vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ancient Egypt
Egypt is rich in building and decorative stone , copper and lead ores , gold , and semiprecious stones . These natural resources allowed the ancient Egyptians to build monuments , sculpt statues , make tools , and fashion jewelry . Embalmers used salts from the Wadi Natrun for mummification , which also provided the gypsum needed to make plaster . Ore - bearing rock formations were found in distant , inhospitable wadis in the eastern desert and the Sinai , requiring large , state - controlled expeditions to obtain natural resources found there . There were extensive gold mines in Nubia , and one of the first maps known is of a gold mine in this region . The Wadi Hammamat was a notable source of granite , greywacke , and gold . Flint was the first mineral collected and used to make tools , and flint handaxes are the earliest pieces of evidence of habitation in the Nile valley . Nodules of the mineral were carefully flaked to make blades and arrowheads of moderate hardness and durability even after copper was adopted for this purpose . Ancient Egyptians were among the first to use minerals such as sulfur as cosmetic substances .
List of poker hands
There are 123,552 possible two pair hands and 858 distinct ranks of two pair when using a standard 52 - card deck . Each two pair is ranked first by the rank of its highest - ranking pair , then by the rank of its lowest - ranking pair , and finally by the rank of its kicker . For example , 10 10 ♠ 2 ♠ 2 ♣ K ♣ ranks higher than 5 ♣ 5 ♠ 4 4 ♥ 10 ♥ , which ranks higher than 5 ♣ 5 ♠ 3 ♣ 3 Q ♠ , which ranks higher than 5 ♣ 5 ♠ 3 ♣ 3 J ♠ . Two pair hands that differ by suit alone , such as K K ♠ 7 7 ♥ 8 ♥ and K ♣ K ♠ 7 ♣ 7 ♥ 8 ♣ , are of equal rank .
Lundy
Lundy has 23 holiday properties , sleeping between one and 14 people . These include a lighthouse , a castle and a Victorian mansion . Many of the buildings are constructed from the island 's granite .
Mark and recapture
N ^ = K n k = 10 × 15 5 = 30 ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( N ) ) = ( \ frac ( Kn ) ( k ) ) = ( \ frac ( 10 \ times 15 ) ( 5 ) ) = 30 )
Ashoka
The capital contains four lions ( Indian / Asiatic Lions ) , standing back to back , mounted on a short cylindrical abacus , with a frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant , a galloping horse , a bull , and a lion , separated by intervening spoked chariot - wheels over a bell - shaped lotus . Carved out of a single block of polished sandstone , the capital was believed to be crowned by a ' Wheel of Dharma ' ( Dharmachakra popularly known in India as the `` Ashoka Chakra '' ) . The Sarnath pillar bears one of the Edicts of Ashoka , an inscription against division within the Buddhist community , which reads , `` No one shall cause division in the order of monks . ''
Klondike (solitaire)
The game can be played with a Tarot - style 78 - card deck ( such as a Tarot Nouveau ) . There are two ways of doing this . Each has nine increasing tableau stacks .
Diamond
Diamond is the hardest known natural material on both the Vickers and the Mohs scale . Diamond 's hardness has been known since antiquity , and is the source of its name .
Cheka
In 1918 : 6,300 ; in 1919 ( up to July ) : 2,089 ; Total : 8,389
Tower Bridge
Two massive piers , containing over 70,000 tons of concrete , were sunk into the riverbed to support the construction . Over 11,000 tons of steel provided the framework for the towers and walkways . This was then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone , both to protect the underlying steelwork and to give the bridge a pleasing appearance .
Quartz clock
A cantilever made of quartz ( E = 10 N / m = 100 GPa and ρ = 2634 kg / m ) with a length of 3 mm and a thickness of 0.3 mm has thus a fundamental frequency around 33 kHz . The crystal is tuned to exactly 2 = 7004327680000000000 ♠ 32 768 Hz or runs at a slightly higher frequency with inhibition compensation ( see below ) .
