vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of immigration to the United States
Over half of all new British immigrants in the South initially arrived as indentured servants . They were mostly poor young people who could n't find work in England and could n't afford passage to America and . In addition , about 60,000 British convicts were transported to the new British colonies in Georgia in the 18th century . Most of these so - called convicts were guilty of being very poor and out of work . `` Serious '' criminals were generally executed . Ironically , these `` convicts '' are often the only immigrants with nearly complete immigration records as other immigrants typically showed up with few or no records .
History of the United Kingdom
In 1867 , Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada , giving it self - government and responsibility for its internal affairs . Britain handled foreign policy and defence . The second half of the 19th century saw a huge expansion of Britain 's colonial empire in Asia and Africa as well as the Pacific . In the `` Scramble for Africa '' , the boast was having the Union Jack flying from `` Cairo to Cape Town . '' Britain defended its empire with the world 's dominant navy , and a small professional army . It was the only power in Europe to have no conscription .
Southern Ocean
Hydrographic Offices who issue separate publications dealing with this area are therefore left to decide their own northern limits ( Great Britain uses Latitude of 55 South . )
France–United Kingdom relations
In southern France a collaborative government known as Vichy France was set up . It was officially neutral , but metropolitan France was economically under German control . After the Attack on Mers - el - Kébir in 1940 , where the British fleet destroyed a large part of the Vichy France navy , there was nationwide indignation and a feeling of betrayal in France leading to the events of the Battle of Dakar . Eventually , several important French ships joined the Free French Forces . The United States maintained diplomatic relations with Vichy and avoided recognition of de Gaulle 's claim to be the one and only government of France . Churchill , caught between the U.S. and de Gaulle , tried to find a compromise . The pre-emptive destruction of the French fleet by the British at Mers - el - Kebir , on the grounds that it might decide to support the Vichy government , as well as a similar attack on French ships in Oran , proved to be a long - lasting fuel for anti-British sentiment in France .
War of 1812
Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American smugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . ''
British Empire in World War II
When the United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany at the outset of World War II it controlled to varying degrees numerous crown colonies , protectorates and the Indian Empire . It also maintained unique political ties to four semi-independent Dominions -- Australia , Canada , South Africa , and New Zealand -- as part of the Commonwealth . In 1939 the British Commonwealth was a global superpower , with direct or de facto political and economic control of 25 % of the world 's population , and 30 % of its land mass .
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions , colonies , protectorates , mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states . It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries . At its height , it was the largest empire in history and , for over a century , was the foremost global power . By 1913 , the British Empire held sway over 412 million people , 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 % of the world population at the time , and by 1920 , it covered 35,500,000 km ( 13,700,000 sq mi ) , 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 % of the Earth 's total land area . As a result , its political , legal , linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread . At the peak of its power , the phrase `` the empire on which the sun never sets '' was often used to describe the British Empire , because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories .
Apartheid
The UK 's significant economic involvement in South Africa may have provided some leverage with the South African government , with both the UK and the US applying pressure and pushing for negotiations . However , neither the UK nor the US was willing to apply economic pressure upon their multinational interests in South Africa , such as the mining company Anglo American . Although a high - profile compensation claim against these companies was thrown out of court in 2004 , the US Supreme Court in May 2008 upheld an appeal court ruling allowing another lawsuit that seeks damages of more than US $400,000,000,000 from major international companies which are accused of aiding South Africa 's apartheid system .
Canada–United States relations
Before the British conquest of French Canada in 1760 , there had been a series of wars between the British and the French which were fought out in the colonies as well as in Europe and the high seas . In general , the British heavily relied on American colonial militia units , while the French heavily relied on their First Nation allies . The Iroquois Nation were important allies of the British . Much of the fighting involved ambushes and small - scale warfare in the villages along the border between New England and Quebec . The New England colonies had a much larger population than Quebec , so major invasions came from south to north . The First Nation allies , only loosely controlled by the French , repeatedly raided New England villages to kidnap women and children , and torture and kill the men . Those who survived were brought up as Francophone Catholics . The tension along the border was exacerbated by religion , the French Catholics and English Protestants had a deep mutual distrust . There was a naval dimension as well , involving privateers attacking enemy merchant ships .
