vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Origins of the blues
The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known . Blues has evolved from an unaccompanied vocal music of poor black laborers into a wide variety of styles and subgenres , with regional variations across the United States . African American work songs were an important precursor to the modern blues ; these included the songs sung by laborers like stevedores and roustabouts , and the field hollers and `` shouts '' of slaves . The first appearance of the blues is not well defined and is often dated between 1870 and 1900 , a period that coincides with the emancipation of the slaves and the transition from slavery to sharecropping and small - scale agricultural production in the southern United States .
Cross of Gold speech
Despite the repeal of the act , economic conditions failed to improve . The year 1894 saw considerable labor unrest . President Cleveland sent federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strike -- workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company , which made railroad cars , had struck after wages were cut . Railway employees had refused to handle Pullman cars in sympathy with the strikers ; this action threatened to paralyze the nation 's rail lines . The President 's move was opposed by the Democratic Governor of Illinois , John Altgeld . Angered by Cleveland 's actions in the labor dispute , and by his uncompromising stand against silver , Altgeld began to organize Democrats against Cleveland 's renomination in 1896 . Although Altgeld and his adherents urged voters to distinguish between Cleveland and his party , the Democrats lost 113 seats in the House in the 1894 midterm elections , the greatest loss by a majority party in congressional history . The Republicans gained control of the House , as well as the Senate , which until 1913 was elected by the state legislatures rather than by the popular vote . Among those defeated for Senate was Bryan in Nebraska .
Labour Party (UK)
Black Wednesday in September 1992 damaged the Conservative government 's reputation for economic competence , and by the end of that year Labour had a comfortable lead over the Tories in the opinion polls . Although the recession was declared over in April 1993 and a period of strong and sustained economic growth followed , coupled with a relatively swift fall in unemployment , the Labour lead in the opinion polls remained strong . However , Smith died from a heart attack in May 1994 .
Cuban Americans
The manufacture of snuff by the Cuban labor force , became the most important source of income for Key West between 1869 and 1900 .
Labor history of the United States
They were not members of the AFL , and fought off more radical rivals such as the Knights of Labor in the 1880s and the American Railroad Union in the 1890s . They consolidated their power in 1916 , after threatening a national strike , by securing the Adamson Act , a federal law that provided 10 hours pay for an eight - hour day . At the end of World War I they promoted nationalization of the railroads , and conducted a national strike in 1919 . Both programs failed , and the brotherhoods were largely stagnant in the 1920s . They generally were independent politically , but supported the third party campaign of Robert M. La Follette Sr. in 1924 .
Atlantic slave trade
The Royal Navy 's West Africa Squadron , established in 1808 , grew by 1850 to a force of some 25 vessels , which were tasked with combating slavery along the African coast . Between 1807 and 1860 , the Royal Navy 's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels . Several hundred slaves a year were transported by the navy to the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they were made to serve as `` apprentices '' in the colonial economy until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . Capture
Colonial history of the United States
As part of the colonization process , African slaves were brought to the island in 1513 . Following the decline of the Taíno population , more slaves were brought to Puerto Rico ; however , the number of slaves on the island paled in comparison to those in neighboring islands . Also , early in the colonization of Puerto Rico , attempts were made to wrest control of Puerto Rico from Spain . The Caribs , a raiding tribe of the Caribbean , attacked Spanish settlements along the banks of the Daguao and Macao rivers in 1514 and again in 1521 but each time they were easily repelled by the superior Spanish firepower . However , these would not be the last attempts at control of Puerto Rico . The European powers quickly realized the potential of the newly discovered lands and attempted to gain control of them . Nonetheless , Puerto Rico remained a Spanish possession until the 19th century .
Child labour
Child labour existed in the Netherlands up to and through the Industrial Revolution . Laws governing child labour in factories were first passed in 1874 , but child labour on farms continued to be the norm up until the 20th century .
European colonization of the Americas
From the beginning of Virginia 's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s , the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies . During the 17th century , indentured servants constituted three - quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region . Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home . Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age . They were given food , clothing , housing and taught farming or household skills . American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer 's passage to America if they served them for several years . By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America . Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years .
