vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Medical device
s such as pacemakers , insulin pumps , operating room monitors , defibrillators , and surgical instruments , including deep - brain stimulators , can incorporate the ability to transmit vital health information from a patient 's body to medical professionals . Some of these devices can be remotely controlled . This has engendered concern about privacy and security issues , human error , and technical glitches with this technology . While only a few studies have looked at the susceptibility of medical devices to hacking , there is a risk . In 2008 , computer scientists proved that pacemakers and defibrillators can be hacked wirelessly via radio hardware , an antenna , and a personal computer . These researchers showed they could shut down a combination heart defibrillator and pacemaker and reprogram it to deliver potentially lethal shocks or run out its battery . Jay Radcliff , a security researcher interested in the security of medical devices , raised fears about the safety of these devices . He shared his concerns at the Black Hat security conference . Radcliff fears that the devices are vulnerable and has found that a lethal attack is possible against those with insulin pumps and glucose monitors . Some medical device makers downplay the threat from such attacks and argue that the demonstrated attacks have been performed by skilled security researchers and are unlikely to occur in the real world . At the same time , other makers have asked software security experts to investigate the safety of their devices . As recently as June 2011 , security experts showed that by using readily available hardware and a user manual , a scientist could both tap into the information on the system of a wireless insulin pump in combination with a glucose monitor . With the PIN of the device , the scientist could wirelessly control the dosage of the insulin . Anand Raghunathan , a researcher in this study , explains that medical devices are getting smaller and lighter so that they can be easily worn . The downside is that additional security features would put an extra strain on the battery and size and drive up prices . Dr. William Maisel offered some thoughts on the motivation to engage in this activity . Motivation to do this hacking might include acquisition of private information for financial gain or competitive advantage ; damage to a device manufacturer 's reputation ; sabotage ; intent to inflict financial or personal injury or just satisfaction for the attacker . Researchers suggest a few safeguards .
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
In contrast , the Germ Theory held that the principal cause of cholera was a germ cell that had not yet been identified . Snow theorized that this unknown germ would be transmitted from person to person by individuals ingesting water . John Simon , a pathologist and the lead medical officer for London labeled Snow 's Germ Theory as `` Peculiar '' .
Nail file
Emery boards are generally less abrasive than the metal nail files , and hence , emery boards may take longer to file down nails than metal nail files . However , nail files may play a role in disease transmission if they are used on more than one person without adequate sterilization . Emery boards are usually less expensive than metal nail files , therefore emery boards can be economically disposed of after use on a single person . The nail can be smoothed and shaped accurately by taking light , even strokes in one direction across the top of the nail . Twenty to thirty easy strokes can typically shorten excessively long fingernails , while five to ten strokes are sufficient for shaping the nails .
Call of Duty: Black Ops III
Included in the game is the `` Nightmares '' campaign mode , which is a retelling of the main campaign with the plot changed to incorporate zombies and other supernatural beings . In this campaign , the lethal Virus 61 - 15 is released in various cities around the world , turning whoever it infects into zombies . In response , the governments of the world seal off the worst infected areas into Quarantine Zones and form the Deadkillers , cybernetic soldiers trained to exterminate zombies . Story
World Health Organization
During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization , Szeming Sze , a delegate from China , conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations . After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject , Alger Hiss , the Secretary General of the conference , recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization . Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health . The use of the word `` world '' , rather than `` international '' , emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve . The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations , and by 10 other countries , on 22 July 1946 . It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed . Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948 , when it was ratified by the 26th member state . The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948 , having secured a budget of US $5 million ( then GB £ 1,250,000 ) for the 1949 year . Andrija Stampar was the Assembly 's first president , and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director - General of WHO , having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages . Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria , tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections , and to improve maternal and child health , nutrition and environmental hygiene . Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease . The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing .
Dutch elm disease
The native elm bark beetle , Hylurgopinus rufipes . The European elm bark beetle , Scolytus multistriatus . The banded elm bark beetle , Scolytus schevyrewi .
