vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Tariff
That tariffs overall reduce welfare is not a controversial topic among economists . For example , the University of Chicago surveyed about 40 leading economists in March 2018 asking whether `` Imposing new U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum will improve Americans'welfare . '' About two - thirds strongly disagreed with the statement , while one third disagreed . None agreed or strongly agreed . Several commented that such tariffs would help a few Americans at the expense of many . This is consistent with the explanation provided above , which is that losses to domestic consumers outweigh gains to domestic producers and government , by the amount of deadweight losses .
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others , though they will often repeat what she has said word - for - word and pretend it was their idea , at which point it will be hailed as a great idea . She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang 's activities . Though often the butt of the gang 's jokes , she is frequently involved in their schemes . She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault , including setting her roommate on fire in college . Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds -- Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee , and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie . He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters , but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his `` whore wife '' . He has since embraced his `` feral '' nature and describes himself as `` fringe class '' . Despite having substantial financial resources , he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie , where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch . The two also share similar interests , such as playing the inexplicable game of ' Night Crawlers ' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables . He is also a severe compulsive gambler , seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette , usually with his chain smoking , and high - stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends . He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group 's schemes . He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine .
History of education in the United States
In 1975 Congress passed Public Law 94 - 142 , Education for All Handicapped Children Act . One of the most comprehensive laws in the history of education in the United States , this Act brought together several pieces of state and federal legislation , making free , appropriate education available to all eligible students with a disability . The law was amended in 1986 to extend its coverage to include younger children . In 1990 the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) extended its definitions and changed the label `` handicap '' to `` disabilities '' . Further procedural changes were amended to IDEA in 1997 .
Electric chair
In 1888 , the Commission recommended electrocution using Southwick 's electric chair idea with metal conductors attached to the condemned person 's head and feet . They further recommended that executions be handled by the state instead of the individual counties with three electric chairs set up at Auburn , Clinton , and Sing Sing prisons . A bill following these recommendations passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4 , 1888 , set to go into effect on January 1 , 1889 .
Great Depression
Keynes ' basic idea was simple : to keep people fully employed , governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing , as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession . Keynesian economists called on governments during times of economic crisis to pick up the slack by increasing government spending and / or cutting taxes .
A Good Year
A Good Year is a 2006 British - American romantic comedy directed and produced by Ridley Scott . The film stars Russell Crowe , Marion Cotillard , Didier Bourdon , Abbie Cornish , Tom Hollander , Freddie Highmore and Albert Finney . The film is loosely based on the 2004 novel of the same name by British author Peter Mayle . The film was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on October 27 , 2006 and in the United States on November 10 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . The film grossed over $42.1 million against its $35 million budget . The film received nominations for the Critics Choice Award for Best Young Actor and the Satellite Award for Best Cinematography . A Good Year was released on DVD on February 27 , 2007 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment .
History of the United States Constitution
`` Patriots '' said if their legislature knew anything about proposals for consolidated government , it would not have sent anyone . `` Nationalists '' countered , that it would be treason to withhold any proposal for good government when the salvation of the American republic was at stake . Three sessions after its introduction , the New Jersey Plan failed : 7 against , 3 for , 1 divided . For nearly a month there was no progress ; small states were seriously thinking of walking out of the Convention .
The Good Cop
The program is based on an Israeli show of the same name created by Erez and Tomer Aviram and produced by Yoav Gross .
Analects
The importance of education and study is a fundamental theme of the Analects . For Confucius , a good student respects and learns from the words and deeds of his teacher , and a good teacher is someone older who is familiar with the ways of the past and the practices of antiquity ( Analects 7.22 ) . Confucius emphasized the need to find balance between formal study and intuitive self - reflection ( Analects 2.15 ) . When teaching he is never cited in the Analects as lecturing at length about any subject , but instead challenges his students to discover the truth through asking direct questions , citing passages from the classics , and using analogies ( Analects 7.8 ) . He sometimes required his students to demonstrate their understanding of subjects by making intuitive conceptual leaps before accepting their understanding and discussing those subjects at greater levels of depth . ( Analects 3.8 )
Humanism
the fellowship between man and man which has been the principle of development , social and moral , is not dependent on conceptions of what is not man ... the idea of God , so far as it has been a high spiritual influence , is the ideal of goodness entirely human ( i.e. , an exaltation of the human ) .
