vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Telangiectasia
Age : The development of spider veins may occur at any age but usually occurs between 18 and 35 years , and peaks between 50 and 60 years . Gender : It used to be thought that females were affected far more than males . However research has shown 79 % of adult males and 88 % of adult females have leg telangectasia ( spider veins ) . Pregnancy : Pregnancy is a key factor contributing to the formation of varicose and spider veins . The most important factor is circulating hormones that weaken vein walls . There 's also a significant increase in the blood volume during pregnancy , which tends to distend veins , causing valve dysfunction which leads to blood pooling in the veins . Moreover , later in pregnancy , the enlarged uterus can compress veins , causing higher vein pressure leading to dilated veins . Varicose veins that form during pregnancy may spontaneously improve or even disappear a few months after delivery . Lifestyle / occupation : Those who are involved with prolonged sitting or standing in their daily activities have an increased risk of developing varicose veins . The weight of the blood continuously pressing against the closed valves causes them to fail , leading to vein distention . Other
Gynaecology
Gynaecology A dilating vaginal speculum , a tool for examining the vagina , in a model of the female reproductive system System Female reproductive system Subdivisions Oncology , Maternal medicine , Maternal - fetal medicine Significant diseases Gynaecological cancers , infertility , dysmenorrhea Significant tests Laparoscopy Specialist Gynaecologist
Sperm motility
The tail of the sperm - the flagellum - confers motility upon the sperm , and has three principal components :
World War I
World War I further compounded the gender imbalance , adding to the phenomenon of surplus women . The deaths of nearly one million men during the war in Britain increased the gender gap by almost a million : from 670,000 to 1,700,000 . The number of unmarried women seeking economic means grew dramatically . In addition , demobilisation and economic decline following the war caused high unemployment . The war increased female employment ; however , the return of demobilised men displaced many from the workforce , as did the closure of many of the wartime factories .
Myocardial infarction
The most prominent risk factors for myocardial infarction are older age , actively smoking , high blood pressure , diabetes mellitus , and total cholesterol and high - density lipoprotein levels . Many risk factors of myocardial infarction are shared with coronary artery disease , the primary cause of myocardial infarction , with other risk factors including male sex , low levels of physical activity , a past family history , obesity , and alcohol use . Risk factors for myocardial disease are often included in risk factor stratification scores , such as the Framingham risk score . At any given age , men are more at risk than women for the development of cardiovascular disease . High levels of blood cholesterol is a known risk factor , particularly high low - density lipoprotein , low high - density lipoprotein , and high triglycerides .
Testosterone
When females have a higher baseline level of testosterone , they have higher increases in sexual arousal levels but smaller increases in testosterone , indicating a ceiling effect on testosterone levels in females . Sexual thoughts also change the level of testosterone but not level of cortisol in the female body , and hormonal contraceptives may affect the variation in testosterone response to sexual thoughts .
One-child policy
The long - term disparity has led to a significant gender imbalance or skewing of the sex ratio . As reported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , China has between 32 million and 36 million more males than would be expected naturally , and this has led to social problems . `` Because of a traditional preference for baby boys over girls , the one - child policy is often cited as the cause of China 's skewed sex ratio ... Even the government acknowledges the problem and has expressed concern about the tens of millions of young men who wo n't be able to find brides and may turn to kidnapping women , sex trafficking , other forms of crime or social unrest . '' The situation will not improve in the near future . According to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences , there will be 24 million more men than women of marriageable age by 2020 .
United Kingdom
In 2012 the average total fertility rate ( TFR ) across the UK was 1.92 children per woman . While a rising birth rate is contributing to current population growth , it remains considerably below the ' baby boom ' peak of 2.95 children per woman in 1964 , below the replacement rate of 2.1 , but higher than the 2001 record low of 1.63 . In 2012 , Scotland had the lowest TFR at only 1.67 , followed by Wales at 1.88 , England at 1.94 , and Northern Ireland at 2.03 . In 2011 , 47.3 % of births in the UK were to unmarried women . The Office for National Statistics published an `` Experimental Official Statistics '' bulletin in 2015 showing that , out of the UK population aged 16 and over , 1.7 % identify as lesbian , gay , or bisexual ( 2.0 % of males and 1.5 % of females ) . 4.5 % of respondents responded with `` other '' , `` I do n't know '' , or did not respond .