Industrial Revolution
Instead , the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies , particularly China and Russia . Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse , and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size ( European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy ) . Britain 's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods . The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas , reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe . This was further aided by Britain 's geographical position -- an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe . William
United Kingdom
The British armed forces played a key role in establishing the British Empire as the dominant world power in the 18th , 19th and early 20th centuries . Throughout its unique history the British forces have seen action in a number of major wars , such as the Seven Years ' War , the Napoleonic Wars , the Crimean War , the First World War and the Second World War -- as well as many colonial conflicts . By emerging victorious from such conflicts , Britain has often been able to decisively influence world events . Since the end of the British Empire , the UK has nonetheless remained a major military power . Following the end of the Cold War , defence policy has a stated assumption that `` the most demanding operations '' will be undertaken as part of a coalition . Setting aside the intervention in Sierra Leone , recent UK military operations in Bosnia , Kosovo , Afghanistan , Iraq and , most recently , Libya , have followed this approach . The last occasion on which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982 .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
As British colonists before 1776 , American merchant vessels had enjoyed the protection of the Royal Navy . Major ports in the Northeast began to specialize in merchant shipping . The main cargoes included tobacco , as well as rice , indigo and naval stores from the Southern colonies . From the other colonies exports included horses , wheat , fish and lumber . By the 1760s New England was the center of a flourishing shipbuilding industry . Imports included all manner of manufactured goods . Revolutionary
History of the United Kingdom
Between 1867 and 1910 , the UK had granted Australia , Canada , and New Zealand `` Dominion '' status ( near complete autonomy within the Empire ) . They became charter members of the British Commonwealth of Nations ( known as the Commonwealth of Nations since 1949 ) , an informal but close - knit association that succeeded the British Empire . Beginning with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , the remainder of the British Empire was almost completely dismantled . Today , most of Britain 's former colonies belong to the Commonwealth , almost all of them as independent members . There are , however , 13 former British colonies , including Bermuda , Gibraltar , the Falkland Islands , and others , which have elected to continue rule by London and are known as British Overseas Territories .
History of the United States Constitution
The weak central government could not back its policies with military strength , embarrassing it in foreign affairs . The British refused to withdraw their troops from the forts and trading posts in the new nation 's Northwest Territory , as they had agreed to do in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . British officers on the northern boundaries and Spanish officers to the south supplied arms to Native American tribes , allowing them to attack American settlers . The Spanish refused to allow western American farmers to use their port of New Orleans to ship produce .
Thirteen Colonies
The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system , where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire , and trade with other empires was forbidden . The goal was to enrich Britain -- its merchants and its government . Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London , but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies .
Emancipation Proclamation
Since the Emancipation Proclamation made the eradication of slavery an explicit Union war goal , it linked support for the South to support for slavery . Public opinion in Britain would not tolerate direct support for slavery . British companies , however , continued to build and operate blockade runners for the South . As Henry Adams noted , `` The Emancipation Proclamation has done more for us than all our former victories and all our diplomacy . '' In Italy , Giuseppe Garibaldi hailed Lincoln as `` the heir of the aspirations of John Brown '' . On August 6 , 1863 , Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln : `` Posterity will call you the great emancipator , a more enviable title than any crown could be , and greater than any merely mundane treasure '' .
War of 1812
The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who were most vocal about annexing British North America , by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded .
British Empire
The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy , independent of Britain , was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference . Britain 's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa , and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa , the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926 , declaring the Dominions to be `` autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another '' within a `` British Commonwealth of Nations '' . This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster . The parliaments of Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control , they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent . Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933 , suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression . The Irish Free State distanced itself further from the British state with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937 , making it a republic in all but name .
Confederate States of America
French Emperor Napoleon III assured Confederate diplomat John Slidell that he would make `` direct proposition '' to Britain for joint recognition . The Emperor made the same assurance to British Members of Parliament John A. Roebuck and John A. Lindsay . Roebuck in turn publicly prepared a bill to submit to Parliament June 30 supporting joint Anglo - French recognition of the Confederacy . `` Southerners had a right to be optimistic , or at least hopeful , that their revolution would prevail , or at least endure . '' Following the dual reverses at Vicksburg and Gettysburg in July 1863 , the Confederates `` suffered a severe loss of confidence in themselves '' , and withdrew into an interior defensive position . There would be no help from the Europeans .
