vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Natural gas
Landfill gas can not be distributed through utility natural gas pipelines unless it is cleaned up to less than 3 % CO , and a few parts per million H S , because CO and H S corrode the pipelines . The presence of CO will lower the energy level of the gas below requirements for the pipeline . Siloxanes in the gas will form deposits in gas burners and need to be removed prior to entry into any gas distribution or transmission system . Consequently , it may be more economical to burn the gas on site or within a short distance of the landfill using a dedicated pipeline . Water vapor is often removed , even if the gas is burned on site . If low temperatures condense water out of the gas , siloxanes can be lowered as well because they tend to condense out with the water vapor . Other non-methane components may also be removed to meet emission standards , to prevent fouling of the equipment or for environmental considerations . Co-firing landfill gas with natural gas improves combustion , which lowers emissions .
Recycling
Plastic products are printed with numbers 1 -- 7 depending on the type of resin . Type 1 ( polyethylene terephthalate ) is commonly found in soft drink and water bottles . Type 2 ( high - density polyethylene ) is found in most hard plastics such as milk jugs , laundry detergent bottles , and some dishware . Type 3 ( polyvinyl chloride ) includes items such as shampoo bottles , shower curtains , hula hoops , credit cards , wire jacketing , medical equipment , siding , and piping . Type 4 ( low - density polyethylene ) is found in shopping bags , squeezable bottles , tote bags , clothing , furniture , and carpet . Type 5 is polypropylene and makes up syrup bottles , straws , Tupperware , and some automotive parts . Type 6 is polystyrene and makes up meat trays , egg cartons , clamshell containers , and compact disc cases . Type 7 includes all other plastics such as bulletproof materials , 3 - and 5 - gallon water bottles , and sunglasses . Having a recycling code or the chasing arrows logo on a material is not an automatic indicator that a material is recyclable but rather an explanation of what the material is . Types 1 and 2 are the most commonly recycled .
Recycling
The construction industry may recycle concrete and old road surface pavement , selling their waste materials for profit .
Vinegar
White vinegar is often used as a household cleaning agent . Because it is acidic , it can dissolve mineral deposits from glass , coffee makers , and other smooth surfaces . For most uses , dilution with water is recommended for safety and to avoid damaging the surfaces being cleaned .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
United States : Water and Sanitation Data Average urban water use ( liter / capita / day ) 330 ( 88 gallons ) in 2010 Average water and sanitation bill $474 / year ( US $40 / month ) in 2002 Share of household metering very high Annual investment in water supply and sanitation $28.5 bn or $97 / capita ( 2005 ) Share of self - financing by utilities 39 % ( water only ) Share of tax - financing 5 % by government grants , 13 % by government loans ( water only , 2000 ) Institutions Service provision Local Policy and regulation State and Federal Number of urban service providers 4,000 Number of rural service providers 50,000
Recycling
Some scholars use emergy ( spelled with an m ) analysis , for example , budgets for the amount of energy of one kind ( exergy ) that is required to make or transform things into another kind of product or service . Emergy calculations take into account economics which can alter pure physics based results . Using emergy life - cycle analysis researchers have concluded that materials with large refining costs have the greatest potential for high recycle benefits . Moreover , the highest emergy efficiency accrues from systems geared toward material recycling , where materials are engineered to recycle back into their original form and purpose , followed by adaptive reuse systems where the materials are recycled into a different kind of product , and then by - product reuse systems where parts of the products are used to make an entirely different product .
Avocado
The avocado tree can be grown domestically and used as a ( decorative ) houseplant . The pit germinates in normal soil conditions or partially submerged in a small glass ( or container ) of water . In the latter method , the pit sprouts in four to six weeks , at which time it is planted in standard houseplant potting soil . The plant normally grows large enough to be prunable ; it does not bear fruit unless it has ample sunlight . Home gardeners can graft a branch from a fruit - bearing plant to speed maturity , which typically takes four to six years to bear fruit .
Recycling
The military recycles some metals . The U.S. Navy 's Ship Disposal Program uses ship breaking to reclaim the steel of old vessels . Ships may also be sunk to create an artificial reef . Uranium is a very dense metal that has qualities superior to lead and titanium for many military and industrial uses . The uranium left over from processing it into nuclear weapons and fuel for nuclear reactors is called depleted uranium , and it is used by all branches of the U.S. military use for armour - piercing shells and shielding .
