vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Spike (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
In IDW 's Angel : After the Fall , Spike does not appear until the second issue , written by Brian Lynch with art by Franco Urru ( the creative team of Spike : Asylum and Spike : Shadow Puppets ) with plotting and `` executive production '' by Whedon himself . In Angel : After the Fall , Spike has adjusted to Los Angeles ' new status as a literal hell on Earth ; he and Illyria both serve together as the Demon Lords of Beverly Hills , living in the Playboy Mansion after the death of Hugh Hefner and served by a harem of human and demon females known collectively as the `` Spikettes . '' How Spike and Illyria got to be Lords of Los Angeles is detailed in the Spike : After the Fall ( 2008 ) miniseries , which also introduces a human friend for Spike in Jeremy Johns . In their new capacity , Spike and Illyria secretly rescue humans and benevolent demons , evacuating them into the care of Connor , Nina Ash , and Gwen Raiden . Spike rallies alongside Angel against the other demon Lords . When vampire Gunn causes Illyria to revert to her monster form , memories of Fred from Spike and Wesley are transplanted into her to restore her humanity . After the Senior Partners revert time to before the Fall , Spike begins a loosely affiliated relationship with the reformed Angel Investigations company , collaborating with Angel and his associates while maintaining independence . Spike continues to appear in the ongoing Angel spin - off series by IDW , under the pens of Kelley Armstrong , Bill Willingham and others . As part of its After the Fall franchise , IDW also published Bill Williams ' miniseries , Spike : The Devil You Know ( 2010 ) , which follows Spike 's journey from Los Angeles to Las Vegas , where he acquires a spaceship and a crew of alien bugs after learning from Wolfram & Hart of a prophecy concerning the impending apocalypse ( featured in Buffy ) which has driven them to abandon this dimension .
Water splitting
Water splitting is the general term for a chemical reaction in which water is separated into oxygen and hydrogen . Efficient and economical water splitting would be a key technological component of a hydrogen economy . Various techniques for water splitting have been issued in water splitting patents in the United States . In photosynthesis , water splitting donates electrons to the electron transport chain in photosystem II .
Flint water crisis
Detroit Lions defensive end Ziggy Ansah donated 94,000 bottles to Flint , and Terrance Knighton and his Washington Redskins teammates donated 3,600 bottles of water to Flint 's Catholic Charities USA . On the same day , rock band Pearl Jam and a large group of musicians donated $300,000 to the United Way of Genesee County , and started a CrowdRise fundraiser for donations from its fans . Additionally , fundraising website GoFundMe promised to donate an additional $10,000 to the fund of the winner of a week - long contest that ended on January 29 between a large number of groups trying to raise money for Flint , while Anheuser - Busch donated 51,744 cans of water to the Food Bank of Eastern Michigan .
Stepfamily
The Later stages consist of the Contact and Resolution stages . In the Contact stage , the couple is working well together , the boundaries between households are clear , and stepparents have definite roles with stepchildren as `` intimate outsiders . '' The task for this stage is in solidifying the stepparent 's role , and in continuing the process of awareness . Finally , in the Resolution stage , the stepfamily 's identity has become secure . The family accepts itself for who it is , there is a strong sense of the stepfamily 's middle ground , and children feel secure in both households . The task for this stage is to nourish the depth and maturity gained through this process , and to rework any issues that might arise at family `` nodal events '' ( e.g. , weddings , funerals , graduations , etc . ) .
Free clinic
Free clinics rely on donations for financial support . The amount of money they take in through donations to a large degree determines how many patients they are able to see . Because they are unlikely to have the resources to see everyone who might need their help , they usually limit who they are willing to see to just those from their own community and the surrounding areas , and especially in chronic care will only see patients from within a limited set of medical conditions . For example , they will see a patient for diabetes , but are not in a position to help with cancer . Some will see only patents that have no insurance , while others will see the underinsured as well .
Dutch elm disease
Arbotect is not effective on root graft infections from adjacent elm trees . It is more than 99.5 % effective for three years from beetle infections , which is the primary mode of tree infection .
Hurricane Harvey
By August 30 , corporations across the nation collectively donated more than $72 million to relief efforts , with 42 companies donating at least $1 million . Professional athletic teams , their players , and managers provided large donations to assist victims of the storm . The Houston Astros pledged $4 million to relief along with all proceeds from their home game raffles . Houston Rockets owner Leslie Alexander also donated $4 million to the cause . A fundraiser established by Houston Texans defensive lineman J.J. Watt exceeded $37 million . The Texas Rangers and Tennessee Titans both provided $1 million , while the New England Patriots pledged to match up to $1 million in donations to the Red Cross . Multiple Hollywood celebrities also pitched in , collectively donating more than $10 million , with Sandra Bullock providing the largest single donation of $1 million . Leonardo DiCaprio provided $1 million to the United Way Harvey Recovery Fund through his foundation . President Donald Trump reportedly donated $1 million to 12 charities involved in relief efforts . Rachael Ray provided donations totaling $1 million to animal shelters across the Houston area .
