vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Stop sign
Stop signs originated in Michigan in 1915 . The first ones had black lettering on a white background and were 24 by 24 inches ( 61 cm × 61 cm ) , somewhat smaller than the current sign . As stop signs became more widespread , a committee supported by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) met in 1922 to standardize them , and selected the octagonal shape that has been used in the United States ever since . The unique eight - sided shape of the sign allows drivers facing the back of the sign to identify that oncoming drivers have a stop sign and prevent confusion with other traffic signs . It was also chosen so that it could be identified easily at night , since the original signs were not reflective . The National Conference on Street and Highway Safety ( NCSHS ) , a group competing with AASHTO , advocated a smaller pink - on - yellow stop sign . These two organizations eventually merged to form the Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices , which in 1935 published the first Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways ( MUTCD ) detailing the stop sign 's specifications .
Gupta Empire
Chess is said to have originated in this period , where its early form in the 6th century was known as caturaṅga , which translates as `` four divisions ( of the military ) '' -- infantry , cavalry , elephantry , and chariotry -- represented by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn , knight , rook , and bishop , respectively . Doctors also invented several medical instruments , and even performed operations . The Indian numerals which were the first positional base 10 numeral systems in the world originated from Gupta India . The ancient Gupta text Kama Sutra by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature . Aryabhata , a noted mathematician - astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is round and rotates about its own axis . He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight . Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu , he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth .
Coffee
From the Middle East , coffee spread to Italy . The thriving trade between Venice and North Africa , Egypt , and the Middle East brought many goods , including coffee , to the Venetian port . From Venice , it was introduced to the rest of Europe . Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by Pope Clement VIII in 1600 , despite appeals to ban the `` Muslim drink . '' The first European coffee house opened in Rome in 1645 . A
Origins of the blues
One of the first professional blues singers was Ma Rainey , who claimed to have coined the term blues . Classic female urban or vaudeville blues singers were popular in the 1920s , among them Mamie Smith , Gertrude Ma Rainey , Bessie Smith , and Victoria Spivey . Mamie Smith , more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist , was the first African - American to record a blues in 1920 ; her `` Crazy Blues '' sold 75,000 copies in its first month .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
In December 1859 the botanist Asa Gray negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version , however , he learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin . Darwin wrote in January , `` I never dreamed of my Book being so successful with general readers : I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending the sheets to America . '' and asked Gray to keep any profits . Gray managed to negotiate a 5 per cent royalty with Appleton 's of New York , who got their edition out in mid January , and the other two withdrew . In a May letter Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies , but it is not clear if this was the first printing alone as there were four that year .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
In his lofty position at the head of Science , Owen received numerous complaints about the book . The Revd . Adam Sedgwick , geologist at the University of Cambridge who had taken Darwin on his first geology field trip , could not see the point in a world without providence . The missionary David Livingstone could see no struggle for existence on the African plains . Jeffries Wyman at Harvard saw no truth in chance variations .
Flag of the United States
The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of Betsy Ross . The apocryphal story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington . No evidence for this exists either in the diaries of George Washington nor in the records of the Continental Congress . Indeed , nearly a century passed before Ross ' grandson , William Canby , first publicly suggested the story in 1870 . By her family 's own admission , Ross ran an upholstery business , and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776 . Furthermore , her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroboration of his grandmother 's story .
Griot
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica : `` West African plucked lutes such as the konting , khalam , and the nkoni ( which was noted by Ibn Baṭṭūṭah in 1353 ) may have originated in ancient Egypt . The khalam is claimed to be the ancestor of the banjo . Another long - necked lute is the ramkie of South Africa . ''
The Bronx
The name `` Bronx '' originated with Jonas Bronck , who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639 . The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community , first from various European countries ( particularly Ireland , Germany , and Italy ) and later from the Caribbean region ( particularly Puerto Rico , Haiti , Jamaica , and the Dominican Republic ) , as well as African American migrants from the southern United States . This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of Latin music , hip hop and rock .
Software bug
Hopper did not find the bug , as she readily acknowledged . The date in the log book was September 9 , 1947 . The operators who found it , including William `` Bill '' Burke , later of the Naval Weapons Laboratory , Dahlgren , Virginia , were familiar with the engineering term and amusedly kept the insect with the notation `` First actual case of bug being found . '' Hopper loved to recount the story . This log book , complete with attached moth , is part of the collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History .
