vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Maya civilization
The Maya world was populated by a great variety of deities , supernatural entities and sacred forces . The Maya had such a broad interpretation of what was sacred that identifying distinct deities with specific functions is inaccurate . The Maya interpretation of deities was intrinsically tied to the calendar , astronomy , and their cosmovision . The importance of a deity , its characteristics , and its associations varied according to the movement of celestial bodies . The priestly interpretation of astronomical records and books was therefore crucial , since the priest would understand which deity required ritual propitiation , when the correct ceremonies should be performed , and what would be an appropriate offering . Each deity had four manifestations , associated with the cardinal directions , each identified with a different colour . They also had a dual day - night / life - death aspect .
Novel
The early modern market , from the 1530s and 1540s , divided into low chapbooks and high market expensive , fashionable , elegant belles lettres . The Amadis and Rabelais ' Gargantua and Pantagruel were important publications with respect to this divide . Both books specifically addressed the new customers of popular histories , rather than readers of belles lettres . The Amadis was a multi -- volume fictional history of style , that aroused a debate about style and elegance as it became the first best - seller of popular fiction . On the other hand , Gargantua and Pantagruel , while it adopted the form of modern popular history , in fact satirized that genre 's stylistic achievements . The division , between low and high literature , became especially visible with books that appeared on both the popular and belles lettres markets in the course of the 17th and 18th centuries : low chapbooks included abridgments of books such as Miguel Cervantes ' Don Quixote ( 1605 / 1615 )
History of India
Linguists hypothesized that Dravidian - speaking people were spread throughout the Indian subcontinent before a series of Indo - Aryan migrations . In this view , the early Indus Valley civilisation is often identified as having been Dravidian . Cultural and linguistic similarities have been cited by researchers Henry Heras , Kamil Zvelebil , Asko Parpola and Iravatham Mahadevan as being strong evidence for a proto - Dravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation . Linguist Asko Parpola writes that the Indus script and Harappan language `` most likely to have belonged to the Dravidian family '' . Parpola led a Finnish team in investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis . Based on a proto - Dravidian assumption , they proposed readings of many signs , some agreeing with the suggested readings of Heras and Knorozov ( such as equating the `` fish '' sign with the Dravidian word for fish `` min '' ) but disagreeing on several other readings . A comprehensive description of Parpola 's work until 1994 is given in his book `` Deciphering the Indus Script . '' The discovery in Tamil Nadu of a late Neolithic ( early 2nd millennium BCE , i.e. post-dating Harappan decline ) stone celt allegedly marked with Indus signs has been considered by some to be significant for the Dravidian identification . While , Yuri Knorozov surmised that the symbols represent a logosyllabic script and suggested , based on computer analysis , an underlying agglutinative Dravidian language as the most likely candidate for the underlying language . Knorozov 's suggestion was preceded by the work of Henry Heras , who suggested several readings of signs based on a proto - Dravidian assumption . While some scholars like J. Bloch and M. Witzel believe that the Indo - Aryans moved into an already Dravidian speaking area after the oldest parts of the Rig Veda were already composed . The Brahui population of Balochistan has been taken by some as the linguistic equivalent of a relict population , perhaps indicating that Dravidian languages were formerly much more widespread and were supplanted by the incoming Indo - Aryan languages .
Age of Enlightenment
A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature . Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes . Works of natural history include René - Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty 's La Myologie complète , ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain ( 1746 ) . Outside ancien régime France , natural history was an important part of medicine and industry , encompassing the fields of botany , zoology , meteorology , hydrology and mineralogy . Students in Enlightenment universities and academies were taught these subjects to prepare them for careers as diverse as medicine and theology . As shown by Matthew Daniel Eddy , natural history in this context was a very middle class pursuit and operated as a fertile trading zone for the interdisciplinary exchange of diverse scientific ideas .
History of India
Part of a series on the History of India Ancient ( show ) Madrasian Culture Soanian , c . 500,000 BCE Neolithic , c. 7600 -- c. 3300 BCE Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE Indus Valley Civilization , c. 3300 -- c. 1700 BCE Post Indus Valley Period , c. 1700 -- c. 1500 BCE Vedic Civilization , c. 1500 -- c. 500 BCE Early Vedic Period Rise of Śramaṇa movement Later Vedic Period Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha Spread of Jainism - Mahavira Rise of Buddhism Mahajanapadas , c. 500 -- c. 345 BCE Nanda Dynasty , c. 345 -- c. 322 BCE Classical ( show ) Maurya Dynasty , c. 322 -- c. 185 BCE Shunga Dynasty , c. 185 -- c. 75 BCE Kanva Dynasty , c. 75 -- c. 30 BCE Kushan Dynasty , c. 30 -- c. 230 CE Satavahana Dynasty , c. 30 BCE -- c. 220 CE Gupta Dynasty , c. 200 -- c. 550 CE Early Medieval ( show ) Chalukya Dynasty , c. 543 -- c. 753 CE Harsha 's Dynasty , c. 606 CE -- c. 647 CE Karakota Dynasty , c. 724 -- c. 760 CE Arab Invasion , c. 738 CE Tripartite Struggle , c. 760 -- c. 973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c.