Hope Logan
On the professional front , Hope steps down as spokeswoman for her line , Hope for the Future , and approves Rick 's decision to hire Maya . During Steffy 's pregnancy , she ignores warnings of riding her motorcycle which results in an accident , causing her to lose the baby and become infertile . Hope secretly expresses her happiness about the situation to her mother and aunt , saying it gives she and Liam another chance if the loss tears Liam 's marriage to Steffy apart . After Steffy learns of her infertility , she tells Hope she is leaving for good and that Liam is now Hope 's , not telling Hope or Liam the real issue . She and Liam go to Bear Cabin together to talk . While on a walk , she sees a naked stranger taking a shower . She takes a photo of him , only for him to turn around and see her . She runs away and he chases her . She then falls over and is knocked unconscious . The stranger then carries her to safety and when she wakes up he kisses her . The mysterious stranger turns out to be Wyatt Fuller . After doing some digging , she learns he is the son of Bill Spencer , Jr. , therefore the half - brother of Liam . Wyatt and Hope get closer after Liam flies to Steffy , asking Steffy to take him back and restore the marriage . Steffy rejects him and Liam comes home and proposes to Hope , who accepts . Wyatt moves in with Liam , but when Liam catches him kissing Hope , he punches Wyatt , and after a fight between Bill and Wyatt , he moves out , but Hope later selects Quinn and Wyatt 's jewelery business to accompany ' Hope for the Future ' . When Liam finds out , he convinces Hope to try and break the contract . Hope asks Eric to do so but he does n't agree , knowing that it is a personal reason for wanting to end the contract . So the contract stands , much to Liam 's dismay , and the two fly to Mexico to get the Hope Diamond for the line , which makes problems for Liam .
Helena Bonham Carter
Bonham Carter and Burton have two children together : son Billy Raymond Burton ( born October 2003 ) and daughter Nell Burton ( born December 2007 ) . Bonham Carter has stated that her daughter Nell is named after all the `` Helens '' in her family . Bonham Carter told The Daily Telegraph and several other interviewers of her struggles with infertility and the difficulties she had during her pregnancies . She noted that before the conception of her daughter , she and Burton had been trying for a baby for two years and although they conceived naturally , they were considering IVF .
German Shepherd
German Shepherd Dog German shepherd , working type , shorthair , dam . Other names Alsatian wolf dog Berger Allemand Deutscher Schäferhund Schäferhund Common nicknames Alsatian Deutscher Schäferhund DSH GSD Shepherd Schäferhund Origin Germany ( hide ) Traits Weight Male 30 -- 40 kg ( 66 -- 88 lb ) Female 22 -- 32 kg ( 49 -- 71 lb ) Height Male 60 -- 65 cm ( 24 -- 26 in ) Female 55 -- 60 cm ( 22 -- 24 in ) Coat Double coat Colour Most commonly tan with black saddlery Litter size 4 -- 9 Life span 9 -- 13 years ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 1 , Section 1 Sheepdogs # 166 ; Long - haired 166a ; Short - haired 166b standard AKC Herding / guardian standard ANKC Group 5 -- Working Dogs standard CKC Group 7 -- Herding Dogs standard KC ( UK ) Pastoral standard NZKC Working standard UKC Herding Dog standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris )
Loggerhead sea turtle
Annual variations in climatic temperatures can affect sex ratios , since loggerheads have temperature - dependent sex determination . High sand temperatures may skew gender ratios in favor of females . Nesting sites exposed to unseasonably warm temperatures over a three - year period produced 87 -- 99 % females . This raises concern over the connection between rapid global temperature changes and the possibility of population extinction . A more localized effect on gender skewing comes from the construction of tall buildings , which reduce sun exposure , lowering the average sand temperature , which results in a shift in gender ratios to favor the emergence of male turtles .