Avocado
The species is only partially able to self - pollinate because of dichogamy in its flowering . This limitation , added to the long juvenile period , makes the species difficult to breed . Most cultivars are propagated by grafting , having originated from random seedling plants or minor mutations derived from cultivars . Modern breeding programs tend to use isolation plots where the chances of cross-pollination are reduced . That is the case for programs at the University of California , Riverside , as well as the Volcani Centre and the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias in Chile .
Flint water crisis
Meijer announced it is donating $500,000 to three non-profit organizations . $250,000 of this donation will go to the Flint Child Health and Development Fund , and the United Way of Genesee County 's Flint Water Fund and the American Red Cross will receive $125,000 each .
Flint water crisis
The Detroit Pistons donated $500,000 to the United Way of Genesee County from their FlintNOW fundraising campaign from the previous night 's game .
Doug Ross
In the season 15 episode `` Old Times , '' Ross is working as an attending physician at the University of Washington Medical Center . He is helping a grieving grandmother ( Susan Sarandon ) whose grandson was gravely injured in a bicycle accident . He talks to Sam and Neela after finding out that they are from County , asking them whether any of his old colleagues still work there . Doug and Carol are responsible for getting the kidney for Carter and a heart for another County patient , but they never discover who receives the organs .
Arizona Robbins
After finding out that Arizona cheated on her with Lauren , Callie kicks Arizona out of their apartment . They also let out their true feelings about the accident and more is revealed about how they actually have felt . Callie initially agrees to couples therapy , but she shows up at the office only to tell Arizona that she is n't going in . Arizona gets drunk with April for a laugh while Callie , who is at the fundraiser , tells people that Arizona died in the plane crash . Arizona is led to believe that she and Leah slept together , however all they did was dance and make grilled cheese sandwiches after watching Derek perform surgery on film . Arizona pursues a sexual relationship with Leah but cuts ties with her when Callie asks her to come back home . It is revealed that Arizona became pregnant via a sperm donor prior to sleeping with Lauren . They decided to try again for a second child , but after agreeing that Callie would carry it , Callie went to see an OB / GYN and discovered that she had developed adhesions in her uterus since Sofia 's birth , meaning she ca n't carry any more children . When she told Arizona , Arizona offered to carry the baby , but Callie decided that since they 're still on unsteady footing that if something goes wrong , they wo n't make it and she does n't want to put them in that position . They agree to postpone their plans to have another baby . However , in the season finale of Season 10 it is implied that Callie and Arizona 's dream of having other child may come by means of a surrogate . At the beginning of Season 11 , Callie and Arizona decide to have a baby by surrogate and Arizona applies for a fetal surgery fellowship with Dr. Herman . Arizona , with a heavy workload because of the fellowship , and Callie have an argument in the waiting room , and they choose to go to therapy together , resulting in a 30 - day break . Arizona believes that the break strengthened their relationship and made her realize that she needs Callie - Callie on the other hand declares that the break gave her a taste of the freedom that she has been missing . Callie walks away and the two get a divorce later .
Blood plasma
Blood plasma is separated from the blood by spinning a tube of fresh blood containing an anticoagulant in a centrifuge until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube . The blood plasma is then poured or drawn off . Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1025 kg / m , or 1.025 g / ml .
Ribosome
Affinity label for the tRNA binding sites on the E. coli ribosome allowed the identification of A and P site proteins most likely associated with the peptidyltransferase activity ; labelled proteins are L27 , L14 , L15 , L16 , L2 ; at least L27 is located at the donor site , as shown by E. Collatz and A.P. Czernilofsky . Additional research has demonstrated that the S1 and S21 proteins , in association with the 3 ' - end of 16S ribosomal RNA , are involved in the initiation of translation .
Direct memory access
Each DMA channel has a 16 - bit address register and a 16 - bit count register associated with it . To initiate a data transfer the device driver sets up the DMA channel 's address and count registers together with the direction of the data transfer , read or write . It then instructs the DMA hardware to begin the transfer . When the transfer is complete , the device interrupts the CPU .
Flint water crisis
Consumers Energy , the area 's gas and electricity provider , has donated $50,000 during the crisis ( $25,000 to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint and $25,000 to the United Way of Genesee County ) , and its employees are delivering water to Flint homes . It is also matching donations from employees and retirees , up to $25,000 .
