; their war weapon was the mouth , with which they could bite fiercely . Their food was raw fruit ; they were not dressed very well , but were rich and fat , therefore we brought many of them on board , to the contentment of us all .
Bobcat
The bobcat resembles other species of the genus Lynx , but is on average the smallest of the four . Its coat is variable , though generally tan to grayish - brown , with black streaks on the body and dark bars on the forelegs and tail . Its spotted patterning acts as camouflage . The ears are black - tipped and pointed , with short , black tufts . Generally , an off - white color is seen on the lips , chin , and underparts . Bobcats in the desert regions of the southwest have the lightest - colored coats , while those in the northern , forested regions are darkest . Kittens are born well - furred and already have their spots . A few melanistic bobcats have been sighted and captured in Florida . They appear black , but may still exhibit a spot pattern .
Wolf spider
There are many genera of wolf spider , ranging in body size ( legs not included ) from less than 10 to 35 mm ( 0.4 to 1.38 in ) . They have eight eyes arranged in three rows . The bottom row consists of four small eyes , the middle row has two very large eyes ( which distinguishes them from the Pisauridae ) , and the top row has two medium - sized eyes . Unlike most other arachnids which generally blind or have poor vision , wolf spiders have excellent eyesight with their large eyes . The sensory hairs on their legs and body give them an acute sense of touch .
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Not all dogs with SM show scratching behavior . Not all dogs who show scratching behavior appear to be in pain , though several leading researchers , including Dr Clare Rusbridge in the UK and Drs Curtis Dewey and Dominic Marino in the US , believe scratching in SM cavaliers is a sign of pain and discomfort and of existing neurological damage to the dorsal horn region of the spine . If onset is at an early age , a first sign may be scratching and / or rapidly appearing scoliosis . If the problem is severe , there is likely to be poor proprioception ( awareness of body position ) , especially with regard to the forelimbs . Clumsiness and falling results from this problem . Progression is variable though the majority of dogs showing symptoms by age four tend to see progression of the condition .
Bobcat
The adult bobcat is 47.5 to 125 cm ( 18.7 to 49.2 in ) long from the head to the base of the tail , averaging 82.7 cm ( 32.6 in ) ; the stubby tail adds 9 to 20 cm ( 3.5 to 7.9 in ) and its `` bobbed '' appearance gives the species its name . An adult stands about 30 to 60 cm ( 12 to 24 in ) at the shoulders . Adult males can range in weight from 6.4 to 18.3 kg ( 14 to 40 lb ) , with an average of 9.6 kg ( 21 lb ) ; females at 4 to 15.3 kg ( 8.8 to 33.7 lb ) , with an average of 6.8 kg ( 15 lb ) . The largest bobcat accurately measured on record weighed 22.2 kg ( 49 lb ) , although unverified reports have them reaching 27 kg ( 60 lb ) . Furthermore , a June 20 , 2012 report of a New Hampshire roadkill specimen listed the animal 's weight at 27 kg ( 60 lb ) . The largest - bodied bobcats are from eastern Canada and northern New England of the subspecies L. r . gigas , while the smallest are from the southeastern subspecies L. r . floridanus , particularly those in the southern Appalachians . The bobcat is muscular , and its hind legs are longer than its front legs , giving it a bobbing gait . At birth , it weighs 0.6 to 0.75 lb ( 270 to 340 g ) and is about 10 in ( 25 cm ) in length . By its first birthday , it weighs about 10 lb ( 4.5 kg ) .
Leopard
The leopard is a big cat distinguished by its robust build and muscular but relatively shorter limbs , a broad head and a coat covered by spots arranged in rosettes . Males stand 60 -- 70 cm ( 24 -- 28 in ) at the shoulder , while females are 57 -- 64 cm ( 22 -- 25 in ) tall . The head - and - body length is typically between 90 and 190 cm ( 35 and 75 in ) . While males weigh 37 -- 90 kg ( 82 -- 198 lb ) , females weigh 28 -- 60 kg ( 62 -- 132 lb ) ; these measurements vary geographically . The maximum recorded weight for a leopard is 96.5 kilograms ( 213 lb ) . Sexually dimorphic , males are larger and heavier than females .
Leopard
Basically pale yellow to yellowish brown or golden ( except for the melanistic forms ) , the coat is spotted and rosetted ; spots fade toward the white underbelly and the insides and lower parts of the legs . Rosettes are most prominent on the back , flanks and hindquarters . The pattern of the rosettes is unique to each individual . Juveniles have woolly fur , and appear dark due to the densely arranged spots . The white - tipped tail , 60 -- 100 centimetres ( 24 -- 39 in ) long , white underneath , displays rosettes except toward the end , where the spots form incomplete bands .
Moose
Their fur consist of two layers ; top layer of long guard hairs and a soft wooly undercoat . The guard hairs are hollow and filled with air for better insulation , which also helps them stay afloat when swimming .
Platypus
In recent studies it has been suggested that the eyes of the platypus are more similar to those of Pacific hagfish or Northern Hemisphere lampreys than to those of most tetrapods . The eyes also contain double cones , which most mammals do not have .
Boxer (dog)
Brindle boxer head Brindle boxer head with white neck A fawn Boxer puppy A fawn boxer head
Rabbit
The rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype , as he uses his cunning to outwit his enemies . ``
Bird feet and legs
Loons tend to walk this way because their legs and pelvis are highly specialized for swimming . They have a narrow pelvis , which moves the attachment point of the femur to the rear , and their tibiotarsus is much longer than the femur . This shifts the feet ( toes ) behind the center of mass of the loon body . They walk usually by pushing themselves on their breasts ; larger loons can not take off from land . This position , however , is highly suitable for swimming because their feet are located at the rear like the propeller on a motorboat .
Brown bear
In linear measurements and mean body mass , several subspecies may vie for the title of smallest race , although thus far their reported body masses broadly overlaps with those of the smaller - bodied populations of Eurasian brown and grizzly bears . Leopold ( 1959 ) described the now extinct Mexican grizzly that , according to Rausch ( 1963 ) , as the smallest race of grizzly bear in North America although the exact parameters of its body size are not known today . Bears from the Syrian ( U. a . syriacus ) subspecies will reportedly weigh around 100 to 160 kg ( 220 to 350 lb ) in adulthood . The Himalayan race ( U. a . isabellinus ) is another rival for smallest subspecies , in Pakistan this race averages about 70 kg ( 150 lb ) in females and 135 kg ( 298 lb ) in males . Himalayan brown bear females were cited with an average head - and - body length of merely 1.4 m ( 4 ft 7 in ) . Brown bears of the compact Gobi Desert population , which is not usually listed as a distinct subspecies in recent decades , weigh around 90 to 138 kg ( 198 to 304 lb ) between the sexes so are similar in weight to bears from the Himalayas and even heavier than grizzlies from Jasper National Park . However , the Gobi bear has been reported to measure as small as 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) in head - and - body length , which if accurate would make them the smallest known brown bear in linear dimensions . These smallest brown bear races are characteristically found in `` barren ground '' type habitats , i.e. sub-desert in bears from the Syrian and Gobi races and arid alpine meadow in Himalayan bears . Considering
Bird feet and legs
Some birds like gulls , herons , ducks or geese can regulate their temperature through their feet .
Barn owl
Galápagos barn owl -- Endemic to the Galápagos islands . Sometimes considered a distinct species . T. a . poensis ( Fraser , 1842 ) Upperparts golden - brown and grey with very bold pattern . Underparts light buff with extensive speckles . Face white . Endemic to Bioko , if not the same as affinis . T. a . thomensis ( Hartlaub , 1852 ) Smallish . Upperparts dark brownish grey with bold pattern , including lighter brown bands on remiges and rectrices . Underparts golden brown with extensive speckles . Face buff . Endemic to São Tomé Island . A record from Príncipe is in error . São tomé barn owl -- Sometimes considered a distinct species . T. a . affinis ( Blyth , 1862 ) In Tanzania Similar to poensis , but supposedly lighter on average . Upperparts very grey . Underparts light buff with extensive speckles . Face white . Sub-Saharan Africa , including the Comoros , Madagascar , Pemba and Unguja islands ; introduced to the Seychelles . Intergrades with alba around the Egypt - Sudan border . Includes hypermetra ; doubtfully distinct from poensis . T. a . guatemalae ( Ridgway , 1874 ) Similar to dark pratincola ; less grey above , coarser speckles below . Guatemala or S Mexico through Central America to Panama or N Colombia ; Pearl Islands . Includes subandeana ; doubtfully distinct from pratincola . T. a . bargei ( Hartert , 1892 ) Similar to alba ; smaller and noticeably short - winged . Curaçao barn owl -- Endemic to Curaçao and maybe Bonaire in the West Indies . T. a . contempta ( Hartert , 1898 ) Almost black with some dark grey above , the white part of the spotting showing prominently . Reddish brown below . NE Andes from W Venezuela through E Colombia ( rare in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera Occidental ) south to Peru . Includes stictica . T. a . schmitzi ( Hartert , 1900 ) Small .
Barn owl
South American lowlands east of the Andes and south of the Amazon River all the way south to Tierra del Fuego ; also on the Falkland Islands . Includes hauchecornei and possibly hellmayri . T. a . guttata ( C.L. Brehm , 1831 ) In flight , Sandesneben ( Germany ) More grey on upperparts than alba . Underparts buff to rufous with some dark speckles ( more than in alba ) . Face whitish . Females are on average redder below than males . C Europe north of the Alps from the Rhine to Latvia , Lithuania and Ukraine , and south to Romania , NE Greece and the S Balkans . Intergrades with alba at the western border of its range . Includes rhenana . T. a . pratincola ( Bonaparte , 1838 ) Adult in flight Large . Upperparts grey and orange - buff . Underparts whitish to light buff with much speckling . Face white . Resembles pale Old World guttata , but usually more speckles below . North America from S Canada south to C Mexico ; Bermuda , Bahamas , Hispaniola ; introduced to Lord Howe Island ( where it became extinct again ) and in 1958 to Hawaii ( where it persists ) . Galápagos barn owl -- Includes lucayana and might include bondi , guatemalae , subandeana . T. a . punctatissima ( G.R. Grey , 1838 ) On Santa Cruz Island ( Galápagos ) Small . Dark greyish brown above , with white part of spots prominent . Underparts white to golden buff , with distinct pattern of brown vermiculations or fine dense spots . Galápagos barn owl -- Endemic to the Galápagos islands . Sometimes considered a distinct species . T. a . poensis ( Fraser , 1842 ) Upperparts golden - brown and grey with very bold pattern . Underparts light buff with extensive speckles . Face white . Endemic to Bioko , if not the same as affinis . T. a . thomensis ( Hartlaub , 1852 ) Smallish .
Mourning dove
Eastern Z. m. carolinensis ( Linnaeus , 1766 ) Clarion Island Z. m. clarionensis ( C.H. Townsend , 1890 ) West Indian Z. m. macroura ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Western Z. m. marginella ( Woodhouse , 1852 ) Panama Z. m. turturilla Wetmore , 1956
New World monkey
The chromosomal content of the ancestor species appears to have been 2n = 54 . In extant species , the 2n value varies from 16 in the titi monkey to 62 in the woolly monkey .
Cross River gorilla
In 2000 Esteban E. Sarmiento and John F. Oates proposed and supported the hypothesis that the Cross River gorilla began to evolve into a distinct subspecies of the Gorilla gorilla during an arid period of the African Pleistocene phase in response to declining food sources and a greater emphasis on herbivory and terrestrial behaviors .
Water buffalo
During the 1970s , small herds were imported to Costa Rica , Ecuador , Cayenne , Panama , Surinam , Guyana , and Venezuela .
Evidence of common descent
Animals that exhibit ecotonal variations allow for research concerning the mechanisms that maintain population differentiation . A wealth of information about natural selection , genotypic , and phenotypic variation ; adaptation and ecomorphology ; and social signaling has been acquired from the studies of three species of lizards located in the White Sands desert of New Mexico . Holbrookia maculata , Aspidoscelis inornata , and Sceloporus undulatus exhibit ecotonal populations that match both the dark soils and the white sands in the region . Research conducted on these species has found significant phenotypic and genotypic differences between the dark and light populations due to strong selection pressures . For example , H. maculata exhibits the strongest phenotypic difference ( matches best with the substrate ) of the light colored population coinciding with the least amount of gene flow between the populations and the highest genetic differences when compared to the other two lizard species .
