vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of McDonald's
The McDonald family moved from Manchester , New Hampshire to Hollywood , California in the late 1930s , where brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald began working as set movers and handymen at Motion - Picture studios . In 1937 , their father Patrick McDonald opened `` The Airdrome '' , a food stand , on Huntington Drive ( Route 66 ) near the Monrovia Airport in the Los Angeles County city of Monrovia , California with hot dogs being one of the first items sold . Hamburgers were later added to the menu at a cost of ten cents with all - you - can - drink orange juice at five cents . In 1940 , Maurice and Richard ( `` Mac '' and `` Dick '' ) moved the entire building 40 miles ( 64 km ) east , to West 14th and 1398 North E Streets in San Bernardino , California . The restaurant was renamed `` McDonald 's Bar - B - Que '' and had 25 menu items , mostly barbecue .
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie held that societal progress relied on individuals who maintained moral obligations to themselves and to society . Furthermore , he believed that charity supplied the means for those who wish to improve themselves to achieve their goals . Carnegie urged other wealthy people to contribute to society in the form of parks , works of art , libraries and other endeavors that improve the community and contribute to the `` lasting good '' . Carnegie also held a strong opinion against inherited wealth . Carnegie believed that the sons of prosperous businesspersons were rarely as talented as their fathers . By leaving large sums of money to their children , wealthy business leaders were wasting resources that could be used to benefit society . Most notably , Carnegie believed that the future leaders of society would rise from the ranks of the poor . Carnegie strongly believed in this because he had risen from the bottom . He believed the poor possessed an advantage over the wealthy because they receive greater attention from their parents and are taught better work ethics .
Homologous chromosome
Chromosomes are linear arrangements of condensed deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) and histone proteins , which form a complex called chromatin . Homologous chromosomes are made up of chromosome pairs of approximately the same length , centromere position , and staining pattern , for genes with the same corresponding loci . One homologous chromosome is inherited from the organism 's mother ; the other is inherited from the organism 's father . After mitosis occurs within the daughter cells , they have the correct number of genes which are a mix of the two parents ' genes . In diploid ( 2n ) organisms , the genome is composed of one set of each homologous chromosome pair , as compared to tetraploid organisms which may have two sets of each homologous chromosome pair . The alleles on the homologous chromosomes may be different , resulting in different phenotypes of the same genes . This mixing of maternal and paternal traits is enhanced by crossing over during meiosis , wherein lengths of chromosomal arms and the DNA they contain within a homologous chromosome pair are exchanged with one another .
Human skin color
This was the genotype inherited by anatomically modern humans , but retained only by part of the extant populations , thus forming an aspect of human genetic variation . About 100,000 -- 70,000 years ago , some anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) began to migrate away from the tropics to the north where they were exposed to less intense sunlight . This was possibly in part due to the need for greater use of clothing to protect against the colder climate . Under these conditions there was less photodestruction of folate and so the evolutionary pressure working against the survival of lighter - skinned gene variants was reduced . In addition , lighter skin is able to generate more vitamin D ( cholecalciferol ) than darker skin , so it would have represented a health benefit in reduced sunlight if there were limited sources of vitamin D. Hence the leading hypothesis for the evolution of human skin color proposes that :
Damon Salvatore
When the group goes to the mysterious island to find the Cure , Damon continues to be suspicious of Professor Shane . When Jeremy goes missing and Bonnie and Shane stay behind to try a locator spell , Damon stays to keep an eye on Shane . He later begins torturing Shane for information , but Shane starts analyzing Damon and telling him Elena will go back to Stefan once she 's cured . Elena interrupts the torture session and Damon storms out and Elena follows . She tells Damon that she 's sure her feelings for him are real and asks him to become human with her , however Damon tells her he has no desire to be human and that human / vampire relationships are doomed and stalks off . Afterward he is captured by Vaughn , another member of the Five , who tortures Damon and leads him around with a noose around his neck . Damon goes with Vaughn to the cavern close to where Silas is buried and eventually overpowers him , but not before Vaughn injures Rebekah . Elena and Stefan come across the injured Damon and Rebekah , Stefan stays while Elena rushes to find Jeremy . Damon urges Stefan to go get the cure for Elena , uncaring that there is only enough for one , because he wants it for the girl he loves . After Stefan leave Rebekah comments that Damon did something selfless and remarks that he will always love Elena . An exhausted Damon admits that he ca n't control everything and is tired .
