vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cole Turner
When Cole re-emerges , causing a rift between Phoebe and her sisters , he attempts to re-ingratiate himself with his demonic peers , the Brotherhood of the Thorn , as the sisters ' double agent . When Prue and Piper are both killed following a successful mission by the Source 's assassin Shax ( Michael Bailey Smith ) in the season finale `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' , Cole begs the Source ( again , Michael Bailey Smith ) to turn back time and prevent the exposure of magic . The Source agrees on the condition that Phoebe remain in the Underworld under his command , though he secretly orders her to be killed . Shax attacks the Halliwell Manor once more after time is reversed , but this time Leo ( Brian Krause ) , Piper 's husband who is also the sisters ' guardian angel ( whitelighter ) is not available to heal either Piper or Prue , who lie gravely wounded .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
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New England Patriots strategy
The nomenclature of the Erhardt - Perkins system is also very different from the Ernie Zampese - Don Coryell `` Air Coryell '' timed system . Route patterns of the receivers are numbered instead of named in the Air Coryell system ( thereby making memorization easier ) . For example , an Air Coryell play such as `` 924 F stop swing '' indicates that the primary wide receiver ( X ) should run a 9 pattern ( a go ) , the tight end ( Y ) should run a 2 pattern ( a slant ) , the secondary wide receiver ( Z ) should run a 4 pattern ( a curl ) and the F - back should go out for a swing pass ( see Offensive nomenclature ) . Timing and precision are extremely important under the Air Coryell system , as the routes are intended to run like successive clockwork in order to be successful .
Qing dynasty
In 1793 , the British East India Company , with the support of the British government , sent a delegation to China under Lord George Macartney in order to open free trade and put relations on a basis of equality . The imperial court viewed trade as of secondary interest , whereas the British saw maritime trade as the key to their economy . The Qianlong Emperor told Macartney `` the kings of the myriad nations come by land and sea with all sorts of precious things , '' and `` consequently there is nothing we lack ... '' View
Neuroanatomy of memory
The frontal lobes help a person select out memories that are most relevant on a given occasion . It can coordinate various types of information into a coherent memory trace . For example , the knowledge of the information itself , as well as knowing where information came from must be put together into a single memory representation ; this is called source monitoring . Sometimes we experience situations where information becomes separated , such as when we recall something , but can not remember where we remember it from ; this is referred to as a source monitoring error .
Sympathetic nervous system
Messages travel through the sympathetic nervous system in a bi-directional flow . Efferent messages can trigger changes in different parts of the body simultaneously . For example , the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate heart rate ; widen bronchial passages ; decrease motility ( movement ) of the large intestine ; constrict blood vessels ; increase peristalsis in the oesophagus ; cause pupillary dilation , piloerection ( goose bumps ) and perspiration ( sweating ) ; and raise blood pressure . One exception is with certain blood vessels such as those in the cerebral and coronary arteries , which dilate ( rather than constrict ) with an increase in sympathetic tone . This is because of a proportional increase in the presence of β adrenergic receptors rather than α receptors . β receptors promote vessel dilation instead of constriction like α1 receptors . An alternative explanation is that the primary ( and direct ) effect of sympathetic stimulation on coronary arteries is vasoconstriction followed by a secondary vasodilation caused by the release of vasodilatory metabolites due to the sympathetically increased cardiac inotropy and heart rate . This secondary vasodilation caused by the primary vasoconstriction is termed functional sympatholysis , the overall effect of which on coronary arteries is dilation .
Field-effect transistor
In FETs , electrons can flow in either direction through the channel when operated in the linear mode . The naming convention of drain terminal and source terminal is somewhat arbitrary , as the devices are typically ( but not always ) built symmetrically from source to drain . This makes FETs suitable for switching analog signals between paths ( multiplexing ) . With this concept , one can construct a solid - state mixing board , for example .
Endocrine system
In addition to the specialized endocrine organs mentioned above , many other organs that are part of other body systems , such as bone , kidney , liver , heart and gonads , have secondary endocrine functions . For example , the kidney secretes endocrine hormones such as erythropoietin and renin . Hormones can consist of either amino acid complexes , steroids , eicosanoids , leukotrienes , or prostaglandins .
