vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
A Song of Ice and Fire
In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title .
A Song of Ice and Fire
The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true .
Curling
Outdoor curling was very popular in Scotland between the 16th and 19th centuries because the climate provided good ice conditions every winter . Scotland is home to the international governing body for curling , the World Curling Federation , Perth , which originated as a committee of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club , the mother club of curling .
A Song of Ice and Fire
Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 )
Blond
There are blondes and blondes and it is almost a joke word nowadays . All blondes have their points , except perhaps the metallic ones who are as blond as a Zulu under the bleach and as to disposition as soft as a sidewalk . There is the small cute blonde who cheeps and twitters , and the big statuesque blonde who straight - arms you with an ice - blue glare . There is the blonde who gives you the up - from - under look and smells lovely and shimmers and hangs on your arm and is always very tired when you take her home . She makes that helpless gesture and has that goddamned headache and you would like to slug her except that you are glad you found out about the headache before you invested too much time and money and hope in her . Because the headache will always be there , a weapon that never wears out and is as deadly as the bravo 's rapier or Lucrezia 's poison vial .
Human rights and development
During the 1970s , General Pinochet 's crimes in Argentina contributed greatly to the general assembly passing the United Nations Convention against Torture 1975 while the Helsinki Accords 1975 also gave strength to the Human Rights movement . Today the binding UN covenants of the ICCPR and the ICESCR are now in force . In 1977 the Security Council imposed mandatory trade sanctions on South Africa after having previously declared apartheid as `` a grave threat to the peace '' justifying the interference into the States internal affairs . The ban on trade was not policed and circumnavigated by multinational corporations . During this period Andrei Sakharov drew attention to the plight of political prisoners whilst critiquing the UN system for its partisan politics . Václav Havel appealed to the Helsinki promise of political cooperation to be taken at face value . These developments coincided with a shift in US foreign policy to include human rights in its agenda while the twin covenants making human rights abuse a legitimate subject of international concern .
Band on the Run
The album cover photograph was taken at Osterley Park , west London , on 28 October 1973 by photographer Clive Arrowsmith . It depicts Paul , Linda and Denny plus six other well - known people dressed as convicts caught in the spotlight of a prison searchlight . They are Michael Parkinson , chat - show host and journalist ; Kenny Lynch , actor , comedian and singer ; James Coburn , actor ; Clement Freud , politician , columnist , gourmet and raconteur ; Christopher Lee , actor ; and John Conteh , a boxer who later became World Light - Heavyweight champion . Arrowsmith detailed that the eventual cover was one of the four he found acceptable in the 24 attempts he took . The spotlight 's low potency meant everyone had to stand still for two seconds for proper exposure , which was made difficult by the photographed reportedly being in a `` substance haze '' following a party held by Paul , making it harder for them to hold the pose . The golden hue of the picture is due to Arrowsmith using a regular daytime film instead of a Tungsten film , which would be better suited for night - time photographs .
Jefferson Airplane
In mid-1968 , the group was photographed for a Life magazine story on `` The New Rock '' , appearing on the cover of the June 28 , 1968 edition . They undertook their first major tour of Europe in August -- September 1968 , playing alongside the Doors in the Netherlands , England , Germany , and Sweden . In a notorious incident at a concert in Amsterdam , while the Airplane was performing `` Plastic Fantastic Lover '' , Doors singer Jim Morrison , under the influence of a combination of drugs fans had given him , appeared on stage and began dancing `` like a pinwheel '' . As the group played faster and faster , Morrison spun around wildly until he finally fell senseless on the stage at Marty Balin 's feet . Morrison was unable to perform his set with the Doors and was hospitalized while keyboardist Ray Manzarek was forced to sing all the vocals . It was also during this tour that Slick and Morrison allegedly engaged in a brief sexual relationship , described in Somebody To Love ? , Slick 's 1998 autobiography .
