vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Chola dynasty
The Chola dynasty has inspired many Tamil authors . The most important work of this genre is the popular Ponniyin Selvan ( The son of Ponni ) , a historical novel in Tamil written by Kalki Krishnamurthy . Written in five volumes , this narrates the story of Rajaraja Chola , dealing with the events leading up to the ascension of Uttama Chola to the Chola throne . Kalki had used the confusion in the succession to the Chola throne after the demise of Parantaka Chola II . The book was serialised in the Tamil periodical Kalki during the mid-1950s . The serialisation lasted for nearly five years and every week its publication was awaited with great interest .
The Merchant of Venice
It is difficult to know whether the sympathetic reading of Shylock is entirely due to changing sensibilities among readers , or whether Shakespeare , a writer who created complex , multi-faceted characters , deliberately intended this reading .
Alabama (American band)
Alabama has been credited with `` substantially broadening country 's audience while becoming one of the most popular acts in American musical history '' by Michael McCall of The Encyclopedia of Country Music . The band was notable for its three - person lead ( as `` most other country acts focused on a soloist accompanied by an anonymous band '' ) , their collective hair length and facial hair ( which would have been deemed unacceptable just a decade earlier ) , and their prominent electric bass and drums . They had a slightly edgier sound than other groups , and both played their own instruments and wrote their own songs . Alabama mostly appealed to a younger audience , although their clean - cut image appealed to the more conservative , older country audience as well . Kurt Wolff described the band 's appeal : `` They 're just rebel enough for the young folks , but their parents also dig the boys ' pretty harmonies , sentimental soft spots , and old - fashioned family values . '' Alabama gave prominence to their hometown of Fort Payne , and also raised awareness for environmental issues .
Actor
Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long - standing tradition in comic theatre and film . Most of Shakespeare 's comedies include instances of overt cross-dressing , such as Francis Flute in A Midsummer Night 's Dream . The movie A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum stars Jack Gilford dressing as a young bride . Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the Billy Wilder film Some Like It Hot . Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the Carry On films . Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams have each appeared in a hit comedy film ( Tootsie and Mrs. Doubtfire , respectively ) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman .
Copper in architecture
The copper roof of Hildesheim Cathedral , installed in 1280 A.D. , survives to this day . And the roof at Kronborg , one of northern Europe 's most important Renaissance castles that was immortalized as Elsinore Castle in Shakespeare 's Hamlet , was installed in 1585 A.D. The copper on the tower was renovated in 2009 .
Atlanta
As of 2010 , Atlanta is the seventh-most visited city in the United States , with over 35 million visitors per year . Although the most popular attraction among visitors to Atlanta is the Georgia Aquarium , the world 's largest indoor aquarium , Atlanta 's tourism industry is mostly driven by the city 's history museums and outdoor attractions . Atlanta contains a notable amount of historical museums and sites , including the Martin Luther King , Jr . National Historic Site , which includes the preserved childhood home of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , as well as his final resting place ; the Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum , which houses a massive painting and diorama in - the - round , with a rotating central audience platform , depicting the Battle of Atlanta in the Civil War ; the World of Coca - Cola , featuring the history of the world - famous soft drink brand and its well - known advertising ; the College Football Hall of Fame which honors college football and its athletes ; the National Center for Civil and Human Rights , which explores the Civil Rights Movement and its connection to contemporary human rights movements throughout the world ; the Carter Center and Presidential Library , housing U.S. President Jimmy Carter 's papers and other material relating to the Carter administration and the Carter family 's life ; and the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum , where Mitchell wrote the best - selling novel Gone with the Wind .
Colonial history of the United States
Art and drama were somewhat more successful than literature . Benjamin West was a noteworthy painter of historical subjects , and two first - rate portrait painters emerged in John Copley and Gilbert Stuart , yet all three men spent much of their lives in London . Theater was more developed in the Southern colonies , especially South Carolina , but nowhere did stage works attain the level of Europe . Puritans in New England and Quakers in Pennsylvania opposed theatrical performances as immoral and ungodly .
