vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Deaf education
Some deaf students receive an individualized education program ( IEP ) outlining how the school will meet the student 's individual needs . The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) requires that students with special needs be provided with Free Appropriate Public Education in the least restrictive environment appropriate to the student 's needs . Government - run schools provide deaf education in varying degrees , from the least - restrictive setting ( full inclusion ) to the most restrictive ( segregation in a deaf school ) . Education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student 's individual needs ; however , schools are not required to maximize the student 's potential or provide the best possible services . Like most developed countries , American schools are required to provide medical services ( such as speech therapy ) if the student needs those services .
I Have a Dream
The ideas in the speech reflect King 's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse , the mistreatment and exploitation of blacks . The speech draws upon appeals to America 's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people , and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God 's will . Thus , the rhetoric of the speech provides redemption to America for its racial sins . King describes the promises made by America as a `` promissory note '' on which America has defaulted . He says that `` America has given the Negro people a bad check '' , but that `` we 've come to cash this check '' by marching in Washington , D.C.
Twelve Tables
Jump up ^ Jolowicz , H.F. Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law ( Cambridge , 1952 ) , 108 ^ Jump up to : Crawford , M.H. ' Twelve Tables ' in Simon Hornblower , Antony Spawforth , and Esther Eidinow ( eds . ) Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 4th ed . ) Jump up ^ Mommsen , T . The History of Rome trans . W.P. Dickson ( London , 1864 ) 290 Jump up ^ Steinberg , S . ' The Twelve Tables and Their Origins : An Eighteenth - Century Debate ' Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 43 , No. 3 ( 1982 ) 379 - 396 , 381 Jump up ^ du Plessis , Paul ( 2010 ) . Borkowski 's Textbook on Roman Law ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford . pp. 5 -- 6 , 29 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 957488 - 9 . Jump up ^ Livy , 2002 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Durant , 1942 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Steinberg , S . ' The Twelve Tables and Their Origins : An Eighteenth - Century Debate ' Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 43 , No. 3 ( 1982 ) 379 - 396 Jump up ^ Grant , Michael ( 1978 ) . History of Rome ( 1st ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 345610 - 8 . Jump up ^ McCarty , Nick `` Rome The Greatest Empire of the Ancient World '' , The Rosen Publishing Group , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Ronald. , Mellor , ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . The historians of ancient Rome : an anthology of the major writings . Routledge . ISBN 9780415527163 . OCLC 819515201 . ^ Jump up to : Phillipson , D.E. ( 1968 ) . Development of the Roman Law of Debt Security . Stanford Law Review , 20 ( 6 ) , 1230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1227498 Jump up ^ Coleman - Norton , P.R. ( 1960 ) . The twelve tables .
Iran hostage crisis
90 % of the contributions to the ideas and the consummation of the plan was Canadian . And the movie gives almost full credit to the American CIA . And with that exception , the movie is very good . But Ben Affleck 's character in the film was ... only in Tehran a day and a half . And the main hero , in my opinion , was Ken Taylor , who was the Canadian ambassador who orchestrated the entire process .
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film .
Quantum mechanics
The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics thus stems from the act of measurement . This is one of the most difficult aspects of quantum systems to understand . It was the central topic in the famous Bohr -- Einstein debates , in which the two scientists attempted to clarify these fundamental principles by way of thought experiments . In the decades after the formulation of quantum mechanics , the question of what constitutes a `` measurement '' has been extensively studied . Newer interpretations of quantum mechanics have been formulated that do away with the concept of `` wave function collapse '' ( see , for example , the relative state interpretation ) . The basic idea is that when a quantum system interacts with a measuring apparatus , their respective wave functions become entangled , so that the original quantum system ceases to exist as an independent entity . For details , see the article on measurement in quantum mechanics .
The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)
According to Geoff Burrowes , the idea to make the film came at a dinner party when someone suggested the poem would make a good movie . Burrowes developed a treatment with George Miller then hired John Dixon to write a screenplay . All three men had worked together in television ; another former TV colleague , Simon Wincer , became involved as executive producer with Michael Edgley and succeeded in raising the budget .
