vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Salicylic acid
In 2014 , archaeologists identified traces of salicylic acid on 7th century pottery fragments found in east central Colorado . The Reverend Edward Stone , a vicar from Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , England , noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever .
The Lovely Bones (film)
Award Nominee Result 7th Irish Film and Television Awards Best Leading Actress Saoirse Ronan Won 63rd British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Leading Role Saoirse Ronan Nominated Best Actor in a Supporting Role Stanley Tucci Nominated 82nd Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor 67th Golden Globe Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role 36th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Supporting Actress Susan Sarandon Nominated Best Supporting Actor Stanley Tucci Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor Saoirse Ronan Won Best Music Brian Eno Nominated 2009 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Actor Stanley Tucci Nominated Best Art Direction The Lovely Bones Nominated 2009 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress Saoirse Ronan Nominated Best Young Actor / Actress Won Best Supporting Actor Stanley Tucci Nominated Best Art Direction The Lovely Bones Best Cinematography Best Visual Effects
Pearl Jam
Ament and Gossard were devastated by the death of Wood and the resulting demise of Mother Love Bone . Gossard spent his time afterwards writing material that was harder - edged than what he had been doing previously . After a few months , Gossard started practicing with fellow Seattle guitarist Mike McCready , whose band , Shadow , had broken up ; McCready in turn encouraged Gossard to reconnect with Ament . After practicing for a while , the trio sent out a five - song demo tape in order to find a singer and a drummer . They gave former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons the demo to see if he would be interested in joining the band and to distribute the demo to anyone he felt might fit the lead vocal position .
Oyster
In addition to their gills , oysters can also exchange gases across their mantles , which are lined with many small , thin - walled blood vessels . A small , three - chambered heart , lying under the adductor muscle , pumps colorless blood to all parts of the body . At the same time , two kidneys , located on the underside of the muscle , remove waste products from the blood . Their nervous system includes two pairs of nerve cords and three pairs of ganglia .
Ear
The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth , contained within the temporal bone . The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window , which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear . Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called endolymph , which fills the membranous labyrinth . The endolymph is situated in two vestibules , the utricle and saccule , and eventually transmits to the cochlea , a spiral - shaped structure . The cochlea consists of three fluid - filled spaces : the vestibular duct , the cochlear duct , and the tympanic duct . Hair cells responsible for transduction -- changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the organ of Corti in the cochlea .
Heart
The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates . In these animals , the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers . Indeed , since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes , it is likely homologous with the SA node . In teleosts , with their vestigial sinus venosus , the main centre of coordination is , instead , in the atrium . The rate of heartbeat varies enormously between different species , ranging from around 20 beats per minute in codfish to around 600 in hummingbirds and up to 1200 bpm in the ruby - throated hummingbird .
The Lovely Bones (film)
Richard Corliss of Time wrote that `` through ( Peter ) Jackson 's art '' and Ronan 's `` magic '' the `` obscenity of child murder has been invested with immense gravity and grace '' and `` like the story of Susie 's life after death , that 's a miracle . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone felt that the film was `` conveyed '' in a `` remarkable performance '' by Ronan and described Tucci as being `` magnificent as a man of uncontrollable impulses '' to `` help Jackson cut a path to a humanity that supersedes life and death . '' Travers praised Jackson for building `` jolting suspense . '' Despite praising the film , however , Travers noted that while the book `` never flinched , '' the film does , and while the `` business is being transacted '' by Jackson with a `` Lord of the Rings fantasy '' the film `` attunes himself to a family tragedy . ''
Lion
Bone fragments classified under Panthera leo fossilis were excavated in Germany , United Kingdom , Italy and Czech Republic , and are estimated at between 680,000 and 600,000 years old . It was larger than today 's African lions , reaching sizes comparable to the American cave lion and slightly larger than the Upper Pleistocene European cave lion . Bone fragments classified under Panthera leo spelaea were excavated in Spain , France , Italy , Belgium , Germany , Poland , Czech Republic , and Hungary , and are estimated at between 109,000 and 14,000 years old . This lion - like cat occurred in Eurasia about 300,000 to 10,000 years ago , and is known as the European cave lion , Eurasian cave lion , or Upper Pleistocene European cave lion . It is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings , ivory carvings , and clay busts , which show it with protruding ears , tufted tails , and faint tiger - like stripes . A few had a ruff or primitive mane around their necks , possibly indicating males , but many scenes show hunting behavior . P. l. atrox or P. atrox , known as the American lion or American cave lion , existed in the Americas from Canada to Peru in the Pleistocene Epoch until about 10,000 years ago . This form is a sister clade of P. l. spelaea , and likely arose when an early P. l. spelaea population became isolated south of the North American continental ice sheet about 0.34 Mya . It is among the largest purported lion subspecies to have existed , its body length is estimated to have been 1.6 -- 2.5 m ( 5.2 -- 8.2 ft ) .