Nubia
Various pharaohs of Nubian origin are held by some Egyptologists to have played an important part towards the area in different eras of Egyptian history , particularly the 12th Dynasty . These rulers handled matters in typical Egyptian fashion , reflecting the close cultural influences between the two regions .
History of West Africa
Dhar Tichitt and Oualata were prominent among the early urban centres , dated to 2000 BCE , in present - day Mauritania . About 500 stone settlements littered the region in the former savannah of the Sahara . Its inhabitants fished and grew millet . It has been found that the Soninke of the Mandé peoples , who , according to their tradition , originate from Aswan , Egypt , were responsible for constructing such settlements . Around 300 BCE , the region became more desiccated and the settlements began to decline , most likely relocating to Koumbi Saleh . From the type of architecture and pottery , it is believed that Tichit was related to the subsequent Ghana Empire . Old Jenne ( Djenne ) began to be settled around 300 BCE , producing iron and with sizeable population , evidenced in crowded cemeteries . Living structures were made of sun - dried mud . By 250 BCE , Jenne was a large , thriving market town .
Fynbos
Rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis ) and honeybush ( Cyclopia intermedia ) are of economic importance , grown and harvested in large quantities in the Cederberg area , and providing important exports . Restios continue to be used for thatching , as they have for hundreds or even thousands of years . Proteas and other floral species are grown in many areas and their flowers harvested for export .
Jazz Age
Women played an important role throughout jazz 's history . With women 's suffrage -- the right for women to vote -- at its peak with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment on August 18 , 1920 , and the entrance of the free - spirited flapper , women began to take on a larger role in society and culture . With women now taking part in the work force after the end of the First World War there were many more possibilities for women in terms of social life and entertainment . Ideas such as equality and free sexuality were very popular during the time and women seemed to capitalize during this period . The 1920s saw the emergence of many famous women musicians including Bessie Smith . Bessie Smith also gained attention because she was not only a great singer but also an African - American woman . She has grown through the ages to be one of the most well respected singers of all time . Singers such as Billie Holiday and Janis Joplin were inspired by Bessie Smith .
History of United States prison systems
Prisons played an essential role in the convict trade . Some ancient prisons , like the Fleet and Newgate , still remained in use during the high period of the American prisoner trade in the eighteenth century . But more typically an old house , medieval dungeon space , or private structure would act as a holding pen for those bound for American plantations or the Royal Navy ( under impressment ) . Operating clandestine prisons in major port cities for detainees whose transportation to the New World was not strictly legal , became a lucrative trade on both sides of the Atlantic in this period . Unlike contemporary prisons , those associated with the convict trade served a custodial , not a punitive function .
History of the Jews in Egypt
During British rule , and under King Fuad I , Egypt was friendly towards its Jewish population although between 86 % and 94 % of Egyptian Jews did not possess Egyptian nationality whether they had been denied it or opted not to apply . Jews played important roles in the economy , and their population climbed to nearly 80,000 as Jewish refugees settled there in response to increasing persecution in Europe . Many Jewish communities had extensive economic relations with non-Jewish Egyptians , as noted by Joel Beinin :
History of the United Kingdom
Britain entered the war because of its implicit support for France , which had entered to support Russia , which in turn had entered to support Serbia . Even more important than that chain of links was Britain 's determination to honour its commitment to defend Belgium . Britain was loosely part of the Triple Entente with France and Russia , which ( with smaller allies ) fought the Central Powers of Germany , Austria and the Ottoman Empire . After a few weeks the Western Front turned into a killing ground in which millions of men died but no army made a large advance .
History of Native Americans in the United States
The reintroduction of the horse to North America had a profound impact on Native American culture of the Great Plains . The tribes trained and used horses to ride and to carry packs or pull travois . The people fully incorporated the use of horses into their societies and expanded their territories . They used horses to carry goods for exchange with neighboring tribes , to hunt game , especially bison , and to conduct wars and horse raids .