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Strep throat is caused by group A beta - hemolytic streptococcus ( GAS or S. pyogenes ) . Other bacteria such as non -- group A beta - hemolytic streptococci and fusobacterium may also cause pharyngitis . It is spread by direct , close contact with an infected person ; thus crowding , as may be found in the military and schools , increases the rate of transmission . Dried bacteria in dust are not infectious , although moist bacteria on toothbrushes or similar items can persist for up to fifteen days . Contaminated food can result in outbreaks , but this is rare . Of children with no signs or symptoms , 12 % carry GAS in their pharynx , and , after treatment , approximately 15 % of those remain positive , and are true `` carriers '' .
Siege
Another Mongol tactic was to use catapults to launch corpses of plague victims into besieged cities . The disease - carrying fleas from the bodies would then infest the city , and the plague would spread , allowing the city to be easily captured , although this transmission mechanism was not known at the time . In 1346 , the bodies of Mongol warriors of the Golden Horde who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the besieged Crimean city of Kaffa ( now Feodosiya ) . It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the advent of the Black Death in Europe . The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30 % -- 60 % of Europe 's population .
Artemis
According to the Homeric Hymn to Artemis , she had golden bow and arrows , as her epithet was Khryselakatos ( `` of the Golden Shaft '' ) and Iokheira ( `` showered by arrows '' ) . The arrows of Artemis could also bring sudden death and disease to girls and women . Artemis got her bow and arrow for the first time from The Kyklopes , as the one she asked from her father . The bow of Artemis also became the witness of Callisto 's oath of her virginity . In later cult , the bow became the symbol of waxing moon .
Kudzu in the United States
Of the diseases that have been identified as potential biological control agents , the fungal pathogen Myrothecium verrucaria has been shown to be very promising . Disease development is very high at around 30 to 40 degrees Celsius which matches field conditions . In addition , the fungus does not spread outside of areas where it is applied . However , one major drawback of this biological control agent is that it is highly toxic to mammals so extreme care would have to be taken in handling this organism . Other pathogens have been tested as potential biological control agents but have proven to be ineffective .
Plant virus
To transmit from one plant to another and from one plant cell to another , plant viruses must use strategies that are usually different from animal viruses . Plants do not move , and so plant - to - plant transmission usually involves vectors ( such as insects ) . Plant cells are surrounded by solid cell walls , therefore transport through plasmodesmata is the preferred path for virions to move between plant cells . Plants have specialized mechanisms for transporting mRNAs through plasmodesmata , and these mechanisms are thought to be used by RNA viruses to spread from one cell to another .
Carbon
The great variety of carbon compounds include such lethal poisons as tetrodotoxin , the lectin ricin from seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis , cyanide ( CN ) , and carbon monoxide ; and such essentials to life as glucose and protein .
Famine
A large - scale famine occurred in Ethiopia in 1888 and succeeding years , as the rinderpest epizootic , introduced into Eritrea by infected cattle , spread southwards reaching ultimately as far as South Africa . In Ethiopia it was estimated that as much as 90 percent of the national herd died , rendering rich farmers and herders destitute overnight . This coincided with drought associated with an el Nino oscillation , human epidemics of smallpox , and in several countries , intense war . The Ethiopian Great famine that afflicted Ethiopia from 1888 to 1892 cost it roughly one - third of its population . In Sudan the year 1888 is remembered as the worst famine in history , on account of these factors and also the exactions imposed by the Mahdist state .
Apollo
Marpessa was kidnapped by Idas but was loved by Apollo as well . Zeus made her choose between them , and she chose Idas on the grounds that Apollo , being immortal , would tire of her when she grew old .
Dutch elm disease
DED is spread in North America by three species of bark beetles ( Family : Curculionidae , Subfamily : Scolytinae ) :
Dutch elm disease
Among European species , there is the unique example of the European white elm U. laevis , which has little innate resistance to DED , but is eschewed by the vector bark beetles and only rarely becomes infected . Recent research has indicated it is the presence of certain organic compounds , such as triterpenes and sterols , which serves to make the tree bark unattractive to the beetle species that spread the disease .
