vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Red-tailed hawk
Size variation in body mass reveals that the red - tailed hawks typically varies only a modest amount , racial variation in average weights of great horned owls show that mean body mass is nearly twice ( the heaviest race is about 36 % heavier than the lightest known race on average ) as variable as that of the hawk ( where the heaviest race is only just over 18 % heavier on average than the lightest ) . Males can reportedly measure 45 to 60 cm ( 18 to 24 in ) in total length , females measuring 48 to 65 cm ( 19 to 26 in ) long . The wingspan can range from 105 to 141 cm ( 41 to 56 in ) and , in the standard scientific method of measuring wing size , the wing chord is 325.1 -- 444.5 mm ( 12.80 -- 17.50 in ) long . The tail measures 188 to 258.7 mm ( 7.40 to 10.19 in ) in length . The exposed culmen was reported to range from 21.7 to 30.2 mm ( 0.85 to 1.19 in ) and the tarsus averaged 74.7 -- 95.8 mm ( 2.94 -- 3.77 in ) . The middle toe ( excluding talon ) can range from 38.3 to 53.8 mm ( 1.51 to 2.12 in ) , with the hallux - claw ( the talon of the rear toe , which has evolved to be the largest in accipitrids ) measuring from 24.1 to 33.6 mm ( 0.95 to 1.32 in ) in length . Characteristic
Hollywood Walk of Fame
The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 miles ( 2.1 km ) east to west on Hollywood Boulevard from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue , plus a short segment of Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood and La Brea ; and 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard . According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research , the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually -- more than Sunset Strip , TCL Chinese Theatre ( formerly Grauman 's ) , the Queen Mary , and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art -- and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County .
Long jump
m ( 23 ft 1 ​ ⁄ in ) Maurren Higa Maggi ( BRA ) Milan 7.33 m ( 24 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Lebedeva ( RUS ) Tula 2005 7.04 m ( 23 ft 1 in ) Irina Simagina ( RUS ) Sochi 2006 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Tatyana Kotova ( RUS ) Novosibirsk 2007 7.21 m ( 23 ft 7 ​ ⁄ in ) Lyudmila Kolchanova ( RUS ) Sochi 2008 7.12 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Naide Gomes ( POR ) Monaco 2009 7.10 m ( 23 ft 3 ​ ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Berlin 7.13 m ( 23 ft 4 ​ ⁄ in ) Olga Kucherenko ( RUS ) Sochi 2011 7.19 m ( 23 ft 7 in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Eugene 2012 7.23 m ( 23 ft 8 ​ ⁄ in ) i Brittney Reese ( USA ) Istanbul 2013 7.25 m ( 23 ft 9 ​ ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Doha 2014 7.02 m ( 23 ft 0 ​ ⁄ in ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Oslo 2015 7.14 m ( 23 ft 5 in ) Tianna Bartoletta ( USA ) Beijing 2016 7.31 m ( 23 ft 11 ​ ⁄ in ) Brittney Reese ( USA ) Eugene 2017 7.24 m ( 23 ft 9 in ) i Ivana Spanovic ( SRB ) Beograd
Pendulum
The most common pendulum length in quality clocks , which is always used in grandfather clocks , is the seconds pendulum , about 1 metre ( 39 inches ) long . In mantel clocks , half - second pendulums , 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) long , or shorter , are used . Only a few large tower clocks use longer pendulums , the 1.5 second pendulum , 2.25 m ( 7.4 ft ) long , or occasionally the two - second pendulum , 4 m ( 13 ft ) which is used in Big Ben .
Solomon's Temple
The Holy of Holies , or Kodesh haKodashim in Hebrew , ( 1 Kings 6 : 19 ; 8 : 6 ) , also called the `` Inner House '' ( 6 : 27 ) , ( Heb. 9 : 3 ) was 20 cubits in length , breadth , and height . The usual explanation for the discrepancy between its height and the 30 - cubit height of the temple is that its floor was elevated , like the cella of other ancient temples . It was floored and wainscotted with cedar of Lebanon ( 1 Kings 6 : 16 ) , and its walls and floor were overlaid with gold ( 6 : 20 , 21 , 30 ) amounting to 600 talents ( 2 Chr. 3 : 8 ) or roughly 20 metric tons . It contained two cherubim of olive - wood , each 10 cubits high ( 1 Kings 6 : 16 , 20 , 21 , 23 -- 28 ) and each having outspread wings of 10 cubits span , so that , since they stood side by side , the wings touched the wall on either side and met in the center of the room . There was a two - leaved door between it and the Holy Place overlaid with gold ( 2 Chr. 4 : 22 ) ; also a veil of tekhelet ( blue ) , purple , and crimson and fine linen ( 2 Chronicles 3 : 14 ; compare Exodus 26 : 33 ) . It had no windows ( 1 Kings 8 : 12 ) and was considered the dwelling - place of the `` name '' of God .