Ganesha
Some have noted the roots of Ganesha worship , dating back to 3,000 BCE since the times of Indus Valley Civilization . In 1993 , a metal plate depiction of an elephant - headed figure , interpreted as Ganesha , was discovered in Lorestan Province , Iran , dating back to 1,200 BCE . First terracotta images of Ganesha are from 1st century CE found in Ter , Pal , Verrapuram , and Chandraketugarh . These figures are small , with elephant head , two arms , and chubby physique . The earliest Ganesha icons in stone were carved in Mathura during Kushan times ( 2nd - 3rd centuries CE ) .
Red deer
The first red deer to reach Australia were probably the six that Prince Albert sent in 1860 from Windsor Great Park to Thomas Chirnside , who was starting a herd at Werribee Park , south west of Melbourne in Victoria . Further introductions were made in New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , and Western Australia . Today , red deer in Australia range from Queensland south through New South Wales into Victoria and across to South Australia , with the numbers increasing . The Queensland , Victorian and most New South Wales strains can still be traced to the early releases , but South Australia 's population , along with all others , is now largely recent farm escapees . This is having adverse effects on the integrity of wild herds , as now more and larger herds are being grown due to the superior genetics that have been attained by selective breeding .
Shoplifting
The first documented shoplifting started to take place in 16th - century London . By the early 19th century , shoplifting was believed to be primarily a female activity . In the 1960s , shoplifting began to be redefined again , this time as a political act . Researchers divide shoplifters into two categories : `` boosters '' , professionals who resell what they steal , and `` snitches '' , amateurs who steal for their personal use .
Origin of replication
In eukaryotes , the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids , giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements . Each budding yeast origin consists of a short ( ~ 11 bp ) essential DNA sequence ( called the ARS consensus sequence or ACS ) that recruits replication proteins .
Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
The theory that metallurgy was imported into Europe from the Near East has been practically ruled out . A second hypothesis , that there were two main points of origin of metallurgy in Europe , in southern Spain and in West Bulgaria , is also doubtful due to the existence of sites outside the centers of diffusion where metallurgy was known simultaneously with , or before , those in the ' original ' nuclei , such as Brixlegg ( Tyrol , Austria ) , while sites closer to the supposed origins of metallurgy , such as in the north of Spain , show fewer metal artifacts than sites in the south and practically no evidence of production ( Perez Arrondo 1986 ) .
History of tennis
In 1898 , Dwight F. Davis of the Harvard University tennis team designed a tournament format with the idea of challenging the British to a tennis showdown . The first match , between the United States and Great Britain was held in Boston , Massachusetts in 1900 . The American team , of which Dwight Davis was a part , surprised the British by winning the first three matches . By 1905 the tournament had expanded to include Belgium , Austria , France , and Australia , a combined team from Australia and New Zealand that competed jointly until 1913 .
Red deer
In New Zealand , red deer were introduced by acclimatisation societies along with other deer and game species . The first red deer to reach New Zealand were a pair sent by Lord Petre in 1851 from his herd at Thorndon Park , Essex , to the South Island , but the hind was shot before they had a chance to breed . Lord Petre sent another stag and two hinds in 1861 , and these were liberated near Nelson , from where they quickly spread . The first deer to reach the North Island were a gift to Sir Frederick Weld from Windsor Great Park and were released near Wellington ; these were followed by further releases up to 1914 . Between 1851 and 1926 , 220 separate liberations of red deer involved over 800 deer . In 1927 , the State Forest Service introduced a bounty for red deer shot on their land , and in 1931 , government control operations were commenced . Between 1931 and March 1975 , 1,124,297 deer were killed on official operations .
Blackjack
Blackjack 's precursor was twenty - one , a game of unknown origin . The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes , most famous for writing Don Quixote . Cervantes was a gambler , and the main characters of his tale `` Rinconete y Cortadillo '' , from Novelas Ejemplares , are a couple of cheats working in Seville . They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna ( Spanish for twenty - one ) , and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or 11 . The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck , which lacks eights and nines . This short story was written between 1601 and 1602 , implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier . Later references to this game are found in France and Spain .
Upper Deck Company
On December 23 , 1988 , Upper Deck was granted a license by Major League Baseball to produce baseball cards , and just two months later , on February 23 , 1989 , delivered its first case of baseball cards to George Moore of Tulsa 's Baseball Card Store in Tulsa , Oklahoma . Upper Deck sold out its baseball cards midway through this inaugural year , then pre-sold its entire 1990 baseball stock before the year began .
