vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
List of Modern Family episodes
No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 73 `` Bringing Up Baby '' Steven Levitan Paul Corrigan & Brad Walsh September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4ARG01 14.44 74 `` Schooled '' Jeff Melman Steven Levitan & Dan O'Shannon October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG03 12.08 75 `` Snip '' Gail Mancuso Danny Zuker October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4ARG02 12.31 76 `` The Butler 's Escape '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Bill Wrubel October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 4ARG04 12.28 77 5 `` Open House of Horrors '' Jim Bagdonas Elaine Ko October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 4ARG06 12.52 78 6 `` Yard Sale '' Gail Mancuso Abraham Higginbotham October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 4ARG05 10.62 79 7 `` Arrested '' Gail Mancuso Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 4ARG07 12.43 80 8 `` Mistery Date '' Beth McCarthy - Miller Jeffrey Richman November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 4ARG08 11.89 81 9 `` When a Tree Falls '' Steven Levitan Ben Karlin November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 4ARG09 12.01 82 10 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Gail Mancuso Dan O'Shannon & Becky Mann & Audra Sielaff December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 4ARG11 10.94 83 11 `` New Year 's Eve '' Fred Goss Abraham Higginbotham & Jeffrey Richman January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 4ARG13 12.04 84 12 `` Party Crasher '' Fred Savage Danny Zuker & Christopher Lloyd January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 4ARG10 11.01 85 13 `` Fulgencio ''
Pub
Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub . Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create `` brand awareness '' , frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable , Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example . Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names , however . Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories .
Jonathan Richman
Following the Modern Lovers ' final breakup , Richman went on sabbatical for a few years , staying in Appleton , Maine , and playing at local bars in Belfast , Maine .
Christmas decoration
Assembling these decorations was a cottage industry . Cotton batting was wound around a wire frame resembling a human or animal . A face was either painted on or a lithograph cut - out was affixed to the batting . Figures were given crepe paper costumes . Some were touched with glue and sprinkled with flakes of mica for a glittering appearance . Dresden
Modern history
The early modern period began approximately in the early 16th century ; notable historical milestones included the European Renaissance , the Age of Discovery , and the Protestant Reformation . The late modern period began approximately in the mid-18th century ; notable historical milestones included the French Revolution , the American Revolution , the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence . It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world 's population to reach 1 billion ; the next billion came just over a century later , in 1927 . Contemporary history is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time .
Party Crasher (Modern Family)
Cam ( Eric Stonestreet ) feels he has neglected Lily ( Aubrey Anderson - Emmons ) lately with his commitment to work which Mitchell ( Jesse Tyler Ferguson ) interprets as his job not going well . In the meantime , Lily has asked Mitchell to marry her and that makes Cam think that Lily does not love him anymore . So , he organizes a second marriage for him and Lily and tries everything to win her back .
Eukaryotic DNA replication
Once the initiation complex is formed and the cells pass into the S phase , the complex then becomes a replisome . The eukaryotic replisome complex is responsible for coordinating DNA replication . Replication on the leading and lagging strands is performed by DNA polymerase ε and DNA polymerase δ . Many replisome factors including Claspin , And1 , replication factor C clamp loader and the fork protection complex are responsible for regulating polymerase functions and coordinating DNA synthesis with the unwinding of the template strand by Cdc45 - Mcm - GINS complex . As the DNA is unwound the twist number decreases . To compensate for this the writhe number increases , introducing positive supercoils in the DNA . These supercoils would cause DNA replication to halt if they were not removed . Topoisomerases are responsible for removing these supercoils ahead of the replication fork .
Joshua Tree National Park
Nine established campgrounds exist in the park , three of which ( Black Rock Campground , Indian Cove Campground , and Cottonwood Campground ) provide water and flush toilets . A fee is charged per night for each camping spot . Reservations are accepted at Black Rock Campground and Indian Cove Campground for October through May , while the other campgrounds are first - come , first - served . Backcountry camping , for those who wish to backpack , is permitted with a few regulations .
List of Modern Family episodes
As of October 25 , 2017 , 193 episodes of Modern Family have aired .
