vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
First Transcontinental Railroad
The Union Pacific reached the new railroad town of Cheyenne in December 1867 , having laid about 270 miles ( 430 km ) that year . They paused over the winter , preparing to push the track over Evans ( Sherman 's ) pass . At 8,247 feet ( 2,514 m ) , Evans / Sherman 's pass is the highest point reached on the transcontinental railroad . About 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) beyond Evans / Sherman 's pass , the railroad had to build an extensive bridge over the Dale Creek canyon ( 41.103803 , − 105.454797 , lat. , long . ) . The Dale Creek Crossing was one of their more difficult railroad engineering challenges . Dale Creek Bridge was 650 - foot ( 200 m ) long and 125 feet ( 38 m ) above Dale Creek . The bridge components were pre-built of timber in Chicago , Illinois and then shipped on rail cars to Dale Creek for assembly . The eastern and western approaches to the bridge site , near the highest elevation on the transcontinental railroad , required cutting through granite for nearly a mile on each side . The initial Dale Creek bridge had a train speed limit of 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) per hour across the bridge . Beyond Dale Creek , railroad construction paused at what became the town of Laramie , Wyoming to build a bridge across the Laramie River .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The joining of the Union Pacific line with the Central Pacific line in May 1869 at Promontory Summit , Utah , was one of the major inspirations for French writer Jules Verne 's book entitled Around the World in Eighty Days , published in 1873 . Poster
Chennai
The Portuguese first arrived in 1522 and built a port called São Tomé after the Christian apostle , St. Thomas , who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE . In 1612 , the Dutch established themselves near Pulicat , north of Chennai .
Edmond Halley
In 1720 , together with his friend the antiquarian William Stukeley , Halley participated in the first attempt to scientifically date Stonehenge . Assuming that the monument had been laid out using a magnetic compass , Stukeley and Halley attempted to calculate the perceived deviation introducing corrections from existing magnetic records , and suggested three dates ( 460 BC , 220 AD and 920 AD ) , the earliest being the one accepted . These dates were wrong by thousands of years , but the idea that scientific methods could be used to date ancient monuments was revolutionary in its day .
History of McDonald's
1955 : Ray Kroc founds `` McDonald 's Systems , Inc . '' on March 2 , as a legal structure for his planned franchises . Kroc opens the ninth McDonald 's restaurant in Des Plaines , Illinois , in suburban Chicago on April 15 . 1955 : Ray Kroc hires Fred L. Turner ( later CEO and Chairman ) as a grillman in his store in Des Plaines . 1957 : The original restaurant in San Bernardino is rebuilt with a golden arches design . 1958 : First New England location opens in Hamden , Connecticut . 1958 : McDonald 's worldwide sells its 100 millionth hamburger . 1958 : First Tampa Bay Area location of McDonald 's opens in Tampa , Florida . 1959 : First Hawaii location opens in Honolulu . 1959 : First New York location opens in Buffalo . 1959 : The 100th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Fond du Lac , Wisconsin . 1959 : McDonald 's begins billboard advertising .
Andrew Carnegie
The first Carnegie library opened in 1883 in Dunfermline . His method was to build and equip , but only on condition that the local authority matched that by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance . To secure local interest , in 1885 , he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh for a public library , and in 1886 , he gave $250,000 to Allegheny City for a music hall and library ; and $250,000 to Edinburgh for a free library . In total Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries , located in 47 US states , and also in Canada , the United Kingdom , what is now the Republic of Ireland , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , the West Indies , and Fiji . He also donated £ 50,000 to help set up the University of Birmingham in 1899 . In the early 20th century , a decade after Mr. Pratt 's death , when expansion and city revenues grew tight , Carnegie returned the favor and endowed a large sum to permit the building of many Carnegie Libraries in the Enoch Pratt system in Baltimore and enabled EPFL to expand through the next quarter - century to meet the needs of the growing city and supply neighborhood branches for its annexed suburbs .