Exploration of Mars
Mariner 4 flew past Mars on July 14 , 1965 , providing the first close - up photographs of another planet . The pictures , gradually played back to Earth from a small tape recorder on the probe , showed impact craters . It provided radically more accurate data about the planet ; a surface atmospheric pressure of about 1 % of Earth 's and daytime temperatures of − 100 ° C ( − 148 ° F ) were estimated . No magnetic field or Martian radiation belts were detected . The new data meant redesigns for then planned Martian landers , and showed life would have a more difficult time surviving there than previously anticipated . Mariner
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
News pros were not the only ones greatly impressed by the photo . Navy Captain T.B. Clark was on duty at Patuxent Air Station in Maryland that Saturday when it came humming off the wire in 1945 . He studied it for a minute , and then thrust it under the gaze of Navy Petty Officer Felix de Weldon . De Weldon was an Austrian immigrant schooled in European painting and sculpture . De Weldon could not take his eyes off the photo . In its classic triangular lines he recognized similarities with the ancient statues he had studied . He reflexively reached for some sculptor 's clay and tools . With the photograph before him he labored through the night . Within 72 hours of the photo 's release , he had replicated the six boys pushing a pole , raising a flag . Upon seeing the finished model , the Marine Corps commandant had de Weldon assigned to the Marine Corps until de Weldon was discharged from the navy after the war was over .
Photo booth
A photo booth is a vending machine or modern kiosk that contains an automated , usually coin - operated , camera and film processor . Today , the vast majority of photo booths are digital .
United States news media and the Vietnam War
Perhaps the most famous image of the Tet Offensive , a photo that was taken by Eddie Adams , was the photograph that depicted a Vietnamese man being executed by the Southern Vietnamese General , General Nguyen Ngoc Loan . The photo shows the moment of death for the young man . Adams won a prize for his iconic photo , which was said to be more influential than the video that was released of the same execution . The impact that the photos had on the American public was astounding . Support for the war plummeted , and though two hundred thousand troops were requested at the beginning of the Offensive , the request was denied . Adams had another photo published that , while not making as big as an impact as his other photo , was certainly gruesome . The image depicted a soldier , who appears to be a child , dead and lying on the side of the road , with a group of civilians looking down at the body . It was published on May 5 , 1968 .
Photo booth
The patent for the first automated photography machine was filed in 1888 by William Pope and Edward Poole of Baltimore . The first known really working photographic machine was a product of the French inventor T.E. Enjalbert ( March 1889 ) . It was shown at the 1889 World 's Fair in Paris . The German - born photographer Mathew Steffens from Chicago filed a patent for such a machine in May 1889 . These early machines were not reliable enough to be self - sufficient . The first commercially successful automatic photographic apparatus was the `` Bosco '' from inventor Conrad Bernitt of Hamburg ( patented July 16 , 1890 ) . All of these early machines produced ferrotypes . The first photographic automate with negative and positive process was invented by Carl Sasse ( 1896 ) of Germany .
Magic in Harry Potter
Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits : the figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame . They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media , as well as on Chocolate Frog cards . Colin Creevey mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera ' in the right potion ' , the pictures will move . However , unlike portraits , figures in wizarding pictures can not speak and display little sentience . It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events , as in Order of the Phoenix , the family photograph on Arthur 's desk shows everyone except Percy `` who appeared to have walked out of it '' , mirroring the deterioration of Percy 's relationship with his family . It is also mentioned that in a photo taken by Colin Creevey of Gilderoy Lockhart and Harry , Harry 's picture had walked out and was resisting all of Lockhart 's efforts to pull him back in .
Lord of the Flies (1990 film)
An aircraft carrying 24 young American military school cadets of 8 and 12 years old returning home crash lands into the sea near a remote , uninhabited , jungle island in the Pacific Ocean . The pilot of the plane Captain Benson ( Michael Greene ) , the only adult survivor , is seriously injured and delirious . All of the survivors arrive on the island . During the night , Simon , the most independent cadet , finds a river and notifies the other boys , to which they all drink out of it and explore the island afterwards . Meanwhile , on the beach , an overweight cadet with nicknamed `` Piggy '' ( whose real name is never revealed during the story ) , a boy with glasses , finds a seashell and takes it to the grouped cadets , who adopt it to signal the right to speak and be heard by the group . The senior cadet , and one of the elder boys , Cadet Colonel Ralph , organizes a meeting to discuss surviving their predicament . Ralph and another of the older boys , Jack , emerge dominant , and an impromptu election is held to determine an official leader for the group . Ralph is declared the winner . They start a fire using Piggy 's glasses to try and alert any passing craft . Things go smoothly for a while , but tensions soon begin to grow between Ralph and Jack .