Spratly Islands dispute
In 2010 , it was reported that the former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad believed Malaysia could profit from China 's economic growth through co-operation with China , and said that China `` was not a threat to anyone and was not worried about aggression from China '' , as well accusing the United States of provoking China and trying to turn China 's neighbours against China . Malaysian authorities displayed no concern over China conducting a military exercise at James Shoal in March 2013 , with its Defence Minister Hishamuddin Hussein suggested they might work with China and saying that Malaysia had no problem with China patrolling the South China Sea , and telling ASEAN , America , and Japan that `` Just because you have enemies , does n't mean your enemies are my enemies '' . However , until present Malaysia still maintained a balance relations with the countries involved in this dispute . But since China has start enroaching its territorial waters , Malaysia has become active in condemning China .
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Through careful diplomacy and the influence of a pro-British Spanish prime minister Ricardo Wall , Spain had remained neutral through most of the war . However , with the accession of Charles III to the throne Spanish foreign policy began to change . Charles was alarmed by the British conquest of the French Empire in North America , and feared his own empire would be Pitt 's next target . He concluded the Bourbon Family Compact with France , offering them practical support .
Siege
The Sicarii Zealots who defended Masada in AD 73 were defeated by the Roman legions , who built a ramp 100 m high up to the fortress 's west wall .
List of Attack on Titan episodes
Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood delinquents , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts .
History of Manila
Because of the Spanish presence in the area , the Chinese people , who were living in the area and engaging in free trade relations with the natives , were subjected to commercial restrictions as well as laws requiring them to pay tribute to Spanish authorities . As a result , the Chinese revolted against the Spaniards in 1574 , when a force of about 3,000 men and 62 Chinese warships under the command of Limahong attacked the city . The said attempt was fruitless , and the Chinese were defeated . In order to safeguard the city from similar uprisings later , the Spanish authorities confined the Chinese residents and merchants to a separate district called Parian de Alcaceria . The
Korean War
Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers . All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops . The situation became so serious that , in November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems . At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area , to increase the number of trucks available to the army , and to improve air defense by any means possible . These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops . New
Second Sino-Japanese War
After the war , 200,000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han were sent by Chiang Kai - shek to northern Indochina ( north of the 16th parallel ) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there , and remained in Indochina until 1946 , when the French returned . The Chinese used the VNQDD , the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang , to increase their influence in French Indochina and to put pressure on their opponents . Chiang Kai - shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh 's forces against each other , forcing them to come to a peace agreement . In February 1946 , he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and to renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for the Chinese withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region . Following France 's agreement to these demands , the withdrawal of Chinese troops began in March 1946 .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The last major Chinese regular force in northern Manchuria was led by General Ting Chao who organized the defense of Harbin successfully against General Xi until the arrival of the IJA 2nd Division under General Jirō Tamon . Japanese forces took Harbin on 4 February 1932 .