Freedom of speech by country
Article 7 of the Dutch Grondwet in its first paragraph grants everybody the right to make public ideas and feelings by printing them without prior censorship , but not exonerating the author from his liabilities under the law . The second paragraph says that radio and television will be regulated by law but that there will be no prior censorship dealing with the content of broadcasts . The third paragraph grants a similar freedom of speech as in the first for other means of making ideas and feelings public but allowing censorship for reasons of decency when the public that has access may be younger than sixteen years of age . The fourth and last paragraph exempts commercial advertising from the freedoms granted in the first three paragraphs .
Napoleon
Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head - to - head battle , so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics . The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies . In the face of this attack , it was hoped , the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean , allowing a combined Franco - Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade . However , the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805 . French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel .
Manhattan Project
Considering the idea of the fission bomb theoretically settled -- at least until more experimental data was available -- the Berkeley conference then turned in a different direction . Edward Teller pushed for discussion of a more powerful bomb : the `` super '' , now usually referred to as a `` hydrogen bomb '' , which would use the explosive force of a detonating fission bomb to ignite a nuclear fusion reaction in deuterium and tritium . Teller proposed scheme after scheme , but Bethe refused each one . The fusion idea was put aside to concentrate on producing fission bombs . Teller also raised the speculative possibility that an atomic bomb might `` ignite '' the atmosphere because of a hypothetical fusion reaction of nitrogen nuclei . Bethe calculated that it could not happen , and a report co-authored by Teller showed that `` no self - propagating chain of nuclear reactions is likely to be started . '' In Serber 's account , Oppenheimer mentioned the possibility of this scenario to Arthur Compton , who `` did n't have enough sense to shut up about it . It somehow got into a document that went to Washington '' and was `` never laid to rest '' .
Finding Dory
Angus MacLane was one of the first people to whom Stanton revealed his idea for the sequel . Together , with Bob Peterson , they discussed about different ideas for places Dory would visit during her journey -- one of those ideas was the touch pool sequence . Later , during the Brave ( 2012 ) wrap party , Stanton invited Angus to join him in his first co-directing duty . Stanton described Angus ' role as a `` jack of all trades '' , particularly utilizing his experience in animation and story , as well as in production , having created a few short films himself .
Gerardus Mercator
Mercator also presented Charles V with an important pamphlet on the use of globes and instruments and his latest ideas on magnetism : Declaratio insigniorum utilitatum quae sunt in globo terrestri : coelesti , et annulo astronomico ( A description of the most important applications of the terrestrial and celestial globes and the astronomical ring ) . The first section is prefaced by Mercator 's ideas on magnetism , the central thesis being that magnetic compasses are attracted to a single pole ( not a dipole ) along great circles through that pole . He then shows how to calculate the position of the pole if the deviation is known at two known positions ( Leuven and Corvo in the Azores ) : he finds that it must be at latitude 73 ° 2 ' and longitude 169 ° 34 ' . Remarkably , he also calculates the longitude difference between the pole and an arbitrary position : he had solved the longitude problem -- if his theory had been correct . Further comments on magnetism may be found in an earlier letter to Perrenot and on the later world map . In the Hogenberg portrait ( below ) his dividers are set on the position of the magnetic pole . An
Republic (Plato)
For Hegel , Plato 's Republic is not an abstract theory or ideal which is or too good for the real nature of man , but rather is not ideal enough , not good enough for the ideals already inherent or nascent in the reality of his time ; a time when Greece was entering decline . One such nascent idea was about to crush the Greek way of life : modern freedoms -- or Christian freedoms in Hegel 's view -- such as the individual 's choice of his social class , or of what property to pursue , or which career to follow . Such individual freedoms were excluded from Plato 's Republic :
History of evolutionary thought
`` The suggestion that new species may result from the selective action of external conditions upon the variations from their specific type which individuals present -- and which we call `` spontaneous , '' because we are ignorant of their causation -- is as wholly unknown to the historian of scientific ideas as it was to biological specialists before 1858 . But that suggestion is the central idea of the ' Origin of Species , ' and contains the quintessence of Darwinism . '' Charles
History of evolutionary thought
Although Greek and Roman evolutionary ideas died out in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire , they were not lost to Islamic philosophers and scientists . In the Islamic Golden Age of the 8th to the 13th centuries , philosophers explored ideas about natural history . These ideas included transmutation from non-living to living : `` from mineral to plant , from plant to animal , and from animal to man . ''
Republic (Plato)
Socrates says that there is no better topic to debate . In response to the two views of injustice and justice presented by Glaucon and Adeimantus , he claims incompetence , but feels it would be impious to leave justice in such doubt . Thus the Republic sets out to define justice . Given the difficulty of this task as proven in Book I , Socrates in Book II leads his interlocutors into a discussion of justice in the city , which Socrates suggests may help them see justice not only in the person , but on a larger scale , `` first in cities searching for what it is ; then thusly we could examine also in some individual , examining the likeness of the bigger in the idea of the littler '' ( 368e -- 369a ) .