Recycling
The report authors observed that , as metals are inherently recyclable , the metal stocks in society can serve as huge mines above ground ( the term `` urban mining '' has been coined with this idea in mind ) . However , they found that the recycling rates of many metals are very low . The report warned that the recycling rates of some rare metals used in applications such as mobile phones , battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells , are so low that unless future end - of - life recycling rates are dramatically stepped up these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology .
Water tank
A water tank is a container for storing water . Water tanks are used to provide storage of water for use in many applications , drinking water , irrigation agriculture , fire suppression , agricultural farming , both for plants and livestock , chemical manufacturing , food preparation as well as many other uses . Water tank parameters include the general design of the tank , and choice of construction materials , linings . Various materials are used for making a water tank : plastics ( polyethylene , polypropylene ) , fiberglass , concrete , stone , steel ( welded or bolted , carbon , or stainless ) . Earthen pots also function as water storages . Water tanks are an efficient way to help developing countries to store clean water .
Recycling
Similarly , the northwestern United States has difficulty finding markets for recycled newspaper , given the large number of pulp mills in the region as well as the proximity to Asian markets . In other areas of the U.S. , however , demand for used newsprint has seen wide fluctuation .
Tropical cyclone
where Δ k = k s ∗ − k ( \ displaystyle \ Delta k = k_ ( s ) ^ ( * ) - k ) represents the enthalpy difference between the ocean surface and the overlying air . The second source is the internal sensible heat generated from frictional dissipation ( equal to W o u t ( \ displaystyle W_ ( out ) ) ) , which occurs near the surface within the tropical cyclone and is recycled to the system .
Recycling
Complete recycling is impossible from a practical standpoint . In summary , substitution and recycling strategies only delay the depletion of non-renewable stocks and therefore may buy time in the transition to true or strong sustainability , which ultimately is only guaranteed in an economy based on renewable resources . --
One World Trade Center
Like other buildings in the new World Trade Center complex , One World Trade Center includes sustainable architecture features . Much of the building 's structure and interior is built from recycled materials , including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles ; around 80 percent of the tower 's waste products are recycled . Although the roof area of any tower is limited , the building implements a rainwater collection and recycling scheme for its cooling systems . The building 's PureCell phosphoric acid fuel cells generate 4.8 megawatts ( MW ) of power , and its waste steam generates electricity . The New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the tower 's fuel cell system , which was one of the largest fuel cell installations in the world once completed . The tower also makes use of off - site hydroelectric and wind power . The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass , which allows maximum sunlight to pass through ; the interior lighting is equipped with dimmers that automatically dim the lights on sunny days , reducing energy costs . Like all of the new facilities at the World Trade Center site , One World Trade Center is heated by steam , with limited oil or natural gas utilities on - site . One World Trade Center is expected to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Gold Certification , making it one of the most environmentally sustainable skyscrapers in the world . Safety
Recycling
The product 's manufacturing phase , which consists of material processing and fabrication , forms the production - waste recycling loop . Industrial waste materials are fed back into , and reused in , the same production process .
Recycling
Product disassembly requires material recycling where product materials are recovered and recycled . Ideally , the materials are processed so they can flow back into the production process .
Waste minimisation
Appropriate amounts and sizes can be chosen when purchasing goods ; buying large containers of paint for a small decorating job or buying larger amounts of food than can be consumed create unnecessary waste . Also , if a pack or can is to be thrown away , any remaining contents must be removed before the container can be recycled .
Golf ball
A variety of devices such as nets , harrows , sand rakes etc. have been developed that aid the groundskeeping staff in efficiently collecting these balls from the course as they accumulate . Once collected , they may be discarded , kept by the groundskeeping staff for their own use , repurposed on the club 's driving range , or sold in bulk to a recycling firm . These firms clean and resurface the balls to remove abrasions and stains , grade them according to their resulting quality , and sell the various grades of playable balls back to golfers through retailers at a discount .
Recycling
Some industries , like the renewable energy industry and solar photovoltaic technology , in particular , are being proactive in setting up recycling policies even before there is considerable volume to their waste streams , anticipating future demand during their rapid growth .
Starbucks
In a 2008 media article , Starbucks ' vice president of corporate social responsibility acknowledged that the company continued to struggle with environmental responsibility , as none of its cups were recyclable and stores did not have recycling bins . At the time that the article was published , Starbucks gave customers who brought in their own reusable cup a 10 - cent discount , in addition to using corrugated cup sleeves made from 85 percent post-consumer recycled fiber , which is 34 percent less paper than the original . During the same period , Starbucks entered into a partnership with Conservation International -- pledging US $7.5 million over three years -- to help protect the natural environment of coffee - growing communities in Mexico and Indonesia .