Education reform
To support inexpensive continuing adult education a community needs a free public library . It can start modestly as shelves in an attended shop or government building , with donated books . Attendants are essential to protect the books from vandalism . Adult education repays itself many times over by providing direct opportunity to adults . Free libraries are also powerful resources for schools and businesses .
Civil–military relations
If civilian control is the critical variable for military effectiveness , it raises the question of how civilian control is then to be determined . Huntington identified two shaping forces or imperatives for civilian control -- ( 1 ) functional and ( 2 ) societal . He broke the societal imperative into two components , ideology and structure . By ideology , he meant a world - view or paradigm : liberal anti-military , conservative pro-military , fascist pro-military , and Marxist anti-military . By structure , he meant the legal - constitutional framework that guided political affairs generally and civil - military affairs specifically .
Civil–military relations
Huntington focused his study on the officer corps . He first defined a profession and explained that enlisted personnel , while certainly part of the military world , are not , strictly speaking , professionals . He relegated them to the role of tradesmen or skilled craftsmen , necessary but not professionals in his definition of the term . It was professional military officers , not the enlisted technicians of the trade of violence , or even the part - time or amateur reserve officers extant in the mid-1950s ( as opposed to the near `` part time ' regular ' '' status characterizing reserve officers with extensive active duty experience , professional military education , and active combat experience in the post-Gulf War period ) , who would be the key to controlling the military world .
Civil–military relations
With the understanding that the rise of the Soviet Union created a long - term threat , Huntington concluded that the liberal society of the United States would fail to create adequate military forces to ensure security over the long term . The only circumstance he could foresee that would permit adequate military security was for the United States to change the societal imperative . `` The tension between the demands of military security and the values of American liberalism can , in the long run , be relieved only by the weakening of the security threat or the weakening of liberalism . '' The only way the United States could adequately provide security in the face of a long - term threat such as the Soviet Union , in other words , was for American society to become more conservative .
Civil–military relations
In response to Huntington 's position on the functional imperative , Janowitz concluded that in the new nuclear age , the United States was going to have to be able to deliver both strategic deterrence and an ability to participate in limited wars . Such a regime , new in American history , was going to require a new military self - conception , the constabulary concept : `` The military establishment becomes a constabulary force when it is continuously prepared to act , committed to the minimum use of force , and seeks viable international relations , rather than victory ... '' Under this new concept of the military establishment , distinctions between war and peace are more difficult to draw . The military , instead of viewing itself as a fire company to be called out in emergency , would then be required to imagine itself in the role of a police force , albeit on the international level rather than domestically . The role of the civilian elite would be to interact closely with the military elite so as to ensure a new and higher standard of professional military education , one that would ensure that military professionals were more closely attuned to the ideals and norms of civilian society .
Articles of Confederation
President Term Samuel Huntington 01 ! March 1 , 1781 -- July 10 , 1781 Thomas McKean 02 ! July 10 , 1781 -- November 5 , 1781 John Hanson 03 ! November 5 , 1781 -- November 4 , 1782 Elias Boudinot 04 ! November 4 , 1782 -- November 3 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin 05 ! November 3 , 1783 -- June 3 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee 06 ! November 30 , 1784 -- November 4 , 1785 John Hancock 07 ! November 23 , 1785 -- June 5 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham 08 ! June 6 , 1786 -- November 3 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair 09 ! February 2 , 1787 -- November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin 10 ! January 22 , 1788 -- November 15 , 1788
Brad Dourif
Starting in school productions , Dourif progressed to community theater , joining up with the Huntington Community Players while attending Marshall University . In New York City , he studied with Sanford Meisner , and worked with Marshall Mason and Lanford Wilson at the Circle Repertory Company . During the early 1970s , Dourif appeared in a number of plays , off - Broadway and at Woodstock , New York , including The Ghost Sonata , The Doctor in Spite of Himself , and When You Comin ' Back , Red Ryder ? , in which he was spotted by director Miloš Forman who cast him in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) .
Civil–military relations
Most debate in civil - military relations assumed that a separation between the civilian and military world was inevitable and likely necessary . The argument had been over whether to control the gap between the two ( Huntington ) or to minimize the gap by enacting certain policies ( Janowitz ) . Following the end of the Cold War in 1989 , however , the discussion began to focus on the nature of the apparent gap between civilian and military cultures and , more specifically , whether that gap had reached such proportions as to pose a danger to civilian control of the military . Part of the debate was based on the cultural differences between the more liberal civilian society and the conservative military society , and on the recognition that such differences had apparently become more pronounced than in past years .
