vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Blue Nile
In 1999 , writer Virginia Morell and photographer Nevada Wier made the journey by raft from Lake Tana to the Sudan , afterwards publishing a documentary about their journey . In 2000 , American and National Geographic reader , Kenneth Frantz , saw a photo taken by Nevada Wier for National Geographic which would lead him to found the charity Bridges to Prosperity . This photo showed a bridge broken during World War II , with 10 men on either side of the broken span pulling each other across the dangerous gap by rope . This historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology brought to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during the battle with the Muslim invaders in 1507 . In both 2001 and 2009 , Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travelled from the United States to repair the broken bridge across the Blue Nile river and later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood .
Global Positioning System
The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network ( AFSCN ) ground antennas ( for additional command and control capability ) and NGA ( National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ) monitor stations . The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Air Force monitoring stations in Hawaii , Kwajalein Atoll , Ascension Island , Diego Garcia , Colorado Springs , Colorado and Cape Canaveral , along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in England , Argentina , Ecuador , Bahrain , Australia and Washington DC . The tracking information is sent to the Air Force Space Command MCS at Schriever Air Force Base 25 km ( 16 mi ) ESE of Colorado Springs , which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron ( 2 SOPS ) of the U.S. Air Force . Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared ( AFSCN ) ground antennas ( GPS dedicated ground antennas are located at Kwajalein , Ascension Island , Diego Garcia , and Cape Canaveral ) . These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few nanoseconds of each other , and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite 's internal orbital model . The updates are created by a Kalman filter that uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations , space weather information , and various other inputs .
Red-eye effect
In flash photography the light of the flash occurs too fast for the pupil to close , so much of the very bright light from the flash passes into the eye through the pupil , reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball and out through the pupil . The camera records this reflected light . The main cause of the red color is the ample amount of blood in the choroid which nourishes the back of the eye and is located behind the retina . The blood in the retinal circulation is far less than in the choroid , and plays virtually no role . The eye contains several photostable pigments that all absorb in the short wavelength region , and hence contribute somewhat to the red eye effect . The lens cuts off deep blue and violet light , below 430 nm ( depending on age ) , and macular pigment absorbs between 400 and 500 nm , but this pigment is located exclusively in the tiny fovea . Melanin , located in the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) and the choroid , shows a gradually increasing absorption towards the short wavelengths . But blood is the main determinant of the red color , because it is completely transparent at long wavelengths and abruptly starts absorbing at 600 nm . The amount of red light emerging from the pupil depends on the amount of melanin in the layers behind the retina . This amount varies strongly between individuals . Light skinned people with blue eyes have relatively low melanin in the fundus and thus show a much stronger red - eye effect than dark skinned people with brown eyes . The same holds for animals . The color of the iris itself is of virtually no importance for the red - eye effect . This is obvious because the red - eye effect is most apparent when photographing dark adapted subjects , hence with fully dilated pupils . Photographs taken with infrared light through night vision devices always show very bright pupils because , in the dark , the pupils are fully dilated and the infrared light is not absorbed by any ocular pigment .
A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall
Photographer Mark Edwards took a series of photographs illustrating the lyrics of the song which were exhibited in many locations such as the United Nations headquarters . These were published in a book in 2006 .
History of photography
Herbert Bowyer Berkeley experimented with his own version of collodion emulsions after Samman introduced the idea of adding dithionite to the pyrogallol developer . Berkeley discovered that with his own addition of sulfite , to absorb the sulfur dioxide given off by the chemical dithionite in the developer , that dithionite was not required in the developing process . In 1881 he published his discovery . Berkeley 's formula contained pyrogallol , sulfite and citric acid . Ammonia was added just before use to make the formula alkaline . The new formula was sold by the Platinotype Company in London as Sulpho - Pyrogallol Developer .
Retina
The retina does not simply send a picture to the brain . The retina spatially encodes ( compresses ) the image to fit the limited capacity of the optic nerve . Compression is necessary because there are 100 times more photoreceptor cells than ganglion cells as mentioned above . The retina does so by `` decorrelating '' the incoming images in a manner to be described below . These operations are carried out by the centre surround structures as implemented by the bipolar and ganglion cells .
Ant-Man and the Wasp
Principal photography began on August 1 , 2017 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , under the working title Cherry Blue ; Dante Spinotti served as director of photography , shooting on Arri Alexa 65 cameras , with some sequences being shot with a Frazier lens . At the start of filming , Marvel revealed that Bobby Cannavale and Abby Ryder Fortson would also reprise their roles from the first film , respectively as Paxton and Cassie . They also announced that the writing team of Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers had contributed to the screenplay .