Athenian democracy
The modern desire to look to Athens for lessons or encouragement for modern thought , government , or society must confront this strange paradox : the people that gave rise to and practiced ancient democracy left us almost nothing but criticism of this form of regime ( on a philosophical or theoretical level ) . And what is more , the actual history of Athens in the period of its democratic government is marked by numerous failures , mistakes , and misdeeds -- most infamously , the execution of Socrates -- that would seem to discredit the ubiquitous modern idea that democracy leads to good government .
Child care
Independent studies suggest that good daycare is not harmful . In some cases , good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does , especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children . Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 41⁄2 years of life than those in lower quality care .
List of Good Witch episodes
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Length Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Starting Over ... Again '' Craig Pryce Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 120 minutes February 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 28 ) 1001 2.91 After the death of her husband , Cassie Nightingale and her family find themselves caring for her ailing father - in - law . Moving in next door are the Radfords , Sam and Nick . Sam , the town 's new doctor , has difficulty getting patients , as the town goes to Cassie 's store for her more earthly herbal remedies . `` Running Scared '' Laurie Lynd Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes March 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 07 ) 1002 2.01 Ashley , a troubled young woman , shows up at Grey House looking for a place to stay . Next door , after Nick 's trouble at school , Sam attempts to discipline him without pushing him away . After being caught between them , Grace tries to avoid Nick , but soon finds herself a pawn in another one of his lies now involving her best friend Anthony . Using intuition and some of Cassie 's advice , Grace plans to expose Nick 's lie to Sam , who must finally improve his family 's relationship . Meanwhile , Middleton prepares for the annual Heritage Festival , including a 10K race and grand ball , and bistro owner Stephanie hopes to spark a romantic connection and a date to the dance with Sam . Then , as a suspicious Brandon is eager to investigate Ashley 's background , one of Cassie 's coincidences draws Ashley and Derek together . A stranger then comes to Cassie claiming to know Ashley and reveals a long - kept secret . Cassie is caught in Ashley 's lies and Middleton 's new mystery . `` Do The Right Thing '' Laurie Lynd Story by : Sue Tenney Teleplay by : Bruce Graham 60 minutes March 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 14 ) 1003 1.99 The Middleton police attempt to track down a missing Ashley , but it is Cassie who might know where to find her and how to change her direction .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
Darwin 's ideas developed rapidly after returning from the Voyage of the Beagle in 1836 . By December 1838 , he had developed the basic principles of his theory . At that time , similar ideas brought others disgrace and association with the revolutionary mob . He was conscious of the need to answer all likely objections before publishing . While he continued with research , he had an immense amount of work in hand analyzing and publishing findings from the Beagle expedition , and was repeatedly delayed by illness .
Sahara
The idea that changes in insolation ( solar heating ) caused by long - term changes in the Earth 's orbit are a controlling factor for the long - term variations in the strength of monsoon patterns across the globe was first suggested by Rudolf Spitaler in the late nineteenth century , The hypothesis was later formally proposed and tested by the meteorologist John Kutzbach in 1981 . Kutzbach 's ideas about the impacts of insolation on global monsoonal patterns have become widely accepted today as the underlying driver of long term monsoonal cycles . Kutzbach never formally named his hypothesis and as such it is referred to here as the `` Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis '' as suggested by Ruddiman in 2001 .
Eduard Khil
I have n't heard anything about it . It 's nice , of course ! Thanks for good news ! There is a backstory about this song . Originally , we had lyrics written for this song but they were poor . I mean , they were good , but we could n't publish them at that time . They contained words like these : `` I 'm riding my stallion on a prairie , so - and - so mustang , and my beloved Mary is thousand miles away knitting a stocking for me '' . Of course , we failed to publish it at that time , and we , Arkady Ostrovsky and I , decided to make it a vocalisation . But the essence remained in the title . The song is very playful -- it has no lyrics , so we had to make up something so that people would listen to it , and so this was an interesting arrangement . --
Ode on a Grecian Urn
In the odes of 1819 Keats explores his contemplations about relationships between the soul , eternity , nature , and art . His idea of using classical Greek art as a metaphor originated in his reading of Haydon 's Examiner articles of 2 May and 9 May 1819 . In the first article , Haydon described Greek sacrifice and worship , and in the second article , he contrasted the artistic styles of Raphael and Michelangelo in conjunction with a discussion of medieval sculptures . Keats also had access to prints of Greek urns at Haydon 's office , and he traced an engraving of the `` Sosibios Vase '' , a Neo-Attic marble volute krater , signed by Sosibios , in The Louvre , which he found in Henry Moses 's A Collection of Antique Vases , Altars , Paterae .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Radhakrishnan 's ideas have also received criticism and challenges , for their perennialist and universalist claims , and the use of an East - West dichotomy . Perennialism
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( November 2011 )
Novel
The idea of the `` rise of the novel '' in the 18th century is especially associated with Ian Watt 's important study The Rise of the Novel ( 1957 ) .
