vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
The men who were against Atahualpa 's conviction and murder argued that he should be judged by King Charles since he was the sovereign prince . Atahualpa agreed to accept baptism to avoid being burned at the stake and in the hopes of one day rejoining his army and killing the Spanish ; he was baptized as Francisco . On 29 August 1533 Atahualpa was garrotted and died a Christian . He was buried with Christian rites in the church of San Francisco at Cajamarca , but was soon disinterred . His body was taken , probably at his prior request , to its final resting place in Quito . Upon de Soto 's return , he was furious ; he had found no evidence of any secret gathering of Atahualpa 's warriors .
Early Nationalists
While the Early Nationalists moved towards the formation of an all - India political body , Englishman A.O. Hume , a retiree from the Indian Civil Service , saw the need for an organisation that would draw the government 's attention to current administrative drawbacks and suggest the means to rectify them . In 1884 Hume , in consultation with the Indian leaders , laid the foundations of Indian National Union but it was postponed due to an outbreak of plague in Pune . Later on , at the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji , the name was changed to `` Indian National Congress '' and the foundation of the organisation laid on 28 December 1885 .
New Spain
The Spanish Bourbons monarchs ' prime innovation introduction of intendancies , an institution emulating that of Bourbon France . They were first introduced on a large scale in New Spain , by the Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez , in the 1770s , who originally envisioned that they would replace the viceregal system ( viceroyalty ) altogether . With broad powers over tax collection and the public treasury and with a mandate to help foster economic growth over their districts , intendants encroached on the traditional powers of viceroys , governors and local officials , such as the corregidores , which were phased out as intendancies were established . The Crown saw the intendants as a check on these other officers . Over time accommodations were made . For example , after a period of experimentation in which an independent intendant was assigned to Mexico City , the office was thereafter given to the same person who simultaneously held the post of viceroy . Nevertheless , the creation of scores of autonomous intendancies throughout the Viceroyalty , created a great deal of decentralization , and in the Captaincy General of Guatemala , in particular , the intendancy laid the groundwork for the future independent nations of the 19th century . In 1780 , Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez sent a royal dispatch to Teodoro de Croix , Commandant General of the Internal Provinces of New Spain ( Provincias Internas ) , asking all subjects to donate money to help the American Revolution . Millions of pesos were given .
History of India
Maharaja Ranjit Singh consolidated many parts of northern India into an empire . He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh Khalsa Army that he trained and equipped with modern military technologies and technique . Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army . He continuously defeated the Afghan armies and successfully ended the Afghan - Sikh Wars . In stages , he added the central Punjab , the provinces of Multan and Kashmir , the Peshawar Valley , and the Derajat to his empire .
History of India
In 1526 , Babur , a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley ( modern day Uzbekistan ) , swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire , which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan , Pakistan , India and Bangladesh . However , his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540 , and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul . After Sher Shah 's death , his son Islam Shah Suri and his Hindu general Hemu Vikramaditya had established secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 . After winning Battle of Delhi , Akbar 's forces defeated Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556 .
Quito
The second important vestige of human presence was found in the current neighborhood of Cotocollao ( 1.500 BC ) , located in the NW of Quito . The prehistoric village covered over 26 hectares in an area irrigated by many creeks . Near the rectangular there are also burials with pottery and stone offerings . The Cotocollao people extracted and exported obsidian to the coastal region .
Quito
In colonial times , the Church of El Sagrario was one of the largest architectural marvels of Quito . The construction is of the Italian Renaissance style and it was built in the late 17th century . It has a screen that supports its sculptures and decorations . This structure was built by Bernardo de Legarda . Its central arch leads to a dome decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes featuring archangels . It was done by Francisco Albán . The altarpiece was gilded by Legarda . It is located on Calle García Moreno , near the Cathedral .
History of India
Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda in 1591 . Following a brief Mughal rule , Asif Jah , a Mughal official , seized control of Hyderabad and declared himself Nizam - al - Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724 . It was ruled by a hereditary Nizam from 1724 until 1948 . Both Kingdom of Mysore and Hyderabad State became princely states in British India in 1799 and 1798 respectively .