Santa Barbara, California
Brooks Institute of Photography Paul Mitchell the School -- Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Business College Conservatory
Glasgow School of Art
The Richmond Building houses the Fine Art Photography department . The Mackintosh School of Architecture and the school 's library and learning resources are situated in The Bourdon Building . The Barnes Building on West Graham Street is the base for the Sculpture and Environmental Art , International Foundation and Interaction Design programmes .
Time dilation
Hafele and Keating , in 1971 , flew caesium atomic clocks east and west around the earth in commercial airliners , to compare the elapsed time against that of a clock that remained at the U.S. Naval Observatory . Two opposite effects came into play . The clocks were expected to age more quickly ( show a larger elapsed time ) than the reference clock , since they were in a higher ( weaker ) gravitational potential for most of the trip ( c.f. Pound -- Rebka experiment ) . But also , contrastingly , the moving clocks were expected to age more slowly because of the speed of their travel . From the actual flight paths of each trip , the theory predicted that the flying clocks , compared with reference clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory , should have lost 40 ± 23 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and should have gained 275 ± 21 nanoseconds during the westward trip . Relative to the atomic time scale of the U.S. Naval Observatory , the flying clocks lost 59 ± 10 nanoseconds during the eastward trip and gained 273 ± 7 nanoseconds during the westward trip ( where the error bars represent standard deviation ) . In 2005 , the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom reported their limited replication of this experiment . The NPL experiment differed from the original in that the caesium clocks were sent on a shorter trip ( London -- Washington , D.C. return ) , but the clocks were more accurate . The reported results are within 4 % of the predictions of relativity , within the uncertainty of the measurements . The Global Positioning System can be considered a continuously operating experiment in both special and general relativity . The in - orbit clocks are corrected for both special and general relativistic time dilation effects as described above , so that ( as observed from the earth 's surface ) they run at the same rate as clocks on the surface of the Earth .
Air New Zealand
In October 2001 , Air New Zealand was re-nationalised under a New Zealand government NZ $885 million rescue plan ( with the government taking a 76.5 % stake ) , and subsequently received new leadership . This act was the only thing that spared Air New Zealand from also going into administration , without which it too would likely would have been grounded .
Model (person)
With the development of fashion photography , the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling . Models remained fairly anonymous , and relatively poorly paid , until the late 1950s . One of the first well - known models was Lisa Fonssagrives , who was very popular in the 1930s . Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 Vogue covers , and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models . In 1946 , Ford Models was established by Eileen and Gerard Ford in New York ; it is one of the oldest model agencies in the world . One of the most popular models during the 1940s was Jinx Falkenburg who was paid $25 per hour , a large sum at the time . During the 1940s and 1950s , Wilhelmina Cooper , Jean Patchett , Dovima , Dorian Leigh , Suzy Parker , Evelyn Tripp , Carmen Dell'Orefice , and Lisa Fonssagrives dominated fashion . Dorothea Church was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris . However , these models were unknown outside the fashion community . Compared to today 's models , the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous . Wilhelmina Cooper 's measurements were 38 `` - 24 '' - 36 '' whereas Chanel Iman 's measurements are 32 `` - 23 '' - 33 `` .
Jefferson Airplane
In 1962 , 20 - year - old Marty Balin recorded two singles for Challenge Records , neither of which were successful . Balin then joined a folk group called the Town Criers from 1963 to 1964 . After the Beatles - led British invasion of 1964 , Balin was inspired by the success of the Byrds and Simon & Garfunkel in merging folk with rock to form a group in 1965 that would follow that lead . With a group of investors , Balin purchased a former pizza parlor on Fillmore Street , which he converted to a music club , the Matrix , and began searching for members for his group .
Oh, Kay!
Wedding photographs of the `` Bride and Groom '' are being taken , and Kay , still disguised as a maid , tries to convince Jimmy that she would be a better wife than fussy Constance . She tells her rag doll that she needs `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' . Larry is supposed to be ferrying the booze out of the cellar , but he ends up demonstrating the dancing ability of his `` Fidgety Feet '' instead . The revenue officer shows up briefly and is confused when Kay is introduced as Shorty 's wife , not Jimmy 's wife . The Judge and Constance demand lunch , and Shorty and Kay must serve them . The meal becomes increasingly chaotic , and the Judge and Constance are severely offended and leave . Jimmy declares that spending time with the young ladies who frequent his house is `` Heaven on Earth '' .
Bradford
Impressions Gallery is an independent contemporary photography gallery with a temporary exhibitions programme showing on average six exhibitions each year . The gallery moved from York to Centenary Square , Bradford , in 2007 .