Eukaryote
In 1979 , G.W. Gould and G.J. Dring suggested that the eukaryotic cell 's nucleus came from the ability of Gram - positive bacteria to form endospores . In 1987 and later papers , Thomas Cavalier - Smith proposed instead that the membranes of the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum first formed by infolding a prokaryote 's plasma membrane . In the 1990s , several other biologists proposed endosymbiotic origins for the nucleus , effectively reviving Mereschkowsky 's theory .
Coffee
Additionally , Coffea canephora is less susceptible to disease than C. arabica and can be cultivated in lower altitudes and warmer climates where C. arabica will not thrive . The robusta strain was first collected in 1890 from the Lomani River , a tributary of the Congo River , and was conveyed from the Congo Free State ( now the Democratic Republic of the Congo ) to Brussels to Java around 1900 . From Java , further breeding resulted in the establishment of robusta plantations in many countries . In particular , the spread of the devastating coffee leaf rust ( Hemileia vastatrix ) , to which C. arabica is vulnerable , hastened the uptake of the resistant robusta . Coffee leaf rust is found in virtually all countries that produce coffee .
Coffea arabica
The first written record of coffee made from roasted coffee beans comes from Arab scholars , who wrote that it was useful in prolonging their working hours . Yemen 's close proximity to Ethiopia meant that the two nations engaged in trade so it is natural that this beverage first spread to the Yemeni people from the highlands of Ethiopia . It later spread first among the Turks , and later on found its way around the world . Other scholars believe that the coffee plant was introduced into Yemen from Ethiopia , based on a Yemeni tradition that slips of both coffee and qat were planted at ' Udein ' ( ' the two twigs ' ) in Yemen in pre-Islamic times .
Masters Tournament
The idea for Augusta National originated with Bobby Jones , who wanted to build a golf course after his retirement from the game . He sought advice from Clifford Roberts , who later became the chairman of the club . They came across a piece of land in Augusta , Georgia , of which Jones said : `` Perfect ! And to think this ground has been lying here all these years waiting for someone to come along and lay a golf course upon it . '' The land had been an indigo plantation in the early nineteenth century and a plant nursery since 1857 . Jones hired Alister MacKenzie to help design the course , and work began in 1931 . The course formally opened in 1933 , but MacKenzie died before the first Masters Tournament was played .
Cheetos
Cheetos first entered Brazil in 1976 , followed by other countries such as Australia during the 1980s . In 1994 , Cheetos became the first American brand of snack food to be made and distributed in China . As the distribution of Cheetos expanded outside the U.S. to include more than 36 different countries , localized versions were produced to conform to regional tastes and cultural preferences .
Insulin
Insulin may have originated more than a billion years ago . The molecular origins of insulin go at least as far back as the simplest unicellular eukaryotes . Apart from animals , insulin - like proteins are also known to exist in the Fungi and Protista kingdoms .
Evolution of fish
Vertebrates , among them the first fishes , originated about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion , which saw the rise in organism diversity . The
Shotgun
The origins of the hammerless shotgun are European but otherwise obscure . The earliest breechloading shotguns originated in France and Belgium in the early 19th century ( see also the history of the Pinfire ) and a number of them such as those by Robert and Chateauvillard from the 1830s and 1840s did not use hammers . In fact during these decades a wide variety of ingenious weapons , including rifles , adopted what is now often known as a ' needle - fire ' method of igniting the charge , where a firing pin or a longer sharper needle provided the necessary impact . The most widely used British hammerless needle - fire shotgun was the unusual hinged - chamber fixed - barrel breech - loader by Joseph Needham , produced from the 1850s . By the 1860s hammerless guns were increasingly used in Europe both in war and sport although hammer guns were still very much in the majority . The first significant encroachment on hammer guns was a hammerless patent which could be used with a conventional side - lock . This was British gunmaker T Murcott 's 1871 action nicknamed the ' mousetrap ' on account of its loud snap action . However , the most successful hammerless innovation of the 1870s was Anson and Deeley 's boxlock patent of 1875 . This simple but ingenious design only used four moving parts allowing the production of cheaper and reliable shotguns .
Rwandan genocide
Solace Ministries is an officially registered Christian based charity , which supports traumatized widows and orphans of genocide , especially people living with HIV / AIDS . It helps to restore hope and overcome feelings of despair , loneliness , hatred , anger and resentment among its members . Its programs include counseling ; childcare and development programs ; community development programs ; health and relief ; capacity building and research . More importantly , it provides a vital secure environment for survivors to meet and pray together .
