vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Area of a circle
Using calculus , we can sum the area incrementally , partitioning the disk into thin concentric rings like the layers of an onion . This is the method of shell integration in two dimensions . For an infinitesimally thin ring of the `` onion '' of radius t , the accumulated area is 2πt dt , the circumferential length of the ring times its infinitesimal width ( one can approximate this ring by a rectangle with width = 2πt and height = dt ) . This gives an elementary integral for a disk of radius r .
Coal
Coal liquefaction methods involve carbon dioxide ( CO ) emissions in the conversion process . If coal liquefaction is done without employing either carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) technologies or biomass blending , the result is lifecycle greenhouse gas footprints that are generally greater than those released in the extraction and refinement of liquid fuel production from crude oil . If CCS technologies are employed , reductions of 5 -- 12 % can be achieved in Coal to Liquid ( CTL ) plants and up to a 75 % reduction is achievable when co-gasifying coal with commercially demonstrated levels of biomass ( 30 % biomass by weight ) in coal / biomass - to - liquids plants . For future synthetic fuel projects , carbon dioxide sequestration is proposed to avoid releasing CO into the atmosphere . Sequestration adds to the cost of production .
Helium
, He General properties Pronunciation / ˈhiːliəm / ​ ( HEE - lee - əm ) Appearance colorless gas , exhibiting a red - orange glow when placed in an electric field Standard atomic weight ( A ) 7000400260200000000 ♠ 4.002 602 ( 2 ) Helium in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson -- ↑ He ↓ Ne hydrogen ← helium → lithium Atomic number ( Z ) Group group 18 ( noble gases ) Period period 1 Element category noble gas Block s - block Electron configuration 1s Electrons per shell Physical properties Phase at STP gas Melting point 0.95 K ​ ( − 272.20 ° C , ​ − 457.96 ° F ) ( at 2.5 MPa ) Boiling point 4.222 K ​ ( − 268.928 ° C , ​ − 452.070 ° F ) Density ( at STP ) 0.1786 g / L when liquid ( at m.p. ) 0.145 g / cm when liquid ( at b.p.
Android (operating system)
Android 's kernel is based on the Linux kernel 's long - term support ( LTS ) branches . As of 2018 , Android targets versions 4.4 , 4.9 or 4.14 of the Linux kernel . The actual kernel depends on the individual device .
Cash register
Today , point of sale systems scan the barcode ( usually EAN or UPC ) for each item , retrieve the price from a database , calculate deductions for items on sale ( or , in British retail terminology , `` special offer '' , `` multibuy '' or `` buy one , get one free '' ) , calculate the sales tax or VAT , calculate differential rates for preferred customers , actualize inventory , time and date stamp the transaction , record the transaction in detail including each item purchased , record the method of payment , keep totals for each product or type of product sold as well as total sales for specified periods , and do other tasks as well . These POS terminals will often also identify the cashier on the receipt , and carry additional information or offers .
Taco Bell
In 2017 , the company released the Naked Chicken Chalupa that uses a chalupa shell made from chicken , using a similar idea to the Double Down and later that year the Naked Chicken Chips , which are chicken nuggets shaped like ships with nacho cheese .
California High-Speed Rail
Eric Eidlin , an employee of the Federal Transit Administration ( Region 9 , San Francisco ) , in 2015 wrote a study funded by the German Marshall Fund of the United States comparing the structural differences of the three relative to HSR and their historical development . He also focused on the issue of station siting , design , use , and impact on the surrounding community . From this , he developed ten recommendations for CASHRA . Among these are :
Cash register
Cashiers are often required to provide a receipt to the customer after a purchase has been made . Registers typically use thermal printers to print receipts , although older dot matrix printers are still in use at some retailers . Alternatively , retailers can forgo issuing paper receipts in some jurisdictions by instead asking the customer for an email to which their receipt can be sent . The receipts of larger retailers tend to include unique barcodes or other information identifying the transaction so that the receipt can be scanned to facilitate returns or other customer services .
