vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Methanogen
The organic components of wastewater vary vastly . Chemical structures of the organic matter select for specific methanogens to perform anaerobic digestion . An example is the members of Methanosaeta genus dominate the digestion of palm oil mill effluent ( POME ) and brewery waste . Modernizing wastewater treatment systems to incorporate higher diversity of microorganisms to decrease organic content in treatment is under active research in the field of microbiological and chemical engineering . Current new generations of Staged Multi-Phase Anaerobic reactors and Upflow Sludge Bed reactor systems are designed to have innovated features to counter high loading wastewater input , extreme temperature conditions , and possible inhibitory compounds .
Social media
According to the article `` The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime Change '' by Rita Safranek , the Middle East and North Africa region has one of the most youthful populations in the world , with people under 25 making up between 35 -- 45 % of the population in each country . They make up the majority of social media users , including about 17 million Facebook users , 25,000 Twitter accounts and 40,000 active blogs , according to the Arab Advisors Group .
Caesarean section
In 2012 , about 23 million C - sections were done globally . The international healthcare community has previously considered the rate of 10 % and 15 % to be ideal for caesarean sections . Some evidence finds a higher rate of 19 % may result in better outcomes . More than 45 countries globally have C - section rates less than 7.5 % while more than 50 have rates greater than 27 % . There are efforts to both improve access to and reduce the use of C - section . In the United States about 33 % of deliveries are by C - section . The surgery has been performed at least as far back as 715 BC following the death of the mother with the occasional baby surviving . Descriptions of mothers surviving date back to the 1500s . With the introduction of antiseptics and anesthetics in the 1800s survival of both the mother and baby became common .
Local government in the United States
In addition to general - purpose local governments , there may be local or regional special - purpose local governments , such as school districts and districts for fire protection , sanitary sewer service , public transportation , public libraries , or water resource management . Such special purpose districts often encompass areas in multiple municipalities . According to the US Census Bureau 's data collected in 2012 , there were 89,004 local government units in the United States . This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007 .
Trafficking of children
Though measuring the extent of this practice is difficult due to its criminal and covert nature , the International Labour Organization estimates that there are as many as 1.8 million children sexually trafficked worldwide , while UNICEF 's 2006 State of the World 's Children Report reports this number to be 2 million . The International Labour Organization has found that girls involved in other forms of child labour - such as domestic service or street vending - are at the highest risk of being pulled into commercial child sex trafficking . Likewise , Kendall and Funk justifies how `` young girls age 12 and under are malleable and more easily trained into their prospective roles as prostitutes , and because virginity is highly prized by certain consumers willing to pay a premium '' ( 31 ). A variety of sources , including the I.L.O , and scholars Erin Kunze and D.M. Hughes , also contend that the increased use and availability of the Internet has served as a major resource for traffickers , ultimately increasing the incidence of child sex trafficking . In fact , in 2009 , Illinois Sheriff Thomas J. Dart sued the owners of Craigslist , a popular online classifieds website , for its `` allowance '' and `` facilitation '' of prostitution , particularly in children . In response to public and legal pressure , Craigslist has since blocked all access to its `` Adult Services '' section .
American Revolutionary War
By 1781 , the Army numbered approximately 121,000 men globally , 48,000 of whom were stationed throughout the Americas . Of the 171,000 sailors who served in the Royal Navy throughout the conflict , around a quarter were pressed . Interestingly , this same proportion , approximately 42,000 men , deserted during the conflict . At its height , the Navy had 94 ships - of - the - line , 104 frigates and 37 sloops in service . Loyalists
Millennials
Millennial population size varies , depending on the definition used . William Strauss and Neil Howe projected in their 1991 book Generations that the U.S. Millennial population would be 76 million . Later , using dates ranging from 1982 to 2004 , Neil Howe revised the number to over 95 million people ( in the U.S. ) . In a 2012 Time magazine article , it was estimated that there were approximately 80 million U.S. millennials . The United States Census Bureau , using birth dates ranging from 1982 to 2000 , stated the estimated number of U.S. millennials in 2015 was 83.1 million people .
Human rights and development
Even after 4 years of primary schooling , as many as 250 million children can not read and write undermining the basis for all future learning . Going to school is not enough and improving actual learning is critical . Early school leaving is a major factor , 137 million children entered first grade in 2011 , with 34 million likely to leave before reaching the last grade , an early leaving rate of 25 % , the same as in 2000 . Poverty , gender and residential location are key factors keeping children out of school . Children from the poorest households are three times more likely to be out of school than children from the richest households . Globally 123 million youth aged 15 to 24 lack basic reading and writing skills whilst 61 % of them are young women .