Novel
Popular literature might be seen as the successor of the early modern chapbook . Both fields share a focus on readers who are in search of accessible reading satisfaction . The 20th - century love romance is a successor of the novels Madeleine de Scudéry , Marie de La Fayette , Aphra Behn , and Eliza Haywood wrote from the 1640s into the 1740s . The modern adventure novel goes back to Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) and its immediate successors . Modern pornography has no precedent in the chapbook market but originates in libertine and hedonistic belles lettres , of works like John Cleland 's Fanny Hill ( 1749 ) and similar eighteenth century novels . Ian Fleming 's James Bond is a descendant of the anonymous yet extremely sophisticated and stylish narrator who mixed his love affairs with his political missions in La Guerre d'Espagne ( 1707 ) . Marion Zimmer Bradley 's The Mists of Avalon is influenced by Tolkien , as well as Arthurian literature , including its 19th - century successors . Modern horror fiction also has no precedent on the market of chapbooks but goes back to the elitist market of early - 19th - century Romantic literature . Modern popular science fiction has an even shorter history , from the 1860s .
Cinderella
One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written in French by Charles Perrault in 1697 , under the name Cendrillon . The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story , including the pumpkin , the fairy - godmother and the introduction of `` glass '' slippers .
The Tell-Tale Heart
The story was first published in James Russell Lowell 's The Pioneer in January 1843 . `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre and is one of Poe 's most famous short stories .
Romanticism
In France , historical painting on idealized medieval and Renaissance themes is known as the style Troubadour , a term with no equivalent for other countries , though the same trends occurred there . Delacroix , Ingres and Richard Parkes Bonington all worked in this style , as did lesser specialists such as Pierre - Henri Révoil ( 1776 -- 1842 ) and Fleury - François Richard ( 1777 -- 1852 ) . Their pictures are often small , and feature intimate private and anecdotal moments , as well as those of high drama . The lives of great artists such as Raphael were commemorated on equal terms with those of rulers , and fictional characters were also depicted . Fleury - Richard 's Valentine of Milan weeping for the death of her husband , shown in the Paris Salon of 1802 , marked the arrival of the style , which lasted until the mid-century , before being subsumed into the increasingly academic history painting of artists like Paul Delaroche . Francesco
Hundred Years' War
The war became increasingly unpopular with the English public largely due to the high taxes needed to sustain it . These taxes were seen as one of the reasons for the Peasants ' revolt . Richard 's increasing disinterest in the war together with his preferential treatment of a select few close friends and advisors angered an alliance of lords that included one of his uncles . This group , known as Lords Appellant , managed to successfully press charges of treason against five of Richard 's advisors and friends in the Merciless Parliament . The Lords Appellant were able to gain control of the council in 1388 and tried , unsuccessfully , to reignite the war in France . Although the will was there , the funds to pay the troops was lacking , so in the autumn of 1388 the Council agreed to resume negotiations with the French crown , beginning on 18 June 1389 with the signing of a three - year truce at Leulinghen .
Causes of World War II
In the late 1980s the British historian Richard Overy was involved in a historical dispute with Timothy Mason that mostly played out over the pages of the Past and Present journal over the reasons for the outbreak of World War II in 1939 . Mason had contended that a `` flight into war '' had been imposed on Adolf Hitler by a structural economic crisis , which confronted Hitler with the choice of making difficult economic decisions or aggression . Overy argued against Mason 's thesis , maintaining that though Germany was faced with economic problems in 1939 , the extent of these problems can not explain aggression against Poland and the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the choices made by the Nazi leadership .
Medieval household
Finally , the royal household differed from most noble households in the size of their military element . If a king was able to muster a substantial force of household knights , this would reduce his dependence on the military service of his subjects . This was the case with Richard II of England , whose one - sided dependence on his household knights -- mostly recruited from the county of Cheshire -- made him unpopular with his nobility and eventually contributed to his downfall .
Middle Ages
Under the Capetian dynasty the French monarchy slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility , growing out of the Île - de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries . They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy , who in 1066 under William the Conqueror ( duke 1035 -- 1087 ) , conquered England ( r . 1066 -- 87 ) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted , in various forms , throughout the rest of the Middle Ages . Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy , when Robert Guiscard ( d . 1085 ) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily . Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II ( r . 1154 -- 89 ) and his son Richard I ( r . 1189 -- 99 ) , the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France , brought to the family by Henry II 's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine ( d . 1204 ) , heiress to much of southern France . Richard 's younger brother John ( r . 1199 -- 1216 ) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus ( r . 1180 -- 1223 ) . This led to dissension among the English nobility , while John 's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta , a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England . Under Henry III ( r . 1216 -- 72 ) , John 's son , further concessions were made to the nobility , and royal power was diminished . The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries , bringing more territories within the kingdom under the king 's personal rule and centralising the royal administration . Under Louis IX ( r . 1226 -- 70 ) , royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe .
History of the United Kingdom
George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) never visited Hanover , and spoke English as his first language . Reviled by Americans as a tyrant and the instigator of the American War of Independence , he was insane off and on after 1788 as his eldest son served as regent . The last king to dominate government and politics , his long reign is noted for losing the first British Empire in the American Revolutionary War ( 1783 ) , as France sought revenge for its defeat in the Seven Years ' War by aiding the Americans . The reign was notable for the building of a second empire based in India , Asia and Africa , the beginnings of the industrial revolution that made Britain an economic powerhouse , and above all the life and death struggle with the French , the French Revolutionary Wars 1793 -- 1802 , ending in a draw and a short truce , and the epic Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 1815 ) , ending with the decisive defeat of Napoleon .
History of the Isle of Wight
The French invaded the island on 21 July 1545 . English ships engaged the French navy ; two days earlier , the Mary Rose had sunk , apparently without damage . Sir Richard Worsley , Captain of the Island , commanded the local militia who resisted the attack , after French troops landed on the southern coast intending to use the island as a base against the mainland . However , the local militia defeated the French troops at the Battle of Bonchurch ( although one account claims the French were successful at Bonchurch but defeated at Bembridge ) .
Labor history of the United States
Marxian economist Richard D. Wolff argues that anti-communism was part of a strategy by big business , Republicans and conservatives to single out and destroy the members of the coalition that forced through the New Deal , namely organized labor , socialist and communist parties .
History of United States prison systems
According to social historian Marie Gottschalk , convicts were `` indispensable '' to English settlement efforts in what is now the United States . In the late sixteenth century , Richard Hakluyt called for the large - scale conscription of criminals to settle the New World for England . But official action on Haklyut 's proposal lagged until 1606 , when the English crown escalated its colonization efforts .
Humanism
The ad fontes principle also had many applications . The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism , and Neoplatonism , whose Pagan wisdom the humanists , like the Church fathers of old , tended , at least initially , to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue . The line from a drama of Terence , Homo sum , humani nihil a me alienum puto ( or with nil for nihil ) , meaning `` I am a human being , I think nothing human alien to me '' , known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine , gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude . The statement , in a play modeled or borrowed from a ( now lost ) Greek comedy by Menander , may have originated in a lighthearted vein -- as a comic rationale for an old man 's meddling -- but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning , by Cicero and Saint Augustine , to name a few , and most notably by Seneca . Richard Bauman writes :
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility . Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons , the future monarchs Richard I and John . Nevertheless , Henry managed to expand his kingdom , forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire . Upon Henry 's death , his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne ; he was absent from England for most of his reign , as he left to fight in the Crusades . He was killed besieging a castle , and John succeeded him .
List of Keeping Up Appearances characters
Hyacinth 's long - suffering husband who is at her beck and call . Richard is a calm , tolerant and relaxed character who cares little for enhancing or preserving social status , and he seems content with his lower - middle class standing . He pronounces his last name , Bucket , as the English word , and snaps to Hyacinth in one episode , `` It 's not `` Bouquet '' , it 's Bucket ! It was always Bucket until I met you `` . Richard Bucket married Hyacinth Walton ( as she was back then ) on 9 February 1963 and moved into 22 Blossom Avenue at a later date . Although the house is in his name , he does not have a key for it : Hyacinth has the only key .
History of Antarctica
US Navy Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd led five expeditions to Antarctica during the 1930s , 1940s , and 1950s . He overflew the South Pole with pilot Bernt Balchen on 28 and 29 November 1929 , to match his overflight of the North Pole in 1926 . Byrd 's explorations had science as a major objective and extensively used the aircraft to explore the continent .
Caste system in India
Richard Eaton , a professor of History , states that the presumption of a rigid Hindu caste system and oppression of lower castes in pre-Islamic era in India , and it being the cause of `` mass conversion to Islam '' during the medieval era suffers from the problem that `` no evidence can be found in support of the theory , and it is profoundly illogical '' .