Aragorn
The conception of Trotter as a hobbit was eventually discarded . Another short - lived idea was to make Trotter `` a disguised elf - friend of Bilbo 's in Rivendell , '' and a scout from Rivendell who `` pretends to be a ranger '' .
List of Good Witch episodes
'' Laurie Lynd Amy Palmer Robertson May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 2007 2.05 Cassie agrees to plan a surprise anniversary party for Martha and her husband Tom ( Paul Miller ) , as long as the people of Middleton can keep a secret . Cassie enlists Stephanie to cater the event and Abigail begins arranging the flowers , as Martha is adamant to learn what everyone is plotting . Meanwhile , Sam declines the hospital 's generous job offer , deciding time with Nick is more important . The hospital sends an attractive recruiter to persuade him , and Sam finds his decision more difficult . Cassie reassures him he is going in the right direction , as he considers buying a lakeside retreat to spend more time with his son and , possibly , Cassie as well . Grace feels friendless after she realizes Nick is serious about London and tries to make him stay . When a Grey House guest claims a ghost is haunting his room , Cassie knows a deeper problem lurks and promises he can trust her to solve it . Just as a big secret slips , John arrives to convince her to go on another wild adventure , and she discovers her life is still full of the unexpected . 17 8 `` Truth '' Laurie Lynd Sue Tenney June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 2008 2.21 Following an exhilarating date in the mountains with John , Cassie wonders if it is too late to chase old dreams . At the same time , she offers Sam advice to help him make two important decisions in his life . As he weighs his options , his expertise is needed with Grey House guest Dan ( Riley Gilchrist ) , who claims to be seeing spirits , and the medical mystery could lead Sam to all the answers he is looking for . Meanwhile , Grace meets a new friend at school and devises a plan to help Nick reconsider his London trip . After Abigail creates a story to cover her accidental slip about Martha 's surprise anniversary party , her little lie quickly becomes a rumor that puts Cassie 's love life in question . As the party nears , Martha becomes increasingly suspicious . However , Cassie keeps the mayor distracted by helping her plan a surprise of her own for Tom . Cassie knowingly sends Stephanie on a path that helps her make a clear decision about the future of her catering business .
Hippocampus
Over the years , three main ideas of hippocampal function have dominated the literature : response inhibition , episodic memory , and spatial cognition . The behavioral inhibition theory ( caricatured by John O'Keefe and Lynn Nadel as `` slam on the brakes ! '' ) was very popular up to the 1960s . It derived much of its justification from two observations : first , that animals with hippocampal damage tend to be hyperactive ; second , that animals with hippocampal damage often have difficulty learning to inhibit responses that they have previously been taught , especially if the response requires remaining quiet as in a passive avoidance test . Jeffrey Gray developed this line of thought into a full - fledged theory of the role of the hippocampus in anxiety . The inhibition theory is currently the least popular of the three .
Democratic Party (United States)
With the ascendancy of the Republicans under Ronald Reagan , the Democrats searched for ways to respond , but were unable to succeed by running traditional candidates , such as former Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale who lost to Reagan in the 1984 presidential election . Many Democrats attached their hopes to the future star of Gary Hart , who had challenged Mondale in the 1984 primaries running on a theme of `` New Ideas '' , and in the subsequent 1988 primaries , he became the de facto front - runner and virtual `` shoe - in '' for the Democratic presidential nomination , before his campaign was ended by a sex scandal . The party nevertheless began to seek out a younger generation of leaders , who like Hart had been inspired by the pragmatic idealism of John F. Kennedy .
History of evolutionary thought
It is possible to look through the history of biology from the ancient Greeks onwards and discover anticipations of almost all of Charles Darwin 's key ideas . For example , Loren Eiseley has found isolated passages written by Buffon suggesting he was almost ready to piece together a theory of natural selection , but states that such anticipations should not be taken out of the full context of the writings or of cultural values of the time which made Darwinian ideas of evolution unthinkable .
