vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Forestry in India
Forest Cover : defined as all lands , more than one hectare in area , with a tree canopy density of more than 10 % . ( Such lands may or may not be statutorily notified as forest area ) . Very Dense Forest : All lands , with a forest cover with canopy density of 70 % and above Moderately Dense Forest : All lands , with a forest cover with canopy density of 40 - 70 % Open Forest : All lands , with forest cover with canopy density of 10 to 40 % Mangrove Cover : Mangrove forest is salt tolerant forest ecosystem found mainly in tropical and sub-tropical coastal and / or inter-tidal regions . Mangrove cover is the area covered under mangrove vegetation as interpreted digitally from remote sensing data . It is a part of forest cover and also classified into three classes viz . very dense , moderately dense and open . Non Forest Land : defined as lands without any forest cover Scrub Cover : All lands , generally in and around forest areas , having bushes and or poor tree growth , chiefly small or stunted trees with canopy density less than 10 % Tree Cover : Land with tree patches ( blocks and linear ) outside the recorded forest area exclusive of forest cover and less than the minimum mapable area of 1 hectare Trees Outside Forests : Trees growing outside Recorded Forest Areas
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Thomas Metcalf has stressed the importance of the work by Cambridge professor Eric Stokes ( 1924 -- 1981 ) , especially Stokes ' The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India ( 1978 ) . Metcalf says Stokes undermines the assumption that 1857 was a response to general causes emanating from entire classes of people . Instead , Stokes argues that 1 ) those Indians who suffered the greatest relative deprivation rebelled and that 2 ) the decisive factor in precipitating a revolt was the presence of prosperous magnates who supported British rule . Stokes also explores issues of economic development , the nature of privileged landholding , the role of moneylenders , the usefulness of classical rent theory , and , especially , the notion of the `` rich peasant . ''
Forestry in India
In 2002 , India set up a National Forest Commission to review and assess India 's policy and law , its effect on India 's forests , its impact of local forest communities , and to make recommendations to achieve sustainable forest and ecological security in India . The report made over 300 recommendations including the following :
Caste system in India
Segmentation of society into groups whose membership was determined by birth A hierarchical system wherein generally the Brahmins were at the head of the hierarchy , but this hierarchy was disputed in some cases . In various linguistic areas , hundreds of castes had a gradation generally acknowledged by everyone Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse , with minute rules on the kind of food and drink that upper castes could accept from lower castes . There was a great diversity in these rules , and lower castes generally accepted food from upper castes Segregation , where individual castes lived together , the dominant caste living in the center and other castes living on the periphery . There were restrictions on the use of water wells or streets by one caste on another : an upper caste Brahmin might not be permitted to use the street of a lower caste group , while a caste considered impure might not be permitted to draw water from a well used by members of other castes . Occupation , generally inherited . Lack of unrestricted choice of profession , caste members restricted their own members from taking up certain profession they considered degrading . This characteristic of caste was missing from large parts of India , stated Ghurye , and in these regions all four castes ( Brahmins , Kshatriyas , Vaishyas and Shudras ) did agriculture labour or became warriors in large numbers Endogamy , restrictions on marrying a person outside caste , but in some situations hypergamy allowed . Far less rigidity on inter-marriage between different sub-castes than between members of different castes in some regions , while in some endogamy within a sub-caste was the principal feature of caste - society .
Yemen
The Rasulid state nurtured Yemen 's commercial links with India and the Far East . They profited greatly by the Red Sea transit trade via Aden and Zabid . The economy also boomed due to the agricultural development programs instituted by the kings who promoted massive cultivation of palms . The Rasulid kings enjoyed the support of the population of Tihama and southern Yemen , while they had to buy the loyalty of Yemen 's restive northern highland tribes .
India
The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife . In response , the system of national parks and protected areas , first established in 1935 , was substantially expanded . In 1972 , India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness ; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988 . India hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and thirteen biosphere reserves , four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves ; twenty - five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention .
Poverty alleviation programmes in India
The main objective of IRDP is to raise families of identified target group below poverty line by creation of sustainable opportunities for self - employment in the rural sector . Assistance is given in the form of subsidy by the government and term credit advanced by financial institutions ( commercial banks , cooperatives and regional rural banks . ) The program is implemented in all blocks of the country as centrally sponsored scheme funded on 50 : 50 basis by the center and the states . The target group under IRDP consists of small and marginal farmers , agricultural laborers and rural artisans having annual income below Rs. 11,000 defined as poverty line in the Eighth Plan . In order to ensure that benefits under the program reach the more vulnerable sectors of the society , it is stipulated that at least 50 per cent of assisted families should be from scheduled castes and scheduled tribes with corresponding flow of resources to them . Furthermore , 40 per cent of the coverage should be of women beneficiaries and 3 per cent of physically challenged persons . At the grassroots level , the block staff is responsible for implementation of the program . The State Level Coordination Committee ( SLCC ) monitors the program at state level whereas the Ministry of Rural Areas and Employment is responsible for the release of central share of funds , policy formation , overall guidance , monitoring and evaluation of the program .
Climate of India
The Climate of India comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography , making generalisations difficult . Based on the Köppen system , India hosts six major climatic subtypes , ranging from arid desert in the west , alpine tundra and glaciers in the north , and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories . Many regions have starkly different microclimates . The country 's meteorological department follows the international standard of four climatological seasons with some local adjustments : winter ( December , January and February ) , summer ( March , April and May ) , a monsoon rainy season ( June to September ) , and a post-monsoon period ( October to November ) .
Spice trade
Indian merchants involved in spice trade took Indian cuisine to Southeast Asia , notably present day Malaysia and Indonesia , where spice mixtures and curries became popular . European people intermarried with the Indians , and popularized valuable culinary skills , such as baking , in India . The Portuguese also introduced vinegar to India , and Franciscan priests manufactured it from coconut toddy . Indian food , adapted to the European palate , became visible in England by 1811 as exclusive establishments began catering to the tastes of both the curious and those returning from India .
Pre-Columbian era
Early inhabitants of the Americas developed agriculture , developing and breeding maize ( corn ) from ears 2 -- 5 cm in length to the current size are familiar today . Potatoes , tomatoes , tomatillos ( a husked green tomato ) , pumpkins , chili peppers , squash , beans , pineapple , sweet potatoes , the grains quinoa and amaranth , cocoa beans , vanilla , onion , peanuts , strawberries , raspberries , blueberries , blackberries , papaya , and avocados were among other plants grown by natives . Over two - thirds of all types of food crops grown worldwide are native to the Americas .
Indo-Roman trade relations
In India , the Alchon Huns invasions ( 496 -- 534 CE ) are said to have seriously damaged India 's trade with Europe and Central Asia . The Gupta Empire had been benefiting greatly from Indo - Roman trade . They had been exporting numerous luxury products such as silk , leather goods , fur , iron products , ivory , pearl or pepper from centers such as Nashik , Prathisthana , Pataliputra or Varanasi etc . The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with it . Soon after the invasions , the Gupta Empire , already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers , ended as well . Following the invasions , northern India was left in disarray , with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas .
Midwestern United States
Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications , with some degree of overlap . The first group were fully nomadic , following the vast herds of buffalo . Some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture ; growing tobacco and corn primarily . These included the Blackfoot , Arapaho , Assiniboine , Cheyenne , Comanche , Crow , Gros Ventre , Kiowa , Lakota , Lipan , Plains Apache ( or Kiowa Apache ) , Plains Cree , Plains Ojibwe , Sarsi , Shoshone , Stoney , and Tonkawa .
TRIPS Agreement
2005 Panel Report : European Communities - Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs . 2000 Panel Report : Part 2 and 2000 Appellate Body Report Canada - Term of Patent Protection . 2000 Panel Report , Part 1 : and Part 2 United States - Section 110 ( 5 ) of the US Copyright Act . 2000 Panel Report : Canada - Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Products . 2001 Panel Report : and 2002 Appellate Body Report United States - Section 211 Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1998 . 1998 Panel Report : India - Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products . 1998 Panel Report : Indonesia - Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry .
Sydney Royal Easter Show
The first purpose of the show is specifically to encourage agriculture . Although other aspects of the show have developed including competitions , entertainment and commerce , the display of the products of rural industry remain of major importance , the RAS claiming 30,000 rural exhibits in 2007 . One of the most popular sights at the show is the `` District Exhibits '' competition . These displays are set up by four districts of NSW and South East Queensland . A theme is selected and created pictorially on a large scale , to strict rules and using only the produce of the particular district which typically includes wool , wheat , apples , pumpkins , sugar cane , citrus fruit , vegetables and brightly coloured bottles of preserves . Also displayed are other primary products such as fleeces , carcases of beef , wine , honey , cheese and sausages . There is also a flower show at which are judged both horticultural specimens and floral displays . Livestock
History of agriculture
In Mesoamerica , wild teosinte was transformed through human selection into the ancestor of modern maize , more than 6,000 years ago . It gradually spread across North America and was the major crop of Native Americans at the time of European exploration . Other Mesoamerican crops include hundreds of varieties of locally domesticated squash and beans , while cocoa , also domesticated in the region , was a major crop . The turkey , one of the most important meat birds , was probably domesticated in Mexico or the U.S. Southwest .