State of matter
Solids can be transformed into liquids by melting , and liquids can be transformed into solids by freezing . Solids can also change directly into gases through the process of sublimation , and gases can likewise change directly into solids through deposition .
Normal distribution
In the above derivation , we used the formula above for the sum of two quadratics and eliminated all constant factors not involving μ . The result is the kernel of a normal distribution , with mean n τ x  ̄ + τ 0 μ 0 n τ + τ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( n \ tau ( \ bar ( x ) ) + \ tau _ ( 0 ) \ mu _ ( 0 ) ) ( n \ tau + \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) ) ) and precision n τ + τ 0 ( \ displaystyle n \ tau + \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) , i.e.
International Financial Reporting Standards
Operating cash flows : the principal revenue - producing activities of the entity and are generally calculated by applying the indirect method , whereby profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transaction of a non-cash nature , any deferrals or accruals of past or future cash receipts or payments , and items of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows . Investing cash flows : the acquisition and disposal of long - term assets and other investments not included in cash equivalents . These represent the extent to which expenditures have been made for resources intended to generate future income and cash flows . Only expenditures that result in a recognised asset in the statement of financial position are eligible for classification as investing activities . Financing cash flows : activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the contributed equity and borrowings of the entity . These are important because they are useful in predicting claims on future cash flows by providers of capital to the entity .
Health insurance in India
Daily cash benefits is a defined benefit policy that pays a defined sum of money for every day of hospitalization . The payments for a defined number of days in the policy year and may be subject to a deductible of few days .
The Fault in Our Stars (film)
Weeks later , Augustus tells Hazel he has traced Van Houten 's assistant , Lidewij , and has corresponded with Van Houten by email . She writes to him to find out more about the novel 's ambiguous ending . Van Houten replies that he is only willing to answer her questions in person . Hazel asks her mother if she can travel to Amsterdam to visit him , but Frannie refuses because of financial and medical constraints . Augustus suggests that she use the `` cancer wish '' she received from Make - A-Wish Foundation but Hazel explains that she has already used hers to visit Walt Disney World . Augustus and Hazel go on a picnic date and begin to fall in love . Augustus surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam . After a medical setback , Hazel 's doctors eventually agree to allow the trip , since they expect that she will soon become incapable of doing anything at all .
Android (operating system)
Android Developer Google , Open Handset Alliance Written in Java ( UI ) , C ( core ) , C++ and more OS family Unix - like Working state Current Source model Open source ( most devices include proprietary components , such as Google Play ) Initial release September 23 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) Latest release 9.0 `` Pie '' / August 6 , 2018 ; 22 days ago ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) Latest preview Android P / July 25 , 2018 ; 34 days ago ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) Marketing target Smartphones , tablet computers , smartTVs ( Android TV ) , Android Auto and smartwatches ( Wear OS ) Available in 100 + languages Package manager APK ( primarily through Google Play ; installation of APKs also possible locally or from alternative sources such as F - Droid ) Platforms 32 - and 64 - bit ARM , x86 and x86 - 64 Kernel type Monolithic ( modified Linux kernel ) Userland Bionic libc , mksh shell , Toybox as core utilities beginning with Android 6.0 , previously native core utilities with a few from NetBSD Default user interface Graphical ( multi-touch ) License Apache License 2.0 GNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernel modifications Official website android.com
Helium
Liquid helium is used in cryogenics ( its largest single use , absorbing about a quarter of production ) , particularly in the cooling of superconducting magnets , with the main commercial application being in MRI scanners . Helium 's other industrial uses -- as a pressurizing and purge gas , as a protective atmosphere for arc welding and in processes such as growing crystals to make silicon wafers -- account for half of the gas produced . A well - known but minor use is as a lifting gas in balloons and airships . As with any gas whose density differs from that of air , inhaling a small volume of helium temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice . In scientific research , the behavior of the two fluid phases of helium - 4 ( helium I and helium II ) is important to researchers studying quantum mechanics ( in particular the property of superfluidity ) and to those looking at the phenomena , such as superconductivity , produced in matter near absolute zero .
