vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Jacques-Louis David
Despite David 's reputation , he was more fiercely criticized right after his death than at any point during his life . His style came under the most serious criticism for being static , rigid , and uniform throughout all his work . David 's art was also attacked for being cold and lacking warmth . David , however , made his career precisely by challenging what he saw as the earlier rigidity and conformity of the French Royal Academy 's approach to art . David 's later works also reflect his growth in the development of the Empire style , notable for its dynamism and warm colors . It is likely that much of the criticism of David following his death came from David 's opponents ; during his lifetime David made a great many enemies with his competitive and arrogant personality as well as his role in the Terror . David sent many people to the guillotine and personally signed the death warrants for King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette . One significant episode in David 's political career that earned him a great deal of contempt was the execution of Emilie Chalgrin . A fellow painter Carle Vernet had approached David , who was on the Committee of Public Safety , requesting him to intervene on behalf of his sister , Chalgrin . She had been accused of crimes against the Republic , most notably possessing stolen items . David refused to intervene in her favor , and she was executed . Vernet blamed David for her death , and the episode followed him for the rest of his life and after .
Grand jury
As elsewhere , the judge could use his charge to the Grand Jury to bring matters of concern to him to the attention of the public and the government . In May 1879 Mr. Justice Fitzpatrick , returning from circuit in the northern and western parts of Cape Colony , gave a charge to the grand jury at the Criminal Sessions at Cape Town , in which , after congratulating them upon the lightness of the calendar , he observed there were indications in the country of a growing mutual bad feeling between the races , etc . This was reported in the Cape Argus and was a subject of a question to the government in the House of Commons in London .
Robert K. Merton
He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1962 and was the first sociologist to be named a MacArthur Fellow ( 1983 -- 88 ) . More than twenty universities awarded him honorary degrees , including Harvard , Yale , Columbia and Chicago , and abroad , the Universities of Leyden , Wales , Oslo and Kraków , the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Oxford .
General of the Army (United States)
George Marshall December 16 , 1944 Douglas MacArthur December 18 , 1944 Dwight D. Eisenhower December 20 , 1944 Henry H. Arnold December 21 , 1944 Omar Bradley September 22 , 1950
Western Roman Empire
Majorian was proclaimed Western Emperor 1 April 456 , officially by Eastern Emperor Leo I , however in reality Leo 's decision was swayed by the influence of Ricimer . On 7 August 461 , Majorian was compelled to abdicate , and reportedly died five days later of dysentery , although modern historians have asserted he was likely murdered .
Akbar
Following his conquests of Gujarat and Bengal , Akbar was preoccupied with domestic concerns . He did not leave Fatehpur Sikri on a military campaign until 1581 , when the Punjab was again invaded by his brother , Mirza Muhammad Hakim . Akbar expelled his brother to Kabul and this time pressed on , determined to end the threat from Muhammad Hakim once and for all . In contrast to the problem that his predecessors once had in getting Mughal nobles to stay on in India , the problem now was to get them to leave India . They were , according to Abul Fazl `` afraid of the cold of Afghanistan . '' The Hindu officers , in turn , were additionally inhibited by the traditional taboo against crossing the Indus . Akbar , however , spurred them on . The soldiers were provided with pay eight months in advance . In August 1581 , Akbar seized Kabul and took up residence at Babur 's old citadel . He stayed there for three weeks , in the absence of his brother , who had fled into the mountains . Akbar left Kabul in the hands of his sister , Bakht - un-Nisa Begum , and returned to India . He pardoned his brother , who took up de facto charge of the Mughal administration in Kabul ; Bakht - un-Nis continued to be the official governor . A few years later , in 1585 , Muhammad Hakim died and Kabul passed into the hands of Akbar once again . It was officially incorporated as a province of the Mughal Empire .
Concordat of Worms
The writing in the document was ambiguous , skirted some issues and avoided others all together . This has caused some scholars to conclude that the settlement turned its back on Gregory VII and Urban II 's genuine hopes for reform . The emperor 's influence in episcopal was preserved , and he could decide disputed elections . If the compromise was a rebuke to the most radical vision of the liberty of the Church , on at least one point its implication was firm and unmistakable : The king , even an emperor , was a layman , and his power at least morally limited ( hence , totalitarianism was unacceptable ) . According to the opinion of W. Jordan , the divine right of kings was dealt a blow from which it never completely recovered , yet it should be noted that unfettered authority and Caesaropapism was not something the later Mediaevals and Early Moderns understood by the phrase `` by the grace of God '' ( which many of them ardently defended ) . If anything , a blow was dealt to subconsciously remaining pre-Christian Germanic feelings of `` royal hail '' . The
History of the Roman Empire
Toward the end of his reign Domitian became extremely paranoid , which probably had its roots in the treatment he received by his father : although given significant responsibility , he was never trusted with anything important without supervision . This flowered into the severe and perhaps pathological repercussions following the short - lived rebellion in 89 of Lucius Antonius Saturninus , a governor and commander in Germania Superior . Domitian 's paranoia led to a large number of arrests , executions , and seizures of property ( which might help explain his ability to spend so lavishly ) . Eventually it reached the point where even his closest advisers and family members lived in fear . This led to his murder in 96 , orchestrated by his enemies in the Senate , Stephanus ( the steward of the deceased Julia Flavia ) , members of the Praetorian Guard and the empress Domitia Longina .