Primus inter pares
In the federal Commonwealth Realms , Canada and Australia , in which Queen Elizabeth II is head of state as constitutional Monarch , a Governor General as viceroy is appointed by the Queen in Council to represent the Queen during her absence . The Governor - General typically appoints the leader of the political party holding at least a plurality of seats in the elected Legislature to be prime minister , whose relationship with the other Ministers of the Crown is primus inter pares , or `` first among equals '' . This is also done at the provincial or state level , wherein the Lieutenant Governors of the Canadian Provinces or Governors of the Australian states as Lieutenant - Governor - in - Council appoints the leader of the provincial or state political party holding at least a plurality of seats in the elected provincial or state legislature to be provincial premier or state premier . Federal
History of India
In 1498 , a Portuguese fleet under Vasco da Gama successfully discovered a new sea route from Europe to India , which paved the way for direct Indo - European commerce . The Portuguese soon set up trading posts in Goa , Daman , Diu and Bombay . Goa became the main Portuguese base until it was annexed by India in 1961 .
Akbar
Akbar 's first wife and chief consort was his cousin , Princess Ruqaiya Sultan Begum , the only daughter of his paternal uncle , Prince Hindal Mirza , and his wife Sultanam Begum . In 1551 , Hindal Mirza died fighting valorously in a battle against Kamran Mirza 's forces . Upon hearing the news of his brother 's death , Humayun was overwhelmed with grief . Out of affection to the memory of his brother , Humayun betrothed Hindal 's nine - year - old daughter Ruqaiya to his son Akbar . Their betrothal took place in Kabul , shortly after Akbar 's first appointment as a viceroy in the province of Ghazni . Humayun conferred on the imperial couple , all the wealth , army , and adherents of Hindal and Ghazni which one of Hindal 's jagir was given to his nephew , Akbar , who was appointed as its viceroy and was also given the command of his uncle 's army . Akbar 's marriage with Ruqaiya was solemnized near Jalandhar , Punjab , when both of them were 14 - years - old . Childless herself , she adopted Akbar 's favorite grandson , Prince Khurram ( the future emperor Shah Jahan ) . She died on 19 January 1626 .
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
When he became the President of India , some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday , on 5 September . He replied ,
History of India
During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Śramaṇa movement formed , from which originated Jainism and Buddhism . In the same period the first Upanishads were written . After 500 BCE , the so - called `` Second urbanisation '' started , with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain , especially the Central Ganges plain . The foundations for the Second Urbanisation were laid prior to 600 BCE , in the Painted Grey Ware culture of the Ghaggar - Hakra and Upper Ganges Plain ; although most PGW sites were small farming villages , `` several dozen '' PGW sites eventually emerged as relatively large settlements that can be characterized as towns , the largest of which were fortified by ditches or moats and embankments made of piled earth with wooden palisades , albeit smaller and simpler than the elaborately fortified large cities which grew after 600 BCE in the Northern Black Polished Ware culture . The Central Ganges Plain , where Magadha gained prominence , forming the base of the Mauryan Empire , was a distinct cultural area , with new states arising after 500 BCE during the so - called `` Second urbanisation '' . It was influenced by the Vedic culture , but differed markedly from the Kuru - Panchala region . It `` was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BCE was the location of an advanced Neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar '' . In this region the Shramanic movements flourished , and Jainism and Buddhism originated .
Latin American wars of independence
The first uprising against Spanish rule took place in 1809 , and criollos in Ecuador set up a junta on September 22 , 1810 to rule in the name of the Bourbon monarch ; but as elsewhere , it allowed assertion of their own power . Only in 1822 did Ecuador fully gain independence and became part of Gran Colombia , from which it withdrew in 1830 . At the Battle of Pichincha , near present - day Quito , Ecuador on May 24 , 1822 , General Antonio José de Sucre 's forces defeated a Spanish force defending Quito . The Spanish defeat guaranteed the liberation of Ecuador .
Conquistador
After he pacified Hispaniola , where the native Indians had revolted against the administration of governor Nicolás de Ovando , Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from Viceroy Diego Columbus and was appointed governor of the island . As governor he authorized expeditions to explore lands further west , including the 1517 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba expedition to Yucatán . Diego Velázquez , ordered expeditions , one led by his nephew , Juan de Grijalva , to Yucatán and the Hernán Cortés expedition of 1519 . He initially backed Cortés 's expedition to Mexico , but because of his personal enmity for Cortés later ordered Pánfilo de Narváez to arrest him . Grijalva was sent out with four ships and some 240 men .