Seat belt laws in the United States
Kansas , Maryland , and New Jersey , law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants ( 18 + in Kansas ) . These states assess points on one 's driving record for the seat belt violation . In California - An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof , of every fine , penalty , or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses , including all traffic offenses , except parking offenses as defined in subdivision ( i ) of Penal Code § 1463 . The additional penalty is calculated as follows :
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include volcanic outgassing , the combustion of organic matter , wildfires and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms . Man - made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of fossil fuels for heating , power generation and transport , as well as some industrial processes such as cement making . It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration . Plants , algae and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by a process called photosynthesis . They gain the energy needed for this reaction from absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll and other pigments . Oxygen , produced as a by - product of photosynthesis , is released into the atmosphere and subsequently used for respiration by heterotrophic organisms and other plants , forming a cycle .
ISO 9000
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Evidence of common descent
The pattern of limb bones called pentadactyl limb is an example of homologous structures ( Fig . 2e ) . It is found in all classes of tetrapods ( i.e. from amphibians to mammals ) . It can even be traced back to the fins of certain fossil fishes from which the first amphibians evolved such as tiktaalik . The limb has a single proximal bone ( humerus ) , two distal bones ( radius and ulna ) , a series of carpals ( wrist bones ) , followed by five series of metacarpals ( palm bones ) and phalanges ( digits ) . Throughout the tetrapods , the fundamental structures of pentadactyl limbs are the same , indicating that they originated from a common ancestor . But in the course of evolution , these fundamental structures have been modified . They have become superficially different and unrelated structures to serve different functions in adaptation to different environments and modes of life . This phenomenon is shown in the forelimbs of mammals . For example :
Human musculoskeletal system
There are three types of muscles -- cardiac , skeletal , and smooth . Smooth muscles are used to control the flow of substances within the lumens of hollow organs , and are not consciously controlled . Skeletal and cardiac muscles have striations that are visible under a microscope due to the components within their cells . Only skeletal and smooth muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system and only the skeletal muscles can move the body . Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are used only to circulate blood ; like the smooth muscles , these muscles are not under conscious control . Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and arranged in opposing groups around joints . Muscles are innervated , to communicate nervous energy to , by nerves , which conduct electrical currents from the central nervous system and cause the muscles to contract . Contraction
Collagen
Collagen is one of the long , fibrous structural proteins whose functions are quite different from those of globular proteins , such as enzymes . Tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside , but collagen is also found inside certain cells . Collagen has great tensile strength , and is the main component of fascia , cartilage , ligaments , tendons , bone and skin . Along with elastin and soft keratin , it is responsible for skin strength and elasticity , and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging . It strengthens blood vessels and plays a role in tissue development . It is present in the cornea and lens of the eye in crystalline form . It may be one of the most abundant proteins in the fossil record , given that it appears to fossilize frequently , even in bones from the Mesozoic and Paleozoic .
Axial skeleton
The human skull consists of the cranium and the facial bones . The cranium holds and protects the brain in a large space called the cranial vault . The cranium is formed from eight plate - shaped bones which fit together at meeting points ( joints ) called sutures . In addition there are 14 facial bones which form the lower front part of the skull . Together the 22 bones that compose the skull form additional , smaller spaces besides the cranial vault , such as the cavities for the eyes , the internal ear , the nose , and the mouth . The most important facial bones include the jaw or mandible , the upper jaw or maxilla , the zygomatic or cheek bone , and the nasal bone .
Collagen
Genetic Defects of Collagen Genes Type Notes Gene ( s ) Disorders This is the most abundant collagen of the human body . It is present in scar tissue , the end product when tissue heals by repair . It is found in tendons , skin , artery walls , cornea , the endomysium surrounding muscle fibers , fibrocartilage , and the organic part of bones and teeth . COL1A1 , COL1A2 Osteogenesis imperfecta , Ehlers -- Danlos syndrome , Infantile cortical hyperostosis a.k.a. Caffey 's disease II Hyaline cartilage , makes up 50 % of all cartilage protein . Vitreous humour of the eye . COL2A1 Collagenopathy , types II and XI III This is the collagen of granulation tissue and is produced quickly by young fibroblasts before the tougher type I collagen is synthesized . Reticular fiber . Also found in artery walls , skin , intestines and the uterus COL3A1 Ehlers -- Danlos syndrome , Dupuytren 's contracture IV Basal lamina ; eye lens . Also serves as part of the filtration system in capillaries and the glomeruli of nephron in the kidney . COL4A1 , COL4A2 , COL4A3 , COL4A4 , COL4A5 , COL4A6 Alport syndrome , Goodpasture 's syndrome V Most interstitial tissue , assoc . with type I , associated with placenta COL5A1 , COL5A2 , COL5A3 Ehlers -- Danlos syndrome ( Classical ) VI Most interstitial tissue , assoc . with type I COL6A1 , COL6A2 , COL6A3 , COL6A5 Ulrich myopathy , Bethlem myopathy , Atopic dermatitis VII Forms anchoring fibrils in dermoepidermal junctions COL7A1 Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica VIII Some endothelial cells COL8A1 , COL8A2 Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 2 IX FACIT collagen , cartilage , assoc .