French Revolution
Over the course of the 18th century , there emerged what the philosopher Jürgen Habermas called the idea of the `` public sphere '' in France and elsewhere in Europe . Habermas argued that the dominant cultural model in 17th century France was a `` representational '' culture , which was based on a one - sided need to `` represent '' power with one side active and the other passive . A perfect example would be the Palace of Versailles , which was meant to overwhelm the senses of the visitor and convince one of the greatness of the French state and Louis XIV . Starting in the early 18th century the `` public sphere '' was `` critical '' in that both sides were active . Examples of the public sphere included newspapers , journals , masonic lodges , coffee houses and reading clubs where people either in person or virtually via the printed word debated and discussed issues . In France , the emergence of the public sphere outside of the control of the state led to the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of France . Likewise , while in the 17th century the court had decided what was culturally good and what was not , in the 18th century the opinion of the court mattered less and consumers became the arbiters of cultural taste . In the 1750s , during the `` Querelle des Bouffons '' over the question of the quality of Italian vs. French music , the partisans of both sides appealed to the French public `` because it alone has the right to decide whether a work will be preserved for posterity or will be used by grocers as wrapping - paper '' . In 1782 , Louis - Sébastien Mercier wrote : `` The word court no longer inspires awe amongst us as in the time of Louis XIV . Reigning opinions are no longer received from the court ; it no longer decides on reputations of any sort ... The court 's judgments are countermanded ; one says openly that it understands nothing ; it has no ideas on the subject and could have none . '' Inevitably , the belief that public opinion had the right to decide cultural questions instead of deferring to the court transformed itself into the demand that the public also have a say on political questions as well .
Robert K. Merton
Over his career , Merton published some 50 papers in the sociology of science . However , that was not the only field to which he contributed his ideas and theories . Among many other fields and topics were deviance theory , organizations , and middle - range theory .
Pragmatism
Pragmatism considers thought an instrument or tool for prediction , problem solving and action , and rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe , represent , or mirror reality . Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics -- such as the nature of knowledge , language , concepts , meaning , belief , and science -- are all best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes . The philosophy of pragmatism `` emphasizes the practical application of ideas by acting on them to actually test them in human experiences '' . Pragmatism focuses on a `` changing universe rather than an unchanging one as the Idealists , Realists and Thomists had claimed '' .
English Reformation
Many Lollards were still about , especially in London and the Thames Valley , in Essex and Kent , Coventry , Bristol and even in the North , who would be receptive to the new ideas when they came , who looked for a reform in the lifestyle of the clergy . They emphasised the preaching of the word over the sacrament of the altar , holding the latter to be but a memorial , but they were not party to the actions of the government . Other ideas , critical of the papal supremacy were held , not only by Lollards , but by those who wished to assert the supremacy of the secular state over the church but also by conciliarists such as Thomas More and , initially , Cranmer . Other Roman Catholic reformists , including John Colet , Dean of St Paul 's , warned that heretics were not nearly so great a danger to the faith as the wicked and indolent lives of the clergy .