Zimbabwe
Government Minister Saviour Kasukuwere admitted the remains were discovered in 2008 , but claimed the remains were decades old despite clear evidence the exhumed skeletons still had hair and clothes . Solidarity Peace Trust said that the presence of soft tissues `` is not necessarily an indicator that these bones entered the grave more recently , although it could be . ''
Tyrannosaurus
When examining Sue , paleontologist Pete Larson found a broken and healed fibula and tail vertebrae , scarred facial bones and a tooth from another Tyrannosaurus embedded in a neck vertebra . If correct , these might be strong evidence for aggressive behavior between tyrannosaurs but whether it would have been competition for food and mates or active cannibalism is unclear . Further recent investigation of these purported wounds has shown that most are infections rather than injuries ( or simply damage to the fossil after death ) and the few injuries are too general to be indicative of intraspecific conflict . Some researchers argue that if Tyrannosaurus were a scavenger , another dinosaur had to be the top predator in the Amerasian Upper Cretaceous . Top prey were the larger marginocephalians and ornithopods . The other tyrannosaurids share so many characteristics that only small dromaeosaurs and troodontids remain as feasible top predators . In this light , scavenger hypothesis adherents have suggested that the size and power of tyrannosaurs allowed them to steal kills from smaller predators , although they may have had a hard time finding enough meat to scavenge , being outnumbered by smaller theropods . Most paleontologists accept that Tyrannosaurus was both an active predator and a scavenger like most large carnivores . Two
Jejunum
The jejunum contains very few Brunner 's glands ( found in the duodenum ) or Peyer 's patches ( found in the ileum ) . However , there are a few jejunal lymph nodes suspended in its mesentery . The jejunum has many large circular folds in its submucosa called plicae circulares which increase the surface area for nutrient absorption . The plicae circulares are the best developed in the jejunum .
Endomembrane system
The ER has a central role in producing , processing , and transporting biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell . Its membrane is the site of production of all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for most of the cell 's organelles , including the ER itself , the Golgi apparatus , lysosomes , endosomes , mitochondria , peroxisomes , secretory vesicles , and the plasma membrane . Furthermore , almost all of the proteins that will exit the cell , plus those destined for the lumen of the ER , Golgi apparatus , or lysosomes , are originally delivered to the ER lumen . Consequently , many of the proteins found in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen are there only temporarily as they pass on their way to other locations . Other proteins , however , constantly remain in the lumen and are known as endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins . These special proteins contain a specialized retention signal made up of a specific sequence of amino acids that enables them to be retained by the organelle . An example of an important endoplasmic reticulum resident protein is the chaperon protein known as BiP which identifies other proteins that have been improperly built or processed and keeps them from being sent to their final destinations .
Tyrannosaurus
Based on comparisons of bone texture of Daspletosaurus with extant crocodilians , a detailed study in 2017 by Thomas D. Carr et al. found that tyrannosaurs had large , flat scales on their snouts . At the center of these scales were small keratinised patches . In crocodilians , such patches cover bundles of sensory neurons that can detect mechanical , thermal and chemical stimuli . They proposed that tyrannosaurs probably also had bundles of sensory neurons under their facial scales and may have used them to identify objects , measure the temperature of their nests and gently pick - up eggs and hatchlings . Although the study did not explicitly discuss the evidence for or against lips , many major news outlets considered it as evidence against tyrannosaurs having lips . Comparisons with crocodilian facial tissue and Thomas D. Carr 's personal interpretation of the findings were cited as support for the conclusion that tyrannosaurs did not have lips .
Execution of the Romanov family
Local amateur sleuth Alexander Avdonin and filmmaker Geli Ryabov located the shallow grave on 30 - 31 May 1979 after years of covert evidence - gathering and a study of the primary evidence . Three skulls were removed from the grave , but after failing to find any scientist and laboratory to help examine them , and worried about the consequences of finding the grave , Avdonin and Ryabov reburied them in the summer of 1980 . The presidency of Mikhail Gorbachev brought with it the era of glasnost ( openness ) and perestroika ( reform ) , which prompted Ryabov to reveal the Romanov 's gravesite to The Moscow News on 10 April 1989 , much to Avdonin 's horror . The remains were disinterred in 1991 by Soviet officials in a hasty ' official exhumation ' that wrecked the site , destroying precious evidence . Since there were no clothes on the bodies and the damage inflicted was extensive , controversy persisted as to whether the skeletal remains identified and interred in St Petersburg as Anastasia 's were really hers or in fact Maria 's . There was considerable dissent within the Russian Orthodox Church about whether or not the bones actually discovered in the forest were those of the Romanovs at all . The Holy Synod opposed the government 's decision in February 1998 to bury the remains in the Peter and Paul Fortress , preferring a `` symbolic '' grave until their authenticity had been resolved . As a result , when they were interred in July 1998 , they were referred to by the priest conducting the service as `` Christian victims of the Revolution '' rather than the imperial family .