Whole life insurance
While Term life may be suitable for Buy - Sell agreements and Key Person indemnification , cash value insurance is almost exclusively for Deferred Comp and S.E.R.P. 's .
Long Island Sound
Mollusks ( gastropods and bivalves ) that can be found include the rough periwinkle near the high - tide line , the European periwinkle , the northern yellow periwinkle , the blue mussel ( a popular , edible species ) , the eastern oyster , the Atlantic slipper shell or `` common slippershell '' ( Crepidula fornicata ) , the hard clam ( also known as the quahog , little neck clam or cherrystone clam ) , the Atlantic bay scallop , the mud snail ( also known as the eastern mud nassa ) , the salt marsh snail ( or `` coffee bean snail '' ) , the Atlantic oyster drill , the northern moon snail , Atlantic moon snail , the channeled and knobbed whelks . Crustacea
Cash register
In 1906 , while working at the National Cash Register company , inventor Charles F. Kettering designed a cash register with an electric motor . Various
Mars
A 2014 analysis of the Phoenix WCL showed that the Ca ( ClO 4 ) 2 in the Phoenix soil has not interacted with liquid water of any form , perhaps for as long as 600 Myr . If it had , the highly soluble Ca ( ClO 4 ) 2 in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO 4 . This suggests a severely arid environment , with minimal or no liquid water interaction .
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
To capitalize on the Turtles ' popularity , a concert tour was held in 1990 , premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17 . The `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' tour featured live - action turtles playing music as a band ( Donatello , keyboards ; Leonardo , bass guitar ; Raphael , drums and sax ; Michelangelo , guitar ) on stage around a familiar plotline : April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder , and the turtles have to rescue her . The story had a very Bill - n ' - Ted-esque feel , with its theme of the power of rock n ' roll literally defeating the enemy , in the form of the Shredder ( who only rapped about how he hates music ) trying to eliminate all music . A pay - per - view special highlighting the concert was shown , and a studio album was also released . The track listing is as follows : (
Friction
All real fluids ( except superfluids ) offer some resistance to shearing and therefore are viscous . For teaching and explanatory purposes it is helpful to use the concept of an inviscid fluid or an ideal fluid which offers no resistance to shearing and so is not viscous .
Command-line interface
Programs like Basic , Diskpart , Edlin , and QBasic all provide command - line interfaces , some of which use the system shell . Basic is modeled on the default interface for 8 - bit Intel computers . Calculators can be run as command - line or dialog interfaces .
Mail order
The objective of the direct marketing industry is to alter the sales distribution chain , in other words ( bypass ) the wholesaler and the retailer and go directly to the customer , reducing therefore tariffs and taxes .
Federalism in India
Union List consists of 100 items ( previously 97 items ) on which the parliament has exclusive power to legislate including : defence , armed forces , arms and ammunition , atomic energy , foreign affairs , war and peace , citizenship , extradition , railways , shipping and navigation , airways , posts and telegraphs , telephones , wireless and broadcasting , currency , foreign trade , inter-state trade and commerce , banking , insurance , control of industries , regulation and development of mines , mineral and oil resources , elections , audit of Government accounts , constitution and organisation of the Supreme Court , High Courts and union public service commission , income tax , custom duties and export duties , duties of excise , corporation tax , taxes on capital value of assets , estate duty , terminal taxes .
Indian general election, 2014
The election reportedly boosted the hospitality sector as , according to ASSOCHAM , tourist arrivals from the countries such as the US , UK , France , Singapore and the U.A.E. have gone up by 10 -- 15 percent , while the movement of domestic tourists jumped by 62 % .
