vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Human brain
Studies of the brain became more sophisticated with the use of the microscope and the development of a silver staining method by Camillo Golgi during the 1870s . This was able to show the intricate structures of single neurons . This was used by Santiago Ramón y Cajal and led to the formation of the neuron doctrine , the then revolutionary hypothesis that the neuron is the functional unit of the brain . He used microscopy to uncover many cell types , and proposed functions for the cells he saw . For this , Golgi and Cajal are considered the founders of twentieth century neuroscience , both sharing the Nobel prize in 1906 for their studies and discoveries in this field . Drawing
Revenge
Humans are not the only species known to take revenge . There are several species such as camels , elephants , fish , and many species of primates ( chimpanzees , macaques , baboons , etc . ) that have been recognized to seek revenge . Primatologists Frans de Waal and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates . They observed chimpanzees and noticed pattern of revenge . For example , if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent , chimpanzee C , then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A 's opponent in a later squabble . Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance . Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge .
Slash-and-burn
In this context , humans used slash - and - burn agriculture to clear more land to make it suitable for plants and animals . Thus , since Neolithic times , slash - and - burn techniques have been widely used for converting forests into crop fields and pasture . Fire was used before the Neolithic as well , and by hunter - gatherers up to present times . Clearings created by the fire were made for many reasons , such as to draw game animals and to promote certain kinds of edible plants such as berries .
Theory of mind
Recent research in developmental psychology suggests that the infant 's ability to imitate others lies at the origins of both theory of mind and other social - cognitive achievements like perspective - taking and empathy . According to Meltzoff , the infant 's innate understanding that others are `` like me '' allows it to recognize the equivalence between the physical and mental states apparent in others and those felt by the self . For example , the infant uses his own experiences , orienting his head / eyes toward an object of interest to understand the movements of others who turn toward an object , that is , that they will generally attend to objects of interest or significance . Some researchers in comparative disciplines have hesitated to put a too - ponderous weight on imitation as a critical precursor to advanced human social - cognitive skills like mentalizing and empathizing , especially if true imitation is no longer employed by adults . A test of imitation by Alexandra Horowitz found that adult subjects imitated an experimenter demonstrating a novel task far less closely than children did . Horowitz points out that the precise psychological state underlying imitation is unclear and can not , by itself , be used to draw conclusions about the mental states of humans .
Deus Ex: Human Revolution
For combat , multiple references were used . These included Rainbow Six : Vegas for the cover system and tactical combat ; F.E.A.R. for the design of AI ; BioShock for the interlinking of weapon and obstacle types ; the Call of Duty series for the regenerating health system ; and Resident Evil 4 for multiple aspects including the inventory system , game economy and contextual actions . Regenerating health ended up being divisive among the fanbase during the game 's run - up to release , despite it being seen as a necessary inclusion in the modern gaming market . Combat was intended to be easy - to - understand and visceral , with enemy types ranging from normal humans to augmented humans to robots , all mixed and matched for different combat situations . For stealth gameplay , the team used Metal Gear Solid as reference for the AI and alert systems , and The Chronicles of Riddick : Escape from Butcher Bay for the general organic feel of stealth . They had similar precepts to combat , wanting to make this style 's rules and rewards clear to players . Interactive hacking was one of the earliest things the team had decided upon , alongside not including quick time events . The Hacking mechanics were inspired by the tabletop role - playing game Shadowrun . They were designed to invoke tension , and require a survey of both the surroundings and the security system while at the same time providing rewards . Social interactions followed similar patterns , becoming an extension to the general gameplay , with a similar risk - reward system .
Humanism
But in the mid-18th century , during the French Enlightenment , a more ideological use of the term had come into use . In 1765 , the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of `` The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us , and which we will venture to call ' humanism ' , for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing '' . The latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries saw the creation of numerous grass - roots `` philanthropic '' and benevolent societies dedicated to human betterment and the spreading of knowledge ( some Christian , some not ) . After the French Revolution , the idea that human virtue could be created by human reason alone independently from traditional religious institutions , attributed by opponents of the Revolution to Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau , was violently attacked by influential religious and political conservatives , such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre , as a deification or idolatry of humanity . Humanism began to acquire a negative sense . The Oxford English Dictionary records the use of the word `` humanism '' by an English clergyman in 1812 to indicate those who believe in the `` mere humanity '' ( as opposed to the divine nature ) of Christ , i.e. , Unitarians and Deists . In this polarised atmosphere , in which established ecclesiastical bodies tended to circle the wagons and reflexively oppose political and social reforms like extending the franchise , universal schooling , and the like , liberal reformers and radicals embraced the idea of Humanism as an alternative religion of humanity . The anarchist Proudhon ( best known for declaring that `` property is theft '' ) used the word `` humanism '' to describe a `` culte , déification de l'humanité '' ( `` worship , deification of humanity '' ) and Ernest Renan in L'avenir de la science : pensées de 1848 ( `` The Future of Knowledge : Thoughts on 1848 '' ) ( 1848 -- 49 ) , states : `` It is my deep conviction that pure humanism will be the religion of the future , that is , the cult of all that pertains to humanity -- all of life , sanctified and raised to the level of a moral value . ''
Humanism
In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools , and by 1836 the word `` humanism '' had been absorbed into the English language in this sense . The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856 , when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism , the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning , a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations , especially Italy .
