vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Economy of Nazi Germany
The Nazi social welfare provisions included old age insurance , rent supplements , unemployment and disability benefits , old - age homes , interest - free loans for married couples , along with healthcare insurance , which was not decreed mandatory until 1941 . One of the NSV branches , the Office of Institutional and Special Welfare , was responsible `` for travellers ' aid at railway stations ; relief for ex-convicts ; ' support ' for re-migrants from abroad ; alcoholics ; and the fight against illicit drugs and epidemics . '' However , the physically disabled and homeless were persecuted in Nazi Germany . The Office of Youth Relief , which had 30,000 branches offices by 1941 , took the job of supervising `` social workers , corrective training , mediation assistance , '' and dealing with judicial authorities to prevent juvenile delinquency . It is estimated that in the mid-1930s , German workers paid 15 - 35 % of their income to taxes , social programs , and ( due to government pressure ) charities . Gross
Economy of Nazi Germany
With 17 million Germans receiving assistance under the auspices of National Socialist People 's Welfare ( NSV ) by 1939 , the agency `` projected a powerful image of caring and support . '' The National Socialists provided a plethora of social welfare programs under Nazi 's concept of Volksgemeinschaft which promoted the collectivity of a `` people 's community '' where citizens would sacrifice themselves for the greater good . The NSV operated `` 8,000 day - nurseries '' by 1939 , and funded holiday homes for mothers , distributed additional food for large families , and was involved with a `` wide variety of other facilities . ''
Siberia
In the early decades of the Soviet Union ( especially the 1930s and 1940s ) , the government established the GULAG state agency to administer a system of penal labour camps , replacing the previous katorga system . According to semi-official Soviet estimates , which were not made public until after the fall of the Soviet government , from 1929 to 1953 more than 14 million people passed through these camps and prisons , many of which were in Siberia . Another seven to eight million people were internally deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union ( including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases ) .
Bauhaus
Although neither the Nazi Party nor Adolf Hitler had a cohesive architectural policy before they came to power in 1933 , Nazi writers like Wilhelm Frick and Alfred Rosenberg had already labeled the Bauhaus `` un-German '' and criticized its modernist styles , deliberately generating public controversy over issues like flat roofs . Increasingly through the early 1930s , they characterized the Bauhaus as a front for communists and social liberals . Indeed , a number of communist students loyal to Meyer moved to the Soviet Union when he was fired in 1930 .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Fiscal policy was also directed towards exploitation of conquered countries , from which capital was to be gathered for German investments . Banks , such as Bank Emisyjny w Polsce , were created to manage local economies .
Latin America
There was a Nazi influence in certain parts of the region , but Jewish migration from Europe during the war continued . Only a few people recognized or knew about the Holocaust . Furthermore , numerous military bases were built during the war by the United States , but some also by the Germans . Even now , unexploded bombs from the second world war that need to be made safe still remain .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Many business leaders had welcomed Hitler 's rise to power due to his anti-Communist and anti-trade union stance . Many of these businessmen and their businesses continued to support Hitler even during the war and even profited from persecution of the Jews . The most infamous being firms like Krupp , IG Farben , and some large automobile manufacturers . In other cases , National Socialist officials were levying harsh fines of millions of marks for a `` single bookkeeping error . '' The Nazis granted big business millions of marks in credits to private businesses . Many businessmen had friendly relations to the Nazis , most notably with Heinrich Himmler and his Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft Hitler 's administration decreed an October 1937 policy that `` dissolved all corporations with a capital under $40,000 and forbade the establishment of new ones with a capital less than $200,000 , '' which swiftly effected the collapse of one fifth of all small corporations . On July 15 , 1933 a law was enacted that imposed compulsory membership in cartels , while by 1934 the Third Reich had mandated a reorganization of all companies and trade associations and formed an alliance with the Nazi regime . Nonetheless , the Nazi regime was able to close most of Germany 's stock exchanges , reducing them `` from twenty - one to nine in 1935 , '' and `` limited the distributed of dividends to 6 percent . '' By 1936 Germany decreed laws to completely block foreign stock trades by citizens . These moves showed signs of Antisemitism and a move towards a war economy , with the belief that the stock market was being operated by Jews .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Hitler also spent large amounts of state revenues for a comprehensive social welfare system to combat the ill effects of the Great Depression , promising repeatedly throughout his regime the `` creation of a socially just state . '' Hitler both expanded the state - owned welfare organizations and privatized social welfare organizations Nonetheless , the NSV instituted expansive programs to address the socio - economic inequalities among those deemed to be German citizens , and under the leadership of Erich Hilgenfeldt , was ordered in 1933 `` to the disbanding of all private welfare institutions . '' Joseph Goebbels remarked about the merits of Hitler 's welfare state in a 1944 editorial `` Our Socialism , '' where he professed : `` We and we alone ( the Nazis ) have the best social welfare measures . Everything is done for the nation . ''
Reichstag fire
In his verdict , Judge Bürger was careful to underline his belief that there had in fact been a Communist conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag , but declared , with the exception of Van der Lubbe , there was insufficient evidence to connect the accused to the fire or the alleged conspiracy . Only Van der Lubbe was found guilty and sentenced to death . The rest were acquitted and were expelled to the Soviet Union , where they received a heroic welcome . The one exception was Torgler , who was taken into `` protective custody '' by the police until 1935 . After being released , he assumed a pseudonym and moved away from Berlin .