Mail order
In 1845 , Tiffany 's Blue Book was the first mail - order catalogue in the United States .
First Transcontinental Railroad
On December 4 , 1868 , the Union Pacific reached Evanston , having laid almost 360 miles ( 580 km ) of track over the Green River and the Laramie Plains that year . By 1871 , Evanston became a significant maintenance shop town equipped to carry out extensive repairs on the cars and steam locomotives .
First Fleet
The First Fleet was commanded by Commodore Arthur Phillip , who was given instructions authorising him to make regulations and land grants in the colony . The ships arrived at Botany Bay between 18 January and 20 January 1788 : HMS Supply arrived on 18 January , Alexander , Scarborough and Friendship arrived on 19 January , and the remaining ships on 20 January .
History of United States prison systems
Prisoners and prisons appeared in North America simultaneous to the arrival of European settlers . Among the ninety or so men who sailed with the explorer known as Christopher Columbus were a young black man abducted from the Canary Islands and at least four convicts . By 1570 , Spanish soldiers in St. Augustine , Florida , had built the first substantial prison in North America . As other European nations began to compete with Spain for land and wealth in the New World , they too turned to convicts to fill out the crews on their ships .
London Company
In December 1606 , the Virginia Company 's three ships , containing 144 man and boys ( with only one man who died during the voyage ) , set sail from Blackwall , London . After an unusually long voyage of 144 days , they made landfall on 26 April 1607 at the southern edge of the mouth of what they named the James River on the Chesapeake Bay . They named this shore as Cape Henry . They were attacked by Native Americans , and the settlers moved north . On 14 May 1607 , these first settlers selected the site of Jamestown Island , further upriver and on the northern shore , as the place to build their fort .
Transport in London
Early public transport in London began with horse - drawn omnibus services in 1829 , which were gradually replaced by the first motor omnibuses in 1902 . Over the years the private companies which began these services amalgamated with the London General Omnibus Company ( LGOC ) to form a unified bus service . The Underground Electric Railways Company of London , also formed in 1902 , unified the pioneering underground railway companies which built the London Underground ; in 1912 the Underground Group took over the LGOC and in 1913 it also absorbed the London tramway companies . The Underground Group became part of the new London Passenger Transport Board ( LTPB ) in 1933 ; Underground trains , buses and trams began to operate under the shorter London Transport brand name .
History of electric power transmission
A very first operative AC line was put into service in 1885 in via dei Cerchi , Rome , Italy , for public lighting . It was powered by two Siemens & Halske alternators rated 30 hp ( 22 kW ) , 2 kV at 120 Hz and used 200 series - connected Gaulard 2 - kV / 20 - V step - down transformers provided with a closed magnetic circuit , one for each lamp . Few months later it was followed by the first British AC system , which was put into service at the Grosvenor Gallery , London . It also featured Siemens alternators and 2.4 - kV / 100 - V step - down transformers , one per user , with shunt - connected primaries .
Industrial Revolution
On 15 September 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened , the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington . The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson , linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool . The opening was marred by problems , due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed , however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful , transporting passengers and freight . The success of the inter-city railway , particularly in the transport of freight and commodities , led to Railway Mania .
Payment card
The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island , New York , in 1969 .
History of electric power transmission
Voltages used for electric power transmission increased throughout the 20th century . The first `` high voltage '' AC power station , rated 4 - MW 10 - kV 85 - Hz , was put into service in 1889 by Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti at Deptford , London . The first electric power transmission line in North America operated at 4000 V. It went online on June 3 , 1889 , with the lines between the generating station at Willamette Falls in Oregon City , Oregon , and Chapman Square in downtown Portland , Oregon stretching about 13 miles . By 1914 fifty - five transmission systems operating at more than 70,000 V were in service , and the highest voltage then used was 150 kV . The first three - phase alternating current power transmission at 110 kV took place in 1907 between Croton and Grand Rapids , Michigan . Voltages of 100 kV and more were not established technology until around 5 years later , with for example the first 110 kV line in Europe between Lauchhammer and Riesa , Germany , in 1912 .
