vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Golf ball
The next breakthrough in golf ball development came in 1898 . Coburn Haskell of Cleveland , Ohio had driven to nearby Akron , Ohio for a golf date with Bertram Work , the superintendent of the B.F. Goodrich Company . While he waited in the plant for Work , Haskell picked up some rubber thread and wound it into a ball . When he bounced the ball , it flew almost to the ceiling . Work suggested Haskell put a cover on the creation , and that was the birth of the 20th century wound golf ball that would soon replace the guttie bramble ball . The new design became known as the rubber Haskell golf ball . For decades , the wound rubber ball consisted of a liquid - filled or solid round core that was wound with a layer of rubber thread into a larger round inner core and then covered with a thin outer shell made of balata sap . The balata is a tree native to Central and South America and the Caribbean . The tree is tapped and the soft , viscous fluid released is a rubber - like material similar to gutta - percha , which was found to make an ideal cover for a golf ball . Balata , however , is relatively soft . If the leading edge of a highly lofted short iron contacts a balata - covered ball in a location other than the bottom of the ball a cut or `` smile '' will often be the result , rendering the ball unfit for play in most instances .
Battle of Gettysburg
When Pettigrew 's troops approached Gettysburg on June 30 , they noticed Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Buford arriving south of town , and Pettigrew returned to Cashtown without engaging them . When Pettigrew told Hill and Heth what he had seen , neither general believed that there was a substantial U.S. force in or near the town , suspecting that it had been only Pennsylvania militia . Despite General Lee 's order to avoid a general engagement until his entire army was concentrated , Hill decided to mount a significant reconnaissance in force the following morning to determine the size and strength of the enemy force in his front . Around 5 a.m. on Wednesday , July 1 , two brigades of Heth 's division advanced to Gettysburg .
Cigarette
Non-smokers who use e-cigarettes risk nicotine addiction The e-liquid has a low level of toxicity , and contamination with various chemicals has been identified in the product . E-cigarette vapor contains fewer toxic substances , and lower concentrations of potential toxic substances than cigarette smoke . Metal parts of e-cigarettes in contact with the e-liquid can contaminate it with metals . Normal usage of e-cigarettes generates very low levels of formaldehyde . A 2015 review found that later - generation e-cigarettes set at higher power may generate equal or higher levels of formaldehyde compared to smoking . A 2015 review found that these levels were the result of overheating under test conditions that bear little resemblance to common usage . No serious adverse effects from e-cigarettes have been reported in trials . Less serious adverse effects include throat and mouth inflammation , vomiting , nausea , and cough . The long - term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown .
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
The format of the show was created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio , such as the bong game . Tentatively known as Cash Mountain , the show took its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , starring by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm . Since the original version launched , several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright and took the production company to court , but each claim was later settled out - of - court on an agreement / settlement ...
Cancer (constellation)
Zeta Cancri or Tegmine ( `` the shell '' ) is a multiple star system that contains at least four stars located 83 light - years from Earth . The two brightest components are a binary star with an orbital period of 1100 years ; the brighter component is a yellow - hued binary pair and the dimmer component is a yellow - hued star of magnitude 6.2 . The brighter component is itself a binary star with a period of 59.5 years ; its primary is of magnitude 5.6 and its secondary is of magnitude 6.0 . This pair will be at its greatest separation in 2018 .
State of matter
A supercritical fluid ( SCF ) is a gas whose temperature and pressure are above the critical temperature and critical pressure respectively . In this state , the distinction between liquid and gas disappears . A supercritical fluid has the physical properties of a gas , but its high density confers solvent properties in some cases , which leads to useful applications . For example , supercritical carbon dioxide is used to extract caffeine in the manufacture of decaffeinated coffee .
Cash register
A cash drawer is usually a compartment underneath a cash register in which the cash from transactions is kept . The drawer typically contains a removable till . The till is usually a plastic or wooden tray divided into compartments used to store each denomination of bank notes and coins separately in order to make counting easier . The removable till allows money to be removed from the sales floor to a more secure location for counting and creating bank deposits . Some modern cash drawers are individual units separate from the rest of the cash register .
Cash register
A cash register 's drawer can only be opened by an instruction from the cash register except when using special keys , generally held by the owner and some employees ( e.g. manager ) . This reduces the amount of contact most employees have with cash and other valuables . It also reduces risks of an employee taking money from the drawer without a record and the owner 's consent , such as when a customer does not expressly ask for a receipt but still has to be given change ( cash is more easily checked against recorded sales than inventory ) .
Cash register
Currently , many cash registers are individual computers . They may be running traditionally in - house software or general purpose software such as DOS . Many of the newer ones have touch screens . They may be connected to computerized point of sale networks using any type of protocol . Such systems may be accessed remotely for the purpose of obtaining records or troubleshooting . Many businesses also use tablet computers as cash registers , utilizing the sale system as downloadable app - software .