Polistes carolina
The founding phase begins in the spring and involves young reproductive females ( called foundresses ) building new nests , either alone or in conjunction with other foundresses . In field studies , P. carolina was observed to have a range of one to eight foundresses in surviving colonies . During the founding period , many foundresses move between nests , sometimes settling at another nest ( movers ) and sometimes returning to their own nest ( visitors ) . In this way , the foundress continues to reassess her reproductive options . During these visits , foundresses were also observed to lay eggs in other nests . While most nests are initiated by one foundress , they are usually joined by full sisters which become subordinates during this period .
My Sister's Keeper (novel)
Kate Fitzgerald , a frail teenage girl who was diagnosed with acute leukemia at a young age . She is the older sister of Anna , and the middle child out of all three Fitzgerald siblings . She sometimes finds all the attention on her stifling . One of the few times she experiences being a typical teenaged girl is when she dates , and has her first kiss with , a boy named Taylor , whom she meets at the hospital while undergoing chemotherapy . Taylor also has cancer , and Kate has some of her happiest times with him , as he 's one of the only people with whom she 's been able to fully relate , and to speak her deepest , true , feelings about being sick , with . Kate also supports the feelings of her younger sister , Anna , and is thankful for the bodily donations Anna has been made to give her throughout her lifetime . Near the end of the novel , she is the one revealed to have asked Anna to sue for medical emancipation because she was fed up with her mother 's behavior and wanted to die for years . Anna Fitzgerald , a girl who was scientifically engineered in order to be a `` savior sibling '' to her elder sister , and who therefore repeatedly has to donate blood , marrow , and eventually an organ , to her . She is thirteen years old at the time the novel takes place , and seeks to be medically emancipated from her parents , so that she does not have to donate anything to Kate , namely a kidney , against her will , and would thereon have the rights to her own body . She is the main protagonist of the novel . Jesse Fitzgerald , the oldest child , who is dyslexic . Throughout most of the novel , he is a delinquent teenager , but , in young adulthood , after coming to terms with his inner emotions , he goes on to become a police officer , and is no longer rebellious , or desperate for attention , as he was in his teen years . Sara Fitzgerald , the overprotective and domineering `` helicopter mom '' of Kate , Anna , and Jesse . She tries her hardest to keep her oldest , ill , daughter alive and well , and refuses to accept the idea that she is dying .
Minstrel show
Tambo and Bones were favorites of the audience , and their repartee with the interlocutor was for many the best part of the show . There was an element of laughing with them for the audience , as they frequently made light of the interlocutor 's grandiose ways .
The Lovely Bones (film)
Stephanie Zacharek , of Salon.com , viewed the film as being `` an expensive - looking mess that fails to capture the mood , and the poetry , of its source material '' because `` good actors fighting a poorly conceived script , under the guidance of a director who can no longer make the distinction between imaginativeness and computer - generated effects . '' Todd McCarthy , of Variety , felt that Jackson had undermined the `` solid work from a good cast '' with `` show - offy celestial evocations '' that `` severely disrupt the emotional connections with the characters . '' McCarthy stated that he felt that the film , overall , was a `` significant artistic disappointment . '' Joe Neumaier , of New York Daily News , described Jackson as having `` siphoned out all the soulfulness '' that made the author 's `` combination thriller / afterlife fantasy a best - seller '' and that the film was `` a gumball - colored potboiler that 's more squalid than truly mournful . '' Neumaier also wrote that the film and Jackson `` wasted '' a `` good cast . '' Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 , calling it `` deplorable '' , and criticizing the apparent message that Susie 's murder eventually made her happier . He was also critical of the film 's portrayal of Heaven , which he compared to `` happy gathering of new Facebook friends '' . However , he praised the acting , stating that `` this whole film is Jackson 's fault '' .
Taxation in the United States
Failure to timely and properly pay federal payroll taxes results in an automatic penalty of 2 % to 10 % . Similar state and local penalties apply . Failure to properly file monthly or quarterly returns may result in additional penalties . Failure to file Forms W - 2 results in an automatic penalty of up to $50 per form not timely filed . State and local penalties vary by jurisdiction .