Jonathan Richman
Jonathan Richman Jonathan Richman at Ed 's , Winona , Minnesota ( 2014 ) Background information ( 1951 - 05 - 16 ) May 16 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Natick , Massachusetts , United States Genres Rock , folk , new wave , proto - punk , garage rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer - songwriter Instruments guitar , vocals , saxophone Years active 1970 -- present Labels Beserkley , Warner Bros . Associated acts The Modern Lovers
Modern history
Some events , while not without precedent , show a new way of perceiving the world . The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments .
Barbados
In the very early years ( 1620 -- 1640s ) the majority of the labour was provided by European indentured servants , mainly English , Irish and Scottish , with African slaves and Amerindian slaves providing little of the workforce . During the Cromwellian era ( 1650s ) this included a large number of prisoners - of - war , vagrants and people who were illicitly kidnapped , who were forcibly transported to the island and sold as servants . These last two groups were predominately Irish , as several thousand were infamously rounded up by English merchants and sold into servitude in Barbados and other Caribbean islands during this period . Cultivation of tobacco , cotton , ginger and indigo was thus handled primarily by European indentured labour until the start of the sugar cane industry in the 1640s and the growing reliance and importation of enslaved Africans . Persecuted persons of Jewish faith during the inquisition also settled to Barbados . From its English settlement and as Barbados ' economy grew , Barbados maintained a relatively large measure of local autonomy first as a proprietary colony and later a crown colony . The House of Assembly began meeting in 1639 . Among the island 's earliest leading figures was the Anglo - Dutch Sir William Courten .
Child labour
The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago . In 1966 , the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14 . But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments . They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour .
Convict lease
In Florida , convicts , who were often African American , were sent to work in turpentine factories and lumber camps . The convict labor system in Florida was described as being `` severe , '' compared to other states . Florida was one of the last states to end convict leasing , in 1923 ( see Union Correctional Institution ) .
Three-Fifths Compromise
After the Reconstruction Era came to an end in 1877 , however , the former slave states subverted the objective of these changes by using various strategies to disenfranchise their black citizens , while obtaining the benefit of apportionment of representatives on the basis of the total populations . These measures effectively gave white Southerners even greater voting power than they had in the antebellum era , inflating the number of Southern Democrats in the House of Representatives as well as the number of votes they could exercise in the Electoral College in the election of the president .
Nubia
By the end of the reign of Thutmose I ( 1520 BC ) , all of northern Nubia had been annexed . The Egyptians built a new administrative center at Napata , and used the area to produce gold and incense . The Nubian gold production made Egypt a prime source of the precious metal in the Middle East . The primitive working conditions for the slaves are recorded by Diodorus Siculus , who saw some of the mines at a later time . One of the oldest maps known is of a gold mine in Nubia , the Turin Papyrus Map dating to about 1160 BC ; this map is also one of the earliest characterized road maps in existence .
Emancipation Proclamation
Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address in November 1863 made indirect reference to the Proclamation and the ending of slavery as a war goal with the phrase `` new birth of freedom '' . The Proclamation solidified Lincoln 's support among the rapidly growing abolitionist element of the Republican Party and ensured they would not block his re-nomination in 1864 .
Labour Party (UK)
At the end of the war in Europe , in May 1945 , Labour resolved not to repeat the Liberals ' error of 1918 , and promptly withdrew from government , on trade union insistence , to contest the 1945 general election in opposition to Churchill 's Conservatives . Surprising many observers , Labour won a formidable victory , winning just under 50 % of the vote with a majority of 159 seats .
Indentured servitude
During the 1860s planters in Australia , Fiji , New Caledonia , and the Samoa Islands , in need of laborers , encouraged a trade in long - term indentured labor called `` blackbirding '' . At the height of the labor trade , more than one - half the adult male population of several of the islands worked abroad .
Labor history of the United States
With the end of the war in August 1945 came a wave of major strikes , mostly led by the CIO . In November , the UAW sent their 180,000 GM workers to the picket lines ; they were joined in January 1946 by a half - million steelworkers , as well as over 200,000 electrical workers and 150,000 packinghouse workers . Combined with many smaller strikes a new record of strike activity was set .
History of United States prison systems
Northern states continued to lease the labor of their convicts to private business interests in the post-war years . The Thirteenth Amendment , adopted in 1865 , expressly permitted slavery `` as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted . '' In Northern prisons , the state generally housed and fed inmate laborers , while contractors brought all necessary machinery to the prison facility and leased the inmates ' time .
World War II
According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java .
