vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of Germany (1945–90)
The `` ' Level of Industry plans for Germany '' were the plans to lower German industrial potential after World War II . At the Potsdam conference , with the U.S. operating under influence of the Morgenthau plan , the victorious Allies decided to abolish the German armed forces as well as all munitions factories and civilian industries that could support them . This included the destruction of all ship and aircraft manufacturing capability . Further , it was decided that civilian industries which might have a military potential , which in the modern era of `` total war '' included virtually all , were to be severely restricted . The restriction of the latter was set to Germany 's `` approved peacetime needs '' , which were defined to be set on the average European standard . In order to achieve this , each type of industry was subsequently reviewed to see how many factories Germany required under these minimum level of industry requirements .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
In late October , Ludendorff , in a sudden change of mind , declared the conditions of the Allies unacceptable . He now demanded to resume the war which he himself had declared lost only one month earlier . However the German soldiers were pressing to get home . It was scarcely possible to arouse their readiness for battle anew , and desertions were on the increase . The Imperial Government stayed on course and Ludendorff was replaced by Wilhelm Groener . On 5 November , the Allies agreed to take up negotiations for a truce , now also demanding reparation payments .
German declaration of war against the United States
On September 11 , 1941 , the President of the United States publicly declared that he had ordered the American Navy and Air Force to shoot on sight at any German war vessel . In his speech of October 27 , 1941 , he once more expressly affirmed that this order was in force . Acting under this order , vessels of the American Navy , since early September 1941 , have systematically attacked German naval forces . Thus , American destroyers , as for instance the Greer , the Kearney and the Reuben James , have opened fire on German submarines according to plan . The Secretary of the American Navy , Mr. Knox , himself confirmed that - American destroyers attacked German submarines .
World War I
Just after the First Battle of the Marne ( 5 -- 12 September 1914 ) , Entente and German forces repeatedly attempted manoeuvring to the north in an effort to outflank each other : this series of manoeuvres became known as the `` Race to the Sea '' . When these outflanking efforts failed , the opposing forces soon found themselves facing an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from Lorraine to Belgium 's coast . Britain and France sought to take the offensive , while Germany defended the occupied territories . Consequently , German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy ; Anglo - French trenches were only intended to be `` temporary '' before their forces broke through the German defences .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
On 29 September 1918 the German Supreme Army Command informed Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Imperial Chancellor , Count Georg von Hertling at Imperial Army Headquarters in Spa of occupied Belgium , that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless . Quartermaster general Erich Ludendorff , probably fearing a breakthrough , claimed that he could not guarantee that the front would hold for another two hours and demanded a request be given to the Entente for an immediate ceasefire . In addition , he recommended the acceptance of the main demands of US president Woodrow Wilson ( the Fourteen Points ) including putting the Imperial Government on a democratic footing , hoping for more favorable peace terms . This enabled him to save the face of the Imperial German Army and put the responsibility for the capitulation and its consequences squarely into the hands of the democratic parties and the parliament . As he said to officers of his staff on 1 October : `` They now must lie on the bed that they 've made for us . ''
Armistice of 11 November 1918
Termination of military hostilities on land or in air within six hours of signature . Immediate removal of all German troops from France , Belgium , Luxembourg , and Alsace - Lorraine within 14 days Subsequent removal of all German troops from territory on the west side of the Rhine plus 30 km ( 19 mi ) radius bridgeheads of the east side of the Rhine at the cities of Mainz , Koblenz , and Cologne with ensuing occupation by Allied and US troops . Removal of all German troops on the eastern front -- Turkey , Austro - Hungaria and Romania -- to German territory as it was on 1 August 1914 . Troops on Russian territory to be removed once the Allies `` deem the time right '' . Renunciation of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Russia and of the Treaty of Bucharest with Romania . Internment of the German fleet ( High Seas Fleet ) . Surrender of all German submarines Surrender of materiel : 5,000 cannons , 25,000 machine guns , 3,000 minenwerfers , 1,700 airplanes , 5,000 locomotive engines , and 150,000 railcars . Immediate release of all French , British and Italian prisoners of war ( the German POWs would be released only after a peace treaty )
World War I
The Allied counteroffensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , began on 8 August 1918 , with the Battle of Amiens . The battle involved over 400 tanks and 120,000 British , Dominion , and French troops , and by the end of its first day a gap 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) long had been created in the German lines . The defenders displayed a marked collapse in morale , causing Ludendorff to refer to this day as the `` Black Day of the German army '' . After an advance as far as 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) , German resistance stiffened , and the battle was concluded on 12 August .