Brave New World
Freemartins : These women have been deliberately made sterile by exposure to male hormones during fetal development but still physically normal except for `` the slightest tendency to grow beards . '' In the book , government policy requires freemartins to form 70 % of the female population .
Caesarean section
Postpartum infection is one of the main causes of maternal death and may account for 10 % of maternal deaths globally . Caesarean section greatly increases the risk of infection and associated morbidity ( estimated to be between 5 and 20 times as high ) , and routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infections is recommended . Infection can occur in around 8 % of women who have caesareans , largely endometritis , urinary tract infections and wound infections . The use of preventative antibiotics in women undergoing cesarean section decreased wound infection , endometritis , and serious infectious complications by about 65 % . Side effects and effect on the baby is unclear .
Female reproductive system
Female reproductive system ( human ) A pictorial illustration of the female reproductive system . Details Identifiers Latin systema genitale femininum MeSH D005836 TA A09. 1.00. 001 FMA 45663 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
Myocardial infarction
Women who use combined oral contraceptive pills have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction , especially in the presence of other risk factors . The use of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , even for as short as a week , increases risk .
Nosebleed
Nosebleeds are due to the rupture of a blood vessel within the richly perfused nasal mucosa . Rupture may be spontaneous or initiated by trauma . Nosebleeds are reported in up to 60 % of the population with peak incidences in those under the age of ten and over the age of 50 and appear to occur in males more than females . An increase in blood pressure ( e.g. due to general hypertension ) tends to increase the duration of spontaneous epistaxis . Anticoagulant medication and disorders of blood clotting can promote and prolong bleeding . Spontaneous epistaxis is more common in the elderly as the nasal mucosa ( lining ) becomes dry and thin and blood pressure tends to be higher . The elderly are also more prone to prolonged nose bleeds as their blood vessels are less able to constrict and control the bleeding .
Lead poisoning
Risk factors for elevated lead exposure include alcohol consumption and smoking ( possibly because of contamination of tobacco leaves with lead - containing pesticides ) . Adults with certain risk factors might be more susceptible to toxicity ; these include calcium and iron deficiencies , old age , disease of organs targeted by lead ( e.g. the brain , the kidneys ) , and possibly genetic susceptibility . Differences in vulnerability to lead - induced neurological damage between males and females have also been found , but some studies have found males to be at greater risk , while others have found females to be .
Cell-free fetal DNA
In 2001 , Al - Yatama et al evaluated the use of nested polymerase chain reaction ( nested PCR ) to determine sex by detecting a Y chromosome specific signal in the cffDNA from maternal plasma . Nested PCR detected 53 of 55 male fetuses . The cffDNA from the plasma of 3 of 25 women with female fetuses contained the Y chromosome - specific signal . The sensitivity of nested PCR in this experiment was 96 percent . The specificity was 88 percent . Digital
Water buffalo
Swamp buffalo generally become reproductive at an older age than river breeds . Young males in Egypt , India , and Pakistan are first mated at about 3.0 -- 3.5 years of age , but in Italy they may be used as early as 2 years of age . Successful mating behaviour may continue until the animal is 12 years or even older . A good river male can impregnate 100 females in a year . A strong seasonal influence on mating occurs . Heat stress reduces libido .
Sperm motility
Back and forth movement of the tail results from a rhythmical longitudinal sliding motion between the anterior and posterior tubules that make up the axoneme . The energy for this process is supplied by ATP produced by mitochondria . The velocity of a sperm in fluid medium is usually 1 -- 4 mm / min . This allows the sperm to move towards an ovum in order to fertilize it .