Osage Nation
Although the Osage were encouraged to become settled farmers , their land was the poorest in the Indian Territory for agricultural purposes . They survived by subsistence farming , later enhanced by stock raising . They discovered they were fortunate to have lands covered with the rich bluestem grass , which proved to be the best grazing in the entire country . They leased lands to ranchers for grazing and earned income from the resulting fees .
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe 's commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange , and provided 400,000 jobs . However , the government 's land reform program badly damaged the sector , turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products . For example , between 2000 and 2016 annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons , maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 to 244,000 . Coffee production , once a prized export commodity came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white - owned coffee farms in 2000 , and has never recovered .
History of the motorcycle
In 1901 the Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company , which had been founded by two former bicycle - racers , designed the so - called `` diamond framed '' Indian Single , whose engine was built by the Aurora Firm in Illinois per Indian 's specifications . The Single was made available in the deep blue . Indian 's production was up to over 500 bikes by 1902 , and would rise to 32,000 , its best ever , in 1913 . Indian produced over 20,000 bikes per year . The oldest surviving Russian - manufactured motorcycle , the Rossiya , dates from 1902 . The American company Harley - Davidson started producing motorcycles in 1903 .
Economy of Mexico
Food and agriculture Farmers in Puebla Product Quantity ( Tm ) World Rank Avocados 1,040,390 Onions and chayote 1,130,660 Limes and lemons 1,824,890 Sunflower seed 212,765 Dry fruits 95,150 Papaya 955,694 Chillies and peppers 1,853,610 Whole beans 93 000 Oranges 3,969,810 Anise , badian , fennel 32 500 Chicken meat 2,245,000 Asparagus 67,247 Mangoes 1.503. 010 Corn 20,000,000 Source : FAO
New Spain
The capital was provisioned by the indigenous towns , and its labor was available for enterprises that ultimately created a colonial economy . The gradual drying up of the central lake system created more dry land for farming , but the sixteenth - century population declines allowed Spaniards to expand their acquisition of land . One region that retained strong Indian land holding was the southern fresh water area , with important suppliers of fresh produce to the capital . The area was characterized by intensely cultivated chinampas , man - made extensions of cultivable land into the lake system . These chinampa towns retained a strong indigenous character , and Indians continued to hold the majority of that land , despite its closeness to the Spanish capital . A key example is Xochimilco .
New Spain
The discovery of mining deposits in Zacatecas and Guanajuato in the mid-sixteenth century and later in San Luis Potosí stimulated the Bajío 's development to supply the mines with food and livestock . A network of Spanish towns was established in this region of commercial agriculture , with Querétaro also becoming a center of textile production . Although there were no dense indigenous populations or network of settlements , Indians migrated to the Bajío to work as resident employees on the region 's haciendas and ranchos or rented land ( terrasguerros ) . From diverse cultural backgrounds and with no sustaining indigenous communities , these indios were quickly hispanized , but largely remained at the bottom of the economic hierarchy . Although Indians migrated willingly to the region , they did so in such small numbers that labor shortages prompted Spanish hacendados to provide incentives to attract workers , especially in the initial boom period of the early seventeenth century . Land owners lent workers money , which could be seen as a perpetual indebtedness , but it can be seen not as coercing Indians to stay but a way estate owners sweetened their terms of employment , beyond their basic wage labor . For example , in 1775 the Spanish administrator of a San Luis Potosí estate `` had to scour both Mexico City and the northern towns to find enough blue French linen to satisfy the resident employees . '' Other types of goods they received on credit were textiles , hats , shoes , candles , meat , beans , and a guaranteed ration of maize . However , where labor was more abundant or market conditions depressed , estate owners paid lower wages . The more sparsely populated northern Bajío tended to pay higher wages than the southern Bajío , which was increasingly integrated in the economy of central Mexico . The credit - based employment system often privileged those holding higher ranked positions on the estate ( supervisors , craftsmen , other specialists ) who were mostly white , and the estates did not demand repayment .