Chipotle Mexican Grill
A writer for the magazine Popular Science pointed out that Chipotle had publicly acknowledged that they `` may be at a higher risk for food - borne illness outbreaks than some competitors due to our use of fresh produce and meats rather than frozen , and our reliance on employees cooking with traditional methods rather than automation . '' Henry I. Miller , a medical researcher and columnist and the founding director of the FDA 's Office of Biotechnology , asked : `` One wonders whether Chipotle 's `` traditional methods '' include employees ' neglecting to wash their hands before preparing food , which is how norovirus is usually spread . And the fresh versus frozen dichotomy is nothing more than a snow - job . Freezing E. coli - contaminated food does not kill the pathogens ; it preserves them . '' Describing food poisoning outbreaks as `` something of a Chipotle trademark ; the recent ones are the fourth and fifth this year ( 2015 ) , one of which was not disclosed to the public '' , Miller notes that `` a particularly worrisome aspect of the company 's serial deficiencies is that there have been at least three unrelated pathogens in the outbreaks -- Salmonella and E. coli bacteria and norovirus . In other words , there has been more than a single glitch ; suppliers and employees have found a variety of ways to contaminate what Chipotle cavalierly sells ( at premium prices ) to its customers . ''
Pandora
From her is the race of women and female kind : of her is the deadly race and tribe of women who live amongst mortal men to their great trouble , no helpmates in hateful poverty , but only in wealth .
Moose
Moose are also subject to various diseases and forms of parasitism . In northern Europe , the moose botfly is a parasite whose range seems to be spreading .
Virus
I : dsDNA viruses ( e.g. Adenoviruses , Herpesviruses , Poxviruses ) II : ssDNA viruses ( + strand or `` sense '' ) DNA ( e.g. Parvoviruses ) III : dsRNA viruses ( e.g. Reoviruses ) IV : ( + ) ssRNA viruses ( + strand or sense ) RNA ( e.g. Picornaviruses , Togaviruses ) V : ( − ) ssRNA viruses ( − strand or antisense ) RNA ( e.g. Orthomyxoviruses , Rhabdoviruses ) VI : ssRNA - RT viruses ( + strand or sense ) RNA with DNA intermediate in life - cycle ( e.g. Retroviruses ) VII : dsDNA - RT viruses DNA with RNA intermediate in life - cycle ( e.g. Hepadnaviruses )
Ultraviolet
The most deadly form of skin cancer , malignant melanoma , is mostly caused by DNA damage independent from UVA radiation . This can be seen from the absence of a direct UV signature mutation in 92 % of all melanoma . Occasional overexposure and sunburn are probably greater risk factors for melanoma than long - term moderate exposure . UVC is the highest - energy , most - dangerous type of ultraviolet radiation , and causes adverse effects that can variously be mutagenic or carcinogenic .
Plant virus
After the initial discovery of the ' viral concept ' there was need to classify any other known viral diseases based on the mode of transmission even though microscopic observation proved fruitless . In 1939 Holmes published a classification list of 129 plant viruses . This was expanded and in 1999 there were 977 officially recognized , and some provisional , plant virus species .
List of The 100 episodes
Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield .
Virus
DNA viruses The genome replication of most DNA viruses takes place in the cell 's nucleus . If the cell has the appropriate receptor on its surface , these viruses enter the cell sometimes by direct fusion with the cell membrane ( e.g. , herpesviruses ) or -- more usually -- by receptor - mediated endocytosis . Most DNA viruses are entirely dependent on the host cell 's DNA and RNA synthesising machinery , and RNA processing machinery . Viruses with larger genomes may encode much of this machinery themselves . In eukaryotes the viral genome must cross the cell 's nuclear membrane to access this machinery , while in bacteria it need only enter the cell .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Leishmaniasis has been reported by U.S. troops stationed in Iraq , including visceral leishmaniasis . Leishmaniasis , spread by biting sand fleas , was diagnosed in hundreds of U.S. troops compared to just 32 during the first Gulf War .