Types of volcanic eruptions
Gas release under decompression causing magmatic eruptions Thermal contraction from chilling on contact with water causing phreatomagmatic eruptions Ejection of entrained particles during steam eruptions causing phreatic eruptions
Qing dynasty
One of the main reasons for a shift in gender roles was the unprecedented high incidences of men leaving their homes to travel , which in turn gave women more freedom for action . Wives of such men often became the ones to run the household , especially with financial matters . Elite women also began to pursue different kinds of fashionable activities , such as writing poetry , and a new frenzy of female sociability appeared . Women started to leave their households to attend local opera performances and temple festivals and some even began to form little societies to venture about famous sacred sites with other restless women , which helped to shape a new view of the conventional societal norms on how women should act .
Hippocampus
Sex - specific responses to stress have also been demonstrated in the rat to have an effect on the hippocampus . Chronic stress in the male rat showed dendritic retraction and cell loss in the CA3 region but this was not shown in the female . This was thought to be due to neuroprotective ovarian hormones .
Estrogen
Around half of women with epilepsy who menstruate have a lowered seizure threshold around ovulation , most likely from the heightened estrogen levels . This increases the risk of seizures .
Testosterone
Men with lower thresholds for sexual arousal have a greater likelihood to attend to sexual information and that testosterone may work by enhancing their attention to the relevant stimuli . Females
Asexual reproduction
Reptiles use the ZW sex - determination system , which produces either males ( with ZZ sex chromosomes ) or females ( with ZW or WW sex chromosomes ) . Until 2010 , it was thought that the ZW chromosome system used by reptiles was incapable of producing viable WW offspring , but a ( ZW ) female boa constrictor was discovered to have produced viable female offspring with WW chromosomes . The female boa could have chosen any number of male partners ( and had successfully in the past ) but on these occasions she reproduced asexually , creating 22 female babies with WW sex - chromosomes .
Society of the United States
Most social roles are not gender - restricted by law , though there are still cultural inhibitions surrounding certain roles . More and more women have entered the workplace , and in the year 2000 , made up 46.6 % of the labor force ; up from 18.3 % in 1900 . Most men , however , have not taken up the traditional full - time homemaker role ; likewise , few men have taken traditionally feminine jobs such as receptionist or nurse ( although nursing was traditionally a male role prior to the American Civil War ) .
Testosterone
Adult testosterone effects are more clearly demonstrable in males than in females , but are likely important to both sexes . Some of these effects may decline as testosterone levels might decrease in the later decades of adult life . Health
Testosterone
In every mammalian species examined demonstrated a marked increase in a male 's testosterone level upon encountering a novel female . The reflexive testosterone increases in male mice is related to the male 's initial level of sexual arousal .
Gynaecology
In the United States , it has been reported that 4 in 5 students choosing a residency in gynaecology are now female . In Sweden , to comply with discrimination laws , patients may not choose a doctor -- irregardless of specialty -- based on factors such as ethnicity or gender and declining to see a doctor solely because of preference regarding e.g. the practitioner 's skin color or gender may legally be viewed as refusing care . In Turkey , due to patient preference to be seen by another female , there are now few male gynaecologists working in the field .
Anemia
The anemia is also classified by severity into mild ( 110 g / L to normal ) , moderate ( 80 g / L to 110 g / L ) , and severe anemia ( less than 80 g / L ) in adult males and adult non pregnant females . Different values are used in pregnancy and children .
Republican Party (United States)
Since 1980 , a `` gender gap '' has seen slightly stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women . In 2012 , Obama won 55 % of the women and 45 % of the men -- and more women voted than men . In the 2006 House races , 43 % of women voted Republican while 47 % of men did so . In the 2010 midterms , the `` gender gap '' was reduced with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally 49 % to 49 % . In recent elections , Republicans have found their greatest support among whites from married couples with children living at home . Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for John Kerry in 2004 . The 2012 returns revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP , a large and growing portion of the electorate . Although Mitt Romney lost women as a whole 44 -- 55 to Obama , he won married women 53 -- 46 . Obama won unmarried women 67 -- 31 . Education
Anemia
General causes of hypervolemia include excessive sodium or fluid intake , sodium or water retention and fluid shift into the intravascular space . From the 6th week of pregnancy hormonal changes cause an increase in the mother 's blood volume due to an increase in plasma .