Overthrow of the Roman monarchy
Despite various military victories , Tarquinius became an unpopular king . He refused to bury his predecessor , then put to death a number of the leading senators whom he suspected of remaining loyal to Servius ( one of whom was the brother of Lucius Junius Brutus ) . By not replacing the slain senators , and not consulting the Senate on all matters of government , he diminished both the size and authority of the Senate . In another break with tradition , he judged capital criminal cases without advice of counsellors , thereby creating fear among those who might think to oppose him . He also engaged in treachery with the Latin allies .
Algiers Motel incident
The final appeal would be heard in February 1972 . Judge George Ryan of Detroit Recorder 's Court would dismiss the murder charge in August 1972 , stating that Paille 's confession was inadmissible because he had not been advised of his Constitutional rights as per the 1966 Miranda Warning law . He cited the testimony of Detroit detective Charles Schlacter , who stated that he `` viewed both August and Paille '' as suspects when he took the statements . Schlacter stated that if he had informed them of their rights , they would not have confessed . In Ryan 's judgment , the law meant that persons must be advised of their right to remain silent in what was an `` atmosphere of coercion . ''
Akbar
Despite the ultimate success in Malwa , the conflict exposed cracks in Akbar 's personal relationships with his relatives and Mughal nobles . When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in 1562 , he was struck down by the emperor and thrown from a terrace into the palace courtyard at Agra . Still alive , Adham Khan was dragged up and thrown to the courtyard once again by Akbar to ensure his death . Akbar now sought to eliminate the threat of over-mighty subjects . He created specialised ministerial posts relating to imperial governance ; no member of the Mughal nobility was to have unquestioned pre-eminence . When a powerful clan of Uzbek chiefs broke out in rebellion in 1564 , Akbar decisively defeated and routed them in Malwa and then Bihar . He pardoned the rebellious leaders , hoping to conciliate them , but they rebelled again , so Akbar had to quell their uprising a second time . Following a third revolt with the proclamation of Mirza Muhammad Hakim , Akbar 's brother and the Mughal ruler of Kabul , as emperor , his patience was finally exhausted . Several Uzbek chieftains were subsequently slain and the rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants . Simultaneously the Mirzas , a group of Akbar 's distant cousins who held important fiefs near Agra , had also risen up in rebellion . They too were slain and driven out of the empire . In 1566 , Akbar moved to meet the forces of his brother , Muhammad Hakim , who had marched into the Punjab with dreams of seizing the imperial throne . Following a brief confrontation , however , Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar 's supremacy and retreated back to Kabul .
Joseph McCarthy
That McCarthy had `` failed to cooperate with the Subcommittee on Rules and Administration '' , and `` repeatedly abused the members who were trying to carry out assigned duties ... '' That McCarthy had charged `` three members of the ( Watkins ) Select Committee with ' deliberate deception ' and ' fraud ' ... that the special Senate session ... was a ' lynch party ' '' , and had characterized the committee `` as the ' unwitting handmaiden ' , ' involuntary agent ' and ' attorneys in fact ' of the Communist Party '' , and had `` acted contrary to senatorial ethics and tended to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute , to obstruct the constitutional processes of the Senate , and to impair its dignity '' .
Western Roman Empire
After the death of both Olybrius and Ricimer , Glycerius was proclaimed Western Emperor by the Western Roman Army , on 3 / 5 May 473 . He was deposed by Julius Nepos in July 474 , and sent to live in a monastery , where he remained until his death .
Carnegie Corporation of New York
An entirely new emphasis for the corporation was the danger to world peace posed by the superpower confrontation and weapons of mass destruction . The foundation underwrote scientific study of the feasibility of the proposed federal Strategic Defense Initiative and joined the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in supporting the analytic work of a new generation of arms control and nuclear nonproliferation experts . After the end of the USSR , Corporation grants helped promote the concept of cooperative security among erstwhile adversaries and projects to build democratic institutions in the former Soviet Union and central Europe . An important undertaking was the Prevention of Proliferation Task Force , coordinated by a grant to the Brookings Institution , which inspired the Nunn - Lugar Amendment to the Soviet Threat Reduction Act of 1991 intended to help dismantle Soviet nuclear weapons and reduce proliferation risks . More recently , the corporation has addressed the problems of interethnic and regional conflict and funded projects seeking to diminish the risks of a wider war resulting from civil strife . Two Carnegie commissions , one on Reducing the Nuclear Danger ( 1990 ) , the other on Preventing Deadly Conflict ( 1994 ) , together addressed the full range of dangers associated with human conflict and the use of weapons of mass destruction . The corporation 's emphasis in Commonwealth Africa , meanwhile , shifted to women 's health and political development and the application of science and technology , including new information systems , in fostering research and expertise within indigenous scientific institutions and universities .