Metrication in the United States
For carry on luggage , the Transportation Security Administration restricts liquids to 3.4 fluid ounces ( 100 mL ) . Originally , the agency planned to restrict to 3 ounces but switched it to 3.4 oz / 100 mL after pressure from the European Union .
Operating system
With the aid of the firmware and device drivers , the kernel provides the most basic level of control over all of the computer 's hardware devices . It manages memory access for programs in the RAM , it determines which programs get access to which hardware resources , it sets up or resets the CPU 's operating states for optimal operation at all times , and it organizes the data for long - term non-volatile storage with file systems on such media as disks , tapes , flash memory , etc . Program
Working capital
A company can be endowed with assets and profitability but short of liquidity if its assets can not readily be converted into cash . Positive working capital is required to ensure that a firm is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient funds to satisfy both maturing short - term debt and upcoming operational expenses . The management of working capital involves managing inventories , accounts receivable and payable , and cash .
Shotgun
Blank shells contain only a small amount of powder and no actual load . When fired , the blanks provide the sound and flash of a real load , but with no projectile . These may be used for simulation of gunfire , scaring wildlife , or as power for a launching device such as the Mossberg # 50298 marine line launcher .
State of matter
At high densities but relatively low temperatures , quarks are theorized to form a quark liquid whose nature is presently unknown . It forms a distinct color - flavor locked ( CFL ) phase at even higher densities . This phase is superconductive for color charge . These phases may occur in neutron stars but they are presently theoretical .
Chernobyl disaster
Liquidators worked under deplorable conditions , poorly informed and with poor protection . Many , if not most of them , exceeded radiation safety limits . Some exceeded limits by over 100 times -- leading to rapid death .
Cash register
A leading designer , builder , manufacturer , seller and exporter of cash registers from the 1950s until the 1970s was London - based ( and later Brighton - based ) Gross Cash Registers Ltd. , founded by brothers Sam and Henry Gross . Their cash registers were particularly popular around the time of decimalisation in Britain in early 1971 , Henry having designed one of the few known models of cash register which could switch currencies from £ sd to £ p so that retailers could easily change from one to the other on or after Decimal Day . Sweda also had decimal - ready registers where the retailer used a special key on Decimal Day for the conversion .
Carbon dioxide
Liquid carbon dioxide ( industry nomenclature R744 or R - 744 ) was used as a refrigerant prior to the discovery of R - 12 and may enjoy a renaissance due to the fact that R134a contributes to climate change more than CO does . Its physical properties are highly favorable for cooling , refrigeration , and heating purposes , having a high volumetric cooling capacity . Due to the need to operate at pressures of up to 130 bar ( 1880 psi ) , CO systems require highly resistant components that have already been developed for mass production in many sectors . In automobile air conditioning , in more than 90 % of all driving conditions for latitudes higher than 50 ° , R744 operates more efficiently than systems using R134a . Its environmental advantages ( GWP of 1 , non-ozone depleting , non-toxic , non-flammable ) could make it the future working fluid to replace current HFCs in cars , supermarkets , and heat pump water heaters , among others . Coca - Cola has fielded CO-based beverage coolers and the U.S. Army is interested in CO refrigeration and heating technology .
Cash register
Modern cash registers may be connected to a handheld or stationary barcode reader so that a customer 's purchases can be more rapidly scanned than would be possible by keying numbers into the register by hand . The use of scanners should also help prevent errors that result from manually entering the product 's barcode or pricing . At grocers , the register 's scanner may be combined with a scale for measuring product that is sold by weight .
Arctic Ocean
Other environmental concerns relate to the radioactive contamination of the Arctic Ocean from , for example , Russian radioactive waste dump sites in the Kara Sea and Cold War nuclear test sites such as Novaya Zemlya . In addition , Shell planned to drill exploratory wells in the Chukchi and Beaufort seas during the summer of 2012 , which environmental groups filed a lawsuit about in an attempt to protect native communities , endangered wildlife , and the Arctic Ocean in the event of a major oil spill .