Clay court
The professional clay court season comprises many more tournaments than the brief grass court season , but is still shorter than the hard court seasons . There are three distinct clay court seasons during the year .
State of Origin series
Basic Records Venue Games NSW Drw Qld NSW pts QLD pts Total pts Lang Park 52 18 33 745 ( 124 - 127 - 5 ) 1011 ( 170 - 167 - 8 ) 1756 ( 294 - 294 - 13 ) S.C.G 6 0 68 ( 12 - 10 - 1 ) 76 ( 14 - 11 - 0 144 ( 26 - 21 - 1 ) Long Beach 0 0 30 ( 5 - 5 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) 48 ( 8 - 8 - 0 ) S.F.S 14 6 0 8 189 ( 33 - 28 - 1 ) 199 ( 34 - 31 - 1 ) 388 ( 77 - 59 - 2 ) Olympic 0 0 12 ( 2 - 2 - 0 ) 6 ( 1 - 1 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) M.C.G 0 67 ( 11 - 11 - 1 ) 52 ( 9 - 8 - 0 ) 119 ( 20 - 19 - 1 ) Stadium Australia 25 16 8 471 ( 81 - 71 - 5 ) 318 ( 57 - 44 - 2 ) 789 ( 138 - 115 - 7 ) QEII 0 0 32 ( 5 - 6 - 0 ) 66 ( 13 - 7 - 0 ) 98 ( 18 - 13 - 0 ) Docklands 0 0 42 ( 8 - 5 - 0 ) 62 ( 11 - 9 - 0 ) 104 ( 19 - 14 - 0 ) Totals 108 48 58 1656 ( 281 - 265 - 13 ) 1808 ( 312 - 281 - 11 ) 3464 ( 593 - 546 - 24 )
Three card brag
For example , with four players A , B , C and D , this situation could occur : Player A bets 2 chips , B folds , C bets 2 chips and D bets 2 chips . In order to stay in , A would have to bet another 2 chips ( at least ) .
State of Origin series
Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Stadium Australia ( Telstra Stadium / ANZ Stadium ) Sydney 25 88,336 55,421 Sydney Football Stadium ( Allianz Stadium ) Sydney 14 41,955 16,910 Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) Sydney 6 42,048 20,242
Hajj
) 2006 1426 573,147 1,557,447 2,130,594 2006 1427 724,229 1,654,407 2,378,636 2007 1428 746,511 1,707,814 2,454,325 2008 1429 1,729,841 2009 1430 154,000 1,613,000 2,521,000 1431 989,798 1,799,601 2,854,345 2011 1432 1,099,522 1,828,195 2,927,717 2012 1433 1,408,641 1,752,932 3,161,573 2013 1434 700,000 ( approx . ) 1,379,531 2,061,573 ( approx . ) 2014 1435 700,000 ( approx . ) 1,389,053 2,089,053 ( approx . ) 2015 1436 615,059 ( approx . ) 1,384,941 2,000,000 ( approx . ) 2016 1437 537,537 1,325,372 1,862,909 2017 1438 2,000,000 ( approx . )
Uluru
The arkose sandstone which makes up the formation is composed of grains that show little sorting based on grain size , exhibit very little rounding and the feldspars in the rock are relatively fresh in appearance . This lack of sorting and grain rounding is typical of arkosic sandstones and is indicative of relatively rapid erosion from the granites of the growing mountains to the south . The layers of sand were nearly horizontal when deposited , but were tilted to their near vertical position during a later episode of mountain building , possibly the Alice Springs Orogeny of Palaeozoic age ( 400 -- 300 Ma ) .
Diamond
Scientific evidence indicates that white dwarf stars have a core of crystallized carbon and oxygen nuclei . The largest of these found in the universe so far , BPM 37093 , is located 50 light - years ( 4.7 × 10 km ) away in the constellation Centaurus . A news release from the Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics described the 2,500 - mile ( 4,000 km ) - wide stellar core as a diamond .