1960 Valdivia earthquake
The sacrifice was learned about by authorities after a boy in the commune of Nueva Imperial denounced to local leaders the theft of two horses ; these were allegedly eaten during the sacrifice ritual . Two men were charged with the crime of murder and confessed , but later recanted . They were released from jail after 2 years . A judge ruled that those involved had `` acted without free will , driven by an irresistible natural force of ancestral tradition '' . The story was mentioned in a Time magazine article , although with little detail .
History of the Roman Empire
Nero ruled from 54 to 68 . During his rule , Nero focused much of his attention on diplomacy , trade , and increasing the cultural capital of the empire . He ordered the building of theatres and promoted athletic games . His reign included the Roman -- Parthian War ( a successful war and negotiated peace with the Parthian Empire ( 58 -- 63 ) ) , the suppression of a revolt led by Boudica in Britannia ( 60 -- 61 ) and the improvement of cultural ties with Greece . However , he was egotistical and had severe troubles with his mother , who he felt was controlling and over-bearing . After several attempts to kill her , he finally had her stabbed to death . He believed himself a god and decided to build an opulent palace for himself . The so - called Domus Aurea , meaning golden house in Latin , was constructed atop the burnt remains of Rome after the Great Fire of Rome ( 64 ) . Because of the convenience of this many believe that Nero was ultimately responsible for the fire , spawning the legend of him fiddling while Rome burned which is almost certainly untrue . The Domus Aurea was a colossal feat of construction that covered a huge space and demanded new methods of construction in order to hold up the gold , jewel encrusted ceilings . By this time Nero was hugely unpopular despite his attempts to blame the Christians for most of his regime 's problems .
Border states (American Civil War)
To protect the national capital , Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and imprisoned without charges or trials one sitting U.S. congressman as well the mayor , police chief , entire Board of Police , and the city council of Baltimore . Chief Justice Roger Taney , acting only as a circuit judge , ruled on June 4 , 1861 , in Ex parte Merryman that Lincoln 's suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional , but the president ignored the ruling in order to meet a national emergency . On September 17 , 1861 , the day the legislature reconvened , federal troops arrested without charge 27 state legislators ( one - third of the Maryland General Assembly ) . They were held temporarily at Fort McHenry , and later released when Maryland was secured for the Union . Because a large part of the legislature was now imprisoned , the session was canceled and representatives did not consider any additional anti-war measures . The song `` Maryland , My Maryland '' was written to attack Lincoln 's action in blocking pro-Confederate elements . Maryland contributed troops to both the Union ( 60,000 ) and the Confederate ( 25,000 ) armies .
Council of Trent
To condemn the principles and doctrines of Protestantism and to clarify the doctrines of the Catholic Church on all disputed points . It is true that the emperor intended it to be a strictly general or truly ecumenical council , at which the Protestants should have a fair hearing . He secured , during the council 's second period , 1551 -- 1553 , an invitation , twice given , to the Protestants to be present and the council issued a letter of safe conduct ( thirteenth session ) and offered them the right of discussion , but denied them a vote . Melanchthon and Johannes Brenz , with some other German Lutherans , actually started in 1552 on the journey to Trent . Brenz offered a confession and Melanchthon , who got no farther than Nuremberg , took with him the Confessio Saxonica . But the refusal to give the Protestants the vote and the consternation produced by the success of Maurice in his campaign against Charles V in 1552 effectually put an end to Protestant cooperation . To effect a reformation in discipline or administration . This object had been one of the causes calling forth the reformatory councils and had been lightly touched upon by the Fifth Council of the Lateran under Pope Julius II . The obvious corruption in the administration of the Church was one of the numerous causes of the Reformation . Twenty - five public sessions were held , but nearly half of them were spent in solemn formalities . The chief work was done in committees or congregations . The entire management was in the hands of the papal legate . The liberal elements lost out in the debates and voting . The council abolished some of the most notorious abuses and introduced or recommended disciplinary reforms affecting the sale of indulgences , the morals of convents , the education of the clergy , the non-residence of bishops ( also bishops having plurality of benefices , which was fairly common ) , and the careless fulmination of censures , and forbade duelling . Although evangelical sentiments were uttered by some of the members in favour of the supreme authority of the Scriptures and justification by faith , no concession whatsoever was made to Protestantism . The Church is the ultimate interpreter of Scripture . Also , the Bible and Church Tradition ( the tradition that made up part of the Catholic faith ) were equally and independently authoritative .