Microphone
German inventor Johann Philipp Reis designed an early sound transmitter that used a metallic strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current . Better results were achieved with the `` liquid transmitter '' design in Scottish - American Alexander Graham Bell 's telephone of 1876 -- the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution . These systems , however , gave a very poor sound quality . David
Oyster
Oysters must be eaten alive , or cooked alive . The shells of live oysters are usually tightly closed or snap shut given a slight tap . If the shell is open , the oyster is dead , and can not be eaten safely . Cooking oysters in the shell kills the oysters and causes them to open by themselves . Traditionally , oysters that do not open have been assumed to be dead before cooking and therefore unsafe . However , according to at least one marine biologist , Nick Ruello , this advice may have arisen from an old , poorly researched cookbook 's advice regarding mussels , which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish . Ruello found 11.5 % of all mussels failed to open during cooking , but when forced open , 100 % were `` both adequately cooked and safe to eat . '' Giant
Cash register
In some jurisdictions the law also requires customers to collect the receipt and keep it at least for a short while after leaving the shop , again to check that the shop records sales , so that it can not evade sales taxes .
Spanish language
In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies , there are numerous minimal pairs that contrast solely on stress such as sábana ( ' sheet ' ) and sabana ( ' savannah ' ) ; límite ( ' boundary ' ) , limite ( ' ( that ) he / she limits ' ) and limité ( ' I limited ' ) ; líquido ( ' liquid ' ) , liquido ( ' I sell off ' ) and liquidó ( ' he / she sold off ' ) .
Ship
Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo . Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers , packed directly onto a general cargo ship in break - bulk , packed in intermodal containers as aboard a container ship , or driven aboard as in roll - on roll - off ships . Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers , such as oil tankers which may include both crude and finished products of oil , chemical tankers which may also carry vegetable oils other than chemicals and LPG / LNG tankers , although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in tank containers .
Ceviche
In Ecuador , the shrimp ceviche is sometimes made with tomato sauce for a tangy taste . The Manabí style , made with lime juice , salt and the juice provided by the cooked shrimp itself is very popular . Occasionally , ceviche is made with various types of local shellfish , such as black clam ( cooked or raw ) , oysters ( cooked or raw ) , spondylus ( raw ) , barnacles ( cooked percebes ) , among others mostly cooked . It is served in a bowl with toasted corn kernels as a side dish ( fried green plantain chunks called `` patacones '' , thinly sliced plantain chips called chifle , and popcorn are also typical ceviche side dishes ) . In some regions , ceviche is served with rice on the side . Well cooked Sea bass ( corvina ) , octopus , and crab ceviches are also common in Ecuador . In all ceviches , lime juice and salt are ubiquitous ingredients .
Cell nucleus
The eukaryotic cell nucleus . Visible in this diagram are the ribosome - studded double membranes of the nuclear envelope , the DNA ( complexed as chromatin ) , and the nucleolus . Within the cell nucleus is a viscous liquid called nucleoplasm , similar to the cytoplasm found outside the nucleus . A cross section of a nuclear pore on the surface of the nuclear envelope ( 1 ) . Other diagram labels show ( 2 ) the outer ring , ( 3 ) spokes , ( 4 ) basket , and ( 5 ) filaments .
British Army during World War I
At the time Posttraumatic stress disorder ( known as `` shell shock '' because it was initially wrongly thought to be caused by concussion damage to the membranes of the brain ) was beginning to be recognised but was not always admissible in defence -- it was classified as a war injury , although there were concerns that soldiers accused of offences tried falsely to claim shell shock as a defence . One historian writes that `` in no case was a soldier whom the medical staff certified as suffering from shell shock actually executed '' , that `` there appear to have been very few cases where men who alleged shell shock , but whose claim was denied , were actually executed '' , and that the suggestions of modern campaigners that most of the executed men suffered from shell shock are `` palpably untrue '' . However , another historian has pointed out that there was a great deal of chance in whether a soldier 's claim of shell - shock would be taken seriously , and gives examples of soldiers being given cursory medical examinations or none ; specific references to shell - shock are uncommon , and records usually refer to dizziness , `` queer turns '' , bad nerves etc . Such trauma was still poorly understood at that time .
Whole life insurance
Reported cash values might seem to `` disappear '' or become `` lost '' when the death benefit is paid out . The reason for this is that cash values are considered to be part of the death benefit . The insurance company pays out the cash values with the death benefit because they are inclusive of each other . This is why loans from the cash value are not taxable as long as the policy is in force ( because death benefits are not taxable ) .
Oyster
Dietary supplements may contain calcium carbonate from oyster shells , though no evidence shows this offers any benefits beyond what calcium may offer .
Apothecaries' system
The English - speaking countries also used a system of units of fluid measure , or in modern terminology volume units , based on the apothecaries ' system . A volume of liquid that was approximately that of an apothecaries ' ounce of water was called a fluid ounce , and was divided into fluid drachms and sometimes also fluid scruples . The analogue of the grain was called a minim .
Semen
Semen , also known as seminal fluid , is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa . It is secreted by the gonads ( sexual glands ) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize female ova . In humans , seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa : proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa , and provide a medium through which they can move or `` swim '' . Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle , which is located in the pelvis . The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation . Semen is also a form of genetic material . In animals , semen has been collected for cryoconservation . Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that calls for the collection of genetic material in efforts for conservation of a particular breed .