Samoa
American and British warships shelled Apia on 15 March 1899 , including the USS Philadelphia . Germany , the United Kingdom and the United States quickly resolved to end the hostilities and divided the island chain at the Tripartite Convention of 1899 , signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900 .
Treaty of Versailles
Talks between the Allies to establish a common negotiating position started on 18 January 1919 , in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Initially , 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . Russia was excluded due to their signing of a separate peace ( the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) and early withdrawal from the war . Furthermore , German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically .
Pennsylvania Dutch
Some of the emigration of Germans to America from the Rhine area was caused by the devastation of the Thirty Years War ( 1618 - 1648 ) and the wars between the German principalities and France . Members this group founded the Borough of Germantown , in northwest Philadelphia County , Pennsylvania , in 1683 . They settled on land that William Penn had sold to them . Germantown included not only Mennonites but also Quakers .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Though it was usually claimed at the time that everybody in the Second World War was a victim , Ludtke commented that the disparity between the millions of Deutsche Marks spent in the 1950s in turning the Benderblock and Plötzensee prison into sites of remembrance honoring those conservatives executed after the 20 July putsch versus the neglect of the former concentration camps suggested that in both official and popular memory that some victims of the Nazis were considered more worthy of remembrance than others . It was against this context where popular memory was focused on glorifying the heroic deeds of the Wehrmacht while treating the genocide by the National Socialist regime as almost a footnote that in the autumn of 1959 that the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno gave a much - publicized speech on TV that called for Vergangenheitsbewältigung ( `` coming to terms with the past '' ) . Adorno stated that most people were engaged in a process of `` willful forgetting '' about the Nazi period and used euphemistic language to avoid confronting the period such as the use of the term Kristallnacht ( Crystal Night ) for the pogrom of November 1938 . Adorno called for promoting a critical `` consciousness '' that would allow people to `` come to terms with the past '' .
Modern history
In 1917 , China declared war on Germany in the hope of recovering its lost province , then under Japanese control . The New Culture Movement occupied the period from 1917 to 1923 . Chinese representatives refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles , due to intense pressure from the student protesters and public opinion alike .
Ottoman–German alliance
The Ottoman -- German Alliance was an alliance between the German Empire and the Ottoman Empire that was ratified on August 2 , 1914 , shortly following the outbreak of World War I . The alliance was created as part of a joint - cooperative effort that would strengthen and modernize the failing Ottoman military , as well as provide Germany safe passage into neighboring British colonies .
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
The exact number of Somali casualties is unknown , but estimates range from several hundred to over a thousand militiamen and others killed , with injuries to another 3,000 -- 4,000 . The International Committee of the Red Cross estimated that 200 Somali civilians were killed and several hundred wounded in the fighting , with reports that some civilians attacked the Americans . The book Black Hawk Down : A Story of Modern War estimates more than 700 Somali militiamen dead and more than 1,000 wounded , but the Somali National Alliance in a Frontline documentary on American television acknowledged only 133 killed in the whole battle . The Somali casualties were reported in The Washington Post as 312 killed and 814 wounded . The Pentagon initially reported five American soldiers were killed , but the toll was actually 18 American soldiers dead and 73 wounded . Two days later , a 19th soldier , Delta operator SFC Matt Rierson , was killed in a mortar attack . Among U.N. forces , one Malaysian and one Pakistani died ; seven Malaysians and two Pakistanis were wounded . At the time the battle was the bloodiest involving U.S. troops since the Vietnam War , and it remained so until the Second Battle of Fallujah in 2004 .
World War I
The German invaders treated any resistance -- such as sabotaging rail lines -- as illegal and immoral , and shot the offenders and burned buildings in retaliation . In addition , they tended to suspect that most civilians were potential francs - tireurs ( guerrillas ) and , accordingly , took and sometimes killed hostages from among the civilian population . The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . The German Army destroyed 15,000 -- 20,000 buildings -- most famously the university library at Louvain -- and generated a wave of refugees of over a million people . Over half the German regiments in Belgium were involved in major incidents . Thousands of workers were shipped to Germany to work in factories . British propaganda dramatizing the Rape of Belgium attracted much attention in the United States , while Berlin said it was both lawful and necessary because of the threat of franc - tireurs like those in France in 1870 . The British and French magnified the reports and disseminated them at home and in the United States , where they played a major role in dissolving support for Germany .