Alex (A Clockwork Orange)
He survives , but is badly injured , and wakes up in a state hospital . His parents take him back , while the government , smarting from the bad publicity , gives him a well - paying job . The treatment , meanwhile , has worn off , and Alex is his old ultraviolent self again , saying `` I was cured all right '' .
A Cure for Wellness
Dane DeHaan as Lockhart Douglas Hamilton as 9 - year old Lockhart Jason Isaacs as Dr. Heinreich Volmer / Baron von Reichmerl Mia Goth as Hannah von Reichmerl Ivo Nandi as Enrico Adrian Schiller as Deputy Director Celia Imrie as Victoria Watkins Ashok Mandanna as Ron Nair Harry Groener as Roland Pembroke Godehard Giese as Prim Technician Tomas Norström as Frank Hill Magnus Krepper as Pieter The Vet Carl Lumbly as Wilson Lisa Banes as Hollis Tom Flynn as Humphrey Johannes Krisch as Caretaker Jason Babinsky as Carl Angelina Häntsch as Volmer Institute Staff Jeff Burrell as Funeral Director Annette Lober as Volmer Institute Staff Eric Todd as Josh Christian Brauer as Technician Thomas Richter as Water Trainer Chris Huszar as Wedding Guest Marko Buzin as Wedding Guest
Jorah Mormont
Jorah returns to Westeros , seeking aid at the Citadel in Oldtown . By this time his greyscale has drastically progressed , consuming his entire arm . Archmaester Ebrose diagnoses Jorah 's greyscale as untreatably advanced and informs Jorah that he has six months of sanity left and will be exiled from the Citadel the next day . Samwell Tarly , who formerly served under Jeor in the Night 's Watch , rediscovers a cure for greyscale ; despite being forbidden to administer it , he treats Jorah in secret and successfully heals Jorah 's greyscale . Ebrose , though unimpressed by Jorah 's attempts to conceal Sam 's treatment , discharges Jorah . Jorah then returns to Daenerys who is happy to meet him and accepts him into her service once again . He then joins the expedition led by Jon Snow beyond the wall to capture a wight and prove its existence to Cersei Lannister . He survives the expedition and returns to Dragonstone .
Rick Grimes
In the series premiere , `` Days Gone Bye '' , before the outbreak , Rick is shot and wounded during a gun battle with a band of escaped convicts , and left in a coma for months while the zombie apocalypse began . After awakening alone in the hospital , he walks through a local neighborhood but is mistaken for a walker and hit over the head with a shovel by a child , Duane Jones ( Adrian Kali Turner ) . Duane 's father Morgan ( Lennie James ) takes Rick in and explains the sickness to him . Rick sets off in search of his wife , Lori ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , and young son , Carl ( Chandler Riggs ) , and along the way discovers what has happened to the world . While searching in downtown Atlanta , he is attacked by a horde of walkers and hides inside a tank . In the episode `` Guts '' , a young man named Glenn Rhee ( Steven Yeun ) rescues him from the tank and leads him to a group of survivors scavenging for supplies in a building . The building is attacked by walkers and the group flees the city , forced to leave subdued and chained group member , Merle Dixon ( Michael Rooker ) behind . In the episode `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , the survivors lead Rick to their campsite where he happily reunites with Lori and Carl , as well as Shane . Merle 's brother Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) , however , demands that a group return to the city to find him ; Rick also wants to retrieve a bag of guns . They discover that Merle cut off his hand to escape . In the episode `` Vatos '' , they return to the campsite just in time to save the remaining survivors as a group of walkers overrun the camp . In the episode `` Wildfire '' , after many losses , the group leaves the insecure campsite and ventures to the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) in the hope of finding a cure . In the season finale , `` TS - 19 '' , the group is hoping for a new home , but unfortunately finds no answers at the CDC . The last remaining employee there , a medical doctor and researcher named Edwin Jenner ( Noah Emmerich ) , reveals that the building will soon self - destruct , and whispers something in Rick 's ear before the group escapes the doomed facility . Season
World Health Organization
The aggressive support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for intermittent preventive therapy of malaria triggered a memo from the former WHO malaria chief Akira Kochi .