Freedmen's Bureau
The Freedmen 's Bureau Bill , which established the Freedmen 's Bureau on March 3 , 1865 , was initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War . The Freedmen 's Bureau was an important agency of early Reconstruction , assisting freedmen in the South . The Bureau was made a part of the United States Department of War , as it was the only agency with an existing organization that could be assigned to the South . Headed by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard , the Bureau started operations in 1865 . Throughout the first year , its representatives learned that these tasks would be very difficult , as Southern legislatures passed laws for Black Codes that restricted movement , conditions of labor , and other civil rights of African Americans , nearly duplicating conditions of slavery . The Freedmen 's Bureau controlled limited arable land .
National Association of Manufacturers
The early history of NAM was marked by frank verbal attacks on labor . In 1903 , then - president David MacLean Parry delivered a speech at its annual convention which argued that unions ' goals would result in `` despotism , tyranny , and slavery . '' Parry advocated the establishment of a great national anti-union federation under the control of the NAM , and the NAM responded by initiating such an effort .
Indentured servitude
The Indian indenture system was a system of indenture , a form of debt bondage , by which 3.5 million Indians were transported to various colonies of European powers to provide labour for the ( mainly sugar ) plantations . It started from the end of slavery in 1833 and continued until 1920 . This resulted in the development of large Indian diaspora , which spread from the Indian Ocean ( i.e. Réunion and Mauritius ) to Pacific Ocean ( i.e. Fiji ) , as well as the growth of Indo - Caribbean and Indo - African population .
The Bahamas
In 1807 , the British abolished the slave trade , followed by the United States the next year . During the following decades , the Royal Navy intercepted the trade ; they resettled in the Bahamas thousands of Africans liberated from slave ships .
Emancipation Proclamation
In December 1861 , Lincoln sent his first annual message to Congress ( the State of the Union Address , but then typically given in writing and not referred to as such ) . In it he praised the free labor system , as respecting human rights over property rights ; he endorsed legislation to address the status of contraband slaves and slaves in loyal states , possibly through buying their freedom with federal taxes , and also the funding of strictly voluntary colonization efforts . In January 1862 , Thaddeus Stevens , the Republican leader in the House , called for total war against the rebellion to include emancipation of slaves , arguing that emancipation , by forcing the loss of enslaved labor , would ruin the rebel economy . On March 13 , 1862 , Congress approved a `` Law Enacting an Additional Article of War '' , which stated that from that point onward it was forbidden for Union Army officers to return fugitive slaves to their owners . On April 10 , 1862 , Congress declared that the federal government would compensate slave owners who freed their slaves . Slaves in the District of Columbia were freed on April 16 , 1862 , and their owners were compensated .
Athenian democracy
Therefore , by the 6th century BC , the majority of Athenians `` had been ' enslaved ' to the rich '' , and they called upon Plato 's ancestor Solon , premier archon at the time , to liberate them and halt the feuding of the aristocracy . However , the `` enfranchisement of the local laboring classes was succeeded by the development of chattel slavery , the enslavement of , in large part , foreigners . ''
Atlantic slave trade
The Atlantic Slave Trade was the result of , among other things , labour shortage , itself in turn created by the desire of European colonists to exploit New World land and resources for capital profits . Native peoples were at first utilized as slave labour by Europeans until a large number died from overwork and Old World diseases . Alternative sources of labour , such as indentured servitude , failed to provide a sufficient workforce . Many crops could not be sold for profit , or even grown , in Europe . Exporting crops and goods from the New World to Europe often proved to be more profitable than producing them on the European mainland . A vast amount of labour was needed to create and sustain plantations that required intensive labour to grow , harvest , and process prized tropical crops . Western Africa ( part of which became known as `` the Slave Coast '' ) and later Central Africa , became the source for enslaved people to meet the demand for labour . Despite not being a part of the recognized Slave Coast , it has been acknowledged that Angola and nearby Kingdoms dominated as the main source for the slave trade .
Economy of Nazi Germany
Hundreds of thousands of people in occupied territories were used as slave labour by leading German corporations including Thyssen , Krupp , IG Farben , Bosch , Blaupunkt , Daimler - Benz , Demag , Henschel , Junkers , Messerschmitt , Philips , Siemens , and Volkswagen , on top of Nazi German startups which ballooned during this period , and all German subsidiaries of foreign firms including Fordwerke ( Ford Motor Company ) and Adam Opel AG ( a subsidiary of General Motors ) . By 1944 , slave labour made up one quarter of Germany 's entire work force , and the majority of German factories had a contingent of prisoners . In rural areas the shortage of agricultural labour was filled by forced laborers from the occupied territories of Poland and the Soviet Union . The children of these workers were unwanted in Germany , and usually murdered inside special centres known as Ausländerkinder - Pflegestätte .