War of the Worlds (2005 film)
The three remain undetected for two days , even as a probe and a group of the Martians themselves explore the basement . They also soon discover that the Martians are growing strange red - colored alien vegetation across the landscape and is quickly growing , covering trees and spreading into the basement , thus explaining the Martians ' motives : to colonise Earth for their species , therefore making Earth a Mars - like planet . The next morning , Ogilvy suffers a mental breakdown after witnessing a Tripod harvesting human blood and tissue to fertilize the alien vegetation . Convinced that Ogilvy 's mad shouting will alert the Martians to their location , Ray reluctantly kills him . The basement hideout is eventually exposed when a second probe catches them sleeping . Rachel is soon abducted by a nearby Tripod ; Ray allows himself to be abducted , and is placed in the same cage with Rachel and a number of other prisoners . As the Tripod selects him for harvesting , Ray takes a belt of grenades into the machine in his place , having pulled out the pins . The Tripod is destroyed and releases the cage , with Ray and Rachel , and the other prisoners , making it out alive .
That's What I Like (Bruno Mars song)
Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 54 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 8 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) 7 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 17 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 40 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 54 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 42 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 51 Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 14 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 33 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Italy ( FIMI ) 34 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 43 Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 40 Paraguay ( Monitor Latino ) 8 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 39 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 18 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 29 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 34 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 51 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Venezuela Top 100 ( Record Report ) 65 Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Venezuela Pop ( Record Report ) 17
Shotgun
Grenade rounds use exploding projectiles to increase long range lethality . These are currently experimental , but the British FRAG - 12 , which comes in High Explosive ( HE ) , High Explosive Armor - piercing ( HEAP ) and High Explosive Fragmenting Antipersonnel ( HEFA ) forms , is under consideration by military forces . Less
Negan
'' He asks Lucille if seeing him use the grenades makes her jealous of not being inside to take part in all the mayhem and wishes that he was inside as well watching them all burn . Davis , overhearing the conversation , awkwardly agrees that he 's got a boner too and says ( they 're ) hungry for death as well . Negan , confused by this , asks what the hell he 's talking about . Suddenly , Davis is shot through the eye and gunfire erupts from behind several buildings . Surprised by this , Negan orders his men behind one of the trucks . He asks for one more grenade to use as cover and tells his men `` the last boat is leaving ... you 'd better fucking be on it . '' He manages to escape , and they can make a fast exit . When a Savior makes an offhand comment about retreating , Negan retorts that this was n't a retreat . Pointing towards the smoke coming from Alexandria , he comments that this means they 've `` just fucking won . ''
Glossary of video game terms
review bomb Actions taken by players to leave negative reviews of a game or other form of media on a digital storefront or user - contributed as a form of protest due to actions typically unrelated to the game or media quality itself . rhythm game A genre of video games requiring the player to perform actions in time to the game 's music . rocket jumping Also grenade jumping . A tactic used in certain games that include physics simulation and rocket launchers or explosives . The player aims their weapon at or near their player - character 's feet , or stand their character where there will be an explosion , and use the force of the blast to propel the character beyond normal jumping ability . Roguelike A sub-genre of games primarily featuring procedurally - generated levels , tile - based movement , turn - based action , complex maps to explore , resource management , and permanent death . Games that lack some of those elements are usually better termed dungeon crawlers , but can be referred to as `` Roguelites '' ; in particular , permadeath alone does not make a game Roguelike . Roguelikes are typically set in dungeons , but may contain an overworld or other settings . Roguelike games are usually designed to be more challenging than typical games , with luck and memory playing a larger role . Named after the 1980 game Rogue . Roguelite Games that have some , but not all , features of Roguelike games . Often the feature removed will be permadeath . While games may self - identify as Roguelites , it can also be used as a derogatory term . Often used instead of `` Roguelike '' by mistake , but the two are different . role - playing video game ( RPG ) An RPG is a game in which the human player takes on the role of a specific character `` class '' and advances the skills and abilities of that character within the game environment . RPG characters generally have a wide variety of skills and abilities available to them , and much theorycrafting is involved in creating the best possible form of each of these character classes . This is different from games such as first - person shooter s ( FPS ) , wherein the player - character in those games are all standardized forms and the physical skills of the player involved are the determining factor in their success or failure within the game .