Convicts in Australia
Western Australia 's convict era came to an end with the cessation of penal transportation by Britain . In May 1865 , the colony was advised of the change in British policy , and told that Britain would send one convict ship in each of the years 1865 , 1866 and 1867 , after which transportation would cease . In accordance with this , the last convict ship to Western Australia , the Hougoumont , left Britain in 1867 and arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868 .
Emancipation Proclamation
Initially , the Emancipation Proclamation effectively freed only a small percentage of the slaves , those who were behind Union lines in areas not exempted . Most slaves were still behind Confederate lines or in exempted Union - occupied areas . Secretary of State William H. Seward commented , `` We show our sympathy with slavery by emancipating slaves where we can not reach them and holding them in bondage where we can set them free . '' Had any slave state ended its secession attempt before January 1 , 1863 , it could have kept slavery , at least temporarily . The Proclamation only gave the Lincoln Administration the legal basis to free the slaves in the areas of the South that were still in rebellion on January 1 , 1863 . It effectively destroyed slavery as the Union armies advanced south and conquered the entire Confederacy .
History of women in the United States
At the end of the war , most of the munitions - making jobs ended . Many factories were closed ; others retooled for civilian production . In some jobs women were replaced by returning veterans who did not lose seniority because they were in service . However the number of women at work in 1946 was 87 % of the number in 1944 , leaving 13 % who lost or quit their jobs . Many women working in machinery factories and more were taken out of the work force . Many of these former factory workers found other work at kitchens , being teachers , etc . Military
White House
Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13 , 1792 , although there was no formal ceremony . The main residence , as well as foundations of the house , were built largely by enslaved and free African - American laborers , as well as employed Europeans . Much of the other work on the house was performed by immigrants , many not yet with citizenship . The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants , employed by Hoban , as were the high - relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the `` fish scale '' pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods . There are conflicting claims as to where the sandstone used in the construction of the White House originated . Some reports suggest sandstone from the Croatian island of Brač ( specifically the Pučišća querry whose stone was used to build the ancient Roman palace of Emperor Diocletian ) was used in the original construction of the building , contrarily researchers believe limestone from the island was used in the 1902 renovations and not the original construction . Others suggest the original sandstone simply came from Aquia Creek in Stafford County , Virginia , as importing the stone would be too costly . The initial construction took place over a period of eight years , at a reported cost of $232,371.83 ( equal to $3,350,711 today ) . Although not yet completed , the White House was ready for occupancy circa November 1 , 1800 .
Saudi Arabia
The primary source of law is the Islamic Sharia derived from the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah ( the traditions of the Prophet ) . Saudi Arabia is unique among modern Muslim states in that Sharia is not codified and there is no system of judicial precedent , giving judges the power to use independent legal reasoning to make a decision . Saudi judges tend to follow the principles of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence ( or fiqh ) found in pre-modern texts and noted for its literalist interpretation of the Qur'an and hadith .
Alternative energy
As the primary source of biofuels in North America , many organizations are conducting research in the area of ethanol production . On the Federal level , the USDA conducts a large amount of research regarding ethanol production in the United States . Much of this research is targeted toward the effect of ethanol production on domestic food markets .
Carbon dioxide
As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth 's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water , with oxygen produced as a waste product .
Aihole
The Aihole site and artwork are a major source of empirical evidence and comparative studies of Indian religions and art history in the Indian subcontinent . The Aihole 's antiquity , along with four other major 5th to 9th century sites -- Badami , Pattadakal , Mahakuteshvara and Alampur -- is significant to scholarship relating to archaeology and religions . These , states George Michell , display a `` meeting and fragmentation of different temple styles and the creation of local variants '' . This fusion and exploration of arts and ideas later became a part of northern and southern Indian architectural repertoires .
Nuclear fusion
In 1920 , Arthur Eddington suggested hydrogen - helium fusion could be the primary source of stellar energy . Quantum tunneling was discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1929 , and shortly afterwards Robert Atkinson and Fritz Houtermans used the measured masses of light elements to show that large amounts of energy could be released by fusing small nuclei . Building on the early experiments in nuclear transmutation by Ernest Rutherford , laboratory fusion of hydrogen isotopes was accomplished by Mark Oliphant in 1932 . In the remainder of that decade , the theory of the main cycle of nuclear fusion in stars were worked out by Hans Bethe . Research into fusion for military purposes began in the early 1940s as part of the Manhattan Project . Fusion was accomplished in 1951 with the Greenhouse Item nuclear test . Nuclear fusion on a large scale in an explosion was first carried out on November 1 , 1952 , in the Ivy Mike hydrogen bomb test .