History of India
Harsha ruled northern India from 606 to 647 CE . He was the son of Prabhakarvardhana and the younger brother of Rajyavardhana , who were members of the Pushyabhuti dynasty and ruled Thanesar , in present - day Haryana . Ruins
Postage stamps and postal history of India
The first Sultan of Delhi , after the Mughals colonised India , Qutb - ud - din Aybak was Sultan for only four years , 1206 -- 1210 , but he founded the Mamluk Dynasty and created a messenger post system . This was expanded into the dak chowkis , a horse and foot runner service , by Alauddin Khalji in 1296 . Sher Shah Suri ( 1541 -- 1545 ) replaced runners with horses for conveyance of messages along the northern Indian high road , today known as the Grand Trunk Road , which he constructed between Bengal and Sindh over an ancient trade route at the base of the Himalayas , the Uttarapatha . He also built 1700 ' serais ' where two horses were always kept for the despatch of the Royal Mail Akbar introduced camels in addition to the horses and runners .
History of India
By the 3rd century , their empire in India was disintegrating and their last known great emperor was Vasudeva I .
Quito
Carondelet Palace ( Spanish : Palacio de Carondelet ) is the seat of government of the Republic of Ecuador , located in the historical center of Quito . The palace is in the nerve center of the public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande ( colonial name ) , around which were built in addition the Archbishop 's Palace , the Municipal Palace , the Hotel Plaza Grande and the Metropolitan Cathedral . During the Republican era , almost all the presidents ( constitutional , internees and dictators ) have dispatched from this building , which is the seat of Government of the Republic of Ecuador . In addition to the administrative units in the third level of the Palace is the presidential residence , a luxurious colonial - style apartment in which the President and his family dwell . Rafael Correa , president since 2007 , converted the presidential compound into a museum accessible to all who wish to visit it .
Conquistador
By 1767 , Jesuit missionaries on The Californias had established approximately twenty - three missions over a period of seventy - two years . The Viceroy of New Spain , Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa , demanded to explore the area north of Alta California in response to information that there were colonial Russian settlements there . Near the end of 1771 the Portolà expedition arrived at San Francisco Bay ( discovered in 1769 ) . Between 1774 and 1791 , the Spanish Crown sent forth a number of expeditions to explore the Pacific Northwest . Bruno de Heceta first explored the Pacific Northwest . In 1774 Juan Pérez , was exploring the islands in present - day British Columbia , and Canada . From 1769 to 1776 the Franciscan missionary Francisco Garcés of converso morisco descent , was exploring Sonora , Baja California , California , Arizona , and Nevada . The criollo Spaniard and later Governor of New Mexico Juan Bautista de Anza explored Arizona , Colorado and Alta California , founding the first overland route to San Francisco Bay .
Early Nationalists
Indian National Congress ( Early Nationalists 1885 -- 1905 ) Leader W.C. Banerjee Rash Behari Ghosh Surendranath Banerjee R.C. Dutt Dadabhai Naoroji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Pherozeshah Mehta Justice Ranade P.R. Naidu S. Subramania Iyer Ananda Charlu Madan Mohan Malaviya A.O. Hume William Wedderburn Founder A.O. Hume Founded 1885 ( 1885 ) Dissolved 1905 ( 1905 ) Preceded by The Landholders ' society Succeeded by Assertive Nationalist ( Extremist ) Newspaper Dharma Marg Darshak ( magazine ) Ideology Regain Self - government without violation Politics of India Political parties Elections
Pokhran-II
Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , the first of which was a fusion bomb while the remaining four were fission bombs . The tests were initiated on 11 May 1998 , under the assigned code name Operation Shakti , with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . The tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States .
Governor General of Canada
French colonization of North America began in the 1580s and Aymar de Chaste was appointed in 1602 by King Henry IV as Viceroy of Canada . The explorer Samuel de Champlain became the first unofficial Governor of New France in the early 17th century , serving until Charles Huault de Montmagny was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King Louis XIII . The French Company of One Hundred Associates then administered New France until King Louis XIV took control of the colony and appointed Augustin de Saffray de Mésy as the first governor general in 1663 , after whom 12 more people served in the post .