Santería
Aligning and harmonizing with the forces of nature , practitioners of the Regla de Ochá invoke on the guidance of Orichás . There are three foremost orichás that are predominantly concerned with folk - healing , however , other orichás may be invoked to help a person with a specific problem . These main orichás are : Osaín , the orichá of the herbs ; Babalú - Ayé , the orichá of contagious and epidemic diseases ; and Inle , the patron of physicians . Osaín is the patron of curanderos or traditional herbal healers , also called Osainistas . According to de la Torre , Osaín is believed to be embodied in the omiero , which is a combination of `` blood from sacrifices offered during the ceremony and juices extracted from herbs that are sacred to the Orichás with water ( from rain , rivers , or seas ) honey , aguardiente , powdered eggshell , corojo , and cocoa butter . '' The forest has everything that would maintain a robust health and keep a person away from malevolence , thus , Santería practitioners would agree that no spell will be able to work without the sanction of Osaín , the master herbalist commanding the healing secrets of plant life . Osaín is syncretized with Saint Joseph , Saint Benito , or Saint Jerome . Babalú - Ayé is revered by its victims and survivors like smallpox , leprosy , and skin diseases . Babalú - Ayé has become the guardian of those with HIV / AIDS . He is syncretized with Saint Lazarus . Inle is the patron of physicians , known as a healer who favors scientific methods . Inle is ranked as one of the orichás that is approached for very specific health issues . Thus , Inle is also known as the protector of homosexuals and feminosexuals .
Medicare (United States)
Medicare Part D went into effect on January 1 , 2006 . Anyone with Part A or B is eligible for Part D , which covers mostly self - administered drugs . It was made possible by the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . To receive this benefit , a person with Medicare must enroll in a stand - alone Prescription Drug Plan ( PDP ) or Medicare Advantage plan with integrated prescription drug coverage ( MA - PD ) . These plans are approved and regulated by the Medicare program , but are actually designed and administered by private health insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers . Unlike Original Medicare ( Part A and B ) , Part D coverage is not standardized ( though it is highly regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) . Plans choose which drugs they wish to cover ( but must cover at least two drugs in 148 different categories and cover all or `` substantially all '' drugs in the following protected classes of drugs : anti-cancer ; anti-psychotic ; anti-convulsant , anti-depressants , immuno - suppressant , and HIV and AIDS drugs ) . The plans can also specify with CMS approval at what level ( or tier ) they wish to cover it , and are encouraged to use step therapy . Some drugs are excluded from coverage altogether and Part D plans that cover excluded drugs are not allowed to pass those costs on to Medicare , and plans are required to repay CMS if they are found to have billed Medicare in these cases .
Jonathan Richman
In 1993 , he contributed the track `` Hot Nights '' to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization .
Gene
Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA , and contain no DNA at all . Because they use RNA to store genes , their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription . On the other hand , RNA retroviruses , such as HIV , require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized . RNA - mediated epigenetic inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals .
Medical glove
Double gloving is the practice of wearing two layers of medical gloves to reduce the danger of infection from glove failure or penetration of the gloves by sharp objects during medical procedures ( For people with HIV and Hepatitis , surgeons use antivirus glove ) . This should better protect the patient against infections transmitted by the surgeon . A systematic review of the literature has shown double gloving to offer significantly more protection against inner glove perforation in surgical procedures compared to the use of a single glove layer . But it was unclear if there was better protection against infections transmitted by the surgeon . Another systematic review studied if double gloving protected the surgeon better against infections transmitted by the patient . Pooled results of 12 studies ( RCTs ) with 3,437 participants showed that double gloving reduced the number of perforations in inner gloves with 71 % compared to single gloving . On average ten surgeons / nurses involved in 100 operations sustain 172 single gloves perforations but with double gloves only 50 inner gloves would be perforated . This is a considerable reduction of the risk .
Under Pressure
A portion of the profits from the `` Under Pressure '' cover will be donated to Mercury Phoenix Trust , which was founded by Queen 's Brian May and Roger Taylor ( and the group 's manager , Jim Beach ) after Mercury 's death to help fight AIDS worldwide . Mendes said in a statement `` I am so honored to be able to support the amazing legacy of Freddie and Queen by doing a cover of one of my favorite songs , ' Under Pressure ' '' .