Hot rod
Fat - fender -- 1934 - 48 ( U.S. ) car ( Most common usage is to refer to ' 41 - ' 48 inclusive , with ' 35 - ' 41s called `` pontoon fenders '' . ) Flager ( street racing ) -- the person who stages and starts the race , usually by an arm drop or flashlight . Flamed -- painted with a flame job Flatty -- flathead engine ( usually refers to a Ford ; when specified , the Mercury - built model ) 3 / 8s by 3 / 8s -- lengthening the stroke and increasing the cylinder bore 3 / 8 inch . A term only applied to flattys . French -- to install headlight or taillight slightly sunken into fender Frenched -- headlight or tallight slightly sunken into fender ; to install as such ( `` she frenched the taillights '' ) Fuel most commonly , nitro ( or a mixture of nitro and alky ) the top drag racing class ( which runs on nitro ) broadly , gasoline ( petrol ) Fuelie ( originally ) the 1957 Corvette fuel injected engine , or the car itself ( `` the fuellie ' vette '' ) ( commonly now ) any fuel injected engine Fueler -- any drag racing car run on nitro , or in a nitro class Full - race -- high - performance flatty cam , suitable only for strip use Gasser -- car used in gasoline - only drag racing classes in the 1960s ( as opposed to alcohol or nitromethane fuels ) , where the front end of the car is raised along with the motor . Characterized by a body that sits well above the front wheels . Distinct from hiboy . Gap -- To win a race by at least a car length ( `` That GTO put the gap on that Mustang . '' ) Gennie -- genuine Giggle gas -- nitrous oxide Goat -- GTO ( not the Ferrari or the Mitsubishi ) Grenaded -- to break a part into pieces ( `` When I missed that shift it grenanded my transmission . '' ) Hair dryer -- turbocharger ( for the shape of the intake and exhaust casings ) Hairpins -- radius rods on axle suspension systems
Mars, Incorporated
There is one factory outside of Hershey , Pennsylvania . It is located in Elizabethtown , Pennsylvania .
Lithuania
After the Soviet reoccupation of Lithuania in 1944 , the Soviet 's censorship continued firmly controlling all artistic expressions in Lithuania , and any violations by criticizing the regime would immediately result in punishments . Unable to express their opinions directly , the Lithuanian artists began organizing patriotic Roko Maršai and were using metaphors in their songs lyrics , which were easily identified for their true meanings by the locals . Postmodernist rock band Antis and its vocalist Algirdas Kaušpėdas were one of the most active performers who mocked the Soviet regime by using metaphors . For example , in the song Zombiai ( Zombies ) , the band indirectly sang about the Red Army soldiers who occupied the state and its military base in Ukmergė . Vytautas Kernagis ' song Kolorado vabalai ( Colorado beetles ) was also a favorite due to its lyrics in which true meaning of the Colorado beetles was intended to be the Soviets decorated with the Ribbons of Saint George . Lithuanian
The Dirty Dozen
As the officers and their companions retreat to an underground bomb shelter , a firefight ensues between the Dirty Dozen and the chateau 's guard force . As planned , Wladislaw and Reisman lock the Germans in the bomb shelter , then pry open the ventilation ducts to the shelter , drop unprimed grenades down , then pour gasoline inside . Jefferson throws a live grenade down each shaft and sprints for the stolen half - track the team has `` liberated '' , but is shot down as the grenades explode . Over the course of the battle , all but two of the convicts are killed , leaving Reisman , Bowren , Wladislaw and Franko as the remaining survivors of the assault team . As they make their escape , Franko , shouting triumphantly that he has survived , is shot by a stray round . Only Reisman , Bowren and Wladislaw ( the lone prisoner ) manage to get out alive .