Nuclear fusion
The primary source of solar energy , and similar size stars , is the fusion of hydrogen to form helium ( the proton - proton chain reaction ) , which occurs at a solar - core temperature of 14 million kelvin . The net result is the fusion of four protons into one alpha particle , with the release of two positrons and two neutrinos ( which changes two of the protons into neutrons ) , and energy . In heavier stars , the CNO cycle and other processes are more important . As a star uses up a substantial fraction of its hydrogen , it begins to synthesize heavier elements . The heaviest elements are synthesized by fusion that occurs as a more massive star undergoes a violent supernova at the end of its life , a process known as supernova nucleosynthesis .
Hydrothermal vent
The ecosystem so formed is reliant upon the continued existence of the hydrothermal vent field as the primary source of energy , which differs from most surface life on Earth , which is based on solar energy . However , although it is often said that these communities exist independently of the sun , some of the organisms are actually dependent upon oxygen produced by photosynthetic organisms , while others are anaerobic . A
Filipino values
Female Filipinos are also expected to lend a hand in household work . They are even anticipated to offer assistance after being married . On the other hand , Filipino men are expected to assume the role of becoming the primary source of income and financial support of his family .
Mass production
The economies of mass production come from several sources . The primary cause is a reduction of nonproductive effort of all types . In craft production , the craftsman must bustle about a shop , getting parts and assembling them . He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks . In mass production , each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near - identical operations on a stream of products . The exact tool and parts are always at hand , having been moved down the assembly line consecutively . The worker spends little or no time retrieving and / or preparing materials and tools , and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods .
Electric bicycle laws
The pedals on a motorised bicycle must be the primary source of power for the vehicle . If the motor is the primary source of power then the device can not be classed as a motorised bicycle . For example , a device where the rider can twist a throttle and complete a journey using motor power only without using the pedals , would not be classed as a motorised bicycle .
The Passion of the Christ
According to Mel Gibson , the primary source material for The Passion of the Christ is the four canonical Gospel narratives of Christ 's passion . The film includes a trial of Jesus at Herod 's court , which is only found in the Gospel of Luke . Many of the utterances from Jesus in the film can not be directly sourced to the Gospel and are part of a wider Christian narrative . The film also draws from other parts of the New Testament . The line spoken by Jesus in the film , `` I make all things new , '' is found in the Book of Revelation .
Saudi Arabia
Royal decrees are the other main source of law ; but are referred to as regulations rather than laws because they are subordinate to the Sharia . Royal decrees supplement Sharia in areas such as labor , commercial and corporate law . Additionally , traditional tribal law and custom remain significant . Extra-Sharia government tribunals usually handle disputes relating to specific royal decrees . Final appeal from both Sharia courts and government tribunals is to the King and all courts and tribunals follow Sharia rules of evidence and procedure .
Humanism
For some , this meant turning back to the Bible as the source of authority instead of the Catholic Church , for others it was a split from theism altogether . This was the main divisive line between the Reformation and the Renaissance , which dealt with the same basic problems , supported the same science based on reason and empirical research , but had a different set of presuppositions ( theistic versus naturalistic ) .
Bill (law)
Where a piece of primary legislation is termed an act , the process of a bill becoming law may be termed enactment . Once a bill is passed by the legislature , it may automatically become law , or it may need further approval , in which case enactment may be effected by the approver 's signature or proclamation .
Primary color
A chromaticity diagram can illustrate the gamut of different choices of primaries , for example showing which colors are lost ( and gained ) if you use RGB for subtractive color mixing ( instead of CMY ) .