Air New Zealand
In January 2010 , Air New Zealand released details of its new `` Kupe '' long - haul product for its new 777 - 300ER aircraft which arrived later that year , as well as on its 787 - 9 aircraft . Changes included an improved Business Premier and Economy class product , a new Premium Economy cabin , and the introduction of the Economy SkyCouch . Business
Wonder Woman
The Invisible Plane was a creation of Diana 's during her younger years on Paradise Island . She created it to be an improvement on her mother 's planes which would be shot down in Man 's World . The result of her innovation was an invisible plane that could fly at terrific speeds silently and not be detected by hostile forces . Initially , it was portrayed as being transparent .
Air New Zealand
Pacific Economy is available on all aircraft , in a 3 - 3 - 3 configuration on the 787 , and a 3 - 4 - 3 configuration on the 777 - 200ER and the 777 - 300ER aircraft . The seats have a pitch of 31 to 34 inches ( 790 to 860 mm ) , have a 6 - inch recline , and have a flexible edge seat base to provide more leg support when reclined . Each seat has its own AVOD entertainment system , with a 9 - inch screen on the 787 and 777 - 200ER , and a 10.6 - inch touchscreen on the 777 - 300ER .
Adobe Photoshop
CS6 brings the `` straighten '' tool to Photoshop , where a user simply draws a line anywhere on an image , and the canvas will reorient itself so that the line drawn becomes horizontal , and adjusts the media accordingly . This was created with the intention that users will draw a line parallel to a plane in the image , and reorient the image to that plane to more easily achieve certain perspectives .
Jefferson Airplane
With Hot Tuna drummer Sammy Piazza deputizing on one track , Covington ( who had already recorded two drum parts ) was soon replaced by former Turtles / CSNY drummer John Barbata , who ultimately played on most of the album . Long John Silver is notable for its cover , which folded out into a humidor , which the inner photo depicted as storing cigars ( which may have been filled with marijuana ) . Despite middling reviews , the album rose to No. 20 in the United States , a significantly higher placement than Burgers ( No. 68 ) or Sunfighter ( No. 89 ) .
Edward O'Hare
Later Rear Admiral Radford honored a request from O'Hare to take a fighter as command aircraft instead of the Avenger , so O'Hare in a fateful decision happily drew Grumman F6F - 3 Hellcat Bureau Number 66168 from the fleet pool to become his principal CAG plane , numbered `` 00 '' . From 20 - November 23 , 1943 , the U.S. forces landed in the Gilberts ( Tarawa and Makin ) , and the Enterprise joined in providing close air support to the Marines landing on Makin Island . Equipped with the Grumman F6F Hellcat , the U.S. Navy fighter pilots could protect the fleet from attacking Japanese aircraft .
History of photography
Georg Fabricius ( 1516 -- 71 ) discovered silver chloride , later used to make photographic paper .
Photo booth
Finally , the number and size of the pictures to be printed are chosen , and the pictures print out on a glossy full - color 10 × 15 cm sheet to be cut up and divided among the group of customers . Some photo booths also allow the pictures to be sent to customers ' mobile phones . Other photo places have a scanner and laptop at the cashiers desk for customers to scan and copy their original picture before they cut and divide the pictures amongst their group .
Biafra
The Biafrans managed to set up a small yet effective air force . The BAF commanders were Chude Sokey and later Godwin Ezeilo , who had trained with the Royal Canadian Air Force . Early inventory included two B - 25 Mitchells , two B - 26 Invaders , ( one piloted by Polish World War II ace Jan Zumbach , known also as John Brown ) , a converted DC - 3 and one Dove . In 1968 the Swedish pilot Carl Gustaf von Rosen suggested the MiniCOIN project to General Ojukwu . By early 1969 , Biafra had assembled five MFI - 9Bs in Gabon , calling them `` Biafra Babies '' . They were coloured green , were able to carry six 68 mm anti-armour rockets under each wing and had simple sights . The six aeroplanes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots . In September 1969 , Biafra acquired four ex-Armee de l'Air North American T - 6Gs , which were flown to Biafra the following month , with another aircraft lost on the ferry flight . These aircraft flew missions until January 1970 and were flown by Portuguese ex-military pilots .