Sleepy Hollow (film)
Burton was impressed by the cinematography in Great Expectations , and hired Emmanuel Lubezki as Sleepy Hollow 's director of photography . Initially , Lubezki and Burton contemplated shooting the film in black and white and in old square Academy ratio . When that proved unfeasible , they opted for an almost monochromatic effect which would enhance the fantasy aspect . Burton and Lubezki intentionally planned the over-dependency of smoke and soft lighting to accompany the film 's sole wide - angle lens strategy . Lubezki also used Hammer horror and Mexican lucha films from the 1960s , such as Santo Contra los Zombis and Santo vs. las Mujeres Vampiro . Lighting effects increased the dynamic energy of the Headless Horseman , while the contrast of the film stock was increased in post-production to add to the monochromatic feel .
The Thin Red Line (1998 film)
Malick and Toll shot for 100 days in Australia using Panavision cameras and lenses , 24 days in the Solomon Islands and three days in the United States . They scouted the historic battlefields on Guadalcanal and shot footage , but health concerns over malaria limited filming to daylight hours only . Logistics were also difficult to shoot the entire film there : As director of photography John Toll put it , `` It 's still a bit difficult to get on and off the island , and we had some scenes that involved 200 or 300 extras . We would have had to bring everybody to Guadalcanal , and financially it just did n't make sense '' . The Thin Red Line was filmed predominantly in the Daintree Rainforest and on Bramston Beach , both in north Queensland , Australia . Filming also took place on Dancer Mountain , which had such rough terrain that trailers and production trucks could not make it up the hill . A base camp was set up and roads carved out of the mountain . Transporting 250 actors and 200 crew members up the hill took two hours . Filming took place in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California near Santa Catalina Island .
Daniel Johnston
On March 1 , 2012 , Brooklyn - based photographer Jung Kim announced her photo book and traveling exhibition project with Johnston titled DANIEL JOHNSTON : here , a collaboration that began in 2008 when Kim first met Johnston and began photographing him on the road and at his home in Waller , Texas . On March 13 , 2013 , this photography book was published , featuring five years of documentation on Johnston . The traveling exhibition started at SXSW 2013 in Austin , Texas , hosted by Johnston 's long - time friend and early supporter Louis Black , co-founder of The Austin Chronicle and SXSW Festival . The opening featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances led by Jason Sebastian Russo formerly of Mercury Rev. The second exhibition ran in May and June 2013 in London , England , and featured a special performance by Johnston along with tribute performances by the UK band Charlie Boyer and the Voyeurs with Steffan Halperin of the Klaxons . On October 10 , 2013 , Jason Pierce of Spiritualized hosted the New York City opening of the exhibition which included special tribute performances led by Pierce and Glen Hansard of The Swell Season and The Frames .
Circumnavigation
For powered aviation , the course of a round - the - world record must start and finish at the same point and cross all meridians ; the course must be at least 36,770 kilometres ( 19,850 nmi ) long ( which is approximately the length of the Tropic of Cancer ) . The course must include set control points at latitudes outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles .
Semicircular canals
This adjustment period is in part the cause of an illusion known as `` the leans '' often experienced by pilots . As a pilot enters a turn , hair cells in the semicircular canals are stimulated , telling the brain that the aircraft , and the pilot , are no longer moving in a straight line but rather making a banked turn . If the pilot were to sustain a constant rate turn , the endolymph would eventually catch up with the ducts and cease to deflect the cupula . The pilot would no longer feel as if the aircraft was in a turn . As the pilot exits the turn , the semicircular canals are stimulated to make the pilot think that they are now turning in the opposite direction rather than flying straight and level . In response to this , the pilot will often lean in the direction of the original turn in an attempt to compensate for this illusion . A more serious form of this is called a graveyard spiral . Rather than the pilot leaning in the direction of the original turn , they may actually reenter the turn . As the endolymph stabilizes , the semicircular canals stop registering the gradual turn and the aircraft slowly loses altitude until impacting with the ground .
Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
The Cowboys were located in a narrow 15 -- 20 feet ( 4.6 -- 6.1 m ) lot between the Harwood house and Fly 's 12 - room boarding house and photography studio at 312 Fremont Street , where Doc Holliday roomed .
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
The boar - hunting scene is , in contrast , laden with detail . Boars were ( and are ) much more difficult to hunt than deer ; approaching one with only a sword was akin to challenging a knight to single combat . In the hunting sequence , the boar flees but is cornered before a ravine . He turns to face Bertilak with his back to the ravine , prepared to fight . Bertilak dismounts and in the ensuing fight kills the boar . He removes its head and displays it on a pike . In the seduction scene , Bertilak 's wife , like the boar , is more forward , insisting that Gawain has a romantic reputation and that he must not disappoint her . Gawain , however , is successful in parrying her attacks , saying that surely she knows more than he about love . Both the boar hunt and the seduction scene can be seen as depictions of a moral victory : both Gawain and Bertilak face struggles alone and emerge triumphant .