Conquistador
The Emperor commissioned bishop Pedro de la Gasca to restore the peace , naming him president of the Audiencia and providing him with unlimited authority to punish and pardon the rebels . Gasca repealed the New Laws , the issue around which the rebellion had been organized . Gasca convinced Pedro de Valdivia , explorer of Chile , Alonso de Alvarado another searcher for El Dorado , and others that if he were unsuccessful , a royal fleet of 40 ships and 15,000 men was preparing to sail from Seville in June .
Jacques-Louis David
One of the works David was commissioned for was The Coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame . David was permitted to watch the event . He had plans of Notre Dame delivered and participants in the coronation came to his studio to pose individually , though never the Emperor ( the only time David obtained a sitting from Napoleon had been in 1797 ) . David did manage to get a private sitting with the Empress Joséphine and Napoleon 's sister , Caroline Murat , through the intervention of erstwhile art patron Marshal Joachim Murat , the Emperor 's brother - in - law . For his background , David had the choir of Notre Dame act as his fill - in characters . Pope Pius VII came to sit for the painting , and actually blessed David . Napoleon came to see the painter , stared at the canvas for an hour and said `` David , I salute you . '' David had to redo several parts of the painting because of Napoleon 's various whims , and for this painting , he received twenty - four thousand Francs .
Western Roman Empire
Valentinian elevated his son , Gratian , to caesar in 367 , however on his deathbed he elevated his much younger son , Valentinian II , to caesar along with Gratian , and Valens who was emperor in the East . Gratian showed a strong preference for the barbarian mercenaries in his army , especially his Alanic guard , which inflamed the Roman population , to the point that in 383 , Roman troops in Britain declared Magnus Maximus emperor , in opposition to Gratian . Maximus landed troops in Gaul , and attacked Gratian 's troops near Paris . Gratian was defeated , and fled to Lyons , where he was murdered on 25 August 383 .
Latin America
As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he became of age , a regency was set up by the National Assembly . In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power , during this period a series of localized rebellions took place , as the Cabanagem , the Malê Revolt , the Balaiada , the Sabinada , and the Ragamuffin War , which emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power , coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar of a vast , slaveholding and newly independent nation state . This period of internal political and social upheaval , which included the Praieira revolt , was overcome only at the end of the 1840s , years after the end of the regency , which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841 .
Napoleon
To expand his power , Napoleon used these assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model . He believed that a Bourbon restoration would be more difficult if his family 's succession was entrenched in the constitution . Launching yet another referendum , Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99 % . As with the Life Consulate two years earlier , this referendum produced heavy participation , bringing out almost 3.6 million voters to the polls .
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
In reality , the rise to power of the Emperor Maximin , whose cruelty was derived from a different source being raised as a barbarian from the district of Thrace , expanded the distress on the empire beyond the confines of the illustrious senators or bold adventurers who in the court or army exposed themselves to the whims of fortune . This tyrant , stimulated by the insatiable desires of the soldiers , attacked the public property at length . Every city of the empire was destined to purchase corn for the multitudes as well as supply expenses for the games . By the Emperor 's authority , the whole mass of wealth was confiscated for use by the Imperial treasury -- temples stripped of their most valuable offerings of gold , silver and statues which were melted down and coined into money .
Akbar
Akbar set about reforming the administration of his empire 's land revenue by adopting a system that had been used by Sher Shah Suri . A cultivated area where crops grew well was measured and taxed through fixed rates based on the area 's crop and productivity . However , this placed hardship on the peasantry because tax rates were fixed on the basis of prices prevailing in the imperial court , which were often higher than those in the countryside . Akbar changed to a decentralised system of annual assessment , but this resulted in corruption among local officials and was abandoned in 1580 , to be replaced by a system called the dahsala . Under the new system , revenue was calculated as one - third of the average produce of the previous ten years , to be paid to the state in cash . This system was later refined , taking into account local prices , and grouping areas with similar productivity into assessment circles . Remission was given to peasants when the harvest failed during times of flood or drought . Akbar 's dahsala system is credited to Raja Todar Mal , who also served as a revenue officer under Sher Shah Suri , and the structure of the revenue administration was set out by the latter in a detailed memorandum submitted to the emperor in 1582 -- 83 .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
As the first wave planes approached Oahu , they encountered and shot down several U.S. aircraft . At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning . Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing . Nevertheless , it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even if they had been interpreted correctly and much more promptly . The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor , though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning that the Japanese had already attacked Pearl Harbor .