Partition of India
Lawrence James observed that `` ' Sir Francis Mudie , the governor of West Punjab , estimated that 500,000 Muslims died trying to enter his province , while the British high commissioner in Karachi put the full total at 800,000 ... This makes nonsense of the claim by Mountbatten and his partisans that only 200,000 were killed ' ( James 1998 : 636 ) '' .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived .
American Revolutionary War
British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the British Armed Forces . A table from 1781 puts total British Army deaths at 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas ; 6,046 in North America ( 1775 -- 1779 ) , and 3,326 in the West Indies ( 1778 -- 1780 ) . In 1784 , a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during the war , encompassing Europe , the Caribbean and the East Indies . Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds . Approximately 7,774 Germans died in British service in addition to 4,888 deserters ; of the former , it is estimated 1,800 were killed in combat .
Erwin Rommel
As Rommel thought the matter over , an SS detachment surrounded his village , leading him to conclude that if he agreed to face the People 's Court , he would not reach Berlin alive . With that in mind , Rommel opted to commit suicide , and explained his decision to his wife and son . Wearing his Afrika Korps jacket and carrying his field marshal 's baton , Rommel went to Burgdorf 's Opel , driven by SS Master Sergeant Heinrich Doose , and was driven out of the village . After stopping , Doose and Maisel walked away from the car , leaving Rommel with Burgdorf . Five minutes later Burgdorf gestured to the two men to return to the car , and Doose noticed that Rommel was slumped over , having taken the cyanide . He died before being taken to the Wagner - Schule field hospital . Ten minutes later , the group telephoned Rommel 's wife to inform her of his death . Witnesses were struck by the smile of deep contempt on the dead man 's face , never seen in life , and his widow thought it was for Hitler . Rommel
Woodrow Wilson
The main crisis came when a German u-boat sank the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania in May 1915 . International law required a warning so that passengers and crew could board life boats . No warning was issued and the ship sank in 18 minutes , with a thousand deaths including over 100 Americans . Wilson said , `` There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight . There is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right '' . Many reacted to these remarks with contempt . Wilson protested to Berlin but its reply was evasive . Secretary of State Bryan , strongly opposed to war , resigned , and was replaced by Robert Lansing . The White Star liner the SS Arabic was then torpedoed , with two American casualties . Wilson threatened a diplomatic break unless Germany repudiated the action ; Germany then gave a written promise : `` liners will not be sunk by our submarines '' . Wilson had won a promise that merchant ships would not be sunk without warning ; and most importantly he had kept the U.S. out of the war . Meanwhile , Wilson requested and received funds in the final 1916 appropriations bill to provide for 500,000 troops . It also included a five - year Navy plan for major construction of battleships , cruisers , destroyers and submarines -- showing Wilson 's dedication to a big Navy .
Prague
At the end of the war , Prague suffered several bombing raids by the US Army Air Forces . 701 people were killed , more than 1,000 people were injured and some of buildings , factories and historical landmarks ( Emmaus Monastery , Faust House , Vinohrady Synagogue ) were destroyed . Many historic structures in Prague , however , escaped the destruction of the war and the damage was small compared to the total destruction of many other cities in that time . According to American pilots , it was the result of a navigational mistake .
Treaty of Versailles
France had lost 1.3 million soldiers killed , including 25 % of French men aged 18 -- 30 and 400,000 civilians . France had also been more physically damaged than any other nation ( the so - called zone rouge ( Red Zone ) ) ; the most industrialized region and the source of most coal and iron ore in the north - east had been devastated and in the final days of the war mines had been flooded and railways , bridges and factories destroyed . Clemenceau intended to ensure the security of France , by weakening Germany economically , militarily , territorially and by supplanting Germany as the leading producer of steel in Europe . A position , British economist and Versailles negotiator , John Maynard Keynes summarized as attempting to `` set the clock back and undo what , since 1870 , the progress of Germany had accomplished . ''
London Bridge
On 3 June 2017 , London Bridge was the target of a terrorist attack . Three Islamist terrorists used a rented van to ram pedestrians walking across the bridge , killing three . The attackers then drove their vehicle to nearby Borough Market , where they stabbed multiple people , five of whom died . Armed police arrived on scene and shot the three suspects dead . In addition to the eight innocent people killed in the attack , 48 were injured .