Çatalhöyük
As a part of ritual life , the people of Çatalhöyük buried their dead within the village . Human remains have been found in pits beneath the floors and , especially , beneath hearths , the platforms within the main rooms , and under beds . Bodies were tightly flexed before burial and were often placed in baskets or wound and wrapped in reed mats . Disarticulated bones in some graves suggest that bodies may have been exposed in the open air for a time before the bones were gathered and buried . In some cases , graves were disturbed , and the individual 's head removed from the skeleton . These heads may have been used in rituals , as some were found in other areas of the community . In a woman 's grave spinning whorls were recovered and in a man 's grave , stone axes . Some skulls were plastered and painted with ochre to recreate faces , a custom more characteristic of Neolithic sites in Syria and at Neolithic Jericho than at sites closer by .
Collagen
Depending upon the degree of mineralization , collagen tissues may be either rigid ( bone ) or compliant ( tendon ) or have a gradient from rigid to compliant ( cartilage ) . It is also abundant in corneas , blood vessels , the gut , intervertebral discs , and the dentin in teeth . In muscle tissue , it serves as a major component of the endomysium . Collagen constitutes one to two percent of muscle tissue and accounts for 6 % of the weight of strong , tendinous muscles . The fibroblast is the most common cell that creates collagen . Gelatin , which is used in food and industry , is collagen that has been irreversibly hydrolyzed . Collagen also has many medical uses in treating complications of the bones and skin .
Camel
Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir - Hen and Erez Ben - Yosef discovered what may be the earliest domestic camel bones found in Israel or even outside the Arabian Peninsula , dating to around 930 BC . This garnered considerable media coverage as it was described as evidence that the stories of Abraham , Jacob , Esau , and Joseph were written after this time .
The Lovely Bones (film)
The Salmons become worried when Susie fails to return home from school . Her father , Jack , searches for her , while her mother , Abigail , waits for the police . In town , Susie sees Jack , but he does not respond to her when she calls . Susie runs home to find Harvey soaking in a bathtub . After seeing her bracelet hanging on the sink faucet near a bloody shaving razor , Susie realizes she never escaped the den and was murdered by Harvey . Screaming , she is pulled into the `` In - Between '' , that is neither Heaven nor Earth . From there , Susie watches over her loved ones , unable to let go despite the urging of her new afterlife friend , Holly .
Peroxisome
A peroxisome IPA : ( pɛɜˈɹɒksɪˌsoʊmz ) is a type of organelle known as a microbody , found in virtually all eukaryotic cells . They are involved in catabolism of very long chain fatty acids , branched chain fatty acids , D - amino acids , and polyamines , reduction of reactive oxygen species -- specifically hydrogen peroxide -- and biosynthesis of plasmalogens , i.e. , ether phospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs . They also contain approximately 10 % of the total activity of two enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway , which is important for energy metabolism . It is vigorously debated whether peroxisomes are involved in isoprenoid and cholesterol synthesis in animals . Other known peroxisomal functions include the glyoxylate cycle in germinating seeds ( `` glyoxysomes '' ) , photorespiration in leaves , glycolysis in trypanosomes ( `` glycosomes '' ) , and methanol and / or amine oxidation and assimilation in some yeasts .
Collagen
Collagen / ˈkɒlədʒɪn / is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies . As the main component of connective tissue , it is the most abundant protein in mammals , making up from 25 % to 35 % of the whole - body protein content . Collagen consists of amino acids wound together to form triple - helices to form of elongated fibrils . It is mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendons , ligaments and skin .
Collagen
Collagen fibrils / aggregates are arranged in different combinations and concentrations in various tissues to provide varying tissue properties . In bone , entire collagen triple helices lie in a parallel , staggered array . 40 nm gaps between the ends of the tropocollagen subunits ( approximately equal to the gap region ) probably serve as nucleation sites for the deposition of long , hard , fine crystals of the mineral component , which is hydroxylapatite ( approximately ) Ca ( OH ) ( PO ) . Type I collagen gives bone its tensile strength .