Mexico City
Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier , Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country 's population and history , even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically . The choice was official on November 18 , 1824 , and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square ( 8,800 acres ) centered on the Zocalo . This area was then separated from the State of Mexico , forcing that state 's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition ( now Museum of Mexican Medicine ) in the city to Texcoco . This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán , Xochimilco , Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan , all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico .
Treaty of Versailles
Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer wrote `` military and economic historians ( have ) found that the German military only insignificantly exceeded the limits '' of the treaty prior to 1933 . Adam Tooze concurred , and wrote `` To put this in perspective , annual military spending by the Weimar Republic was counted not in the billions but in the hundreds of millions of Reichsmarks '' ; for example , the Weimar Republic 's 1931 program of 480 million Reichsmarks over five years compared to the Nazi Government 's 1933 plan to spend 4.4 billion Reichsmarks per year . P.M.H. Bell argued that the British Government was aware of latter Weimar rearming , and lent public respectability to the German efforts by not opposing them . Norman Davies wrote that `` a curious oversight '' of the military restrictions were that they `` did not include rockets in its list of prohibited weapons '' , which provided Wernher von Braun an area to research within eventually resulting in `` his break ( that ) came in 1943 '' leading to the development of the V - 2 rocket .
Government of the Soviet Union
The Government of the Soviet Union , and the main executive power of the Soviet state , were both headed by the premier , who had an unspecified number of first deputy chairmen and deputy chairmen of the government , all of which were given responsibility over one specific area . These were accompanied by a varying number of government ministers and state committee chairmen , recommended by the premier and appointed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . The executive branch was responsible for both short - and long - term economic , social and cultural development . The Government 's official residence was at the Kremlin Senate in Moscow .
United States Secret Service
Effective March 1 , 2003 , the Secret Service transferred from the Treasury to the newly established Department of Homeland Security .
Reichstag fire
The Kroll Opera House , sitting across the Königsplatz from the burned - out Reichstag building , functioned as the Reichstag 's venue for the remaining twelve years of the Third Reich 's existence . Dimitrov
Marshall Plan
Germany , which up until the 1953 Debt agreement had to work on the assumption that all the Marshall Plan aid was to be repaid , spent its funds very carefully . Payment for Marshall Plan goods , `` counterpart funds '' , were administered by the Reconstruction Credit Institute , which used the funds for loans inside Germany . In the 1953 Debt agreement the amount of Marshall plan aid that Germany was to repay was reduced to less than 1 billion USD . This made the proportion of loans versus grants to Germany similar to that of France and the UK . The final German loan repayment was made in 1971 . Since Germany chose to repay the aid debt out of the German Federal budget , leaving the German ERP fund intact , the fund was able to continue its reconstruction work . By 1996 it had accumulated a value of 23 billion Deutsche Mark .
Axis powers
Deprived of any military assets , territory or resources , the members of the Vichy government continued to fulfil their role as German puppets , being quasi-prisoners in the so - called `` Sigmaringen enclave '' in a castle in Baden - Württemberg at the end of the war in May 1945 .
Warsaw
The levelling of Warsaw during the war has left gaping holes in the city 's historic collections . Although a considerable number of treasures were spirited away to safety in 1939 , a great number of collections from palaces and museums in the countryside were brought to Warsaw at that time as the capital was considered a safer place than some remote castle in the borderlands . Thus losses were heavy . Warsaw
Great Depression
The majority of countries set up relief programs and most underwent some sort of political upheaval , pushing them to the right . Many of the countries in Europe and Latin America that were democracies saw them overthrown by some form of dictatorship or authoritarian rule , most famously in Germany in 1933 . The Dominion of Newfoundland gave up democracy voluntarily .
