vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
For example, there are formulas to calculate the net present value of an annuity. E.g. see Investopedia. Where: P = the present value of an annuity stream PMT = the dollar amount of each annuity payment r = the inflation rate n = the number of periods in which payments will be made Investopedia talks about interest rates, but you can put inflation there for this purpose. In that case, r might better be called the ""discount rate"". PMT is 300. r is whatever estimate you are using for inflation. E.g. .003 per period. n is 23. Note that the monthly inflation rate is smaller than the annual rate. So .003 is about 3.66% annually. 3.04% annually is more like .0025 a month. I found calculators for this with search terms ""present value of annuity calculator"". Some of the calculators will take the annual rate (3.66%) and number of periods per year as input. Or the calculator may take a monthly rate as a percentage (.3%) rather than as a decimal (.003). So be careful of the inputs. This gives me a net present value (NPV) of 6,657.69 for the 23 payments of 300, assuming .3%. Or 6957.69 is the NPV of the monthly payments and 7200 is the NPV of the 7200 up front. Obviously if you can pay less than 6957.69 up front rather than 7200, then it makes more sense to pay up front. Even without a discount though, it still may make more sense to pay up front. How much those intangibles are worth is up to you."
The reason is that there's another concept that's necessary in addition to the objective measures such as expected value and risk: I mean the utility function or risk-aversion. So, in short you need to maximize expected utility, not the expected payout. Here's a toy example with the same boat. Assume that insurance is $150, and they pay the entire boat's value in case of accident, i.e. $10,000. You're given two choices effectively. At the end of the year, you have either of the following: You're right that the expected value in the second option can be higher in the second option. Let's say the probability of the loss is 10%, in this case the expected value would $9,900, which is higher than certain value of option 1. Why then some people choose option 2? The reason is that we don't maximize the expected payout, but we maximize the utility, according to modern microeconomics and game theory. Utility is some kind of an function that reflects your preference given the uncertain choices. Every person has their own preferences, and utility function. Let's say that yours is exponential with a=10000. In this case we can calculate the expected utility as follows: The math works out in such a way that it accounts for your risk tolerance. Depending on how much you love or hate risk, your expected utilities for these option will come out differently. For this given toy example it turned out that the expected utility is higher with insurance, so this person should get it. However, for different values of a parameter ""a"" in the function, it may not make a sense to insure. Some people are risk averse, some are risk lovers in certain situations. That's the reason why given the same options we make different choices. You may say that you don't value certainty enough to buy this insurance. The bottom line is that nobody can tell you that you're wrong to not buy an insurance. If your risk tolerance is high it may not make a sense for you. Having said this all, I must note that sometimes the society doesn't accept your preferences and utility function.
These are the steps I'd follow: $200 today times (1.04)^10 = Cost in year 10.  The 6 deposits of $20 will be one time value calculation with a resulting year 7 final value. You then must apply 10% for 3 years (1.1)^3 to get the 10th year result.  You now have the shortfall. Divide that by the same (1.1)^3 to shift the present value to start of year 7. (this step might confuse you?) You are left with a problem needing 3 same deposits, a known rate, and desired FV. Solve from there.  (Also, welcome from quant.SE. This site doesn't support LATEX, so I edited the image above.)
The formula you need is:    M = (r * PV) / (1 - ((1+r)^(-n)))    M = monthly payment ($350)  r = interest per period (7.56% / 12) = 0.63%  n = number of periods (36 months)  PV = present value, or here, your max loan amount given M    Therefore:  $350 = (0.63% * PV) / (1 - ((1+0.63%)^(-36)))   The denominator on the right ends up equal to ~ 0.2025 when you do the math in your calculator. Carry that over to the by multiplying both sides of the equation by 0.2025    This results in $70.82 = 0.63% * PV    Divide $70.82 by 0.63% to get PV = $11,242 (roughly).    Hope this helps explain it algebraically!!
There's a key assumption made in the calculation of theta: that the future price movement of the underlying is a random walk. The amount of life left in the option times the volatility of the underlying creates a probability distribution of the price of the underlying at expiration. At any given price point, you can calculate the theta of the option. The at-the-money values are the most likely. The way-in-or-way-out-of-the-money values are much less likely. Theta is constructed mathematically to decay linearly over time. So the strikes with the most theta lose the most theta each day. If you are looking for a more intuitive answer, the OTM calls have less theta than the ATM calls because, while they are both 100% time value, the OTM calls cost much less. So it's 100% of a smaller number. Remember decay is linear.
"My opinion: including the value of depreciating property one owns in a net worth calculation is silly - but could be interesting You don't expect your TV or laptop to gain value.  Instead, you expect them to decrease in value every year until you replace them.  Anything you expect to hold or increase in value (art, a house, etc) is a different story. If you'd like to really get anal about this, you can track your net worth like a business would track its balance sheet.  I'm not going to go into detail, but the general idea is that when you purchase an item, you debit the cost from ""cash"" and add the value paid to ""assets"" (so your net worth doesn't change when you make a purchase).   You then depreciate the value of the item under ""assets"" according to a depreciation schedule.  If you plan on replacing your laptop every three years, you might subtract 33% of the value every year.   This could be an interesting exercise (i.e. even if you make money, your net worth may decrease because of all the depreciating junk you own), but my hunch is that it wouldn't be worth the effort it requires."
( t2 / t1 ) - 1 Where t2 is the value today, t1 is the value 12 months ago.  Be sure to include dividend payments, if there were any, to t2.  That will give you total return over 12 months.
My theory, if you must be in debit, own it at the least expense possible. The interest you will pay by the end, combined with the future value of money. Example: The Future value of $3000 at an effective interest rate of 5% after 3 years =$3472.88 Present value of $3000 at 5% over 3 years =$2591.51 you will need more money in the future to pay for the same item
If you are calculating: keep in mind that company A probably also sells washers, dryers, stoves, dish washers.... Each of which has their own market size. Also remember that people pay X times the value of earnings per share, so the value depends not on sales but on earnings, and expected growth.
Since it's not a public company it would be difficult for anyone to value these options or predict their future value without a lot more details on the finances of the firm.  Once the firm goes public you can use the Black Shoales equation to get a present value for the options.  And once they've got several months of trading data you can get a very rough estimate the future stock price with it's beta.  But with individual stocks predicting future values can really be a crapshoot.
Wa Po is not brainwashing people to buy Amazon goods or defend Amazon against monopoly charges.     If they were doing that, I'd agree with you.   But they are not.   They are presenting evidence of crimes committed by the Trump campaign in their collusion with the Russian government.   They are giving insight to the daily dysfunction of the Trump administration.     Trump is appealing to the middle class who lost their shops to Amazon but they lost their shops to modern technology.   ATM machines have replaced a million bank tellers.   Trump isn't against monopolies.   He is lying when he acts like he cares.  He is giving the telecoms an awesome deal for nothing in return.
The best way to get satisfaction is report them to the appropriate agency that regulates the bank.  This is usually the Office of Comptroller of Currency (OCC), but some banks are regulated by a different agency. However, start with these guys. They can refer you to the right agency if it isn't them. Here is a link to their consumer complaints page The other banks are regulated by the Federal Reserve Board. Here is their consumer complaint page: http://www.federalreserveconsumerhelp.gov Given the current environment where the Government is threatening more regulation of the financial industry, the last thing the banks want right now is a lot of complaints on file, so they have a lot of incentive to try and make you happy if you show that you know who to tattle to.
Bezos is not a Billionaire because of WaPo, and neither Carlos Slim from Mexico is a Billionaire from owning NYT.  Bezos is reach from Amazon, and he acquired the failing WaPo to advance his political agenda while writing off all the loses from WaPo to reduce his tax bill.  Same with Carlos: he makes money from Telecom in Mexico and he NYT is just for political reasons and tax saving.
It depends upon who the counterparty is. If the counterparty is the OCC, they would most likely call force majeure if their finances were at serious risk.  They could be forced to take a loss but not to be pulled apart.  Villain could always try to take the OCC to court, but then his plot would probably be exposed in discovery. The need to involve the courts is even greater if these are private contracts. If the options were on one security, they would be difficult to sell in one day.  If they were spread across the most liquid ETFs and equities, they could be sold in one day easily, the above solvency problems notwithstanding.
They're all in one place. The OCC provides: http://www.optionsclearing.com/webapps/flex-reports
"Taken from a website that believes ""CO2 is a product of human breath and is plant food, NOT a pollutant."" (literally the subtitle to the entire website).    Oh, look! There goes all its credibility.   [Their justifications](https://defyccc.com/debate-about-brief-sos/#more-2768) to that logic are even worse. They are logic-resistant.   EDIT: Please no more posts from that looney bin. For a moment, I thought I was visiting a satire website, turns out they're just that crazy."
What an amazing success story.   Because Bezos owns both Wa Po and Amazon, Trump has been tweeting several threats to break up and tax Amazon.   He is threatening to destroy all that wealth in order to silence the journalists at Wa Po.     https://mobile.twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/889675644396867584
Waaah! Call the Waaaambulance! Google nuked my SEO!!11!!ll!  I know exactly why this happened, but I'm not going to tell you. Suffice to say, it is your own fault due to bad configuration. But I don't intend to help you fix your SEO to compete for market share. The sites and subscriptions I maintain attained their Google ranking the hard way: by earning it.
"I didn't say that the economy isn't doing well. You just made that up.  It is a fact that the president has little to nothing to do with the stock market. Whether you want to believe that or not, it is still a fact.   I don't ""believe"" WaPo. What I do is listen to the idiotic words that your leader says. I listen to him pretend to have invented the phrase ""prime the pump"" while simultaneously using it in the wrong context. I listen to him pretend that ""covfefe"" was something other than a typo. I listen to him demonstrate over and over that he has no clue what he's talking about on a variety of subjects ranging from how the internet works to what an armada being ""on the way"" means.   If you can honestly look at the past 8 months, the things that he's said, and the things that he's done, and come to any conclusion other than that he's a fucking moron, you're just as stupid as he is."
In March [The Economist](http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21721634-how-it-shaping-up-data-giving-rise-new-economy) did a feature on data and had an interesting take on antitrust rules.   As with other laws, including tax, the statute is woefully behind the market. I think the implications of big data require the concept monopolies to be rethought. As companies can gather data across the multitude of platforms you're ok with, they are able to better understand consumers. The threat is if everyone uses google maps or waze (owned by google), Google could create a monopoly on traffic/driving/human habits data.  An analog to this is thinking about insurance. Large insurance companies can rely on huge amounts of data to model out their risk/reward on policies. This will allow them to make better decisions and price themselves better in the market than smaller competitors without this data. Some governments require large insurance companies to share data with smaller ones as a form of antitrust rules.  I agree that sheer size isn't an issue. However, I think more thought has to be put on the monopoly of data.
Sounds great, but what happens in practice is that the town loses money out the wazoo by 1) failing to levy taxes on the primary attraction, 2) capture peripheral expenditures by visitors, 3) having to support increased traffic, or worse, throw bonds at infrastructure that never gets used, 4) flat-out corruption, 5) foolish promotions.  Nobody wants to hire losers from depressed communities, particularly black ones, anyway; the good jobs go to imported or commuter talent, if any jobs materialize at all.  Offer value to the world, and the world will return value.  Instead, these communities whore their cheapness.  Well guess what, you don't see too many cheap whores getting rich, do you.
I think the surface is a very cool machine in that it combines a lot of features from different devices: touch screen and portability of a tablet, specs and operating system of a laptop, and the on screen stylus of a Wacom cintiq. I think they messed up by dropping Wacom for the Surface 3, and that may have turned more than a few artists away from the device. I like the idea of it, even if the execution is still a little lacking.
Somebody call the Waaambulance.  If I was a billion dollar company that owned the world's most popular search engine, my shit would be #1 every time. I'd  be stupid not to.  People seem to forget, Google is not a public utility it's a business.  If you walk into Walmart and want to know where you can get a good deal on a TV, they're not going to mention Best Buy first, they're going to point you to the TV department.  I see absolutely nothing wrong with this.
&gt; loses from WaPo to reduce his tax bill  That's not even how taxes work! Christ, isn't this an economics subreddit? You're really out of your element here, bud. That would be the absolute stupidest strategy of all time.
I'd suggest you contact the Office of the Controller of Currency, who regulates BOA and file a complaint. This whole deal seems shady.  According to the OCC FAQ, the fact that they closed the account is in their prerogative. However, I would think they are obligated to quickly return your funds, but can't find anything specific to that. The banks are very sensitive to having complaints filed against them, so if nothing else this may encourage them to be more helpful, even if your complaint isn't actionable. OCC Complaint Process. This topic on how long a bank can hold a large deposit before making funds available may also be helpful.
Arrrr . . .there be whispers on the wind  Some scurvy scally wags walk the plank   Bound and gagged starboard side away from prying eyes  Capn warn't pleased with the misrepresentation of plunder, you see  But that not be the end of it, there be dealings with the kings treasurer but the shylocks there be wary of the common man and wagging tounges  Stuck between the devil and the deep blue sea they be and fearful  of the growing fleet which's colors bear the crooked cross  tis the second comming . . .arrr
... its not really a surprise that people in a major US city (populated mainly by Democrats) aren't too keen on Trump.   I guess I'm impressed the WaPo actually sent a reporter somewhere that's not on a coast.   Sort of.
"My wife and I have close to equal incomes, and are not young.  What we have is this: Some people would classify our system as a bit draconian as we each have ""allowance""; however, it makes sure spending does not get out of wack and we work together to meet our goals."
"Salaries normally shouldn't fluctuate with inflation and deflation... Inflation prevents consumers from spending (prices get too high), ultimately taking money out of circulation. This causes the market to go in to deflation (or at least deflate back to normal). That's when people begin to spend again, and start the cycle all over again. Now... Imagine if salaries increased with inflation... Inflation would never end. Everyone could keep affording the high prices. A Starbucks coffee would eventually cost $150, but the ""middle-class"" would all be millionaires. Your ""small-change"" would consist of a wad of useless bills, and the government would have to continually print out more money just to keep up. NOTE: This is not a direct answer to ""where goes delta?"", but would more be directed to the part ""Prices go up and salary doesn't""."
Well, I see that *[ThatMoron](http://www.reddit.com/r/business/comments/uocxp/my_small_family_company_really_needs_help_with/c4xccg2)* gave you some interesting advice; but it sounds to me like some minor renovations to your existing app might be the best way for you to go. I recommend you look into *that* option. Is the person / company who originally built the system someone you can reach out to? Or, do you have the source code and the right to modify the software as part of what you purchased?  *Edit:* link
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"It's a risky ""investment"" given how capricious the government can be, and like another poster said... if you don't understand it and can't explain proof of work, cryptographic hashes, and how and why there's a limit to total BTC ever, as well as changing difficulty to PoW, and what implications that those things *might* have..."
Ultimately, she sold the rights to her images.   Highly competitive businesses can't explain ad campaigns with stock-photo sellers because it's risking a breach of privacy on the companies media assets and upcoming campaigns.  Yes she may feel bad about it, even express her feeling sensationally, but ultimately she sold the rights and it could be worse. She could be on the front of a sex product package or something more direct and less suggestive in nature.   This would of course be different if she was using a variation on a Creative Commons licence where the company had to ask permission to use it and explain what the user was for.
"Money is all relative, for sure. People will pay more if they can afford more, that I get too.   The small hiccup here is that you're talking about federal minimum wage, and the original idea was about Wal-Mart employees only. If Wal-Mart workers received 2 dollars more per hour, do you really think that would affect inflation?  Also, doesn't importing from countries that pay their workers less have an impact?  And, if the market is supposed to take care of minimum wages by itself by always offering a ""better"" choice for workers until it reaches the highest possible rate, wouldn't the same be for prices of goods, but in the opposite direction? And if these things were a functional reality instead of academic theories, wouldn't there be less of a wealth disparity in the US?"
"Years ago I worked in an engineering firm that deployed Kaspersky AV to all the PCs. One of the wags in the department used to joke in a hilarious fake Russian accent ""Use Kaspersky for greatest glory of motherland, comrade!""  I'm wondering who he actually worked for now."
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Well if your looking to explain inflation to children, I would use this example. Take two fruits they like IE: Apples and Oranges. Give them both 2 of each. Ask them how many of your apples would you give for 1 orange and how many apples would you want to get 1 orange(most likely they will say 1). Now give them 5 more apples each. Then ask them the same question. In economics and finance many things can not be proven, so to tell you what QE will do for a fact can't be said, you can only be told theories. There are to many variables.
Perhaps they shouldn't stray from their core competencies (as they've clearly done)?  Plus, consider their competition--bad software interface isn't one of the problems their competition has.  Microsoft really stands out as a loser as a direct result of these continual blunders.  Seriously, if they'd put a touch-based Windows 7 option in their Surface products, I'd consider a purchase right now for the RT (or whatever has the Wacom sketching capacity built into it).  That would work great for what I do, particularly when traveling.
"J.K. Lasser's Your Income Tax is, remarkably, a great read. It's a line by line review of the tax forms, and offers commentary and examples for every scenario. Of course, it's updated every year to reflect new rules and numbers.  I actually read it from cover to cover the first year I started working.  It's not going to offer convoluted strategies to use, but, you'll understand your tax return well enough to respond to the advice you encounter elsewhere.  To mhoran's point - ""Don't let the tax tail wag the investing dog.""  Taxes are important, but should take a back step to earning and investing. Those who didn't sell at the height of the dotcon bubble ""to avoid the big tax bill"" only saw in hindsight that paying taxes is part of success not failure."
It all looks good except for #7. A lot of businesses take that point too far. Having good backup hardware &amp; services, security checks, and faculty in place may not show in the profits, but when every thing crashes, it'll make the difference between a hiccup and a 2 week system halt.