Republic (Plato)
Part II : Embodiment of the Idea V. 1 -- V. 16 . 449a -- 471c . Somatic Unit of Polis and Hellenes V. 17 -- VI. 14 . 471c -- 502c . Rule of the Philosophers VI. 19 -- VII. 5 . 502c -- 521c . The Idea of the Agathon VII. 6 -- VII. 18 . 521c -- 541b . Education of the Philosophers
Two Treatises of Government
While the Two Treatises did not become popular until the 1760s , ideas from them did start to become important earlier in the century . According to Goldie , `` the crucial moment was 1701 '' and `` the occasion was the Kentish petition . '' The pamphlet war that ensued was one of the first times Locke 's ideas were invoked in a public debate , most notably by Daniel Defoe . Locke 's ideas did not go unchallenged and the periodical The Rehearsal , for example , launched a `` sustained and sophisticated assault '' against the Two Treatises and endorsed the ideology of patriarchalism . Not only did patriarchalism continue to be a legitimate political theory in the 18th century , but as J.G.A. Pocock and others have gone to great lengths to demonstrate , so was civic humanism and classical republicanism . Pocock has argued that Locke 's Two Treatises had very little effect on British political theory ; he maintains that there was no contractarian revolution . Rather , he sees these other long - standing traditions as far more important for 18th - century British politics .
Aragorn
A passing idea was that Galadriel gave her Ring to Aragorn , and that he would accordingly be titled the `` Lord of the Ring '' .
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel , while retaining final approval on the project . In June 2015 , approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . ''
Age of Enlightenment
Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by - products of social and economic transformations . He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century . Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization `` was based on a largely shared core of faith , tradition and authority '' .
Republic (Plato)
In Part II , the Embodiment of the Idea , is preceded by the establishment of the economic and social orders of a polis ( Part I ) , followed by an analysis ( Part III ) of the decline the order must traverse . The three parts compose the main body of the dialogues , with their discussions of the `` paradigm '' , its embodiment , its genesis , and its decline .
English contract law
While agreement is the basis for all contracts , not all agreements are enforceable . A preliminary question is whether the contract is reasonably certain in its essential terms , or essentialia negotii , such as price , subject matter and the identity of the parties . Generally the courts endeavour to `` make the agreement work '' , so in Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd , the House of Lords held that an option to buy softwood of `` fair specification '' was sufficiently certain to be enforced , when read in the context of previous agreements between the parties . However the courts do not wish to `` make contracts for people '' , and so in Scammell and Nephew Ltd v Ouston , a clause stipulating the price of buying a new van as `` on hire purchase terms '' for two years was held unenforceable because there was no objective standard by which the court could know what price was intended or what a reasonable price might be . Similarly , in Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v M&S plc the Court of Appeal held that because the price and quantity to buy would be uncertain , in part , no term could be implied for M&S to give reasonable notice before terminating its purchasing agreement . Controversially , the House of Lords extended this idea by holding an agreement to negotiate towards a future contract in good faith is insufficiently certain to be enforceable . Jones
A Good Year
In a book - length study of Ridley Scott 's film career , Adam Barkman summarized the general critical response to A Good Year as `` lightweight as far as most critics were concerned '' and that it `` offer ( ed ) little in comparison to the combined commercial and critical success of the next venture , ( American Gangster ) , the biopic of Harlem drug lord Frank Lucas '' .
Great Expectations
There are other characters who are associated with the idea of gentility like , for example , Miss Havisham 's seducer , Compeyson , the scarred - face convict . While Compeyson is corrupt , even Magwitch does not forget he is a gentleman . This also includes Estella , who ignores the fact that she is the daughter of Magwitch and another criminal .
Titanic II
The idea of a commercialised replica of the Titanic has itself been criticised , being described as `` insensitive '' and `` a mockery of the memory of those who died '' . Cunard Line , which merged with the White Star Line , stated that they `` have always been very mindful and very respectful of such a tragic event ( and ) do n't think that building a replica or a ' II ' is appropriate . ''
A Good Year
A Good Year was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on October 27 , 2006 and in the United States on November 10 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox .
Graphical user interface
Apple , Digital Research , IBM and Microsoft used many of Xerox 's ideas to develop products , and IBM 's Common User Access specifications formed the basis of the user interfaces used in Microsoft Windows , IBM OS / 2 Presentation Manager , and the Unix Motif toolkit and window manager . These ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of Microsoft Windows , and in various desktop environments for Unix - like operating systems , such as macOS and Linux . Thus most current GUIs have largely common idioms . Macintosh
Vaishnavism
The Vaishnava Upanishads present diverse ideas , ranging from bhakti - style theistic themes to a synthesis of Vaishnava ideas with Advaitic , Yoga , Shaiva and Shakti themes .