Factor of safety
For loading that is cyclical , repetitive , or fluctuating , it is important to consider the possibility of metal fatigue when choosing factor of safety . A cyclic load well below a material 's yield strength can cause failure if it is repeated through enough cycles .
Throat irritation
It is a very serious disorder of the back of the throat near the windpipe . The most common cause of epiglottitis is an infection by the bacteria , H influenza . The condition may present all of a sudden with high fever , severe sore throat , difficult and painful swallowing , drooling saliva , hoarse voice , difficulty breathing and malaise . The condition is life - threatening and needs immediate hospitalization . Epiglottitis is treated with antibiotics . Routine vaccination has made epiglottitis very rare but it still does present in some children . Prompt diagnosis and treatment can be life saving .
Atlantic Ocean
In the South - West Atlantic a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons . The most important species , the Argentine shortfin squid , which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value , is considered fully fished to overfished . Another important species was the Brazilian sardinella , with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished . Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels : Whitehead 's round herring has not yet reached fully fished but Cunene horse mackerel is overfished . The sea snail perlemoen abalone is targeted by illegal fishing and remain overfished . See
Water fluoridation
Water fluoridation is the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce tooth decay . Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing cavities ; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride . Fluoridated water operates on tooth surfaces : in the mouth , it creates low levels of fluoride in saliva , which reduces the rate at which tooth enamel demineralizes and increases the rate at which it remineralizes in the early stages of cavities . Typically a fluoridated compound is added to drinking water , a process that in the U.S. costs an average of about $1.06 per person - year . Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits . In 2011 the World Health Organization suggested a level of fluoride from 0.5 to 1.5 mg / L ( milligrams per litre ) , depending on climate , local environment , and other sources of fluoride . Bottled water typically has unknown fluoride levels .
Water fluoridation
Fluoridation costs an estimated $1.06 per person - year on the average ( range : $0.25 -- $11.19 ; all costs in this paragraph are for the U.S. and are in 2017 dollars , inflation - adjusted from earlier estimates ) . Larger water systems have lower per capita cost , and the cost is also affected by the number of fluoride injection points in the water system , the type of feeder and monitoring equipment , the fluoride chemical and its transportation and storage , and water plant personnel expertise . In affluent countries the cost of salt fluoridation is also negligible ; developing countries may find it prohibitively expensive to import the fluoride additive . By comparison , fluoride toothpaste costs an estimated $9 -- $18 per person - year , with the incremental cost being zero for people who already brush their teeth for other reasons ; and dental cleaning and application of fluoride varnish or gel costs an estimated $97 per person - year . Assuming the worst case , with the lowest estimated effectiveness and highest estimated operating costs for small cities , fluoridation costs an estimated $16 -- $25 per saved tooth - decay surface , which is lower than the estimated $95 to restore the surface and the estimated $162 average discounted lifetime cost of the decayed surface , which includes the cost to maintain the restored tooth surface . It is not known how much is spent in industrial countries to treat dental fluorosis , which is mostly due to fluoride from swallowed toothpaste .