Air New Zealand
On the various aircraft , economy seats also have USB , iPod and power connections , a cup - holder and trinket tray , and a headrest designed to allow a special sleep pillow to attach to it , preventing it from slipping downwards during sleep . Economy
History of photography
In America , by 1851 a broadside by daguerreotypist Augustus Washington was advertising prices ranging from 50 cents to $10 . However , daguerreotypes were fragile and difficult to copy . Photographers encouraged chemists to refine the process of making many copies cheaply , which eventually led them back to Talbot 's process .
Kim Jong-un
For many years , only one confirmed photograph of him was known to exist outside North Korea , apparently taken in the mid-1990s , when he was eleven . Occasionally other supposed images of him surfaced but were often disputed . It was only in June 2010 , shortly before he was given official posts and publicly introduced to the North Korean people , that more pictures were released of Kim , taken when he was attending school in Switzerland . The first official image of him as an adult was a group photograph released on 30 September 2010 , at the end of the party conference that effectively anointed him , in which he is seated in the front row , two places from his father . This was followed by newsreel footage of him attending the conference .
Subhas Chandra Bose
In Taihoku , at around 2 : 30 PM as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take - off , the passengers inside heard a loud sound , similar to an engine backfiring . The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane . It was the portside engine , or a part of it , and the propeller . The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted , crashing , breaking into two , and exploding into flames . Inside , the chief pilot , copilot and Lieutenant - General Tsunamasa Shidei , the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army , who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria , were instantly killed . Bose 's assistant Habibur Rahman was stunned , passing out briefly , and Bose , although conscious and not fatally hurt , was soaked in gasoline . When Rahman came to , he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door , but found it blocked by the luggage . They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front . The ground staff , now approaching the plane , saw two people staggering towards them , one of whom had become a human torch . The human torch turned out to be Bose , whose gasoline - soaked clothes had instantly ignited . Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames , but also noticed that Bose 's face and head appeared badly burned . According to Joyce Chapman Lebra , `` A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku . '' The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi , the surgeon - in - charge at the hospital at around 3 PM . Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital , and for some time thereafter . Bose was naked , except for a blanket wrapped around him , and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third - degree burns on many parts of the body , especially on his chest , doubting very much that he would live . Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta . According to historian Leonard A. Gordon , who interviewed all the hospital personnel later ,
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand domestic services are operated in a single class all - economy configuration . Seating forward of the over-wing emergency exits on A320 aircraft are Space+ seats , with a larger pitch between seats , but otherwise are effectively economy seats .
Dust Bowl
The crisis was documented by photographers , musicians , and authors , many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government . For instance , the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis . Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression . She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families . Among her most well - known photographs is Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children , which depicted a gaunt - looking woman , Florence Owens Thompson , holding three of her children . This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost . Decades later , Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast . Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl `` Okie . ''
Stone Mountain
According to George Weiblen 's annotated calendar for Monday , May 7 , 1928 : `` Mail plane crashed on mountain at 8 : 00 P.M. '' The pilot , Johnny S. Kytle ( 1905 -- 1931 ) , not only survived the crash , but managed to grab the mail and walk down the mountain .
Photo booth
In Japan , purikura ( プリクラ ) refers to a photo sticker booth or the product of such a photo booth . The name is a shortened form of the registered trademark Purinto Kurabu ( プリント 倶楽部 ) . The term derives from the English print club . Jointly developed by Atlus and Sega , the first purikura machines were sold in July 1995 . The purikura machines were developed in response to young women 's interest in both photography and stickers .
Google Street View
Michael Wolf won an honourable mention in Daily Life in the 2011 World Press Photo competition for some of his work using Google Street View .
Agent Orange
In 1971 , the C - 123 aircraft used for spraying Agent Orange were returned to the United States and assigned various East Coast USAF Reserve squadrons , and then employed in traditional airlift missions between 1972 and 1982 . In 1994 , testing by the Air Force identified some former spray aircraft as `` heavily contaminated '' with dioxin residue . Inquiries by aircrew veterans in 2011 brought a decision by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs opining that not enough dioxin residue remained to injure these post-Vietnam War veterans . On 26 January 2012 , the U.S. Center For Disease Control 's Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry challenged this with their finding that former spray aircraft were indeed contaminated and the aircrews exposed to harmful levels of dioxin . In response to veterans ' concerns , the VA in February 2014 referred the C - 123 issue to the Institute of Medicine for a special study , with results released on January 9 , 2015 .