Dodo
Clark 's reports about the finds rekindled interest in the bird . Sir Richard Owen and Alfred Newton both wanted to be first to describe the post-cranial anatomy of the dodo , and Owen bought a shipment of dodo bones originally meant for Newton , which led to rivalry between the two . Owen described the bones in Memoir on the Dodo in October 1866 , but erroneously based his reconstruction on the Edwards 's Dodo painting by Savery , making it too squat and obese . In 1869 he received more bones and corrected its stance , making it more upright . Newton moved his focus to the Réunion solitaire instead . The remaining bones not sold to Owen or Newton were auctioned off or donated to museums . In 1889 , Théodor Sauzier was commissioned to explore the `` historical souvenirs '' of Mauritius and find more dodo remains in the Mare aux Songes . He was successful , and also found remains of other extinct species . Skeleton
The Lovely Bones (film)
Investigating Susie 's disappearance with Detective Fenerman , Jack thinks Susie was murdered by someone she knew . He researches neighbors and comes to think Harvey is the killer . Fenerman is unable to find any evidence pinpointing Harvey as a suspect , as Harvey cleaned up . Susie 's sister , Lindsey , agrees with Jack 's suspicions , but their casework takes a toll on Abigail , and Jack invites Abigail 's alcoholic mother , Lynn , to move in with them . Feeling alienated from her husband , Abigail leaves for California . Susie , in her afterlife , learns that Harvey , who has now targeted Lindsey as his next victim , has murdered six other girls , including Holly , and that he stuffed Susie 's body into a safe in his basement .
List of The Mortal Instruments characters
Years later , when City of Bones begins , Valentine finds Jocelyn and wants her to reveal where the Mortal Cup is located . He kidnaps her , but is unable to extract information from her due to her self - induced comatose state . He eventually secures the Mortal Cup , and the Mortal Sword and goes to the Mortal Mirror to summon the Angel Raziel . His arrogance , however , as well as his torturing of the angel Ithuriel , Raziel 's brother , causes the angel to slay him . During the series , it is also revealed he faked his death and took on the name of Michael Wayland , raising Jace Herondale as Jace Wayland .
Sahara
Uan Muhuggiag appears to have been inhabited from at least the 6th millennium BC to about 2700 BC , although not necessarily continuously . The most noteworthy find at Uan Muhuggiag is the well - preserved mummy of a young boy of approximately 2 1 / 2 years old . The child was in a fetal position , then embalmed , then placed in a sack made of antelope skin , which was insulated by a layer of leaves . The boy 's organs were removed , as evidenced by incisions in his stomach and thorax , and an organic preservative was inserted to stop his body from decomposing . An ostrich eggshell necklace was also found around his neck . Radiocarbon dating determined the age of the mummy to be approximately 5600 years old , which makes it about 1000 years older than the earliest previously recorded mummy in ancient Egypt . In 1958 - 1959 , an archaeological expedition led by Antonio Ascenzi conducted anthropological , radiological , histological and chemical analyses on the Uan Muhuggiag mummy . The specimen was determined to be that of a 30 - month old child of uncertain sex , who possessed Negroid features . A long incision on the specimen 's abdominal wall also indicated that the body had been initially mummified by evisceration and later underwent natural desiccation . One other individual , an adult , was found at Uan Muhuggiag , buried in a crouched position . However , the body showed no evidence of evisceration or any other method of preservation . The body was estimated to date from about 7500 BP .
The Lovely Bones (film)
One night , Jack , carrying a bat , trails Harvey into the cornfield . However , Jack accidentally stumbles across Susie 's friend , Clarissa . Her boyfriend , who mistakenly thinks his girlfriend is being assaulted , nearly bludgeons Jack to death as Harvey watches from a hiding spot . As Jack recuperates , Lindsey breaks into Harvey 's house looking for evidence that he killed Susie . Upstairs , she finds a notebook containing a sketch of the den , a lock of Susie 's hair , and news articles about Susie 's disappearance . Harvey returns home and almost catches Lindsey in his house , but she escapes and rushes home to discover that her mother has returned . Not wishing to spoil her parents ' reunion , she gives the book to her grandmother , who contacts the police . Harvey has already fled , having seen Lindsey running from his home -- he takes the safe containing Susie 's remains with him .
Middle ear
The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the ossicles : malleus , incus , and stapes . The ossicles were given their Latin names for their distinctive shapes ; they are also referred to as the hammer , anvil , and stirrup , respectively . The ossicles directly couple sound energy from the ear drum to the oval window of the cochlea . While the stapes is present in all tetrapods , the malleus and incus evolved from lower and upper jaw bones present in reptiles .
Carthage
French - led excavations at Carthage began in 1921 , and from 1923 reported finds of a large quantity of urns containing a mixture of animal and children 's bones . René Dussaud identified a 4th - century BC stela found in Carthage as depicting a child sacrifice .