Consciousness
Another approach applies specifically to the study of self - awareness , that is , the ability to distinguish oneself from others . In the 1970s Gordon Gallup developed an operational test for self - awareness , known as the mirror test . The test examines whether animals are able to differentiate between seeing themselves in a mirror versus seeing other animals . The classic example involves placing a spot of coloring on the skin or fur near the individual 's forehead and seeing if they attempt to remove it or at least touch the spot , thus indicating that they recognize that the individual they are seeing in the mirror is themselves . Humans ( older than 18 months ) and other great apes , bottlenose dolphins , killer whales , pigeons , European magpies and elephants have all been observed to pass this test .
Platypus
The venom appears to have a different function from those produced by nonmammalian species ; its effects are not life - threatening to humans , but nevertheless powerful enough to seriously impair the victim . Since only males produce venom and production rises during the breeding season , it may be used as an offensive weapon to assert dominance during this period .
Logic
Furthermore , computers can be used as tools for logicians . For example , in symbolic logic and mathematical logic , proofs by humans can be computer - assisted . Using automated theorem proving , the machines can find and check proofs , as well as work with proofs too lengthy to write out by hand .
Cobalt-60
Test sources , such as those used for school experiments , have an activity of < 100 kBq . Devices for nondestructive material testing use sources with activities of 1 TBq and more .
Phosphorus cycle
Humans have caused major changes to the global phosphorus cycle through shipping of phosphorus minerals , and use of phosphorus fertilizer , and also the shipping of food from farms to cities , where it is lost as effluent .
Big Five personality traits
The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable . In one series of studies , human ratings of chimpanzees using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire , revealed factors of extraversion , conscientiousness and agreeableness -- as well as an additional factor of dominance -- across hundreds of chimpanzees in zoological parks , a large naturalistic sanctuary , and a research laboratory . Neuroticism and openness factors were found in an original zoo sample , but were not replicated in a new zoo sample or in other settings ( perhaps reflecting the design of the CPQ ) . A study review found that markers for the three dimensions extraversion , neuroticism , and agreeableness were found most consistently across different species , followed by openness ; only chimpanzees showed markers for conscientious behavior .
Humanism
Gellius 's writings fell into obscurity during the middle ages , but during the Italian Renaissance , Gellius became a favorite author . Teachers and scholars of Greek and Latin grammar , rhetoric , philosophy , and poetry were called and called themselves `` humanists '' . Modern scholars , however , point out that Cicero ( 106 -- 43 BCE ) , who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas , in fact frequently used the word in both senses , as did his near contemporaries . For Cicero , a lawyer , what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech , which , allied to reason , could ( and should ) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law . Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative , humanism , which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to a method of study and debate involving an accepted group of authors and a careful and accurate use of language .
Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao
After weighing in for the fight on May 1 , Mayweather received an intravenous injection for the stated purpose of pre-bout re-hydration . The two IV infusions were administered at his home , amounted to 16 % of the total average male blood quantity , and contained saline , multivitamins and vitamin C. The World Anti-Doping Agency forbids such a large amount of fluids entering the body before competition as a preventive step against the possible masking of performance - enhancing drug use . Bob Bennett , the executive director of the Nevada State Athletic Commission ( NSAC ) , stated that unless the IV was administered at a hospital , it needs to be cleared by filing a therapeutic - use exemption , and supporting documents through the Nevada commission and authorized by the commission 's medical expert . The Pacquiao camp had requested an injection of the anti-inflammatory Toradol for Pacquiao 's injured shoulder before the fight , but was denied authorization by NSAC . USADA authorized both injections , but NSAC was not informed of Mayweather 's IV until after the fight .
Caenorhabditis elegans
C. elegans made news when specimens were discovered to have survived the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in February 2003 . Later , in January 2009 , live samples of C. elegans from the University of Nottingham were announced to be spending two weeks on the International Space Station that October , in a space research project to explore the effects of zero gravity on muscle development and physiology . The research was primarily about genetic basis of muscle atrophy , which relates to spaceflight or being bed - ridden , geriatric , or diabetic . Descendants of the worms aboard Columbia in 2003 were launched into space on Endeavour for the STS - 134 mission . Additional experiments on muscle dystrophy during spaceflight will be carried on starting in November 2018 on board the ISS .