Haiku
Although the word `` on '' is sometimes translated as `` syllable '' , one on is counted for a short syllable , two for an elongated vowel or doubled consonant , and one for an `` n '' at the end of a syllable . Thus , the word `` haibun '' , though counted as two syllables in English , is counted as four on in Japanese ( ha - i - bu - n ) ; and the word `` on '' itself , which English - speakers would view as a single syllable , comprises two on : the short vowel o and the moraic nasal n̩ . This is illustrated by the Issa haiku below , which contains 17 on but only 15 syllables . Conversely , some sounds , such as `` kyo '' ( き ょ ) may look like two syllables to English speakers but are in fact a single on ( as well as a single syllable ) in Japanese .
Missouri
Missouri has vast quantities of limestone . Other resources mined are lead , coal , and crushed stone . Missouri produces the most lead of all of the states . Most of the lead mines are in the central eastern portion of the state . Missouri also ranks first or near first in the production of lime , a key ingredient in Portland cement .
Forbidden City
The Palace Museum holds 340,000 pieces of ceramics and porcelain . These include imperial collections from the Tang dynasty and the Song dynasty , as well as pieces commissioned by the Palace , and , sometimes , by the Emperor personally . The Palace Museum holds about 320,000 pieces of porcelain from the imperial collection . The rest are almost all held in the National Palace Museum in Taipei and the Nanjing Museum .
Mental calculation
Meaning the square of mn can be found by adding n to mn , multiplied by m , adding 0 to the end and finally adding the square of n .
Moai
It is not known exactly how the moai were moved across the island . Earlier researchers assumed that the process almost certainly required human energy , ropes , and possibly wooden sledges ( sleds ) and / or rollers , as well as leveled tracks across the island ( the Easter Island roads ) . Another theory suggests that the moai were placed on top of logs and were rolled to their destinations . If that theory is correct it would take 50 - 150 people to move the moai . The most recent study demonstrates from the evidence in the archaeological record that the statues were harnessed with ropes from two sides and made to `` walk '' by tilting them from side to side while pulling forward . They would also use a chant , whilst ' walking ' the moai . Coordination and cohesion was essential , so they developed a chant in which the rhythm helped them pull at the precise moment necessary .
Nepanagar
The Nepa mill area is covered in 107 acres of land and township 1762 acres totalling 1869 acres of land . There is a well - developed township in Nepa , which is equipped with all the facilities . The Company has 2164 residential quarters in the township .
Desert
As the desert mountains decay , large areas of shattered rock and rubble occur . The process continues and the end products are either dust or sand . Dust is formed from solidified clay or volcanic deposits whereas sand results from the fragmentation of harder granites , limestone and sandstone . There is a certain critical size ( about 0.5 mm ) below which further temperature - induced weathering of rocks does not occur and this provides a minimum size for sand grains .
Carbon
The diamond supply chain is controlled by a limited number of powerful businesses , and is also highly concentrated in a small number of locations around the world ( see figure ) .
Quakers
Quakers in Asia ( 2012 ) Country Number of Quakers Bangladesh 475 Bhutan 800 Cambodia 410 China 100 India 4,300 Indonesia 1,800 Japan 140 Korea 50 Nepal 6,000 Philippines 2,500 Singapore 10 Taiwan 5,000
Radioactive decay
Total activity -- A , is the number of decays per unit time of a radioactive sample . Number of particles -- N , is the total number of particles in the sample . Specific activity -- S , number of decays per unit time per amount of substance of the sample at time set to zero ( t = 0 ) . `` Amount of substance '' can be the mass , volume or moles of the initial sample .
Negative number
Now there are two opposite kinds of counting rods for gains and losses , let them be called positive and negative . Red counting rods are positive , black counting rods are negative .
Geography of Illinois
Illinois is a major coal - producing state . Much of the bedrock surface is of Pennsylvanian age , including `` cyclothemes '' , regular sequences of limestone , shale and coal layers . Newer rocks may have once existed in the State , but these have been removed by repeated epochs of glaciation . Only tiny areas of newer bedrock exist . The chance of finding dinosaur bones in Illinois is almost nil : , the Pennsylvanian rocks were here before the dinosaurs .
Cape Hatteras Light
Construction material : Approximately 1,250,000 bricks Height above sea level : 210 feet ( 64 m ) Height of the structure : 198.5 feet Daymark : black and white spiral stripes Number of steps : 257 steps to reach the light Brightness : 800,000 candle power from each of two 1000 - watt lamps Flash pattern : 1 second flash , 6.5 second ellipse Visibility : From 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ) in clear conditions . In exceptional conditions , it has been seen from 51 miles ( 94 km ) out . The
Bradford
The underlying geology of the city is primarily carboniferous sandstones . These vary in quality from rough rock to fine , honey - coloured stone of building quality . Access to this material has had a pronounced effect on the architecture of the city . The city also lies within the north western parts of the Yorkshire Coalfield which is mostly composed of carboniferous coal measures .
Spanish language
Switzerland 7,581,520 150,782 ( 2 , 24 % ) 150,782 165,202 ( 14,420 students ) Ireland 4,581,269 35,220 ( 1 % of 3,522,000 ) 140,880 ( 4 % of 3,522,000 ) Finland 5,244,749 133,200 ( 3 % of 4,440,004 ) Bulgaria 7,262,675 130,750 ( 2 % of 6,537,510 ) 130,750 ( 2 % of 6,537,510 ) Bonaire and Curaçao 223,652 10,699 10,699 125,534 Norway 5,165,800 21,187 103,309 Czech Republic 10,513,209 90,124 ( 1 % of 9,012,443 ) Hungary 9,957,731 83,206 ( 1 % of 8,320,614 ) Aruba 101,484 6,800 6,800 75,402 Trinidad and Tobago 1,317,714 4,100 4,100 65,886 ( 5 % ) Cameroon 21,599,100 63,560 ( students ) Andorra 84,484 33,305 33,305 54,909 Slovenia 35,194 ( 2 % of 1,759,701 ) 52,791 ( 3 % of 1,759,701 ) New Zealand 21,645 21,645 47,322 ( 25,677 students ) Slovakia 5,455,407 45,500 ( 1 % of 4,549,955 ) China 1,339,724,852 30,000 ( students ) Gibraltar 29,441 22,758 ( 77.3 % ) Lithuania 2,972,949 28,297 ( 1 % of 2,829,740 ) Luxembourg 524,853 4,049 ( 1 % of 404,907 ) 8,098 ( 2 % of 404,907 ) 24,294 ( 6 % of 404,907 ) Russia 143,400,000 3,320 3,320 23,320 Western Sahara 513,000 n.a.
Devils Tower
The igneous material that forms the Tower is a phonolite porphyry intruded about 40.5 million years ago , a light to dark - gray or greenish - gray igneous rock with conspicuous crystals of white feldspar . As the magma cooled , hexagonal ( and sometimes 4 - , 5 - , and 7 - sided ) columns formed . As the rock continued to cool , the vertical columns shrank in cross-section ( horizontally ) and cracks began to occur at 120 degree angles , generally forming compact 6 - sided columns . The nearby Missouri Buttes , 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) to the northwest of Devils Tower , are also composed of columnar phonolite of the same age . ( Devils Postpile National Monument in California and Giant 's Causeway in Northern Ireland , are also columnar basalt , which are superficially similar , but with columns typically 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) diameter . )
Carbon
As for individual carbon allotropes , graphite is found in large quantities in the United States ( mostly in New York and Texas ) , Russia , Mexico , Greenland , and India . Natural diamonds occur in the rock kimberlite , found in ancient volcanic `` necks '' , or `` pipes '' . Most diamond deposits are in Africa , notably in South Africa , Namibia , Botswana , the Republic of the Congo , and Sierra Leone . Diamond deposits have also been found in Arkansas , Canada , the Russian Arctic , Brazil , and in Northern and Western Australia . Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope . Diamonds are found naturally , but about 30 % of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now manufactured .