End of the Han dynasty
In 203 , Cao Cao scored a major victory over the Yuans , who retreated back to Ji Province 's capital , Ye ( 鄴 ) . Cao Cao then planned to besiege Ye , but later withdrew his forces after heeding Guo Jia 's advice . Guo Jia reasoned that if Cao Cao pressured the Yuans , they might unite against a common enemy ; however , if Cao Cao retreated , the disgruntled Yuan brothers would start fighting among themselves . Guo Jia 's prediction came true later when Yuan Tan , still bearing a grudge against Yuan Shang for receiving a larger inheritance , attacked Yuan Shang , but his forces in Qing Province defected to Yuan Shang . Yuan Tan fled to Pingyuan ( 平原 ; in present - day Dezhou , Shandong ) and was besieged by Yuan Shang there . Yuan Tan sought help from Cao Cao , and Cao advanced north to attack Ye , forcing Yuan Shang to lift the siege on Pingyuan . In early 204 , Yuan Shang incorrectly believed that Cao Cao had withdrawn , so he attacked his brother again at Pingyuan . Cao Cao attacked Ye once more and Yuan Shang headed back to defend his base , but was defeated by Cao Cao . Yuan Shang then fled north to Zhongshan ( 中山 ; in present - day Shijiazhuang , Hebei ) , and Ye fell to Cao Cao . Gao Gan also surrendered Bing Province to Cao Cao .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Nationalists suffered higher casualties because they were the main combatants opposing the Japanese in each of the 22 major battles ( involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides ) between China and Japan . The Communist forces , by contrast , usually avoided pitched battles with the Japanese and generally limited their combat to guerilla actions ( the Hundred Regiments Offensive and the Battle of Pingxingguan are notable exceptions ) . The Nationalists committed their strongest divisions in early battle against the Japanese ( including the 36th , 87th , 88th divisions , the crack divisions of Chiang 's Central Army ) to defend Shanghai and continued to deploy most of their forces to fight the Japanese even as the Communists changed their strategy to engage mainly in a political offensive against the Japanese while declaring that the CPC should `` save and preserve our strength and wait for favorable timing '' by the end of 1941 . China
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde invaded the Ilkhanate under Abu Sa'id in 1318 , 1324 , and 1335 . Uzbeg 's ally Al - Nasir refused to attack Abu Sa'id because the Ilkhan and the Mamluk Sultan signed a peace treaty in 1323 . In 1326 Uzbeg reopened friendly relations with the Empire of the Great Khan and began to send tributes thereafter . From 1339 he received annually 24,000 ding in Yuan paper currency from the Jochid appanages in China . When the Ilkhanate collapsed after Abu Sa'id's death , its senior - beys approached Uzbeg in their desperation to find a leader , but the latter declined after consulting with his senior emir , Qutluq Timür .
Foreign policy of the United States
Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press , argue in Foreign Affairs that U.S. missile defenses are designed to secure Washington 's nuclear primacy and are chiefly directed at potential rivals , such as Russia and China . The authors note that Washington continues to eschew nuclear first strike and contend that deploying missile defenses `` would be valuable primarily in an offensive context , not a defensive one ; as an adjunct to a US First Strike capability , not as a stand - alone shield '' :
Whigs (British political party)
In 1786 , Pitt 's government negotiated the Eden Agreement , a commercial treaty with France which led to freer trade between the two countries . All of the Whig leaders attacked this on traditional Whig anti-French and protectionist grounds . Fox claimed that France was England 's natural enemy and that it was only at Britain 's expense that she could grow . Edmund Burke , Richard Sheridan , William Windham and Charles Grey all spoke out against the trade agreement on the same grounds .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The far right wing Japanese ultra-nationalist Black Dragon Society supported Sun Yat - sen 's activities against the Manchus , believing that overthrowing the Qing would help the Japanese take over the Manchu homeland and that Han Chinese would not oppose the take over . Toyama believed that the Japanese could easily take over Manchuria and Sun Yat - sen and other anti-Qing revolutionaries would not resist and help the Japanese take over and enlargen the opium trade in China while the Qing was trying to destroy the opium trade . The Japanese Black Dragons supported Sun Yat - sen and anti-Manchu revolutionaries until the Qing collapsed . The far right wing Japanese ultranationalist Gen'yōsha leader Tōyama Mitsuru supported anti-Manchu , anti-Qing revolutionary activities including by Sun Yat - sen and supported Japanese taking over Manchuria . The anti-Qing Tongmenghui was founded and based in exile in Japan where many anti-Qing revolutionaries gathered .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Chinese Kuomintang also supported the Vietnamese Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( VNQDD ) in its battle against French and Japanese imperialism .
Korean War
With Lieutenant General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive ( also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' ) on New Year 's Eve of 1950 . Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy . UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south . The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 . B
Iliad
( 7 ) Hector duels with Ajax , but nightfall interrupts the fight , and both sides retire . The Greeks agree to burn their dead , and build a wall to protect their ships and camp , while the Trojans quarrel about returning Helen . Paris offers to return the treasure he took and give further wealth as compensation , but not Helen , and the offer is refused . A day 's truce is agreed for burning the dead , during which the Greeks also build their wall and a trench .
End of the Han dynasty
In 212 , Liu Bei and Liu Zhang turned hostile towards each other and waged war . Zhuge Liang led a detachment of Liu Bei 's forces left in Jing Province to join his lord in attacking Liu Zhang . Guan Yu remained behind to defend Jing Province . In 215 , Liu Bei had defeated much of Liu Zhang 's forces and besieged him in his capital of Chengdu . Liu Zhang surrendered and yielded Yi Province to Liu Bei . The province became Liu Bei 's new base , and he used the mountainous surroundings as natural defenses against Cao Cao in the north .