Quechuan languages
The Quechuan languages have three different morphemes that mark evidentiality . Evidentiality refers to a morpheme whose primary purpose is to indicate the source of information . In the Quechuan languages , evidentiality is a three - term system : there are three evidential morphemes that mark varying levels of source information . The markers can apply to the first , second , and third persons . The chart below depicts an example of these morphemes from Wanka Quechua :
Primary color
A contemporary description of the color vision system provides an understanding of primary colors that is consistent with modern color science . The human eye normally contains only three types of color photoreceptors , known as long - wavelength ( L ) , medium - wavelength ( M ) , and short - wavelength ( S ) cone cells . These photoreceptor types respond to different degrees across visible electromagnetic spectrum . The S cone response is generally assumed to be negligible at long wavelengths greater than about 560 nm while the L and M cones respond across the entire visible spectrum . The LMS primaries are imaginary since there is no visible wavelength that stimulates only one type of cone ( i.e. , humans can not normally see a color that corresponds to pure L , M or S stimulation ) . The LMS primaries are complete since every visible color can be mapped to a triplet specifying the coordinates in LMS color space . Normalized
Gold standard
The interaction between central banking and currency basis formed the primary source of monetary instability during this period . The combination of a restricted supply of notes , a government monopoly on note issuance and indirectly , a central bank and a single unit of value produced economic stability . Deviation from these conditions produced monetary crises .
Glycogen
After a meal has been digested and glucose levels begin to fall , insulin secretion is reduced , and glycogen synthesis stops . When it is needed for energy , glycogen is broken down and converted again to glucose . Glycogen phosphorylase is the primary enzyme of glycogen breakdown . For the next 8 -- 12 hours , glucose derived from liver glycogen is the primary source of blood glucose used by the rest of the body for fuel .
Sahara
The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the Intertropical Convergence Zone , a continuous belt of low - pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief , short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and southern Sahara . Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation . The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by : extremely low , unreliable , highly erratic rainfall ; extremely high sunshine duration values ; high temperatures year - round ; negligible rates of relative humidity ; a significant diurnal temperature variation ; and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide .
United States presidential primary
Franchise in a primary or caucus is governed by rules established by the state party , although the states may impose other regulations .
United States presidential primary
The National Association of Secretaries of State has endorsed a rotating regional primary system , with the country split into four regions : the West , the Midwest , the South , and the Northeast . Unlike the Delaware Plan and the American Plan , the Rotating Regional Primary System would lower campaigning costs by restricting groups of primaries to single , contiguous regions .
Primary color
The color of light ( i.e. , the spectral power distribution ) reflected from illuminated surfaces coated in paint mixes , slurries of pigment particles , is not well approximated by a subtractive or additive mixing model . Color predictions that incorporate light scattering effects of pigment particles and paint layer thickness require approaches based on the Kubelka -- Munk equations . Even such approaches can not predict the color of paint mixtures precisely since small variances in particle size distribution , impurity concentrations etc. can be difficult to measure but impart perceptible effects on the way light is reflected from the paint . Artists typically rely on mixing experience and `` recipes '' to mix desired colors from a small initial set of primaries and do not use mathematical modelling .
Primary election
Perhaps the most dramatic effect this classification system has on the primary process is its influence on the candidates themselves . Whether a system is open or closed dictates the way candidates run their campaigns . In a closed system , from the time a candidate qualifies to the day of the primary , he tends to have to cater to partisans , who tend to lean to the more extreme ends of the ideological spectrum . In the general election , under the assumptions of the Median Voter Theorem , the candidate must move more towards the center in hopes of capturing a plurality .
Institution
Primary or meta - institutions are institutions that encompass many other institutions , both formal and informal ( e.g. the family , government , the economy , education , and religion . Most important institutions , considered abstractly , have both objective and subjective aspects : examples include money and marriage . The institution of money encompasses many formal organizations , including banks and government treasury departments and stock exchanges , which may be termed , `` institutions , '' as well as subjective experiences , which guide people in their pursuit of personal well - being . Powerful institutions are able to imbue a paper currency with certain value , and to induce millions into production and trade in pursuit of economic ends abstractly denominated in that currency 's units . The subjective experience of money is so pervasive and persuasive that economists talk of the `` money illusion '' and try to disabuse their students of it , in preparation for learning economic analysis .
Coffee
Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries . Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income . It has become the primary export and backbone for African countries like Uganda , Burundi , Rwanda , and Ethiopia , as well as many Central American countries .
Main sequence
A star remains near its initial position on the main sequence until a significant amount of hydrogen in the core has been consumed , then begins to evolve into a more luminous star . ( On the HR diagram , the evolving star moves up and to the right of the main sequence . ) Thus the main sequence represents the primary hydrogen - burning stage of a star 's lifetime .