Recycling
In the US , the value per ton of mixed recyclables was US $180 in 2011 , US $80 in 2015 , and $ US $100 in 2017 .
Water in California
Cheap agricultural water paired with a mild climate has allowed farmers to produce widely in California . Jane Dye Gussow discusses California 's agricultural water in her book This Organic Life . She argues the farms that use precious water in California produces food in an area that `` was never intended to be a garden . '' The Central Valley , where the majority of this agricultural water is used , is the most threatened agricultural land in the nation .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
The average annual increase in typical residential water bills was approximately 5.3 percent from 2001 through 2009 , while the increase in typical residential sewer bills was approximately 5.5 percent according to data from the 50 Largest Cities Water and Wastewater Rate Survey by Black & Veatch .
Recycling
When foresting companies cut down trees , more are planted in their place ; however , such `` farmed '' forests are inferior to virgin forests in several ways . Farmed forests are not able to fix the soil as quickly as virgin forests , causing widespread soil erosion and often requiring large amounts of fertilizer to maintain while containing little tree and wild - life biodiversity compared to virgin forests . Also , the new trees planted are not as big as the trees that were cut down , and the argument that there will be `` more trees '' is not compelling to forestry advocates when they are counting saplings .
Recycling
Initially , the commingled recyclates are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a conveyor belt spread out in a single layer . Large pieces of corrugated fiberboard and plastic bags are removed by hand at this stage , as they can cause later machinery to jam . Early
Recycling
Certain countries trade in unprocessed recyclates . Some have complained that the ultimate fate of recyclates sold to another country is unknown and they may end up in landfills instead of being reprocessed . According to one report , in America , 50 -- 80 percent of computers destined for recycling are actually not recycled . There are reports of illegal - waste imports to China being dismantled and recycled solely for monetary gain , without consideration for workers ' health or environmental damage . Although the Chinese government has banned these practices , it has not been able to eradicate them . In 2008 , the prices of recyclable waste plummeted before rebounding in 2009 . Cardboard averaged about £ 53 / tonne from 2004 -- 2008 , dropped to £ 19 / tonne , and then went up to £ 59 / tonne in May 2009 . PET plastic averaged about £ 156 / tonne , dropped to £ 75 / tonne and then moved up to £ 195 / tonne in May 2009 .
White House
The White House and grounds cover just over 18 acres ( about 7.3 hectares ) . Before the construction of the North Portico , most public events were entered from the South Lawn , which was graded and planted by Thomas Jefferson . Jefferson also drafted a planting plan for the North Lawn that included large trees that would have mostly obscured the house from Pennsylvania Avenue . During the mid-to - late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house , where the current West Wing is located . During this period , the North Lawn was planted with ornate carpet - style flowerbeds . The general layout of the White House grounds today is based on the 1935 design by Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. of the Olmsted Brothers firm , commissioned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt . During the Kennedy administration , the White House Rose Garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon . The Rose Garden borders the West Colonnade . Bordering the East Colonnade is the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden , which was begun by Jacqueline Kennedy but completed after her husband 's assassination . On the weekend of June 23 , 2006 , a century - old American Elm ( Ulmus americana L . ) tree on the north side of the building , came down during one of the many storms amid intense flooding . Among the oldest trees on the grounds are several magnolias ( Magnolia grandiflora ) planted by Andrew Jackson , including the Jackson Magnolia , reportedly grown from a sprout taken from the favorite tree of Jackson 's recently deceased wife , the sprout planted after Jackson moved into the White House . The tree stood for over 200 years ; but in 2017 , having become too weak to stand on its own , it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring . Michelle Obama planted the White House 's first organic garden and installed beehives on the South Lawn of the White House , which will supply organic produce and honey to the First Family and for state dinners and other official gatherings .
Brute-force attack
Credential recycling refers to the hacking practice of re-using username and password combinations gathered in previous brute - force attacks . A special form of credential recycling is pass the hash , where unsalted hashed credentials are stolen and re-used without first being brute forced .
Recycling
There are some ISO standards related to recycling such as ISO 15270 : 2008 for plastics waste and ISO 14001 : 2004 for environmental management control of recycling practice .