New Spain
1 . Santo Domingo ( 1511 , effective 1526 , predated the Viceroyalty ) 2 . Mexico ( 1527 , predated the Viceroyalty ) 3 . Panama ( 1st one , 1538 -- 1543 ) 4 . Guatemala ( 1543 ) 5 . Guadalajara ( 1548 ) 6 . Manila ( 1583 )
Akbar
Kandahar was the name given by Arab historians to the ancient Indian kingdom of Gandhara . It was intimately connected with the Mughals since the time of their ancestor , Timur , the warlord who had conquered much of Western , Central , and parts of South Asia in the 14th century . However , the Safavids considered it as an appanage of the Persian ruled territory of Khorasan and declared its association with the Mughal emperors to be a usurpation . In 1558 , while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India , the Safavid emperor , Tahmasp I , had seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor . For the next thirty years , it remained under Persian rule . The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar , but after his prolonged military activity in the northern frontiers , a move to restore Mughal rule over the region became desirable . The conquests of Sindh , Kashmir and parts of Baluchistan , and the ongoing consolidation of Mughal power over today 's Afghanistan had added to Akbar 's confidence . Furthermore , Kandahar was at this time under threat from the Uzbeks , but the Emperor of Persia , himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks , was unable to send any reinforcements . Circumstances favoured the Mughals .
Quito
Quito ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈkito ) ) ( Quechua : Kitu ; Aymara : Kitu ) , formally San Francisco de Quito , is the capital city of Ecuador , and at an elevation of 2,850 metres ( 9,350 ft ) above sea level , it is the second highest official capital city in the world after La Paz , Bolivia and the one which is closest to the equator . It is located in the Guayllabamba river basin , on the eastern slopes of Pichincha , an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains . With a population of 2,671,191 according to the last census ( 2014 ) , Quito is the second most populous city in Ecuador , after Guayaquil . It is also the capital of the Pichincha province and the seat of the Metropolitan District of Quito . The canton recorded a population of 2,239,191 residents in the 2010 national census . In 2008 , the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations .
History of India
The Vijayanagara Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty . The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara , whose ruins surround present day Hampi , now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka , India . Vijayanagara
History of India
Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946 as Direct Action Day , with the stated goal of highlighting , peacefully , the demand for a Muslim homeland in British India , which resulted in the outbreak of the cycle of violence that would be later called the `` Great Calcutta Killing of August 1946 '' . The communal violence spread to Bihar ( where Muslims were attacked by Hindus ) , to Noakhali in Bengal ( where Hindus were targeted by Muslims ) , in Garhmukteshwar in the United Provinces ( where Muslims were attacked by Hindus ) , and on to Rawalpindi in March 1947 in which Hindus were attacked or driven out by Muslims .
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spain 's administration of its colonies in the Americas was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain 1535 ( capital , Mexico City ) , and the Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 ( capital , Lima ) . In the 18th century the additional Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 ( capital , Bogotá ) , and Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata 1776 ( capital , Buenos Aires ) were established from portions of the Viceroyalty of Peru . The change diminished the political and economic power of the viceroyalty and opened formal connections between the mining district of Upper Peru and the port of Buenos Aires .
History of India
A Turco - Mongol conqueror in Central Asia , Timur ( Tamerlane ) , attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir - u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi . The Sultan 's army was defeated on 17 December 1398 . Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked , destroyed , and left in ruins after Timur 's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights . He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids , scholars , and the `` other Muslims '' ( artists ) ; 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day . The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty , but it was a shadow of the former .
Governor General of Canada
In a speech on the subject of confederation , made in 1866 to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada , John A. Macdonald said of the planned governor : `` We place no restriction on Her Majesty 's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence . '' However , between 1867 and 1931 , governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet . Thereafter , in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931 , the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only . Until 1952 , all governors general were also either members of the Peerage or sons of peers , and were born beyond Canada 's borders . These viceroys spent a relatively limited time in Canada , but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could `` learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime . '' Still , though all Canadian nationals were as equally British subjects as their British counterparts prior to the implementation of the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1947 , the idea of Canadian - born persons being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919 , when , at the Paris Peace Conference , Canadian prime minister Robert Borden consulted with Prime Minister of South Africa Louis Botha and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long - term residents of their respective Dominions . Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in the late 1930s , but it was not until Vincent Massey 's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian - born individual . Massey stated of this that `` a Canadian ( as governor general ) makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada . '' This practice continued until 1999 , when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Adrienne Clarkson , a Hong Kong - born refugee to Canada . Moreover , the practice of alternating between anglophone and francophone Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Georges Vanier , a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey . All persons whose names are put forward to the Queen for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service . Georges