Bantu peoples in South Africa
Shaka is well known for the many military , social , cultural and political reforms he used to create his highly organized and centralised Zulu state . The most important of these were the transformation of the army , thanks to innovative tactics and weapons he conceived , and a showdown with the spiritual leadership , limiting the power of traditional healers , and effectively ensuring the subservience of the Zulu church to the state . Whereas previous battles had been limited to relatively minor encounters , Shaka introduced the more deadly stabbing spear to replace the throwing spear , military encirclement to replace allowed retreat of the enemy , and the total destruction of lands to remove any means of sustenance for the enemy .
Denver
While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence as some other American cities , it has an active pop , jazz , jam , folk , and classical music scene , which has nurtured several artists and genres to regional , national , and even international attention . Of particular note is Denver 's importance in the folk scene of the 1960s and 1970s . Well - known folk artists such as Bob Dylan , Judy Collins and John Denver lived in Denver at various points during this time and performed at local clubs . Three members of the widely popular group Earth , Wind , and Fire are also from Denver . More recent Denver - based artists include Nathaniel Rateliff & the Night Sweats , The Lumineers , Air Dubai , The Fray , Flobots , Cephalic Carnage , Axe Murder Boyz , Deuce Mob , and Five Iron Frenzy .
TRIPS Agreement
`` 1 . Computer programs , whether in source or object code , shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention ( 1971 ) . 2 . Compilations of data or other material , whether in machine readable or other form , which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such . Such protection , which shall not extend to the data or material itself , shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself . ''
Wikipedia:Citing sources
The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading . Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote , and each footnote contains a caret that links back to the corresponding point in the text . Scrolling lists , or lists of citations appearing within a scroll box , should never be used . This is because of issues with readability , browser compatibility , accessibility , printing , and site mirroring .
Doki Doki Literature Club!
The player is sent back to the main menu , with all previous save files erased . The game starts as usual , but what used to be Sayori 's text and name is replaced with unreadable text . The game suddenly glitches and restarts ; however , Sayori is absent , and any previous references to her are either completely removed or replaced by glitches and meshes of portions of other characters ' sprites . Monika instead invites the protagonist to the club . Unsettling events begin occurring : the game rewinds after the protagonist finds Yuri cutting herself , and refuses to accept dialog options that do not favor Monika . Just before the festival , Yuri presents the protagonist with a poem consisting of illegible writing , bloodstains , and a yellow stain . She confesses her love to the protagonist , then stabs herself to death . The protagonist unwittingly spends the weekend sitting by her body . On Monday , Natsuki enters , vomits at the sight of Yuri 's corpse , and flees . Monika then appears , apologizing , and deletes the `` character files '' for Yuri and Natsuki , causing the game to restart once again .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
As in the above example , citation markers are normally placed after adjacent punctuation such as periods and commas . Citations should not be placed within , or on the same line as , section headings . For exceptions , see the Punctuation and footnotes section of the Manual of Style . Note also that no space is added before the citation marker .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Editors should not attempt to change an article 's established citation style merely on the grounds of personal preference , to make it match other articles , or without first seeking consensus for the change . The arbitration committee ruled in 2006 :
John Steinbeck
In 1962 , Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize for literature for his `` realistic and imaginative writing , combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception . '' The selection was heavily criticized , and described as `` one of the Academy 's biggest mistakes '' in one Swedish newspaper . The reaction of American literary critics was also harsh . The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose `` limited talent is , in his best books , watered down by tenth - rate philosophising '' , noting that `` ( T ) he international character of the award and the weight attached to it raise questions about the mechanics of selection and how close the Nobel committee is to the main currents of American writing ... ( W ) e think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance , influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age '' . Steinbeck , when asked on the day of the announcement if he deserved the Nobel , replied : `` Frankly , no . '' Biographer Jackson Benson notes , `` ( T ) his honor was one of the few in the world that one could not buy nor gain by political maneuver . It was precisely because the committee made its judgment ... on its own criteria , rather than plugging into ' the main currents of American writing ' as defined by the critical establishment , that the award had value . '' In his acceptance speech later in the year in Stockholm , he said :
Wikipedia:Citing sources
This is done automatically in the ( ( citation ) ) and ( ( cite book ) ) templates when you use the orig - year = parameter .
Catalonia
Literary use of the Catalan language is considered to have started with the religious text known as Homilies d'Organyà , written either in late 11th or early 12th century .
Stress (linguistics)
In the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) , primary stress is indicated by a high vertical line before the stressed element , secondary stress by a low vertical line . For example , ( sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən ) or / sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən / . Extra stress can be indicated by doubling the symbol : ˈˈ ◌ . Most commonly , the stress mark is placed before the beginning of the stressed syllable , where a syllable is definable . However , it is occasionally placed immediately before the vowel . Linguists frequently mark primary stress with an acute accent over the vowel , and secondary stress by a grave accent . Example : ( sɪlæ̀bəfɪkéɪʃən ) or / sɪlæ̀bəfɪkéɪʃən / . This has the advantage that it does not require a decision about syllable boundaries . In English dictionaries that show pronunciation by respelling , stress is typically marked with a prime mark placed after the stressed syllable : / si - lab ′ - ə - fi - kay ′ - shən / . In ad hoc pronunciation guides , stress is often indicated using a combination of bold text and capital letters . For example , si - lab - if - i - KAY - shun or si - LAB - if - i - KAY - shun In Russian and Ukrainian dictionaries , stress is indicated with an acute accent ( ́ ) on a syllable 's vowel ( example : вимовля́ння ) or , in other editions , an apostrophe just after it ( example : гла'сная ) . Stressing is rare in general texts , but is still used when necessary : compare за́мок ( castle ) and замо́к ( lock ) . Stress marks are generally used only in materials for foreign learners of the language . In Dutch , ad hoc indication of stress is usually marked by an acute accent on the vowel ( or , in the case of a diphthong or double vowel , the first two vowels ) of the stressed syllable . Compare achterúítgang ( deterioration ) and áchteruitgang ( back exit ) . In Biblical Hebrew , a complex system of cantillation marks is used to mark stress , as well as verse syntax and the melody according to which the verse is chanted in ceremonial Bible reading .
Biomass
Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today ; examples include forest residues ( such as dead trees , branches and tree stumps ) , yard clippings , wood chips and even municipal solid waste . Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic biomass ( second - generation biofuels ) as fuel . Harvested wood may be used directly as a fuel or collected from wood waste streams to be processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels . The largest source of energy from wood is pulping liquor or `` black liquor , '' a waste product from processes of the pulp , paper and paperboard industry . In the second sense , biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals , including biofuels . Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants , including miscanthus , switchgrass , hemp , corn , poplar , willow , sorghum , sugarcane , bamboo , and a variety of tree species , ranging from eucalyptus to oil palm ( palm oil ) .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
Although nearly any consistent style may be used , avoid all - numeric date formats other than YYYY - MM - DD , because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day . For example , 2002 - 06 - 11 may be used , but not 11 / 06 / 2002 . The YYYY - MM - DD format should in any case be limited to Gregorian calendar dates where the year is after 1582 .
Gospel of Mark
Examples of Mark 's literary style include the use of summaries , in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description ( Mark 6 : 55 , 56 ) .
Cancer (constellation)
Iota Cancri is a wide double star . The primary is a yellow - hued G - type bright giant star of magnitude 4.0 , located 330 ± 20 light - years from Earth . It spent much of its stellar life as a B - type main sequence star before expanding and cooling to its current state as it spent its core hydrogen . The secondary is a white main sequence star of spectral type A3V and magnitude 6.57 . Despite having different distances when measured by the HIPPARCOS satellite , the two stars share a common proper motion and appear to be a natural binary system .
CCR5
CCR5 is the primary co-receptor used by gp120 sequentially with CD4 . This bind results in gp41 , the other protein product of gp160 , to be released from its metastable conformation and insert itself into the membrane of the host cell . Although it has n't been finalized as a proven theory yet , binding of gp120 - CCR5 involves two crucial steps : 1 ) The tyrosine sulfated amino terminus of this co-receptor is an `` essential determinant '' of binding to gp120 ( as stated previously ) 2 ) Following step 1. , there must be reciprocal action ( synergy , intercommunication ) between gp120 and the CCR5 transmembrane domains
Bible citation
The Student Supplement to the SBL Handbook of Style published by the Society of Biblical Literature states that for modern editions of the Bible , publishers information is not required in a citation . One should simply use the standard abbreviation of the version of the Bible ( e.g. `` KJV '' for King James Version , `` RSV '' for Revised Standard Version , `` NIV '' for New International Version , and so forth ) .
Wikipedia:Citing sources
If the publication date was given as a season or holiday , such as `` Winter '' or `` Christmas '' of a particular year or two - year span , it should not be converted to a month or date , such as July -- August or December 25 . If a publication provided both seasonal and specific dates , prefer the specific one .