Traditionalist Catholicism
According to the Vatican 's Statistical Yearbook of the Church , the Catholic Church 's worldwide recorded membership at the end of 2005 was 1,114,966,000 . Estimates of the number of traditionalist Catholics vary . Catholic World News reported that `` the Vatican '' estimated the number of those served by the Fraternity of St Peter , the Society of St Pius X and similar groups at `` close to 1 million '' . Various sources estimate the adherents of the Society of St Pius X alone at 1 million . No major religious survey has ever made an attempt to sample and enumerate subsets of Catholics by their position on a liberal to mainstream conservative to traditionalist and sedevacantist continuum , so any figure on the numbers of traditionalist Catholics must by necessity be more or less educated guesses .
Health care in the United States
Coverage gaps also occur among the insured population . Johns Hopkins University professor Vicente Navarro stated in 2003 , `` the problem does not end here , with the uninsured . An even larger problem is the underinsured '' and `` The most credible estimate of the number of people in the United States who have died because of lack of medical care was provided by a study carried out by Harvard Medical School Professors Himmelstein and Woolhandler . They concluded that almost 100,000 people died in the U.S. yearly because of lack of needed care . '' Another study by the Commonwealth Fund published in Health Affairs estimated that 16 million U.S. adults were underinsured in 2003 . The study defined underinsurance as characterized by at least one of the following conditions : annual out - of - pocket medical expenses totaling 10 % or more of income , or 5 % or more among adults with incomes below 200 % of the federal poverty level ; or health plan deductibles equaling or exceeding 5 % of income . The underinsured were significantly more likely than those with adequate insurance to forgo health care , report financial stress because of medical bills , and experience coverage gaps for such items as prescription drugs . The study found that underinsurance disproportionately affects those with lower incomes -- 73 % of the underinsured in the study population had annual incomes below 200 % of the federal poverty level . Another study focusing on the effect of being uninsured found that individuals with private insurance were less likely to be diagnosed with late - stage cancer than either the uninsured or Medicaid beneficiaries . A study examining the effects of health insurance cost - sharing more generally found that chronically ill patients with higher co-payments sought less care for both minor and serious symptoms while no effect on self - reported health status was observed . The authors concluded that the effect of cost sharing should be carefully monitored .
Android (operating system)
While Android phones in the Western world commonly include Google 's proprietary add - ons ( such as Google Play ) to the otherwise open - source operating system , this is increasingly not the case in emerging markets ; `` ABI Research claims that 65 million devices shipped globally with open - source Android in the second quarter of ( 2014 ) , up from 54 million in the first quarter '' ; depending on country , percent of phones estimated to be based only on AOSP source code , forgoing the Android trademark : Thailand ( 44 % ) , Philippines ( 38 % ) , Indonesia ( 31 % ) , India ( 21 % ) , Malaysia ( 24 % ) , Mexico ( 18 % ) , Brazil ( 9 % ) .
Natural gas
CNG is a cleaner and also cheaper alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline ( petrol ) and diesel . By the end of 2014 there were over 20 million natural gas vehicles worldwide , led by Iran ( 3.5 million ) , China ( 3.3 million ) , Pakistan ( 2.8 million ) , Argentina ( 2.5 million ) , India ( 1.8 million ) , and Brazil ( 1.8 million ) . The energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline engines , but lower compared with modern diesel engines . Gasoline / petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low compression ratio of their engines , resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas ( 10 % -- 15 % ) . CNG - specific engines , however , use a higher compression ratio due to this fuel 's higher octane number of 120 -- 130 .
United States
In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 .
Flint water crisis
On January 18 , 2016 the United Way of Genesee County estimated 6,000 -- 12,000 children have been exposed to lead poisoning and kicked off a fundraising campaign to raise $100 million over a 10 -- 15 year span for their medical treatment . On January 27 , 2016 Dr. Mona Hanna - Attisha started a fundraiser for the $80,000 needed for the medical treatment of Flint children affected by lead poisoning . Meridian Health Plan of Detroit has agreed to donate up to $40,000 in matching funds to the Community Foundation of Greater Flint for long - term needs Dr. Hanna - Attisha expects to arise from the lead issue .