Neuroanatomy of memory
The most important function of the Occipital lobe is vision . Due to the positioning of this lobe at the back of the head it is not susceptible to much injury but any significant damage to the brain can cause a variety of damage to our visual perception system . Common problems in the occipital lobe are field defects and scotomas , movement and colour discrimination , hallucinations , illusions , inability to recognize words and inability to recognize movement . A study was done in which patients suffered from a tumour on the occipital lobe and the results shows that the most frequent consequence was contralateral damage to the visual field . When damage occurs in the occipital lobe it is most common to see the effects on the opposite side of the brain . Since the brain regions are so specialized in their functioning damages done to specific areas of the brain can cause specific type of damage . Damage to the left side of the brain can lead to language discrepancies , i.e. difficulty in properly identifying letters , numbers and words , inability to incorporate visual stimuli to comprehend multiple ways an object can be found . Right side damage causes non-verbal problems , i.e. identifying geometric shapes , perception of figures and faces . In almost all regions of the brain left side damage leads to general language problems whereas right side damage leads to general perception and problem solving skills .
English contract law
Contract law works best when an agreement is performed , and recourse to the courts is never needed because each party knows her rights and duties . However , where an unforeseen event renders an agreement very hard , or even impossible to perform , the courts typically will construe the parties to want to have released themselves from their obligations . It may also be that one party simply breaches a contract 's terms . If a contract is not substantially performed , then the innocent party is entitled to cease her own performance and sue for damages to put her in the position as if the contract were performed . She is under a duty to mitigate her losses and can not claim for harm that was a remote consequence of the contractual breach , but remedies in English law are footed on the principle that full compensation for all losses , pecuniary or not , should be made good . In exceptional circumstances , the law goes further to require a wrongdoer to make restitution for their gains from breaching a contract , and may demand specific performance of the agreement rather than monetary compensation . It is also possible that a contract becomes voidable , because , depending on the specific type of contract , one party failed to make adequate disclosure or they made misrepresentations during negotiations .
Exponential function
However , when b is not an integer , this function is multivalued , because θ is not unique ( see failure of power and logarithm identities ) .
English contract law
In addition to damages for not getting the thing promised itself , a contract breaker must compensate for the costly consequences of the breach that one would reasonably expect to exist . There must be a causal connection between the breach and the consequence complained of . In Saamco v York Montague Ltd it was held a bank could not recover damages from property valuer for all of the difference in what the properties it bought after getting the valuations were assured to be and actual property values , because a large part of the difference resulted from generally depressed market prices following `` Black Wednesday '' in 1992 . In a business deal , calculation will typically be based on the forgone profits that one could reasonably have expected to make . This could also include the `` loss of a chance '' to profit , so in Chaplin v Hicks an entrant in a beauty contest wrongfully excluded from the final round was awarded 25 % of the final prize money to reflect her 1 in 4 chance of having won . One limit lies at consequential losses that are too `` remote '' , or are not a natural result of the breach , and are not in the parties ' contemplation . In Hadley v Baxendale a miller tried to recover damages from Baxendale 's delivery company for the lost profits from his mill grinding to a halt , after they were late delivering a crankshaft back from being fixed . But Alderson B held that because millers would usually be expected to keep spare crank shafts , and because he had not informed Baxendale of the importance of the timely delivery , an award for profits could not be compensated . More recently in The Achilleas the majority of the House of Lords preferred to express the remoteness rule as one of construing the contract to reflect the parties ' `` background of market expectations '' . Transfield Shipping returned The Achilleas late to its owner , Mercator , which led Mercator to lose a lucrative contract with Cargill that would make over $1.3 million , an occurrence that was plainly a natural consequence of the breach and easily foreseeable . Yet because the standard practice and expectation in the shipping industry was that if a ship were returned late only the ordinary sum for hire would be due , this was the limit on recovery .
iPhone 6
Touchscreen control components on iPhone 6 logic boards have insufficient support , including a lack of underfill -- which strengthens and stabilizes integrated circuits , and a lack of rigid metal shielding on the logic board unlike previous iPhone models ; the touchscreen controller is instead shielded by a flexible `` sticker '' . Normal use of the device can cause the logic board to flex internally , which strains the touchscreen IC connectors and leads to a degradation or outright loss of touchscreen functionality . A symptom that has been associated with this type of failure is a flickering grey bar near the top of the display . iFixit reported that this issue , nicknamed `` touch disease '' , was a byproduct of the previous `` Bendgate '' design flaw because of the device 's demonstrated lack of rigidity . As such , the larger iPhone 6 Plus is more susceptible to the flaw , but it has also been reported on a small percentage of iPhone 6 models . The devices ' successor , the iPhone 6S , is not afflicted by this flaw due to changes to their internal design , which included the strengthening of `` key points '' in the rear casing , and the re-location of the touchscreen controllers to the display assembly from the logic board .