Civil–military relations
According to Huntington and early studies of civil - military relationships , it is considered that effective civil - military relations should be in the form of objective civilian control over their armed forces . This control is indicated by the following factors ; ( 1 ) the military 's adoption of professional ethos and their recognition of boundaries of professional roles , ( 2 ) effective subordination of the military to civilian political leadership that formulates strategic directives on foreign and military policies , ( 3 ) recognition and approval from political leaders to the professional authorities and autonomy of the military and ( 4 ) minimal intervention of the military in politics and of politicians in military affairs .
Civil–military relations
After observing that most civil - military theory assumes that the civilian and military worlds must necessarily be separate , both physically and ideologically , Rebecca L. Schiff offered a new theory -- Concordance -- as an alternative . One of the key questions in Civil - Military Relations ( CMR ) theory has always been to determine under what conditions the military will intervene in the domestic politics of the nation . Most scholars agree with the theory of objective civilian control of the military ( Huntington ) , which focuses on the separation of civil and military institutions . Such a view concentrates and relies heavily on the U.S. case , from an institutional perspective , and especially during the Cold War period . Schiff provides an alternative theory , from both institutional and cultural perspectives , that explains the U.S. case as well as several non-U.S. civil - military relations case studies .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
The Pittsburgh Pirates began to shape their organizational management team late in the 2007 season . On September 13 , Frank Coonelly , chief labor counsel for Major League Baseball , was introduced as the team 's new president . On September 25 , 2007 , the Pirates announced the hiring of Neal Huntington , formerly a scout in the Cleveland Indians organization , as the team 's new general manager . On October 5 , 2007 , Jim Tracy was fired by the Pirates , leaving them with another search for a manager . Torey Lovullo had originally been named as a leading candidate for the position , but his name was gradually replaced by others in the minor league ranks , one being Ottawa Lynx manager John Russell , who eventually was named the new manager November 5 , 2007 . He had originally been the third base coach under previous manager Lloyd McClendon from 2003 to 2005 until he was fired by the previous General Manager Dave Littlefield . A
Civil–military relations
In response to this apparent `` puzzle , '' Peter D. Feaver laid out an agency theory of civil - military relations , which he argued should replace Huntington 's institutional theory . Taking a rationalist approach , he used a principal - agent framework , drawn from microeconomics , to explore how actors in a superior position influence those in a subordinate role . He used the concepts of `` working '' and `` shirking '' to explain the actions of the subordinate . In his construct , the principal is the civilian leadership that has the responsibility of establishing policy . The agent is the military that will work -- carry out the designated task -- or shirk -- evading the principal 's wishes and carrying out actions that further the military 's own interests . Shirking at its worst may be disobedience , but Feaver includes such things as `` foot - dragging '' and leaks to the press .
Brad Dourif
His paternal grandparents emigrated from France , and his paternal grandfather co-founded the Standard Ultramarine and Color Company in Huntington . After Aiken , he attended Fountain Valley School in Colorado Springs , Colorado , graduating in 1968 . Dourif appeared as an amateur at the Fountain Valley Film Festival in 1969 , taking second place in the 8 mm film category with his 10 - minute entry `` Blind Date . '' Dourif attended Marshall University for a time , before quitting college and moving to New York City to study acting on the advice of actress Conchata Ferrell .
Civil–military relations
Alfred Vagts had already begun the discussion from an historical point of view , concentrating on the German / Prussian military experience . He was perhaps most influential with his definition of militarism , which he described as the state of a society that `` ranks military institutions and ways above the prevailing attitudes of civilian life and carries the military mentality into the civilian sphere . '' Louis Smith , whose work pre-dated Huntington 's , discussed issues of congressional and judicial control over the military as well as executive civilian control of military matters . However , all that discussion predated a general recognition that the American experience was going to change in the post-World War II era . Once it became apparent that the American military was going to maintain historically high levels of active - duty personnel , concerns about the differences between civilian and military cultures quickly came to the forefront . The ensuing debate can be generally divided into three periods with different emphases in each .
American Revolution
The Second Continental Congress approved the `` Articles of Confederation '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 ; the Congress immediately began operating under the Articles ' terms , providing a structure of shared sovereignty during prosecution of the war and facilitating international relations and alliances with France and Spain . The articles were ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer .
Port of San Diego
There are currently three shipyards on San Diego Bay , National Steel and Shipbuilding Company ( NASSCO ) , Continental Maritime of San Diego ( Huntington Ingalls ) , and Southwest Marine ( BAE Systems ) . NASSCO is the largest new - construction shipyard on the west coast of the United States ; `` specializing in auxiliary and support ships for the U.S. Navy and oil tankers and dry cargo carriers for commercial markets . ''