Edward Augustus Freeman
J.W. Burrow proposed that Freeman , like William Stubbs and John Richard Green , was an historical scholar with little or no experience of public affairs , with views of the present which were Romantically historicised and who was drawn to history by what was in a broad sense an antiquarian passion for the past , as well as a patriotic and populist impulse to identify the nation and its institutions as the collective subject of English history , making
List of Keeping Up Appearances characters
As shown in the Christmas Special `` The Father Christmas Suit '' , during which Richard is supposed to dress up as Father Christmas , but ends up getting drunk with Emmet , he is proficient in playing the piano ( Richard plays the piano while he and Emmet sing `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ) and also appears to have an interest in cricket . Until series three , he works as a civil servant ; his exact title is not specified , though Hyacinth states he is the deputy in the council 's department of finance and general purposes . He dreads the idea of early retirement as it would mean being with Hyacinth all day , every day for the rest of his life , but is forced into early retirement despite begging and pleading with his boss to come back . In the series five episode , `` The Senior Citizens ' Outing '' , he is seen reading a self - help book titled , ' Can You Afford to Retire ? ' ; this is more than likely a means of escaping Hyacinth rather than any fiscal concern . He obeys his domineering wife 's orders which usually involve contrived plots to impress neighbours or aristocrats , or a far - fetched plan to avoid Hyacinth 's down - market family , whom he actually prefers to the upper - class people Hyacinth is determined to mingle with . Whenever anyone asks how he manages to cope with Hyacinth , he often compares his marriage to like being in the army : every day is routinely planned out for him , and he never has to make any decisions . He also points out that Hyacinth is extremely kind . It is revealed that Richard and Hyacinth are no longer intimate , as Hyacinth does not approve of it at their time of life , and he also says to her that as soon as their son , Sheridan , was born , Hyacinth lost interest in Richard . A few times , Richard has stood up to Hyacinth in public because of her unreasonable behaviour , driving her into shock , but he is usually meek and mild . He drives the car because Hyacinth has not learned to drive , but he says he just steers while Hyacinth gives directions .
Hundred Years' War
King John of England inherited the Angevin domains from his brother Richard I . However , Philip II of France acted decisively to exploit the weaknesses of John , both legally and militarily , and by 1204 had succeeded in taking control of much of the Angevin continental possessions . Following John 's reign , the Battle of Bouvines ( 1214 ) , the Saintonge War ( 1242 ) , and finally the War of Saint - Sardos ( 1324 ) , the English king 's holdings on the continent , as Duke of Aquitaine ( Guyenne ) , were limited roughly to provinces in Gascony .
Military history of Italy during World War II
On 8 December 1940 , the British launched Operation Compass . Planned as an extended raid , it resulted in a force of British , Indian , and Australian troops cutting off the Italian 10th Army . Pressing the British advantage home , General Richard O'Connor succeeded in reaching El Agheila , deep in Libya ( an advance of 500 miles ( 800 km ) ) and taking some 130,000 prisoners . The Allies nearly destroyed the 10th Army , and seemed on the point of sweeping the Italians out of Libya altogether . Winston Churchill , however , directed the advance be stopped , initially because of supply problems and because of a new Italian offensive that had gained ground in Albania , and ordered troops dispatched to defend Greece . Weeks later the first troops of the German Afrika Korps started to arrive in North Africa ( February 1941 ) , along with six Italian divisions including the motorized Trento and armored Ariete .
Global Positioning System
The GPS project was launched by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973 for use by the United States military and became fully operational in 1995 . It was allowed for civilian use in the 1980s . Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System ( OCX ) . Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes . In 2000 , the U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort , GPS III . During the 1990s , GPS quality was degraded by the United States government in a program called `` Selective Availability '' , however , this is no longer the case , and was discontinued in May 2000 by law signed by President Bill Clinton . New GPS receiver devices using the L5 frequency to begin release in 2018 are expected to have a much higher accuracy and pinpoint a device to within 30 centimeters or just under one foot .
PlayStation 3
On December 8 , 2011 , U.S. District Judge Richard Seeborg dismissed the last remaining count of the class action lawsuit ( other claims in the suit had previously been dismissed ) , stating : `` As a legal matter , ( ... ) plaintiffs have failed to allege facts or articulate a theory on which Sony may be held liable . ''
History of Puerto Rico
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