Environmental policy of the United States
Since the major environmental legislation of the 1970s was enacted , great progress has been made in some areas , but the environmental protection has come at a high price . Between 1970 and 1996 , air pollutants dropped 32 % while the population grew by 29 % . Other pollutants have been more difficult to track , especially water pollutants . While air and water standards have been slowly improving , in 1996 70 million people still lived in counties that did n't meet EPA ozone standards . 36 % of rivers and 39 % of lakes did n't meet minimum standards for all uses ( swimming , fishing , drinking , supporting aquatic life ) . In the same period , the size of the National Park Service grew from 26,000,000 acres ( 110,000 km ) to 83,000,000 acres ( 340,000 km ) , and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service expanded by over three times to manage over 92,000,000 acres ( 370,000 km ) . In 1995 , 41 % of the 960 endangered species were stable or improving .
Spanish language
Spanish is the primary language of 20 countries worldwide . It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 and 500 million , making it the second most widely spoken language in terms of native speakers .
Cigarette
As of 2002 , about 5.5 trillion cigarettes were produced globally , and were smoked by over 1.1 billion people , or greater than one - seventh of the world population . While smoking rates have leveled off or declined in developed nations , they continue to rise in developing parts of the world . Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 , falling from 42 % to 20.8 % of adults . In the developing world , tobacco consumption is rising by 3.4 % per year . Smoking rates in Australia have dropped 4.9 % in the year that ended in March 2014 . Consumption of cigarettes and tobacco dropped 7.6 % in the first quarter in Australia , and 0.1 % of the nation 's gross domestic product was clipped from the cut in household consumption of cigarettes . Australia is cutting their overall smoking consumption faster than most of the developed world , in part due to landmark legislation passed banning logos on cigarette cartons , and instead replacing labels with graphic images of sick or dying cigarette smokers and dire health warnings in front of the images . This legislation , passed in 2011 , is called Australia 's Plain Packaging Act , and was fought in the country 's High Court by manufacturers of tobacco products . The legislation has significantly reduced consumption in Australia , and could serve as precedent for many other governments currently expanding restrictive legislation on cigarette and tobacco use . An independent review made by one of Britain 's most prominent doctors , Cyril Chantler , may be one of the first steps for Britain to follow Australia in cutting its overall household consumption . In his report , he notes that `` standardized packaging would serve to reduce the rate of children taking up smoking . '' Ireland 's health minister , James Reilly , has said the government has passed a draft bill in 2014 on plain packaging . In New Zealand , a bill has been presented to parliament in which the government 's associate health minister said `` takes away the last means of promoting tobacco as a desirable product . ''
List of languages by number of native speakers
Bubble chart of languages by proportion of native speakers worldwide Languages with at least 50 million first - language speakers , millions ( according to : Ethnologue )
Kenya
Out of approximately 40 million Kenyans , about 14 million Kenyans are not able to receive financial service through formal loan application service and an additional 12 million Kenyans have no access to financial service institutions at all . Further , 1 million Kenyans are reliant on informal groups for receiving financial aid .
Chernobyl disaster
In 2017 Philip Thomas , Professor of Risk Management at the University of Bristol found upon using the Years of potential life lost metric , that `` Relocation was unjustified for 75 % of the 335,000 people relocated after Chernobyl '' , finding that just 900 people within the 220,000 relocated during the second evacuation , would have lost 3 months ' of life expectancy by staying home and `` none should have been asked to leave '' . For comparison , Thomas found that the average Londoner , a city of ~ 8 million , lose 4.5 months of life due to air pollution .
Times Square
The New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 a.m. on New Year 's Day 2014 , it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from the New Year 's celebration , using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance . The
Methanogen
Methanogens are widely used in anaerobic digestors to treat wastewater as well as aqueous organic pollutants . Industries have selected methanogens for their ability to perform biomethanation during wastewater decomposition thereby rendering the process sustainable and cost - effective .
Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
By January 26 , 2011 , HHS said it had granted a total of 733 waivers for 2011 , covering 2.1 million people , or about 1 % of the privately insured population . In June 2011 , the Obama Administration announced that all applications for new waivers and renewals of existing ones had to be filed by September 22 of that year , and no new waivers would be approved after this date .
Hurricane Irma
By September 9 , more than one million Puerto Ricans were still without power , tens of thousands were without water , and several thousand were still in shelters . Hospitals were operating on generator power . The government was struggling to establish contact with the islands of Culebra and Vieques .