Quechuan languages
Cardinal numbers . ch'usaq ( 0 ) , huk ( 1 ) , iskay ( 2 ) , kimsa ( 3 ) , tawa ( 4 ) , pichqa ( 5 ) , suqta ( 6 ) , qanchis ( 7 ) , pusaq ( 8 ) , isqun ( 9 ) , chunka ( 10 ) , chunka hukniyuq ( 11 ) , chunka iskayniyuq ( 12 ) , iskay chunka ( 20 ) , pachak ( 100 ) , waranqa ( 1,000 ) , hunu ( 1,000,000 ) , lluna ( 1,000,000,000,000 ) . Ordinal numbers . To form ordinal numbers , the word ñiqin is put after the appropriate cardinal number ( iskay ñiqin = `` second '' ) . The only exception is that , in addition to huk ñiqin ( `` first '' ) , the phrase ñawpaq is also used in the somewhat more restricted sense of `` the initial , primordial , the oldest '' .
Radioactive decay
N A + N B = N t o t a l = N A 0 , ( \ displaystyle N_ ( A ) + N_ ( B ) = N_ ( \ mathrm ( total ) ) = N_ ( A0 ) , )
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe is unusual in Africa in that there are a number of ancient ruined cities built in a unique dry stone style . The most famous of these are the Great Zimbabwe ruins in Masvingo . Other ruins include Khami Ruins , Zimbabwe , Dhlo - Dhlo and Naletale .
Uluru
The rock was originally sand , deposited as part of an extensive alluvial fan that extended out from the ancestors of the Musgrave , Mann and Petermann Ranges to the south and west , but separate from a nearby fan that deposited the sand , pebbles and cobbles that now make up Kata Tjuta .
Devils Tower
The landscape surrounding Devils Tower is composed mostly of sedimentary rocks . The oldest rocks visible in Devils Tower National Monument were laid down in a shallow sea during the Triassic period , 225 to 195 million years ago . This dark red sandstone and maroon siltstone , interbedded with shale , can be seen along the Belle Fourche River . Oxidation of iron minerals causes the redness of the rocks . This rock layer is known as the Spearfish Formation .
Devils Tower
Created as sea levels and climates repeatedly changed , gray - green shales ( deposited in low - oxygen environments such as marshes ) were interbedded with fine - grained sandstones , limestones , and sometimes thin beds of red mudstone . This composition , called the Stockade Beaver member , is part of the Sundance Formation . The Hulett Sandstone member , also part of the Sundance formation , is composed of yellow fine - grained sandstone . Resistant to weathering , it forms the nearly vertical cliffs which encircle the Tower .
Uluru
The Mutitjulu Arkose is believed to be of about the same age as the conglomerate at Kata Tjuta , and to have a similar origin despite the rock type being different , but it is younger than the rocks exposed to the east at Mount Conner , and unrelated to them . The strata at Uluru are nearly vertical , dipping to the south west at 85 ° , and have an exposed thickness of at least 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) . The strata dip below the surrounding plain and no doubt extend well beyond Uluru in the subsurface , but the extent is not known .
Devils Tower
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Cape Agulhas
The rocks that form Cape Agulhas belong to the Table Mountain Group , often loosely termed the Table Mountain sandstone . They are closely linked to the geological formations that are exposed in the spectacular cliffs of Table Mountain , Cape Point and the Cape of Good Hope . Panorama
Uluru
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Black Hills
The outermost feature of the dome stands out as a hogback ridge . The ridge is made out of the Lakota Formation and the Fallriver sandstone , which are collectively called the Inyan Kara Group . Above this , the layers of rocks are less distinct and are all mainly grey shale with three exceptions : the Newcastle sandstone ; the Greenhorn limestone , which contains many shark teeth fossils ; and the Niobrara Formation , which is composed mainly of chalk . These outer ridges are called cuestas .