The Good Cop
The main characters are father and son policemen , Tony Caruso Sr. and Jr. , who live together . Tony Sr. ( Danza ) was expelled from law enforcement for chronic violations of departmental policy , while his son , Tony Jr . ( Groban ) scrupulously obeys departmental procedures . During one scene in episode 1 , two of Tony Jr. 's colleagues reveal that others in the department refer to him sarcastically as the `` Choir Boy '' and `` Nancy Drew . '' In the series , according to Netflix , `` This ' odd couple ' become unofficial partners as Tony Sr. offers his overly - cautious son blunt , street-wise advice on everything from handling suspects to handling women . ''
Florida Georgia Line
Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) Anything Goes ( 2014 ) Dig Your Roots ( 2016 )
Waiting for Godot
The English - language premiere was on 3 August 1955 at the Arts Theatre , London , directed by the 24 - year - old Peter Hall . During an early rehearsal Hall told the cast `` I have n't really the foggiest idea what some of it means ... But if we stop and discuss every line we 'll never open . '' Again , the printed version preceded it ( New York : Grove Press , 1954 ) but Faber 's `` mutilated '' edition did not materialise until 1956 . A `` corrected '' edition was subsequently produced in 1965 . `` The most accurate text is in Theatrical Notebooks I , ( Ed . ) Dougald McMillan and James Knowlson ( Faber and Grove , 1993 ) . It is based on Beckett 's revisions for his Schiller - Theatre production ( 1975 ) and the London San Quentin Drama Workshop , based on the Schiller production but revised further at the Riverside Studios ( March 1984 ) . ''
A Good Year
A Good Year Theatrical release poster Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Ridley Scott Screenplay by Marc Klein Based on A Good Year by Peter Mayle Starring Russell Crowe Albert Finney Marion Cotillard Didier Bourdon Abbie Cornish Tom Hollander Freddie Highmore Music by Marc Streitenfeld Cinematography Philippe Le Sourd Edited by Dody Dorn Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Scott Free Productions Dune Entertainment Ingenious Film Partners Major Studio Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 27 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) ( United Kingdom ) 10 November 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English French Russian Budget $35 million Box office $42.1 million
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly 's script , and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . Among Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character , '' and Trevorrow said about the character , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world .
Maya civilization
In the 1960s , the distinguished Mayanist J. Eric S. Thompson promoted the ideas that Maya cities were essentially vacant ceremonial centres serving a dispersed population in the forest , and that the Maya civilization was governed by peaceful astronomer - priests . These ideas began to collapse with major advances in the decipherment of the script in the late 20th century , pioneered by Heinrich Berlin , Tatiana Proskouriakoff , and Yuri Knorozov . With breakthroughs in understanding of Maya script since the 1950s , the texts revealed the warlike activities of the Classic Maya kings , and the view of the Maya as peaceful could no longer be supported . Detailed settlement surveys of Maya cities revealed the evidence of large populations , putting an end to the vacant ceremonial centre model .
Natural selection
Darwin 's ideas were inspired by the observations that he had made on the second voyage of HMS Beagle ( 1831 -- 1836 ) , and by the work of a political economist , Thomas Robert Malthus , who , in An Essay on the Principle of Population ( 1798 ) , noted that population ( if unchecked ) increases exponentially , whereas the food supply grows only arithmetically ; thus , inevitable limitations of resources would have demographic implications , leading to a `` struggle for existence '' . When Darwin read Malthus in 1838 he was already primed by his work as a naturalist to appreciate the `` struggle for existence '' in nature . It struck him that as population outgrew resources , `` favourable variations would tend to be preserved , and unfavourable ones to be destroyed . The result of this would be the formation of new species . '' Darwin wrote :
Original sin
St Paul 's idea of redemption hinged upon the contrast between the sin of Adam and the death and resurrection of Jesus . `` Therefore , just as sin entered the world through one man , and death through sin , and in this way death came to all people , because all sinned . '' `` For as in Adam all die , so in Christ all will be made alive . '' Up till then the transgression in the Garden of Eden had not been given great significance . As the Jesus scholar , Geza Vermes has said :
Official bilingualism in Canada
Some organizations or individuals within certain movements also propose introducing a more inclusive language policy either via official multilingualism , or an official unilingual language policy in an auxiliary language so as to intrude minimally into the first - language choice of residents . Such ideas are sometimes inspired by Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights relating to discrimination on the basis of language , and Article 26 ( 3 ) of the same Declaration so as to give parents the freedom `` to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children . '' Others can be inspired by religious or other beliefs .