Atlantic slave trade
There were eight principal areas used by Europeans to buy and ship slaves to the Western Hemisphere . The number of enslaved people sold to the New World varied throughout the slave trade . As for the distribution of slaves from regions of activity , certain areas produced far more enslaved people than others . Between 1650 and 1900 , 10.24 million enslaved Africans arrived in the Americas from the following regions in the following proportions :
Atlantic slave trade
It is estimated that more than half of the entire slave trade took place during the 18th century , with the British , Portuguese and French being the main carriers of nine out of ten slaves abducted in Africa . By the 1690s , the English were shipping the most slaves from West Africa . They maintained this position during the 18th century , becoming the biggest shippers of slaves across the Atlantic . However , it was the Portuguese colony of Angola and nearby Kingdoms in the Congo region which overwhelmingly dominated as the slave trade 's main sources of slaves , with the Angola city of Luanda early serving as the main port for the Portuguese slave traders . By the 18th century , Angola had become the principal source of the Atlantic slave trade .
Atlantic slave trade
The First Atlantic system was the trade of enslaved Africans to , primarily , South American colonies of the Portuguese and Spanish empires ; it accounted for slightly more than 3 % of all Atlantic slave trade . It started ( on a significant scale ) in about 1502 and lasted until 1580 when Portugal was temporarily united with Spain . While the Portuguese were directly involved in trading enslaved peoples , the Spanish empire relied on the asiento system , awarding merchants ( mostly from other countries ) the license to trade enslaved people to their colonies . During the first Atlantic system , most of these traders were Portuguese , giving them a near - monopoly during the era . Some Dutch , English , and French traders also participated in the slave trade . After the union , Portugal came under Spanish legislation that prohibited it from directly engaging in the slave trade as a carrier . It became a target for the traditional enemies of Spain , losing a large share of the trade to the Dutch , English , and French .
Atlantic slave trade
The 17th century saw an increase in shipments . Africans arrived in the English colony of Jamestown , Virginia in 1619 . The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years . Virginia law codified chattel slavery in 1656 , and in 1662 the colony adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem , which classified children of slave mothers as slaves , regardless of paternity . Irish immigrants took slaves to Montserrat in 1651 , and in 1655 slaves were shipped to Belize .
Modern history
Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting . Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated . Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals , raising large armies and supplying them , avoiding foreign interference , and making the end of slavery a war goal . The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend , and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear . The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers . Its soldiers , especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864 -- 65 , The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 77 ) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863 , and included freedom , full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks . It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally , politically , socially and economically until the 1960s . The
Labor history of the United States
The first effective labor organization that was more than regional in membership and influence was the Knights of Labor , organized in 1869 . The Knights believed in the unity of the interests of all producing groups and sought to enlist in their ranks not only all laborers but everyone who could be truly classified as a producer . The acceptance of all producers led to explosive growth after 1880 . Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly they championed a variety of causes , sometimes through political or cooperative ventures .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
The Emancipation Proclamation , announced on September 22 and put in effect January 1 , 1863 , applied in the eleven states that were still in rebellion in 1863 , and thus did not cover the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slave - holding border states ( Missouri , Kentucky , Maryland or Delaware ) which were Union states . Those slaves were freed by later separate state and federal actions . The state of Tennessee had already mostly returned to Union control , under a recognized Union government , so it was not named and was exempted . Virginia was named , but exemptions were specified for the 48 counties then in the process of forming the new state of West Virginia , as well as the seven additional counties and two cities in the Union - controlled Tidewater region . Also specifically exempted were New Orleans and 13 named parishes of Louisiana , which were mostly under federal control at the time of the Proclamation . These exemptions left 300,000 slaves unemancipated . Despite these exemptions and the delayed affect of the proclamation , the Emancipation Proclamation added a second purpose of the war , making it about ending slavery as well as restoring the Union . The Proclamation was well received by most Republicans , but many Democrats strongly disapproved , and the latter party won several victories in the 1862 mid-term elections .