Avocado
Avocados , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 670 kJ ( 160 kcal ) Carbohydrates 8.53 g Sugars 0.66 g Dietary fiber 6.7 g Fat 14.66 g Saturated 2.13 g Monounsaturated 9.80 g Polyunsaturated 1.82 g Protein 2 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 1 % 7 μg 1 % 62 μg 271 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) 6 % 0.067 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 11 % 0.13 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 12 % 1.738 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 28 % 1.389 mg Vitamin B6 20 % 0.257 mg Folate ( B9 ) 20 % 81 μg Vitamin C 12 % 10 mg Vitamin E 14 % 2.07 mg Vitamin K 20 % 21 μg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 1 % 12 mg Iron 4 % 0.55 mg Magnesium 8 % 29 mg Manganese 7 % 0.142 mg Phosphorus 7 % 52 mg Potassium 10 % 485 mg Sodium 0 % 7 mg Zinc 7 % 0.64 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 73.23 g Fluoride 7 μg Beta - sitosterol 76 mg Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database
Carambola
Carambola , ( starfruit ) , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 128 kJ ( 31 kcal ) Carbohydrates 6.73 g Sugars 3.98 g Dietary fiber 2.8 g Fat 0.33 g Protein 1.04 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv . lutein zeaxanthin 66 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) ( 1 % ) 0.014 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( 1 % ) 0.016 mg Niacin ( B3 ) ( 2 % ) 0.367 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( 8 % ) 0.391 mg Vitamin B6 ( 1 % ) 0.017 mg Folate ( B9 ) ( 3 % ) 12 μg Choline ( 2 % ) 7.6 mg Vitamin C ( 41 % ) 34.4 mg Vitamin E ( 1 % ) 0.15 mg Minerals Calcium ( 0 % ) 3 mg Iron ( 1 % ) 0.08 mg Magnesium ( 3 % ) 10 mg Manganese ( 2 % ) 0.037 mg Phosphorus ( 2 % ) 12 mg Potassium ( 3 % ) 133 mg Sodium ( 0 % ) 2 mg Zinc ( 1 % ) 0.12 mg Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database
Ultraviolet
UV light causes the body to produce vitamin D ( specifically , UVB ) , which is essential for life . The human body needs some UV radiation in order for one to maintain adequate vitamin D levels ; however , excess exposure produces harmful effects that typically outweigh the benefits .
Solar cell
Cadmium telluride is the only thin film material so far to rival crystalline silicon in cost / watt . However cadmium is highly toxic and tellurium ( anion : `` telluride '' ) supplies are limited . The cadmium present in the cells would be toxic if released . However , release is impossible during normal operation of the cells and is unlikely during fires in residential roofs . A square meter of CdTe contains approximately the same amount of Cd as a single C cell nickel - cadmium battery , in a more stable and less soluble form . Copper
Tax protester statutory arguments
The only support that the court can find for this argument amongst plaintiff 's numerous filings is a letter dated May 7 , 1981 from the American Law Division of the Congressional Research Service ( plaintiff 's Exhibit 7 ) . That letter does say that the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 `` was not enacted by Congress as a title of the U.S. Code . '' But this does not in any way support plaintiff 's argument that the Internal Revenue Code is not positive law . First , that very same letter , in the very same sentence , states that `` the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 is positive law ... '' Second , although Congress did not pass the Code as a title , it did enact the Internal Revenue Code as a separate Code , see Act of August 16 , 1954 , 68A Stat. 1 , which was then denominated as Title 26 by the House Judiciary Committee pursuant to 1 U.S.C. § 202 ( a ) . Finally , even if Title 26 was not itself enacted into positive law , that does not mean that the laws under that title are null and void . A law listed in the current edition of the United States Code is prima facie evidence of the law of the United States . See 1 U.S.C. § 204 ( a ) . As the letter offered by the plaintiff points out , `` The courts could require proof of the underlying statutes when a law is in a title of the code which has not been enacted into positive law . '' In short , this court has the discretion to recognize the Internal Revenue Code as the applicable law , or require proof of the underlying statute .
Corynebacterium
Corynebacteria grow slowly , even on enriched media . In terms of nutritional requirements , all need biotin to grow . Some strains also need thiamine and PABA . Some of the Corynebacterium species with sequenced genomes have between 2.5 and 3.0 million base pairs . The bacteria grow in Loeffler 's medium , blood agar , and trypticase soy agar ( TSA ) . They form small , grayish colonies with a granular appearance , mostly translucent , but with opaque centers , convex , with continuous borders . The color tends to be yellowish - white in Loeffler 's medium . In TSA , they can form grey colonies with black centers and dentated borders that look similar to flowers ( C. gravis ) , or continuous borders ( C. mitis ) , or a mix between the two forms ( C. intermedium ) .
Vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness is the difficulty for the eyes to adjust to dim light . Affected individuals are unable to distinguish images in low levels of illumination . People with night blindness have poor vision in the darkness , but see normally when adequate light is present .
Bell pepper
Peppers , sweet , green , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 84 kJ ( 20 kcal ) Carbohydrates 4.64 g Sugars 2.4 g Dietary fiber 1.8 g Fat 0.17 g Protein 0.86 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 2 % 18 μg 2 % 208 μg 341 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) 5 % 0.057 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 2 % 0.028 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 3 % 0.48 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 2 % 0.099 mg Vitamin B6 17 % 0.224 mg Folate ( B9 ) 3 % 10 μg Vitamin C 97 % 80.4 mg Vitamin E 2 % 0.37 mg Vitamin K 7 % 7.4 μg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 1 % 10 mg Iron 3 % 0.34 mg Magnesium 3 % 10 mg Manganese 6 % 0.122 mg Phosphorus 3 % 20 mg Potassium 4 % 175 mg Sodium 0 % 3 mg Zinc 1 % 0.13 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 93.9 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database
Cherry
Cherries , sweet , red , raw Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 263 kJ ( 63 kcal ) Carbohydrates 16 g Sugars 12.8 g Dietary fiber 2.1 g Fat 0.2 g Protein 1.1 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Vitamin A equiv . beta - Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 0 % 3 μg 0 % 38 μg 85 μg Thiamine ( B1 ) 2 % 0.027 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 3 % 0.033 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 1 % 0.154 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 4 % 0.199 mg Vitamin B6 4 % 0.049 mg Folate ( B9 ) 1 % 4 μg Choline 1 % 6.1 mg Vitamin C 8 % 7 mg Vitamin K 2 % 2.1 μg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 1 % 13 mg Iron 3 % 0.36 mg Magnesium 3 % 11 mg Manganese 3 % 0.07 mg Phosphorus 3 % 21 mg Potassium 5 % 222 mg Sodium 0 % 0 mg Zinc 1 % 0.07 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 82 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database
2018 Commonwealth Games
( show ) CGF Code Country Athletes AUS Australia 469 ENG England 390 CAN Canada 282 NZL New Zealand 251 SCO Scotland 226 IND India 216 WAL Wales 213 RSA South Africa 194 MAS Malaysia 177 KEN Kenya 136 JAM Jamaica 106 FIJ Fiji 96 NIR Northern Ireland 90 NGR Nigeria 88 SRI Sri Lanka 79 GHA Ghana 71 UGA Uganda 69 SIN Singapore 59 PAK Pakistan 56 PNG Papua New Guinea MRI Mauritius 54 TTO Trinidad and Tobago 51 CYP Cyprus 46 BAR Barbados 45 CMR Cameroon 40 SAM Samoa 38 ZAM Zambia 36 JEY Jersey 33 BAH Bahamas 31 GGY Guernsey IOM Isle of Man NAM Namibia 28 BOT Botswana 26 MOZ Mozambique SEY Seychelles 25 MLT Malta 24 SLE Sierra Leone BAN Bangladesh 23 GUY Guyana GIB Gibraltar 22 CAY Cayman Islands 21 LES Lesotho 20 SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines MAW Malawi 19 NIU Niue COK Cook Islands 18 NFI Norfolk Island VAN Vanuatu ANT Antigua and Barbuda 17 RWA Rwanda NRU Nauru 16 FAI Falkland Islands 15 TAN Tanzania GRN Grenada 14 KIR Kiribati SOL Solomon Islands DMA Dominica 13 LCA Saint Lucia TGA Tonga AIA Anguilla 12 BIZ Belize IVB British Virgin Islands 10 SWZ Swaziland SHN Saint Helena 9 BER Bermuda 8 BRU Brunei MNT Montserrat 7 SKN Saint Kitts and Nevis TCA Turks and Caicos Islands TUV Tuvalu GAM The Gambia 6
Caenorhabditis elegans
In 2002 , the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner , H. Robert Horvitz , and John Sulston for their work on the genetics of organ development and programmed cell death in C. elegans . The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello for their discovery of RNA interference in C. elegans . In 2008 , Martin Chalfie shared a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein ; some of the research involved the use of C. elegans .
Caenorhabditis elegans
As for most model organisms , scientists that work in the field curate a dedicated online database and the WormBase is that for C. elegans . The WormBase attempts to collate all published information on C. elegans and other related nematodes . Their website has advertised a reward of $4000 for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode . Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm .
Seawater
In 2013 researchers from Aberdeen University announced that they were starting a hunt for undiscovered chemicals in organisms that have evolved in deep sea trenches , hoping to find `` the next generation '' of antibiotics , anticipating an `` antibiotic apocalypse '' with a dearth of new infection - fighting drugs . The EU - funded research will start in the Atacama Trench and then move on to search trenches off New Zealand and Antarctica .