Economic history of World War I
Neutral countries led by the United States set up the Commission for Relief in Belgium , headed by American engineer Herbert Hoover . It shipped in large quantities of food and medical supplies , which it tried to reserve for civilians and keep out of the hands of the Germans . Many businesses collaborated with the Germans , and some women cohabitated with them . They were treated roughly in a wave of popular violence in November and December 1918 . The government set up judicial proceedings to punish the collaborators . Belgian
Economy of Nazi Germany
From late 1944 on , Allied bombings were destroying German factories and cities at a rapid pace , leading to the final collapse of the German war economy in 1945 ( Stunde Null ) . Food became drastically scarce . Synthetic fuel production dropped by 86 % in eight months , explosive output was reduced by 42 % and the loss of tank output was 35 % . The Allied bombing campaign also tied up valuable manpower , with Albert Speer ( Germany 's Minister of Armaments ) estimating that in the summer of 1944 between 200,000 and 300,000 men were permanently employed in repairing oil installations and placing oil production underground .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Ignoring the agreement it signed to avoid involvement in the Spanish Civil War , the USSR sent arms and troops and organized volunteers to fight for the republican government . Communist forces systematically killed their old enemies the Spanish anarchists , even though they were on the same Republican side . The Spanish government sent its entire treasury to Moscow for safekeeping , but it was never returned .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
Also on 9 November , Max von Baden handed over the office of Chancellor to Friedrich Ebert , a Social Democrat . Ebert 's SPD and Erzberger 's Catholic Centre Party had enjoyed an uneasy relationship with the Imperial government since Bismarck 's era in the 1870s and 1880s . They were well represented in the Imperial Reichstag , which had little power over the government , and had been calling for a negotiated peace since 1917 . Their prominence in the peace negotiations would cause the new Weimar Republic to lack legitimacy in right - wing and militarist eyes .
History of the United Kingdom
Labour Party experts went into the files to find the detailed plans for nationalisation that had been developed . To their surprise , there were no plans . The leaders realized they had to act fast to keep up the momentum of the 1945 electoral landslide . They started with the Bank of England , civil aviation , coal , and Cable and Wireless . Then came railways , canals , road haulage and trucking , electricity , and gas . Finally came iron and steel , which was a special case because it was a manufacturing industry . Altogether , about one fifth of the economy had been nationalised . Labour dropped its plans to nationalise farmlands . The procedure used was developed by Herbert Morrison , who as Lord President chaired the Committee on the Socialization of Industries . He followed the model that was already in place of setting up public corporations such as the BBC in broadcasting ( 1927 ) . As the owners of corporate stock were given government bonds , and the government took full ownership of each affected company , consolidating it into a national monopoly . The management remained the same , only now they became civil servants working for the government .
Economy of Nazi Germany
In other cases , where the Nazi administration wanted additional industrial capacity , they would first nationalize and then establish a new state - owned - and - operated company . In 1937 Hermann Göring targeted companies producing iron ore , `` taking control of all privately owned steelworks and setting up a new company , known as the Hermann Göring Works . '' By 1943 , up to 500 companies were owned by the German state . Those industries that somehow remained in private hands often received favoritism , subsidies and various state assistance . Nonetheless , Hitler was `` an enemy of free - market economics '' whose regime was committed to an economic `` New Order '' controlled by the `` Party through a bureaucratic apparatus staffed by technical experts and dominated by political interests , '' similar to the economic planning of the Soviet Union . William Shirer noted how there were many regulations but still a private market economy . However , other researchers have shown that there was certainly business freedom in Nazi Germany .
Helsinki
Russian Emperor Alexander I of Russia moved the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki in 1812 to reduce Swedish influence in Finland , and to bring the capital closer to Saint Petersburg . Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827 , the Royal Academy of Turku , which at the time was the country 's only university , was also relocated to Helsinki and eventually became the modern University of Helsinki . The move consolidated the city 's new role and helped set it on a path of continuous growth . This transformation is highly apparent in the downtown core , which was rebuilt in the neoclassical style to resemble Saint Petersburg , mostly to a plan by the German - born architect C.L. Engel . As elsewhere , technological advancements such as railroads and industrialization were key factors behind the city 's growth .
Axis powers
The opposition to the Nazi regime 's aggressive foreign policy in the military became so strong from 1936 to 1938 , that considerations of overthrowing the Nazi regime were discussed within the upper echelons of the military and remaining non-Nazi members of the German government . Minister of Economics , Hjalmar Schacht met with Beck in 1936 in which Schacht declared to Beck that he was considering an overthrow of the Nazi regime and was inquiring what the stance was by the German military on support of an overthrow of the Nazi regime . Beck was lukewarm to the idea , and responded that if a coup against the Nazi regime began with support at the civilian level , the military would not oppose it . Schacht considered this promise by Beck to be inadequate because he knew that without the support of the army , any coup attempt would be crushed by the Gestapo and the SS . However , by 1938 , Beck became a firm opponent of the Nazi regime out of his opposition to Hitler 's military plans of 1937 -- 38 that told the military to prepare for the possibility of a world war as a result of German annexation plans for Austria and Czechoslovakia . Colonies
Federalist Era
At the start of the Federalist Era , New York City was the nation 's capital , but the Constitution had provided for the establishment of a permanent national capital under federal authority . Article One of the Constitution permits the establishment of a `` District ( not exceeding ten miles square ) as may , by cession of particular states , and the acceptance of Congress , become the seat of the government of the United States '' . In what is now known as the Compromise of 1790 , Madison , Alexander Hamilton , and Thomas Jefferson came to an agreement that the federal government would pay each state 's remaining Revolutionary War debts in exchange for establishing the new national capital in the Southern United States . In July 1790 , Congress passed the Residence Act , which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River . The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington . Maryland and Virginia donated land to the federal government that collectively formed a square measuring 10 miles ( 16 km ) on each side . The Residence Act also established Philadelphia as the federal capital until the government moved to the federal district . Congress adjourned its last meeting in Philadelphia on May 15 , 1800 , and the city officially ceased to be the nation 's seat of government as of June 1800 . President John Adams moved into the White House later that year .
Government of the Soviet Union
In addition , during the last days of the Soviet Union , the following interim bodies performed functions of the union government ( management of the economy and carrying out economic and social reforms ) after the Cabinet Ministers was dissolved by a vote of no confidence . However eventually no new full government was formed due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union .
Urban renewal
With the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 , increased house building and government expenditure was used to pull the country out of recession . The Housing Act of 1930 gave local councils wide - ranging powers to demolish properties unfit for human habitation or that posed a danger to health , and obligated them to rehouse those people who were relocated due to the large scale slum clearance programs . Cities with a large proportion of Victorian terraced housing - housing that was no longer deemed of sufficient standard for modern living requirements - underwent the greatest changes . Over 5,000 homes ( 25,000 residents ) in the city of Bristol were designated as redevelopment areas in 1933 and slated for demolition . Although efforts were made to house the victims of the demolitions in the same area as before , in practice this was too difficult to fully implement and many people were rehoused in other areas , even different cities . In an effort to rehouse the poorest people affected by redevelopment , the rent for housing was set at an artificially low level , although this policy also only achieved mixed success .
Economy of Nazi Germany
The Nazis came to power in the midst of Great Depression . The unemployment rate at that point in time was close to 30 % . Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht , a former member of the German Democratic Party , as President of the Reichsbank in 1933 and Minister of Economics in 1934 . At first , Schacht continued the economic policies introduced by the government of Kurt von Schleicher in 1932 to combat the effects of the Great Depression . The inherited policies included a large public works programs supported by deficit spending -- such as the construction of the Autobahn network -- to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment . However , many of these programs were going to be undertaken by the Weimar Republic during conservative Paul von Hindenburg 's presidency anyway . Following a policy dependent upon heavy borrowing of `` gigantic sums of money '' , Nazi Germany 's national debt by 1939 `` had reached 37.4 billion Reichmarks , '' where even `` Goebbels , who otherwise mocked the government 's financial experts as narrow - minded misers , expressed concern in his diary about the exploding deficit . ''
Lithuania
After the retreat of the German armed forces , the Soviets reestablished the annexation of Lithuania in 1944 . Under border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference of 1945 , the former German Memelland , with its Baltic port Memel ( Lithuanian : Klaipėda ) , was again transferred to Lithuania , which was now referred to as the Lithuanian SSR . Most of Memelland 's German residents had fled the area in the final months of World War II .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Lenin 's plans failed , although Russia did manage to hold onto the Central Asian and Caucasian domains that had been part of the Russian Empire . The revolutionary stage ended after the Soviet defeat in the war with Poland in 1921 . As Europe 's revolutions were crushed and revolutionary zeal dwindled , the Bolsheviks shifted their ideological focus from the world revolution and building socialism around the globe to building socialism inside the Soviet Union , while keeping some of the rhetoric and operations of the Comintern continuing . In the mid-1920s , a policy of peaceful co-existence began to emerge , with Soviet diplomats attempting to end the country 's isolation , and concluding bilateral arrangements with capitalist governments . Agreement was reached with Germany , Europe 's other pariah , in the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922 . At the same time the Rapallo treaty was signed it set up a secret system for hosting large - scale training and research facilities for the german army and air force , despite the strict prohibitions on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles . These facilities operated until 1933 .