Mars, Incorporated
In the United States , the company has 20 manufacturing facilities in Hackettstown , New Jersey ; Albany , Georgia ; Burr Ridge , Illinois ; Minneapolis , Minnesota ; Chicago , Illinois ; and Mattoon , Illinois ; Cleveland , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina ; Columbus , Ohio ; Elizabethtown , Pennsylvania ; Greenville , Mississippi ; Greenville and Waco , Texas ; Henderson and Reno , Nevada ; Fort Smith , Arkansas ; Joplin , Missouri ; Miami , Oklahoma ; and Galena , Kansas . Their newest facility is situated in Topeka , Kansas . Their Canadian facilities are located in Bolton and Newmarket , Ontario .
Mars, Incorporated
Mars , Incorporated Type Private Industry Food processing Founded June 23 , 1911 ; 106 years ago ( 1911 - 06 - 23 ) Newark , New Jersey , United States Founder Franklin Clarence Mars Headquarters 6885 Elm Street McLean , Virginia , United States Area served Worldwide Key people Victoria B. Mars ( Chairman ) Grant F. Reid ( President and CEO ) Products Confectionery : Chocolate bars ; gum ; candy ; mints ; beverages ; foodstuffs ; pet food Major brands in alphabetical order include : 3 Musketeers 5 Big Red Bounty Doublemint Dove / Galaxy Eclipse Extra Freedent Hubba Bubba Juicy Fruit Life Savers M&M 's Mars Milky Way Orbit Pedigree Skittles Snickers Starburst Spearmint Twix Uncle Ben 's Rice Whiskas Winterfresh food animal products Services Candy Maker Revenue US $ 35 billion ( 2017 ) Owner Mars family Number of employees 80,000 ( 2017 ) Subsidiaries Wrigley Company VCA Inc . Website www.mars.com
Mars
A comic figure of an intelligent Martian , Marvin the Martian , appeared on television in 1948 as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers , and has continued as part of popular culture to the present .
Damocles
In the Canterbury Tales , Chaucer refers to the sword of Damocles , which the knight describes to hang over Conquest . When the knight describes the three temples , he also pays special attention to the paintings , noticing one on the walls of the temple of Mars , `` Above , where seated in his tower , / I saw Conquest depicted in his power / There was a sharpened sword above his head / That hung there by the thinnest simple thread . '' ( Lines 2026 - 2030 )
British Army during World War I
Each platoon now had a Lewis gun section and a section that specialised in throwing hand - grenades ( then known as bombs ) , each section was compelled to provide two scouts to carry out reconnaissance duties . Each platoon was expected to provide mutual fire support in the attack they were to advance , without halting ; but leap frogging was accepted , with the lead platoon taking an objective and the following platoons passing through them and onto the next objective , while the Lewis gunners provided fire support . Grenades were used for clearing trenches and dugouts , each battalion carried forward two trench mortars to provide fire support .
Mars, Incorporated
In Australia , the division operates three sites that are located in Wodonga , Victoria ( established in 1967 for manufacture of wet pet food ) ; Bathurst , New South Wales ( established in the 1980s for manufacture of dry pet food ) ; and Brisbane , Queensland ( for manufacture of birdcare products ) .
Mars, Incorporated
Many brands first created and sold in Britain were later introduced in the U.S. , including Starburst ( original UK brand name Opal Fruits ) and Skittles . The brands Twix , and Topic were UK based .
Mars, Incorporated
The two factories in Slough were located on Liverpool Road and Dundee Road ; the one on Liverpool Road closed in 2007 , with Twix production moving to the Netherlands and Starburst production moving to the Czech Republic .