Rainbow
Eruption of Castle Geyser , Yellowstone National Park , with double rainbow Alexander 's band .
Black Hills
The next rock layer , the Spearfish Formation , forms a valley around the hills called the Red Valley and is often referred to as the Race Track . It is mostly red shale with beds of gypsum , and circles much of the Black Hills . These shale and gypsum beds as well as the nearby limestone beds of the Minnekahta are used in the manufacture of cement at a cement plant in Rapid City . Next is the shale and sandstone Sundance Formation , which is topped by the Morrison Formation and the Unkpapa sandstone .
Black Sabbath
We had Sharon Osbourne 's dad , Don Arden , managing us . He came up with the idea of having the stage set be Stonehenge . He wrote the dimensions down and gave it to our tour manager . He wrote it down in metres but he meant to write it down in feet . The people who made it saw fifteen metres instead of fifteen feet . It was 45 feet high and it would n't fit on any stage anywhere so we just had to leave it in the storage area . It cost a fortune to make but there was not a building on earth that you could fit it into .
Uluru
Uluru is an inselberg , literally `` island mountain '' . An inselberg is a prominent isolated residual knob or hill that rises abruptly from and is surrounded by extensive and relatively flat erosion lowlands in a hot , dry region . Uluru is also often referred to as a monolith , although this is a somewhat ambiguous term that is generally avoided by geologists . The remarkable feature of Uluru is its homogeneity and lack of jointing and parting at bedding surfaces , leading to the lack of development of scree slopes and soil . These characteristics led to its survival , while the surrounding rocks were eroded . For the purpose of mapping and describing the geological history of the area , geologists refer to the rock strata making up Uluru as the Mutitjulu Arkose , and it is one of many sedimentary formations filling the Amadeus Basin .
Lundy
1400 OPTIMI , or TIMI ; the name Optimus is Latin and male . Discovered in 1962 by D.B. Hague . 1401 RESTEVTAE , or RESGEVT ( A ) , Latin , female i.e. Resteuta or Resgeuta . Discovered in 1962 by D.B. Hague . 1402 POTIT ( I ) , or ( PO ) TIT , Latin , male . Discovered in 1961 by K.S. Gardener and A. Langham . 1403 -- ) IGERNI ( FIL ) I TIGERNI , or -- I ) GERNI ( FILI ) ( T ) I ( G ) ERNI , Brittonic , male i.e. Tigernus son of Tigernus . Discovered in 1905 .
State of matter
A `` quantum fog '' of electrons and holes that flow around each other and even ripple like a liquid , rather than existing as discrete pairs .
Rodinia
Around 550 million years ago , on the boundary between the Ediacaran and Cambrian , the first group of cratons eventually fused again with Amazonia , West Africa and the Rio de la Plata cratons . This tectonic phase is called the Pan-African orogeny . It created a configuration of continents that would remain stable for hundreds of millions of years in the form of the continent Gondwana .
Rodinia
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Mass wasting
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Devils Tower
Devils Tower did not visibly protrude out of the landscape until the overlying sedimentary rocks eroded away . As the elements wore down the softer sandstones and shales , the more resistant igneous rock making up the tower survived the erosional forces . As a result , the gray columns of Devils Tower began to appear as an isolated mass above the landscape .
Hajj
On 12 Dhu al - Hijjah , the same process of stoning of the pillars as of 11 Dhu al - Hijjah takes place . Pilgrims may leave Mina for Mecca before sunset on the 12th .
Llano Uplift
The Llano Uplift is well known for its large , granite domes , such as Enchanted Rock . The area includes several major rock quarries like Granite Mountain that mine the distinctive pink granite . Further , the area contains the only known deposits of llanite .