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
In the 14th century the presence of the pope in Avignon and construction of the castle brought considerable prosperity to the village . The economy was based on agriculture , but the villagers also possessed lime kilns and the local merchants supplied roof tiles for the Palais des Papes in Avignon and floor tiles for the castle being built in Barbentane . The village outgrew the mid-11th century ramparts and houses began to be built outside the walls . In 1381 the village obtained permission to impose a local tax to fund the construction of a new system of fortifications around the village . These defensive towers have all disappeared except for the Portalet tower in the Rue des Papes , but parts of the walls remain .
Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless)
Paul begins dating close friend , Nikki Reed ( Melody Thomas Scott ) , giving her a sexually transmitted disease . The romance ends when she takes up with Greg Foster ( Wings Hauser ) ; Paul begins dating April Stevens ( Cynthia Eilbacher ) , who gives birth to his daughter Heather ( Eden Riegel ) despite his desire for her to terminate the pregnancy . He leaves town with Nikki to join a cult , the New World Commune . Paul 's brother , Steven , helps to save them from the cult and rescues the former lovers . While Paul and Nikki are away , Greg dates April . However , April falls ill and Greg convinces Paul to marry her . The ill - conceived marriage ends in divorce ; Paul focuses on his detective career , unsuccessfully trying to find his mentally unstable sister Patty ( Stacy Haiduk ) . While Paul and business partner Andy Richards ( Steven Ford ) work undercover to infiltrate organized crime , he dates prostitute Cindy Lake . Cindy takes a bullet for Paul , dying in his arms . His mother opposes his relationship with Cindy , and also disapproves Paul 's marriage to Lauren Fenmore ( Tracey Bregman ) . Their union suffers when she is stalked by Shawn Garrett ( Grant Cramer ) , who convinces Paul that Shawn and Lauren had an affair . The marriage ends , although Paul comes to her rescue when Lauren is kidnapped and buried alive by Shawn . Pregnant , Lauren has a miscarriage . She and Paul reconcile , although when Lauren submits a nude photo of Paul for a magazine centerfold they break up permanently .
List of The Last Ship characters
Tom 's daughter who is seen in flashbacks and in the present . She and the family were holed up in the family cabin and infected with the virus . She is later injected with the vaccine by her father , and now resides in the vaccinated city of Norfolk with her grandfather . She is portrayed by Grace Kaufman . Sam
Apollo
It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia , the goddess of childbirth , to prevent Leto from going into labor . The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace of amber 9 yards or 8.2 meters long .
Linda Kasabian
The immunity agreement was seen at the time as a somewhat controversial option for the prosecution for a number of reasons . Some wanted her to be fully prosecuted for the crimes . However , though Kasabian had been an accomplice to the murders ( their driver and lookout ) and she had not prevented the crimes or contacted the police or the sheriff afterwards , she had not entered either residence and had not physically participated in any of the murders . She had been described as reluctant and extremely upset during the events of both nights , even challenging Manson ( `` I 'm not you , Charlie . I ca n't kill anyone '' ) , and she was the only member of the group to express remorse and sympathy for the victims . When brought back to the Tate residence to help reconstruct the crime there , Kasabian reportedly suffered an emotional breakdown .
Brontë family
Anne was not as celebrated as her other two sisters . Her second novel , The Tenant of Wildfell Hall , was prevented from being republished after Anne 's death by her sister Charlotte , who wrote to her publisher that `` Wildfell Hall it hardly appears to me desirable to preserve . The choice of subject in that work is a mistake , it was too little consonant with the character , tastes and ideas of the gentle , retiring inexperienced writer . '' This prevention is considered to be the main reason for Anne 's being less renowned than her sisters . The
List of The Last Ship characters
Vice-chair of the U.S. President 's Defense Policy Board . She is the highest - ranking member of the White House known to be alive at the end of Season 1 , and is LTJG Alisha Granderson 's mother . She is revealed to be killing the people infected with the virus and burning their bodies to power the city of Baltimore , intent that only the `` proper '' people survive to aid humanity . She and her rogue Maryland State Police bodyguards , as well as her council are vaccinated before that knowledge is known to the Nathan James crew . Maryland State Troopers capture the Nathan James and hold Slattery and the crew hostage , killing a couple of crew and leaving Quincy with a life - threatening injury . She chooses to kill herself rather than surrender to Chandler after his crew manages to retake the ship .