Midwestern United States
Midwestern states also lead the nation in other agricultural commodities , including pork ( Iowa ) , beef and veal ( Nebraska ) , dairy ( Wisconsin ) , and chicken eggs ( Iowa ) .
Rice production in Thailand
Until the 1960s , rice planting in Thailand consisted mainly of peasants farming small areas and producing modest amounts of rice . The Chao Phraya River delta was the hub of rice production . Agriculture constituted a large portion of the total production of Thailand and most Thais worked on farms . The extreme focus on agriculture arose for two main reasons : the vast amount of land available for farming and the government 's policies of clearing land and protecting peasants ' rights . The government helped peasants gain access to land and protected them from aristocratic landlords .
Samoa
The staple products of Samoa are copra ( dried coconut meat ) , cocoa bean ( for chocolate ) , and bananas . The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons ( about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons ) . If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated , Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons ( 44,000 short tons ) of copra . Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates . Most are Criollo - Forastero hybrids . Coffee grows well , but production has been uneven . WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer . Rubber has been produced in Samoa for many years , but its export value has little impact on the economy .
Gupta Empire
These invasions , although only spanning a few decades , had long term effects on India , and in a sense brought an end to Classical Indian civilization . Soon after the invasions , the Gupta Empire , already weakened by these invasions and the rise of local rulers such as Yashodharman , ended as well . Following the invasions , northern India was left in disarray , with numerous smaller Indian powers emerging after the crumbling of the Guptas . The Huna invasions are said to have seriously damaged India 's trade with Europe and Central Asia . In particular , Indo - Roman trade relations , which the Gupta Empire had greatly benefited from . The Guptas had been exporting numerous luxury products such as silk , leather goods , fur , iron products , ivory , pearl , and pepper from centers such as Nasik , Paithan , Pataliputra , and Benares . The Huna invasion probably disrupted these trade relations and the tax revenues that came with them .
History of agriculture
Crops included wheat , rye , barley and oats . Peas , beans , and vetches became common from the 13th century onward as a fodder crop for animals and also for their nitrogen - fixation fertilizing properties . Crop yields peaked in the 13th century , and stayed more or less steady until the 18th century . Though the limitations of medieval farming were once thought to have provided a ceiling for the population growth in the Middle Ages , recent studies have shown that the technology of medieval agriculture was always sufficient for the needs of the people under normal circumstances , and that it was only during exceptionally harsh times , such as the terrible weather of 1315 -- 17 , that the needs of the population could not be met .
History of Native Americans in the United States
The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 ( P.L. 101 - 644 ) is a truth - in - advertising law that prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States , including dreamcatchers . It is illegal to offer or display for sale , or sell any art or craft product in a manner that falsely suggests it is Indian produced . Though this law has been in effect for 27 years -- it is still widely unknown and rarely enforced due to the difficulty in proving the heritage of anyone found to be in violation of the law .
Tooth decay
There is also evidence of caries increase in North American Indians after contact with colonizing Europeans . Before colonization , North American Indians subsisted on hunter - gatherer diets , but afterward there was a greater reliance on maize agriculture , which made these groups more susceptible to caries .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
Small - scale farming provided vegetables , wool , milk and meat for many fishing families . In 1901 , 85,000 acres ( 34,398 ha ) were under cultivation , producing chiefly hay , oats , potatoes , turnips and cabbages . Sheep grazing was common .
Hawaii (island)
Diversified agriculture is a growing sector of the economy . Major crops include macadamia nuts , papaya , flowers , tropical and temperate vegetables , and coffee beans . Only coffee grown in the Kona District of this island may be branded Kona coffee . The island 's orchid agriculture is the largest in the state , and resulted in the unofficial nickname `` The Orchid Isle '' . The island is home to one of the United States ' largest cattle ranches : Parker Ranch , on 175,000 acres ( 708 km ) in Waimea . The island is also known for astronomy , with numerous telescopes operated on the summit of Mauna Kea , where atmospheric clarity is excellent and there is little light pollution .
Midwestern United States
In the 16th century , American Indians used projectiles and tools of stone , bone , and wood to hunt and farm . They made canoes for fishing . Most of them lived in oval or conical wigwams that could be easily moved away . Various tribes had different ways of living . The Ojibwas were primarily hunters and fishing was also important in the Ojibwas economy . Other tribes such as Sac , Fox , and Miami , both hunted and farmed .