History of India
The empire linked the Indian Ocean maritime trade with the commerce of the Silk Road through the Indus valley , encouraging long - distance trade , particularly between China and Rome . The Kushans brought new trends to the budding and blossoming Gandhara Art , which reached its peak during Kushan Rule .
International Financial Reporting Standards
The press note does not clarify whether the full set of financial statements for the year 2011 -- 12 will be prepared by applying accounting standards convergent with IFRS . The deferment of the transition may make companies happy , but it will undermine India 's position . Presumably , lack of preparedness of Indian companies has led to the decision to defer the adoption of IFRS for a year . This is unfortunate that India , which boasts for its IT and accounting skills , could not prepare itself for the transition to IFRS over last four years . But that might be the ground reality . Transition in phases Companies , whether listed or not , having net worth of more than INR 5 billion will convert their opening balance sheet as of 1 April 2013 . Listed companies having net worth of INR 5 billion or less will convert their opening balance sheet as of 1 April 2014 . Un-listed companies having net worth of Rs5 billion or less will continue to apply existing accounting standards , which might be modified from time to time . Transition to IFRS in phases is a smart move . The transition cost for smaller companies will be much lower because large companies will bear the initial cost of learning and smaller companies will not be required to reinvent the wheel . However , this will happen only if a significant number of large companies engage Indian accounting firms to provide them support in their transition to IFRS . If , most large companies , which will comply with Indian accounting standards convergent with IFRS in the first phase , choose one of the international firms , Indian accounting firms and smaller companies will not benefit from the learning in the first phase of the transition to IFRS . It is likely that international firms will protect their learning to retain their competitive advantage . Therefore , it is for the benefit of the country that each company makes judicious choice of the accounting firm as its partner without limiting its choice to international accounting firms . Public sector companies should take the lead and the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ( ICAI ) should develop a clear strategy to diffuse the learning . Size of companies The government has decided to measure the size of companies in terms of net worth . This is not the ideal unit to measure the size of a company . Net worth in the balance sheet is determined by accounting principles and methods .
Reservation in India
Class 1959 1965 1984 1995 1.18 1.64 3.2 6.92 10.12 II 2.38 2.82 4.6 10.36 12.67 III 6.95 8.88 10.3 13.98 16.15 IV 17.24 17.75 18.6 20.2 21.26 excludes sweepers
History of India
India contains no more than two great powers , British and Mahratta , and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other . Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them .
Prime Minister of India
The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister . --
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka 's fishing industry , it also created demand for fiberglass reinforced plastic catamarans in boatyards of Tamil Nadu . Since over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami , the industry boomed . However , the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process , and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami .
Dutch East India Company
Dutch East India Company / United East India Company / United East Indies Company Company logo Company flag Native name Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( VOC ) Former type Publicly traded company Industry Multi-industry Fate Dissolved Predecessor Voorcompagnie ( Compagnie van Verre , Brabantsche Compagnie , Magelhaensche Compagnie ) Founded 20 March 1602 ( 1602 - 03 - 20 ) Founder Johan van Oldenbarnevelt Defunct 31 December 1799 ( 1799 - 12 - 31 ) Headquarters Amsterdam , Dutch Republic ( main headquarters ) Batavia , Dutch East Indies ( overseas administrative center ) Area served Europe - Asia ( Eurasia ) Intra-Asia Key people Heeren XVII / Gentlemen Seventeen ( Dutch Republic , 1602 -- 1799 ) Governors - General of the Dutch East Indies ( Batavia , 1610 -- 1800 ) Opperhoofd Products Spice , silk , porcelain , metals , livestock , tea , grains ( rice , soybeans ) , sugarcane industry , shipbuilding industry View
Dutch East India Company