History of immigration to the United States
While the thirteen colonies differentiated in how they were settled and by whom , they had many commonalities . Nearly all were settled and financed by privately organized British settlers or families using free enterprise without any significant English Royal or Parliamentary government support or input . Nearly all commercial activity was run in small , privately owned businesses with good credit both at home and in England , which was essential since they were often cash poor . Most settlements were nearly independent of British trade since they grew or made nearly everything they needed ; the average cost of imports per household was 5 -- 15 pounds per year . Most settlements were created by complete family groups with several generations often present . The population was typically rural , with close to 80 % owning the land they lived and farmed on . After 1700 , as the Industrial Revolution progressed , more of the population started to move to cities , much like what had happened in Britain . Initially , the Dutch and German Americans primarily spoke dialects brought over from Europe , while English was the main trade language . Governments and laws primarily copied the English . The only major British institution to be abandoned was the aristocracy , noted by nearly universal absence . The settlers generally established their own popularly elected governments and courts on as many levels as they could and were nearly all , within a few years , self - governing , self - supporting , and self - replicating . This self - ruling pattern became so ingrained that almost all new settlements would have their own government up and running shortly after arrival for the next 200 years .
British Empire
After independence , many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations , a free association of independent states . The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations , a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms , that share a monarch , Queen Elizabeth II .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
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United Kingdom
The UK is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , a member of NATO , the Commonwealth of Nations , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum ( previously the G8 forum ) , the G20 , the OECD , the WTO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE . It is also a member state of the European Union in the process of withdrawal . The UK is said to have a `` Special Relationship '' with the United States and a close partnership with France -- the `` Entente cordiale '' -- and shares nuclear weapons technology with both countries . The UK is also closely linked with the Republic of Ireland ; the two countries share a Common Travel Area and co-operate through the British - Irish Intergovernmental Conference and the British - Irish Council . Britain 's global presence and influence is further amplified through its trading relations , foreign investments , official development assistance and military engagements .
Yemen
The Colony of Aden was divided into an eastern colony and a western colony . Those were further divided into 23 sultanates and emirates , and several independent tribes that had no relationships with the sultanates . The deal between the sultanates and Britain detailed protection and complete control of foreign relations by the British . The Sultanate of Lahej was the only one in which the sultan was referred to as His Highness . The Federation of South Arabia was created by the British to counter Arab nationalism by giving more freedom to the rulers of the nations .
British Empire in World War II
By the end of the war in August 1945 , British Commonwealth forces were responsible for the civil and / or military administration of a number of non-Commonwealth territories , occupied during the war , including Eritrea , Libya , Madagascar , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Italian Somaliland , Syria , Thailand and portions of Germany , Austria and Japan . Most of these military administrations were handed over to old European colonial authorities or to new local authorities soon after the end of the hostilities . Commonwealth forces administered occupation zones in Japan , Germany and Austria until 1955 . World War II confirmed that Britain was no longer the great power it had once been , and that it had been surpassed by the United States on the world stage . Canada , Australia and New Zealand moved within the orbit of the United States . The image of imperial strength in Asia had been shattered by the Japanese attacks , and British prestige there was irreversibly damaged . The price for India 's entry to the war had been effectively a guarantee for independence , which came within two years of the end of the war , relieving Britain of its most populous and valuable colony . The deployment of 150,000 Africans overseas from British colonies , and the stationing of white troops in Africa itself led to revised perceptions of the Empire in Africa .
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is a developed country and has the world 's fifth - largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth - largest economy by purchasing power parity . The UK is considered to have a high - income economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index , ranking 16th in the world . It was the world 's first industrialised country and the world 's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries . The UK remains a great power with considerable economic , cultural , military , scientific and political influence internationally . It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and is seventh in military expenditure in the world . The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 . It has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , since 1973 . However , on 23 June 2016 , a national referendum on the UK 's membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave , and its exit from the EU is currently being negotiated . The UK is also a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , the Council of Europe , the G7 finance ministers , the G7 forum , the G20 , NATO , the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) .