Connective tissue
It is estimated that 1 in 10 people have a connective tissue disorder . Diseases of connective tissue include :
Traditionalist Catholicism
According to one writer , one percent of people who claim to be Catholic identify as `` traditional Catholics '' ; the same writer says that `` the Vatican and the SSPX seem to agree that there are about 0.01 % of Catholics world - wide are members or traditional Catholics '' ; on the basis of `` an educated guess '' , he calculates that 80 % of `` Traditional Catholics '' are practicing , dynamic Catholics , and on the basis of research that only 7 % of Catholics are `` dynamic Catholics '' concludes that `` groups of traditional Catholics '' represent approximately 11 % of practicing Catholics . For purposes of comparison with mainstream Catholic organisations , the Knights of Columbus in the United States are stated to have 1.7 million members , the Neocatechumenal Way is reported to have around 1 million members , and Opus Dei is claimed to have 87,000 members .
Android (operating system)
Android market share varies by location . In July 2012 , `` mobile subscribers aged 13 + '' in the United States using Android were up to 52 % , and rose to 90 % in China . During the third quarter of 2012 , Android 's worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75 % , with 750 million devices activated in total . In April 2013 Android had 1.5 million activations per day . As of May 2013 , 48 billion applications ( `` apps '' ) have been installed from the Google Play store , and by September 2013 , one billion Android devices have been activated .
Lead poisoning
Since lead has been used widely for centuries , the effects of exposure are worldwide . Environmental lead is ubiquitous , and everyone has some measurable blood lead level . Atmospheric lead pollution increased dramatically beginning in the 1950s as a result of the widespread use of leaded gasoline . Lead is one of the largest environmental medicine problems in terms of numbers of people exposed and the public health toll it takes . Lead exposure accounts for about 0.2 % of all deaths and 0.6 % of disability adjusted life years globally .
American Sign Language
Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics . Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use , since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home . This accounts for currently cited estimations which are greater than 500,000 ; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000 . A 100,000 - person lower bound has been cited for ASL users ; the source of this figure is unclear , but it may be an estimate of prelingual deafness , which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
The earthquake and tsunami damaged or destroyed more than one million buildings leading to a total of 470,000 people needing evacuation . Of the 470,000 , the nuclear accident was responsible for 154,000 being evacuated .
Health care in the United States
Of the 26.2 million foreign immigrants living in the US in 1998 , 62.9 % were non-U.S. citizens . In 1997 , 34.3 % of non-U.S. citizens living in America did not have health insurance coverage opposed to the 14.2 % of native - born Americans who do not have health insurance coverage . Among those immigrants who became citizens , 18.5 % were uninsured , as opposed to noncitizens , who are 43.6 % uninsured . In each age and income group , immigrants are less likely to have health insurance . With the recent healthcare changes , many legal immigrants with various immigration statuses now are able qualify for affordable health insurance . Options vary according to the immigrants ' age and how long they have been permanent residents .
Baja California
According to a Conacyt investigator , a bit under a million people were classified as `` poor '' in the state , up from 2008 when there were roughly 810,000 . Exactly who these people are , whether locals , interstate or international migrants , was not explained .
Priesthood in the Catholic Church
Unlike usage in English , `` the Latin words sacerdos and sacerdotium are used to refer in general to the ministerial priesthood shared by bishops and presbyters . The words presbyter , presbyterium and presbyteratus refer to priests in the English use of the word or presbyters . '' According to the Annuario Pontificio 2016 , as of December 31 , 2014 , there were 415,792 Catholic priests worldwide , including both diocesan priests and priests in the religious orders . A priest of the regular clergy is commonly addressed with the title `` Father '' ( abbreviated Fr. , in the Roman Catholic and some other Christian churches ) .
Agent Orange
Up to four million people in Vietnam were exposed to the defoliant . The government of Vietnam says as many as 3 million people have suffered illnesses because of Agent Orange . The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems as a result of Agent Orange contamination . The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable . The chemical is capable of damaging genes , resulting in deformities among the offspring of exposed victims . The U.S. government has documented higher cases of leukemia , Hodgkin 's lymphoma , and various kinds of cancer in exposed veterans . Agent Orange also caused enormous environmental damage in Vietnam . Over 3,100,000 hectares ( 31,000 km or 11,969 mi ) of forest were defoliated . Defoliants eroded tree cover and seedling forest stock , making reforestation difficult in numerous areas . Animal species diversity sharply reduced in contrast with unsprayed areas .
Human rights and development
The fifth MDG is to improve maternal health . The target is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio and to achieve universal access to reproductive health by 2015 comparable to right to life and health . Complications during pregnancy or childbirth are one of the leading causes of death for adolescent girls , 140 million women worldwide married or in civil union would like to delay or avoid pregnancy , but have no access to family planning . 47 million babies were delivered without skilled care in 2011 .
World Health Organization
In May 2018 , 172 members of the United States House of Representatives wrote to the Director General of the World Health Organization to argue for Taiwan 's inclusion as an observer at the WHA .