Barn owl
( show ) Subspecies Description Range Synonyms T. a . alba ( Scopoli , 1769 ) Light coloured adult Upperparts grey and light buff . Underparts white , with few if any black spots ; males often appear entirely unspotted . W Europe from the British Isles south to the Maghreb and west along Mediterranean coastal regions to NW Turkey in the north and the Nile in the south , where it reaches upstream to NE Sudan . Also Aïr Mountains in the Sahara of Niger , Balearic Islands and Sicily in the Mediterranean , and the W Canary Islands ( El Hierro , La Gomera , La Palma Gran Canaria and Tenerife ) . Intergrades with guttata from the Balkans through Hungary and along the Rhine and lower Meuse rivers , and with affinis around the Egypt - Sudan border . Common barn owl -- Includes hostilis , kirchhoffi , kleinschmidti , pusillus . African populations might belong to erlangeri . T. a . furcata ( Temminck , 1827 ) In Cuba Large . Upperparts pale orange - buff and brownish - grey , underparts whitish with few speckles . Face white . Cuba , Jamaica , Cayman Islands ( rare or extinct on Grand Cayman ) . American Barn Owl -- Might include niveicauda . T. a . tuidara ( J.E. Gray , 1829 ) In Brazil Upperparts grey and orange - buff . Underparts whitish to light buff with little speckling . Face white . Resembles pale Old World guttata . South American lowlands east of the Andes and south of the Amazon River all the way south to Tierra del Fuego ; also on the Falkland Islands . Includes hauchecornei and possibly hellmayri . T. a . guttata ( C.L. Brehm , 1831 ) In flight , Sandesneben ( Germany ) More grey on upperparts than alba . Underparts buff to rufous with some dark speckles ( more than in alba ) . Face whitish . Females are on average redder below than males .
Arctic fox
Bering Islands Arctic fox , V. l. beringensis Iceland Arctic fox , V. l. fuliginosus Pribilof Islands Arctic fox , V. l. pribilofensis Greenland Arctic fox , V. l. foragorapusis
Species
The commonly used names for kinds of organisms are often ambiguous : `` cat '' could mean the domestic cat , Felis catus , or the cat family , Felidae . Another problem with common names is that they often vary from place to place , so that puma , cougar , catamount , panther , painter and mountain lion all mean Puma concolor in various parts of America , while `` panther '' may also mean the jaguar ( Panthera onca ) of Latin America or the leopard ( Panthera pardus ) of Africa and Asia . In contrast , the scientific names of species are chosen to be unique and universal ; they are in two parts used together : the genus as in Puma , and the specific epithet as in concolor .
Bothrops asper
Across its geographic range , this species varies greatly phenotypically . As a result , great confusion between it and other related species , most notably Bothrops atrox , which is similar in color but usually has yellow or rust - like tones and rectangular or trapezoidal blotches .
Mourning dove
The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove ( Zenaida auriculata ) and the Socorro dove ( Zenaida graysoni ) . Some authorities describe them as forming a superspecies and these three birds are sometimes classified in the separate genus Zenaidura , but the current classification has them as separate species in the genus Zenaida . In addition , the Socorro dove has at times been considered conspecific with the mourning dove , although several differences in behavior , call , and appearance justify separation as two different species . While the three species do form a subgroup of Zenaida , using a separate genus would interfere with the monophyly of Zenaida by making it paraphyletic .
Cross River gorilla
The Cross River gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla diehli ) is a subspecies of the western gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla ) . It was named a new species in 1904 by Paul Matschie , a mammalian taxonomist working at the Humboldt University Zoological Museum in Berlin , but its populations were not systematically surveyed until 1987 .
Cross River gorilla
The Cross River gorilla was first described as a new species of Western gorilla by Paul Matschie , a mammalian taxonomist , in 1904 . Its morphological distinctiveness was confirmed in 1987 . Subsequent analyses of cranial and tooth morphology , long bone proportions and distribution demonstrated the distinctiveness of the Cross River gorilla and the gorilla was described as a distinct subspecies in 2000 .