Testosterone
There are positive correlations between positive orgasm experience in women and testosterone levels where relaxation was a key perception of the experience . There is no correlation between testosterone and men 's perceptions of their orgasm experience , and also no correlation between higher testosterone levels and greater sexual assertiveness in either sex .
Grunge
While there is a perception that grunge bands were `` overwhelmingly male '' , women `` were totally represented '' in grunge bands such as L7 , Lunachicks , Dickless , 7 Year Bitch , The Gits , Courtney Love 's band Hole ( and Love 's other 1990s groups ) , and Babes in Toyland , the latter an `` ... all - female Minneapolis band '' , and grunge was closely `` linked with Riot Grrrl '' , an underground feminist punk movement . VH1 writer Dan Tucker stated that L7 was an `` ... all - female grunge band ( that ) emanated from the fertile L.A. underground scene and ( which ) had strong ties with ... Black Flag and could match any male band in attitude and volume . '' Riot
Causes of the French Revolution
Under the new king , Louis XVI , radical financial reforms by his ministers , Turgot and Malesherbes , angered the nobles and were blocked by the parlements who insisted that the king did not have the legal right to levy new taxes . So , in 1776 , Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned . They were replaced by Jacques Necker , who supported the American Revolution and proceeded with a policy of taking large international loans instead of raising taxes . Jacques
American Equal Rights Association
The women 's movement began to revive when proposals for a Fourteenth Amendment began circulating that would secure citizenship ( but not yet voting rights ) for African Americans . Some of the proposals for this amendment would also for the first time introduce the word `` male '' into the Constitution , which begins with the words `` We the People of the United States '' . Stanton said that `` if that word ' male ' be inserted , it will take us a century at least to get it out . '' Stanton , Anthony and Lucy Stone , the most prominent figures in the women 's movement , circulated a letter in late 1865 calling for petitions against any wording that excluded females . A version of the amendment that referred to `` persons '' instead of `` males '' passed the House of Representatives in early 1866 but failed in the Senate . The version that Congress eventually approved and sent to the states for ratification included the word `` male '' three times . Stanton and Anthony opposed the amendment , but Stone supported it as a step towards universal suffrage . Frederick Douglass denounced it because it permitted states to disenfranchise blacks if those states were willing to accept reduced representation at the federal level . The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868 .
Italian language
There are two genders ( masculine and feminine ) . Masculine nouns end in - o , which changes to - i in the plural , and feminine nouns ends in - a , which changes to - e in the plural . With few exceptions , masculine nouns refer to male people or animals , and feminine nouns refer to female people or animals . A last class of nouns end in - e in the singular and - i in the plural , and are arbitrarily assigned masculine or feminine . These nouns often denote inanimate objects . This is fixed by the grammar of Italian , and a dictionary would need to be consulted to figure out the gender . There is a number of nouns that change their gender from the singular to plural , having a masculine singular and a feminine plural , and thus are sometimes considered neuter ( those are derived from neuter Latin nouns ) . An instance of neuter gender also exists in pronouns of the third person singular .
Women in Vietnam
Since 1970 , overall child mortality rates have declined . However , contrary to nearby countries such as India and China , male child mortality rates have shown to be higher than female child mortality rates most years from 1970 - 2000 . In a study done by Pham et al. , boys are 30 % more likely than girls to die before a specified age . School
History of women in the United States
In 1972 , former NOW members Pat Goltz and Cathy Callaghan founded Feminists for Life , with the goal of eliminating the root causes that they felt drove women to abortion , contending that abortion violated core feminist principles of justice , non-discrimination and nonviolence .
United States home front during World War II
Juggling their roles as mothers due to the Baby Boom and the jobs they filled while the men were at war , women strained to complete all tasks set before them . The war caused cutbacks in automobile and bus service , and migration from farms and towns to munitions centers . Those housewives who worked found the dual role difficult to handle .
Tree of life
Bahá'u'lláh refers to his male descendents as branches ( Aghsán ) and calls women leaves .