Water fluoridation
Although a 1989 workshop on cost - effectiveness of cavity prevention concluded that water fluoridation is one of the few public health measures that save more money than they cost , little high - quality research has been done on the cost - effectiveness and solid data are scarce . Dental sealants are cost - effective only when applied to high - risk children and teeth . A 2002 U.S. review estimated that on average , sealing first permanent molars saves costs when they are decaying faster than 0.47 surfaces per person - year whereas water fluoridation saves costs when total decay incidence exceeds 0.06 surfaces per person - year . In the U.S. , water fluoridation is more cost - effective than other methods to reduce tooth decay in children , and a 2008 review concluded that water fluoridation is the best tool for combating cavities in many countries , particularly among socially disadvantaged groups . A 2016 review of studies published between 1995 to 2013 found that water fluoridation in the U.S. was cost - effective , and that it was more so in larger communities .
Water fluoridation
All fluoridation methods , including water fluoridation , create low levels of fluoride ions in saliva and plaque fluid , thus exerting a topical or surface effect . A person living in an area with fluoridated water may experience rises of fluoride concentration in saliva to about 0.04 mg / L several times during a day . Technically , this fluoride does not prevent cavities but rather controls the rate at which they develop . When fluoride ions are present in plaque fluid along with dissolved hydroxyapatite , and the pH is higher than 4.5 , a fluorapatite - like remineralized veneer is formed over the remaining surface of the enamel ; this veneer is much more acid - resistant than the original hydroxyapatite , and is formed more quickly than ordinary remineralized enamel would be . The cavity - prevention effect of fluoride is mostly due to these surface effects , which occur during and after tooth eruption . Although some systemic ( whole - body ) fluoride returns to the saliva via blood plasma , and to unerupted teeth via plasma or crypt fluid , there is little data to determine what percentages of fluoride 's anticavity effect comes from these systemic mechanisms . Also , although fluoride affects the physiology of dental bacteria , its effect on bacterial growth does not seem to be relevant to cavity prevention .
List of The Last Ship characters
After graduating from high school , Kara joined the Navy . By 2014 , she was serving as an officer in the Combat Information Center on the USS Nathan James ( DDG - 151 ) . During the ship 's mission to the Arctic , she began dating and fell in love with LT Danny Green ( Travis Van Winkle , the leader of the Naval Mountain Warfare Unit deployed on the James . In `` Trials '' , Kara learns that she 's pregnant , and that her child will be born immune to the Red Flu because of its mother 's vaccination .
Cell cycle
Pioneering work by Atsushi Miyawaki and coworkers developed the fluorescent ubiquitination - based cell cycle indicator ( FUCCI ) , which enables fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle . Originally , a green fluorescent protein , mAG , was fused to hGem ( 1 / 110 ) and an orange fluorescent protein ( mKO ) was fused to hCdt1 ( 30 / 120 ) . Note , these fusions are fragments that contain a nuclear localization signal and ubiquitination sites for degradation , but are not functional proteins . The green fluorescent protein is made during the S , G , or M phase and degraded during the G or G phase , while the orange fluorescent protein is made during the G or G phase and destroyed during the S , G , or M phase . A far - red and near - infrared FUCCI was developed using a cyanobacteria - derived fluorescent protein ( smURFP ) and a bacteriophytochrome - derived fluorescent protein ( movie found at this link ) .
Samoa
In 1919 , the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Epidemic concluded that there had been no epidemic of pneumonic influenza in Western Samoa before the arrival of the SS Talune from Auckland on 7 November 1918 . The NZ administration allowed the ship to berth in breach of quarantine ; within seven days of this ship 's arrival , influenza became epidemic in Upolu and then spread rapidly throughout the rest of the territory .