The VOC was a major force behind the financial revolution and economic miracle of the nascent Dutch Republic in the 17th century . During their Golden Age , the Dutch Republic ( or the Northern Netherlands ) , as the resource - poor and obscure cousins of the more urbanized Southern Netherlands , rose to become the world 's leading economic and financial superpower . Despite its lack of natural resources ( except for water and wind power ) and its comparatively modest size and population , the Dutch Republic dominated global market in many advanced industries such as shipbuilding , shipping , water engineering , printing and publishing , map making , pulp and paper , lens - making , sugarcane refining , overseas investment , financial services , and international trade . The Dutch Republic was an early industrialized nation - state in its Golden Age . The 17th - century Dutch mechanical innovations / inventions such as wind - powered sawmills and Hollander beaters helped revolutionize shipbuilding and paper ( including pulp ) industries in the early modern period . The VOC 's shipyards also contributed greatly to the Dutch domination of global shipbuilding and shipping industries during the 1600s . `` By seventeenth century standards , '' as Richard Unger affirms , Dutch shipbuilding `` was a massive industry and larger than any shipbuilding industry which had preceded it . '' By the 1670s the size of the Dutch merchant fleet probably exceeded the combined fleets of England , France , Spain , Portugal , and Germany . Until the mid-1700s , the economic system of the Dutch Republic ( including its financial system ) was the most advanced and sophisticated ever seen in history . From about 1600 to 1720 , the Dutch had the highest per capita income in the world , at least double that of neighbouring countries at the time . However , in a typical multicultural society of the Netherlands , the VOC 's history ( and especially its dark side ) has always been a potential source of controversy . In 2006 when the Dutch Prime Minister Jan Pieter Balkenende referred to the pioneering entrepreneurial spirit and work ethics of the Dutch people and Dutch Republic in their Golden Age , he coined the term `` VOC mentality '' ( VOC - mentaliteit in Dutch ) . It unleashed a wave of criticism , since such romantic views about the Dutch Golden Age ignores the inherent historical associations with colonialism , exploitation and violence .
Real Ispat and Power
Real Ispat and Power Type Private Industry Steel and Power Founded 1999 Headquarters Raipur , India Key people Rajesh Agrawal Umesh Agrawal Ramesh Agrawal Products Sponge Iron Power Billet TMT Rebars Wire Rod HB Wire Binding Wire GI Wire Eco Bricks Brands GK TMT Rebars Website http://www.realispat.com/ GK
Indian Railways
The total track length of network is 119,640 km ( 74,340 mi ) while the total route length of the network is 66,687 km ( 41,437 mi ) . Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from 80 to 220 km / h ( 50 to 137 mph ) , though trains do n't really clock speeds of 200 km / h . Maximum speed attained by passenger trains is 177 km / h - 180 km / h ( 110 mph ) .
Indian general election, 2014
An editorial in the China Daily , the Chinese government 's official English - language newspaper , compared Modi 's `` preoccupation with development '' with China 's `` own experiences and development philosophy '' , and argued that this had `` inspired unprecedented optimism here over our South Asian neighbour 's growth potential '' . The paper also argued that `` western rhetoric '' which stated that both countries were `` destined to stand against each other '' had been proven wrong by the fact that India and China had `` by and large , managed their differences well over the decades '' . It also welcomed Modi 's invitation to Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to attend his swearing - in ceremony .
Indian general election, 2014
The INC dismissed the opinion polls pointing to a NDA plurality as misleading and partisan . In its manifesto the party promised `` inclusive growth '' and that it would initiate a raft of welfare schemes , including a right to healthcare for all and pensions for the aged and disabled . Manmohan Singh , Sonia and Rahul Gandhi 's INC campaigning included scheduled stops in Odisha and , on 20 April , in Maharashtra prior to the third phase . Rahul Gandhi told a rally in Chhattisgarh that Modi would `` divide the nation into pieces , and make people fight against each other . ''
Bajaj Pulsar
Bajaj launched a carbureted version of Pulsar 220 on June 2009 , tagging it as `` the fastest bike in India '' . It also discontinued the production of Pulsar 200 on July 2009 .