Second Sino-Japanese War
On the night of July 7 , 1937 , Chinese and Japanese troops exchanged fire in the vicinity of the Lugou ( or Marco Polo ) bridge , a crucial access - route to Beijing . What began as confused , sporadic skirmishing soon escalated into a full - scale battle in which Beijing and its port city of Tianjin fell to Japanese forces ( July -- August 1937 ) . On July 29 , some 5,000 troops of the 1st and 2nd Corps of the East Hopei Army mutinied , turning against the Japanese garrison . In addition to Japanese military personnel , some 260 civilians living in Tongzhou in accordance with the Boxer Protocol of 1901 , were killed in the uprising ( predominantly Japanese including the police force and also some ethnic Koreans ) . The Chinese then set fire to and destroyed much of the city . Only around 60 Japanese civilians survived , who provided both journalists and later historians with firsthand witness accounts . As a result of the violence of the mutiny against Japanese civilians , the Tungchow mutiny , as it came to be called , strongly shook public opinion within Japan .
Korean War
In 1951 , the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea . Because China deployed new armies to the Sino - Korean frontier , pit crews at the Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare , `` lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores '' . In October 1951 , the United States effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish a nuclear weapons capability . USAF B - 29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea ( using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs ) , coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east - central Japan . Hudson Harbor tested `` actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike , including weapons assembly and testing , leading , ground control of bomb aiming '' . The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry , because the `` timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare . ''
British Borneo
During the Second World War , the British realised they were unable to defend the colony from the powerful Imperial Japanese Navy . They destroyed the airfields , and especially the oil fields there and in Brunei before the Japanese landed on 16 December 1941 . The small British forces surrendered . In 1943 , the Chinese population of about 50,000 rebelled against Japan and seized some towns . They were overwhelmed with many executed . Australia sent special operation forces , which trained and armed local militia units and aided the landing of an Australian division in June 1945 . Japanese forces numbered about 31,000 , and held out until October 1945 , long after the Emperor had surrendered . Evolution
Greco-Persian Wars
The task force sailed on to Euboea , and to the first major target , Eretria . The Eretrians made no attempt to stop the Persians from landing or advancing and thus allowed themselves to be besieged . For six days , the Persians attacked the walls , with losses on both sides ; however , on the seventh day two reputable Eretrians opened the gates and betrayed the city to the Persians . The city was razed , and temples and shrines were looted and burned . Furthermore , according to Darius 's commands , the Persians enslaved all the remaining townspeople . Battle
Chinese Tributary System
Warfare between tributary states was arbitrated by the Chinese emperor . Malacca and Vietnam were both tributaries to China . Malacca sent envoys to China again in 1481 to inform the Chinese that while going back to Malacca in 1469 from a trip to China , the Vietnamese attacked them , castrating the young and enslaving them . The Malaccans reported that Vietnam was in control of Champa and also that the Vietnamese sought to conquer Malacca , but the Malaccans did not fight back because of a lack of permission from the Chinese to engage in war . The Chinese Emperor scolded them , ordering the Malaccans to strike back with violent force if the Vietnamese attacked .
Second Sino-Japanese War
The skies of China had become a testing zone for advanced biplane and new - generation monoplane combat - aircraft designs . The introduction of the advanced A5M `` Claude '' fighters into the Shanghai - Nanking theater of operations , beginning on September 18 , 1937 , helped the Japanese achieve a certain level of air superiority . However the few experienced Chinese veteran pilots , even in their older and slower biplanes , proved more than able to hold their own against the sleek A5Ms in dogfights , and it also proved to be a battle of attrition against the Chinese Air Force . At the start of the battle , the local strength of the NRA was around five divisions , or about 70,000 troops , while local Japanese forces comprised about 6,300 marines . On August 23 , Japanese Army reinforcements succeeded in landing in northern Shanghai . The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) ultimately committed over 200,000 troops , along with numerous naval vessels and aircraft , to capture the city . After more than three months of intense fighting , their casualties far exceeded initial expectations . On October 26 , the Japanese Army captured Dachang , an important strong - point within Shanghai , and on November 5 , additional reinforcements of Japan landed from Hangzhou Bay . Finally , on November 9 , the NRA began a general retreat .