Helium
Helium is commercially available in either liquid or gaseous form . As a liquid , it can be supplied in small insulated containers called dewars which hold as much as 1,000 liters of helium , or in large ISO containers which have nominal capacities as large as 42 m ( around 11,000 U.S. gallons ) . In gaseous form , small quantities of helium are supplied in high - pressure cylinders holding as much as 8 m ( approx. 282 standard cubic feet ) , while large quantities of high - pressure gas are supplied in tube trailers which have capacities of as much as 4,860 m ( approx . 172,000 standard cubic feet ) .
Walk the Line (soundtrack)
Walk the Line : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2005 biographical drama film of the same name released November 15 , 2005 by Wind - Up Records . There are nine songs performed by Joaquin Phoenix ( as Johnny Cash ) , four songs by Reese Witherspoon ( as June Carter Cash ) , one song by Waylon Payne ( as Jerry Lee Lewis ) , one song by Johnathan Rice ( as Roy Orbison ) , two songs by Tyler Hilton ( as Elvis Presley ) , and one song by Shooter Jennings ( as Waylon Jennings ) . At the Golden Globe Awards Joaquin Phoenix was awarded the Best Actor - Musical or Comedy and Reese Witherspoon was awarded the Best Actress - Musical or Comedy , as well as the film won the Best Picture - Musical or Comedy . Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon were also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and Best Actress , which Witherspoon won .
Areas of mathematics
Mechanics Addresses what happens when a real physical object is subjected to forces . This divides naturally into the study of rigid solids , deformable solids , and fluids , detailed below . Further information : Continuum mechanics , Elasticity ( physics ) , and Plasticity ( physics ) Mechanics of structures Mechanics of structures is a field of study within applied mechanics that investigates the behavior of structures under mechanical loads , such as bending of a beam , buckling of a column , torsion of a shaft , deflection of a thin shell , and vibration of a bridge . Further information : Energy principles in structural mechanics , Flexibility method , Direct stiffness method , and Finite element method Mechanics of deformable solids Most real - world objects are not point - like nor perfectly rigid . More importantly , objects change shape when subjected to forces . This subject has a very strong overlap with continuum mechanics , which is concerned with continuous matter . It deals with such notions as stress , strain and elasticity . Further information : Solid state physics , Materials science , Mechanics of materials , Mechanics of solids , Fracture mechanics , Deformation ( mechanics ) , and Deformable bodies Fluid mechanics Fluids in this sense includes not just liquids , but flowing gases , and even solids under certain situations . ( For example , dry sand can behave like a fluid ) . It includes such notions as viscosity , turbulent flow and laminar flow ( its opposite ) . Further information : Fluid dynamics , Mechanics of fluids , Rheology , Electrodynamics , Plasma Physics , Gas dynamics , and Aerodynamics Particle mechanics In mathematics , a particle is a point - like , perfectly rigid , solid object . Particle mechanics deals with the results of subjecting particles to forces . It includes celestial mechanics -- the study of the motion of celestial objects . Other
Cash register
Shortly after the patent , Ritty became overwhelmed with the responsibilities of running two businesses , so he sold all of his interests in the cash register business to Jacob H. Eckert of Cincinnati , a china and glassware salesman , who formed the National Manufacturing Company . In 1884 Eckert sold the company to John H. Patterson , who renamed the company the National Cash Register Company and improved the cash register by adding a paper roll to record sales transactions , thereby creating the journal for internal bookkeeping purposes , and the receipt for external bookkeeping purposes . The original purpose of the receipt was enhanced fraud protection . The business owner could read the receipts to ensure that cashiers charged customers the correct amount for each transaction and did not embezzle the cash drawer . It also prevents a customer from defrauding the business by falsely claiming receipt of a lesser amount of change or a transaction that never happened in the first place . The first evidence of an actual cash register was used in Coalton , Ohio , at the old mining company .
Nutella
Nutella contains 10.4 percent of saturated fat and 58 % of processed sugar by weight . A two - tablespoon ( 37 - gram ) serving of Nutella contains 200 calories including 99 calories from 11 grams of fat ( 3.5 g of which are saturated ) and 80 calories from 21 grams of sugar . The spread also contains 15 mg of sodium and 2 g of protein per serving ( for reference a Canadian serving size is 1 tablespoon or 19 grams ) .
Cash register
In stores that use electronic article surveillance , a pad or other surface will be attached to the register that deactivates security devices embedded in or attached to the items being purchased . This will prevent a customer 's purchase from setting off security alarms at the store 's exit .