Copper in architecture
By 1985 , more copper was recycled than the total amount of copper that was consumed in 1950 . This is due to the relative ease of reusing processing waste and salvaging copper from products after their useful life . Six
Recycling
Drop - off centers require the waste producer to carry the recyclates to a central location , either an installed or mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant itself . They are the easiest type of collection to establish but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput . Distributed
Recycling
Most free - market thinkers detest subsidy and intervention because they waste resources . Terry Anderson and Donald Leal think that all recycling programmes should be privately operated , and therefore would only operate if the money saved by recycling exceeds its costs . Daniel K. Benjamin argues that it wastes people 's resources and lowers the wealth of a population .
Recycling
Container deposit legislation involves offering a refund for the return of certain containers , typically glass , plastic , and metal . When a product in such a container is purchased , a small surcharge is added to the price . This surcharge can be reclaimed by the consumer if the container is returned to a collection point . These programs have been very successful , often resulting in an 80 percent recycling rate . Despite such good results , the shift in collection costs from local government to industry and consumers has created strong opposition to the creation of such programs in some areas . A variation on this is where the manufacturer bears responsibility for the recycling of their goods . In the European Union , the WEEE Directive requires producers of consumer electronics to reimburse the recyclers ' costs .
Starbucks
Starbucks began using 10 % recycled paper in its beverage cups in 2006 -- the company claimed that the initiative was the first time that recycled material had been used in a product that came into direct contact with a food or beverage . Allen Hershkowitz of the Natural Resources Defense Council called the 10 % content `` minuscule '' , but Starbucks received the National Recycling Coalition Recycling Works Award in 2005 for the initiative .
Recycling
The ( ideal ) recycling process can be differentiated into three loops , one for manufacture ( production - waste recycling ) and two for disposal of the product ( product and material recycling ) .
Water supply and sanitation in Abu Dhabi
There are two main sources of water in Abu Dhabi Emirate : Desalinated seawater and groundwater . While groundwater is used for agriculture in Al Ain and Liwa , drinking water is provided almost entirely from desalinated seawater across the Emirate . In 2008 , groundwater contributed 71 % to total water demand for all purposes , desalinated water 24 % and treated wastewater 5 % .
Dubuque, Iowa
Dubuque has been using its city - owned Community Broadband Network to become a smart city . In 2014 , city government officials created four apps to monitor data related to water use , electricity use , transit patterns and waste recycling efforts . The City of Dubuque Sustainability Coordinator , Cori Burbach , stated this was `` for educating citizens and implementing behavior changes that they control based on the data these applications provide '' . However , Dubuque has been reaching the limits of its network and lack sufficient services from giant providers .
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
The mean U.S. water tariff -- excluding sewer tariffs -- was $2.72 per 1,000 gallons ( $0.72 per cubic meter ) in 2000 , with significant variations between localities . Average residential water tariffs for a monthly consumption of 15 cubic meters varied between $0.35 per cubic meter in Chicago and $3.01 in Atlanta in 2007 . The combined water and sewer tariff was $0.64 in Chicago and $3.01 in Atlanta , with Atlanta not charging separately for sewer services . Annual combined water and sewer bills vary between $228 in Chicago and $1,476 in Atlanta in 2008 . For purposes of comparison , the average water and sewer bill in England and Wales in 2008 was equivalent to $466 .
Ultraviolet
UV has also been shown to reduce gaseous contaminants such as carbon monoxide and VOCs . UV lamps radiating at 184 and 254 nm can remove low concentrations of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide if the air is recycled between the room and the lamp chamber . This arrangement prevents the introduction of ozone into the treated air . Likewise , air may be treated by passing by a single UV source operating at 184 nm and passed over iron pentaoxide to remove the ozone produced by the UV lamp . Sterilization
Recycling
Many schools have created recycling awareness clubs in order to give young students an insight on recycling . These schools believe that the clubs actually encourage students to not only recycle at school but at home as well .
Japanese swordsmithing
The steel in even the ancient swords may have sometimes come from whatever steel was available at the time . Due to its rarity in the ancient world , steel was usually recycled , so broken tools , nails and cookware often provided a ready supply of steel . Even steel looted from enemies in combat was often valued for its use in swordsmithing .
Water splitting
The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy . However , if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water rather than a photovoltaic or an electrolytic system , the reaction takes place in one step , it therefore can be more efficient .