Water fluoridation
A 2007 Australian review concluded that water fluoridation is the most effective and socially the most equitable way to expose entire communities to fluoride 's cavity - prevention effects . A 2002 U.S. review estimated that sealants decreased cavities by about 60 % overall , compared to about 18 -- 50 % for fluoride . A 2007 Italian review suggested that water fluoridation may not be needed , particularly in the industrialized countries where cavities have become rare , and concluded that toothpaste and other topical fluoride are the best way to prevent cavities worldwide . A 2004 World Health Organization review stated that water fluoridation , when it is culturally acceptable and technically feasible , has substantial advantages in preventing tooth decay , especially for subgroups at high risk .
Taxman
In 2006 , Virginia State Senator and future Republican gubernatorial candidate Ken Cuccinelli introduced an amendment to make `` Taxman '' the state song of Virginia , stating that taxes were an important part of Virginia history . He gave the example of Patrick Henry 's strong opposition to British taxation during the American Revolution . The measure did not pass .
Water fluoridation
In rare cases improper implementation of water fluoridation can result in overfluoridation that causes outbreaks of acute fluoride poisoning , with symptoms that include nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea . Three such outbreaks were reported in the U.S. between 1991 and 1998 , caused by fluoride concentrations as high as 220 mg / L ; in the 1992 Alaska outbreak , 262 people became ill and one person died . In 2010 , approximately 60 gallons of fluoride were released into the water supply in Asheboro , North Carolina in 90 minutes -- an amount that was intended to be released in a 24 - hour period .
Homonym
These meanings represent at least three etymologically separate lexemes , but share the one form , fluke. * Note that fluke is also a capitonym , in that Fluke Corporation ( commonly referred to as simply `` Fluke '' ) is a manufacturer of industrial testing equipment .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
A major technological advance was the design of the Dutch merchant ship known as the fluyt . Unlike rivals , it was not built for possible conversion in wartime to a warship , so it was cheaper to build and carried twice the cargo , and could be handled by a smaller crew . Construction by specialized shipyards using new tools made it half the cost of rival ships . The factors combined to sharply lower the cost of transportation for Dutch merchants , giving them a major competitive advantage .
Tooth decay
Most importantly , whether the carious lesion is cavitated or non-cavitated dictates the management . Clinical assessment of whether the lesion is active or arrested is also important . Noncavitated lesions can be arrested and remineralization can occur under the right conditions . However , this may require extensive changes to the diet ( reduction in frequency of refined sugars ) , improved oral hygiene ( toothbrushing twice per day with fluoride toothpaste and daily flossing ) , and regular application of topical fluoride . Such management of a carious lesion is termed `` non-operative '' since no drilling is carried out on the tooth . Non-operative treatment requires excellent understanding and motivation from the individual , otherwise the decay will continue .
Water fluoridation
These compounds were chosen for their solubility , safety , availability , and low cost . A 1992 census found that , for U.S. public water supply systems reporting the type of compound used , 63 % of the population received water fluoridated with fluorosilicic acid , 28 % with sodium fluorosilicate , and 9 % with sodium fluoride .
History of Pennsylvania
Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the Spanish -- American War , and many Pennsylvanians fought in the successful campaign against the Spanish in the Philippine Islands . Pennsylvania was an important industrial center in World War I , and the state provided over 300,000 soldiers for the army . Pennsylvanians Tasker H. Bliss , Peyton C. March , and William S. Sims all held important commands during the war . Following the war , the state suffered the effects of the Spanish Flu .
Chickenpox
Chickenpox Synonyms Varicella Person with chickenpox Specialty Infectious disease Symptoms Small , itchy blisters , headache , loss of appetite , tiredness Usual onset 10 -- 21 days after exposure Duration 5 -- 7 days Causes Varicella zoster virus Prevention Varicella vaccine Medication Calamine lotion , paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) , aciclovir Deaths 6,400 ( with shingles )
Water fluoridation
Health and dental organizations worldwide have endorsed its safety and effectiveness . Its use began in 1945 , following studies of children in a region where higher levels of fluoride occur naturally in the water . Further research showed that moderate fluoridation prevents tooth decay .