Red light camera
As of December 2016 Arizona , Arkansas , Louisiana , Maine , Mississippi , Montana , Nevada , New Jersey , South Carolina , South Dakota , Utah , West Virginia , and Wisconsin have enacted various prohibitions on red light , speed or other photo enforcement camera uses . Restrictions or conditions exist in additional states ; the New Mexico Department of Transportation , for example , has asserted the right to restrict or prohibit red light cameras on state highways . While red light cameras may not be prohibited in other regions , they may have some restrictions on their use . In some jurisdictions , the law says that the camera needs to obtain a photo of the driver 's face in order for the citation issued for running the red light to be valid . This is the case in California and Colorado where the red light cameras are set up to take a series of photographs , including one of the driver 's face . In California , state law assesses a demerit point against a driver who runs a red light , and the need to identify the actual violator has led to the creation of a unique investigatory tool , the fake `` ticket . '' Groups opposing the use of red light cameras have argued that where the cameras are not set up to identify the vehicle driver , owner liability issues are raised . It is perceived by some that the owner of the vehicle is unfairly penalized by being considered liable for red - light violations although they may not have been the driver at the time of the offense . In most jurisdictions the liability for red light violations is a civil offense , rather than a criminal citation , issued upon the vehicle owner -- similar to a parking ticket . The issue of owner liability has been addressed in the US courts , with a ruling in the District of Columbia Court of Appeals in 2007 , which agreed with a lower court when it found that the presumption of liability of the owners of vehicles issued citations does not violate due process rights . This ruling was supported by a 2009 7th US Circuit Court of Appeals ruling in which it was held that issuing citations to vehicle owners ( or lessees ) is constitutional . The court stated that it also encourages drivers to be cautious in lending their vehicles to others .
Incandescent light bulb
In flood lamps used for photographic lighting , the tradeoff is made in the other direction . Compared to general - service bulbs , for the same power , these bulbs produce far more light , and ( more importantly ) light at a higher color temperature , at the expense of greatly reduced life ( which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp ) . The upper temperature limit for the filament is the melting point of the metal . Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point , 3,695 K ( 6,191 ° F ) . A 50 - hour - life projection bulb , for instance , is designed to operate only 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) below that melting point . Such a lamp may achieve up to 22 lumens per watt , compared with 17.5 for a 750 - hour general service lamp .
The Shining (film)
Blakemore 's general argument is that the film as a whole is a metaphor for the genocide of Native Americans . He notes that when Jack kills Hallorann , the dead body is seen lying on a rug with an Indian motif . The blood in the elevator shafts is , for Blakemore , the blood of the Indians in the burial ground on which the hotel was built . As such , the fact that the date of the final photograph is July 4 is meant to be deeply ironic . Blakemore writes ,
iPhone 6
In regards to the 6 Plus , Engadget panned its design for being uncomfortable to hold and harder to grip in comparison to other devices such as the Galaxy Note 3 and LG G3 , but praised its inclusion of optical image stabilization and slightly better battery life than the 6 .
Global Positioning System
On February 10 , 1993 , the National Aeronautic Association selected the GPS Team as winners of the 1992 Robert J. Collier Trophy , the nation 's most prestigious aviation award . This team combines researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory , the USAF , the Aerospace Corporation , Rockwell International Corporation , and IBM Federal Systems Company . The citation honors them `` for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago . ''
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand was the title sponsor of the Air New Zealand Cup domestic rugby union club competition through the 2009 season . The airline remains a major sponsor of New Zealand rugby , including the New Zealand national rugby union team , known as the All Blacks . The airline also sponsors the Air New Zealand Wine Awards and World of Wearable Arts ; and partners with New Zealand 's Department of Conservation and Antarctica New Zealand .
Metrication in the United States
Consumer - size photographic film is commonly sold in a 35 mm standard ( 24x36 mm negative ) , although print sizes and large format films are defined in inches . Digital camera sensor sizes are measured in an archaic manner indicating inverse fractions of an inch representing the diameter of an equivalent vidicon tube . For example , a 1 / 1.6 '' sensor is larger than a 1 / 2.5 '' sensor . However , lenses are marked in terms of focal length in millimeters ( e.g. , average natural human field of view is a lens with 50 mm focal length for 35 mm film ) . Clothing
Chroma key
The most important factor for a key is the colour separation of the foreground ( the subject ) and background ( the screen ) -- a blue screen will be used if the subject is predominately green ( for example plants ) , despite the camera being more sensitive to green light .