Napoleon
Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men ; 1,500 were reported missing , 1,200 died in combat , and thousands perished from disease -- mostly bubonic plague . He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre , so he marched his army back to Egypt in May . To speed up the retreat , Bonaparte ordered plague - stricken men to be poisoned with opium ; the number who died remains disputed , ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580 . He also brought out 1,000 wounded men . Back in Egypt on 25 July , Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir .
World War I
Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted 650,000 men . Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000 ( 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded ) . Italian
Operation Barbarossa
The citizens of Leningrad were subjected to heavy bombardment and a siege that would last 872 days and starve more than a million people to death , of whom approximately 400,000 were children below the age of 14 . The German - Finnish blockade cut off access to food , fuel and raw materials , and rations reached a low , for the non-working population , of four ounces ( five thin slices ) of bread and a little watery soup per day . Starving Soviet civilians began to eat their domestic animals , along with hair tonic and Vaseline . Some desperate citizens resorted to cannibalism ; Soviet records list 2,000 people arrested for `` the use of human meat as food '' during the siege , 886 of them during the first winter of 1941 -- 42 . The Wehrmacht planned to seal off Leningrad , starve out the population , and then demolish the city entirely . Sexual
Korean War
On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government . On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army . The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it and hundreds were killed . Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River . In spite of such desperate measures , Seoul fell that same day . A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty - eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North .
Casualties of the Iraq War
In December 2005 President Bush said there were 30,000 Iraqi dead . White House spokesman Scott McClellan later said it was `` not an official government estimate '' , and was based on media reports .
Bradford
On the morning of 1 July 1916 , an estimated 1,394 young men from Bradford and District The Bradford Pals , the 16th and 18th Battalions of The Prince of Wales 's Own West Yorkshire Regiment left their trenches in Northern France to advance across No Man 's Land . It was the first hour of the first day of the Battle of the Somme . Of the estimated 1,394 men who left the trenches , 1,060 were either killed or injured during the ill - fated attack on the village of Serre .
Siege of Yorktown
The French casualties were 60 killed and 194 wounded and the American casualties were 28 killed and 107 wounded : a grand total of 88 killed and 301 wounded .
World War I
At the start of the war , the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe , some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping . The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down , though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping . For example , the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden , part of the East - Asia squadron stationed at Qingdao , seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen , as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer . However , most of the German East - Asia squadron -- consisting of the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , light cruisers Nürnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships -- did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships . The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armoured cruisers at the Battle of Coronel , but was virtually destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914 , with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping , but after the Battle of Más a Tierra these too had been destroyed or interned .
World War I
The areas in the East were larger . The Germans did well at the First Masurian Lakes driving the invaders from East Prussia , and at Riga which led to the Russian 's suing for peace . The Austro - Hungarians and Germans joined for a great success at Gorlice -- Tarnów which drove the Russians out of Poland . In a series of attacks along with the Bulgarians they occupied Serbia , Albania , Montenegro and most of Romania . The Allies successes came later in Palestine ( the beginning of the end for the Ottomans ) , in Macedonia ( which drove the Bulgarians out of the war ) , and at Vittorio Veneto ( the final blow for the Austro - Hungarians ) ) .
World War I
In the east , Russia invaded with two armies . In response , Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire . This army , led by general Paul von Hindenburg , defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg ( 17 August -- 2 September ) . While the Russian invasion failed , it caused the diversion of German troops to the east , allowing the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . This meant Germany failed to achieve its objective of avoiding a long , two - front war . However , the German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and effectively halved France 's supply of coal . It had also killed or permanently crippled 230,000 more French and British troops than it itself had lost . Despite this , communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a more decisive outcome . Asia
Treaty of Versailles
It has been argued ( for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book A World At Arms ) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany . The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up , and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation ( in contrast to the situation following World War II ) . In a 1995 essay , Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria - Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe , that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe .