vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Casualties of the Iraq War
For 2006 , a January 2 , 2007 , Associated Press article reports : `` The tabulation by the Iraqi ministries of Health , Defence and Interior , showed that 14,298 civilians , 1,348 police and 627 soldiers had been killed in the violence that raged across the country last year . The Associated Press figure , gleaned from daily news reports from Baghdad , arrived at a total of 13,738 deaths . '' The Australian reports in a January 2 , 2007 , article : `` A figure of 3700 civilian deaths in October ' ( 2006 ) ' , the latest tally given by the UN based on data from the Health Ministry and the Baghdad morgue , was branded exaggerated by the Iraqi Government . '' Iraqi government estimates include `` people killed in bombings and shootings but not deaths classed as ' criminal ' . '' Also , they `` include no deaths among the many civilians wounded in attacks who may die later from wounds . Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown . ''
Chernobyl disaster
In the aftermath of the accident , 237 people suffered from acute radiation sickness ( ARS ) , of whom 31 died within the first three months .
American Civil War
Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 .
Bangladesh–India relations
Deaths of Bangladeshi citizens in the Indo - Bangladesh border became one of the embarrassments between the two nation 's bilateral relations in recent years . The so - called ' shoot - to - kill ' policy by India 's Border Security Forces ( BSF ) that according to Human Rights Watch killed nearly 1,000 Bangladeshis between 2001 and 2011 has remained at the core of the talks between Bangladeshi and Indian officials visiting each other .
American Civil War
Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses .
Rwandan genocide
During the remainder of April and early May , the Presidential Guard , gendarmerie and the youth militia , aided by local populations , continued killing at a very high rate . Gerard Prunier estimates that during the first six weeks , up to 800,000 Rwandans may have been murdered , representing a rate five times higher than during the Holocaust of Nazi Germany . The goal was to kill every Tutsi living in Rwanda and , with the exception of the advancing RPF army , there was no opposition force to prevent or slow the killings . The domestic opposition had already been eliminated , and UNAMIR were expressly forbidden to use force except in self - defence . In rural areas , where Tutsi and Hutu lived side by side and families knew each other , it was easy for Hutu to identify and target their Tutsi neighbours . In urban areas , where residents were more anonymous , identification was facilitated using road blocks manned by military and interahamwe ; each person passing the road block was required to show the national identity card , which included ethnicity , and any with Tutsi cards were slaughtered immediately . Many Hutu were also killed for a variety of reasons , including alleged sympathy for the moderate opposition parties , being a journalist or simply having a `` Tutsi appearance . ''
American Revolutionary War
The Dutch suffered around 500 total killed , owing to the minor scale of their conflict with Britain . British
Casualties of the Iraq War
The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent civilian deaths occurred in 2006 , based on data from morgues , hospitals , and municipal authorities across Iraq .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Iraqis : Deadliest single insurgent bombings : August 14 , 2007 . Truck bombs -- 2007 Yazidi communities bombings ( in northwestern Iraq ) : 796 killed . Other deadly days : November 23 , 2006 , ( 281 killed ) and April 18 , 2007 , ( 233 killed ) : `` 4 bombings in Baghdad kill at least 183 ... Nationwide , the number of people killed or found dead on Wednesday ( , April 18 , 2007 , ) was 233 , which was the second deadliest day in Iraq since Associated Press began keeping records in May 2005 . Five car bombings , mortar rounds and other attacks killed 281 people across Iraq on November 23 , 2006 , according to the AP count . '' Graph
Capital punishment in the United States
The Espy file , compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla , lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991 . From 1930 to 2002 , there were 4,661 executions in the U.S. , about two - thirds of them in the first 20 years . Additionally , the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 ( the most recent ) .
Lead poisoning
In 2013 lead is believed to have resulted in 853,000 deaths . It occurs most commonly in the developing world . Those who are poor are at greater risk . Lead is believed to result in 0.6 % of the world 's disease burden . People have been mining and using lead for thousands of years . Descriptions of lead poisoning date to at least 2000 BC , while efforts to limit lead 's use date back to at least the 1500s . Concerns for low levels of exposure begin in the 1970s with there being no safe threshold for lead exposure .
Casualties of the Iraq War
In January 2008 , the U.S. Army reported that the rate of suicide among soldiers in 2007 was the highest since the Army started counting in 1980 . There were 121 suicides in 2007 , a 20 - percent jump over the prior year . Also , there were around 2100 attempted suicides and self - injuries in 2007 . Other sources reveal higher estimates .
South Africa
Nearly 50 murders are committed each day in South Africa . In the year ended March 2014 there were 17,068 murders and the murder rate was 32.2 per 100,000 -- about five times higher than the global average of 6 per 100,000 . Middle - class South Africans seek security in gated communities . The private security industry in South Africa is the largest in the world , with nearly 9,000 registered companies and 400,000 registered active private security guards , more than the South African police and army combined . Many emigrants from South Africa also state that crime was a major factor in their decision to leave . Crime against the farming community has continued to be a major problem .
Southern United States
The South suffered much more than the North overall , as the Union strategy of attrition warfare meant that Lee could not replace his casualties , and the total war waged by Sherman , Sheridan and other Union armies devastated the infrastructure and caused widespread poverty and distress . The Confederacy suffered military losses of 95,000 men killed in action and 165,000 who died of disease , for a total of 260,000 , out of a total white Southern population at the time of around 5.5 million . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 % of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 % in the North and about 18 % in the South . Northern military casualties exceeded Southern casualties in absolute numbers , but were two - thirds smaller in terms of proportion of the population affected .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Iraq Body Count ( IBC ) project has recorded the numbers of civilians killed in violence since the 2003 invasion of Iraq based on a `` comprehensive survey of commercial media and NGO - based reports , along with official records that have been released into the public sphere . Reports range from specific , incident based accounts to figures from hospitals , morgues , and other documentary data - gathering agencies . '' Current IBC figures , to December 2010 , place the number of civilians killed at 99,151 -- 108,234 . The IBC was also given access to the WikiLeaks disclosures of the Iraq War Logs and has estimated that these documents show the total number of Iraqi deaths since the 2003 invasion to be over 150,000 , with about 80 % being civilian .
Spanish Armada
Following the gales it is reckoned that 5,000 men died by drowning , starvation and slaughter at the hands of English forces after they were driven ashore in Ireland . Reports of the passage of the remnants of the Spanish Armada around Ireland abound with onerous accounts of hardships and survival . In the end , 67 ships and fewer than 10,000 men survived . Many of the men were near death from disease , as the conditions were very cramped and most of the ships ran out of food and water . Many more later died in Spain , or on hospital ships in Spanish harbours , from diseases contracted during the voyage . It was reported that when Philip II learned of the result of the expedition , he declared , `` I sent the Armada against men , not God 's winds and waves '' .
Famine
Famine even struck in Western Europe during the Second World War . In the Netherlands , the Hongerwinter of 1944 killed approximately 30,000 people . Some other areas of Europe also experienced famine at the same time .
Casualties of the Iraq War
In addition as of August 22 , 2009 , approximately 1,719 suicide - bombers had also been reported killed . Main
Prague
In 1689 , a great fire devastated Prague , but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city . In 1713 -- 14 , a major outbreak of plague hit Prague one last time , killing 12,000 to 13,000 people .
Casualties of the Iraq War
Each day we lost 100 persons , that means per month 3,000 , per year it 's 36,000 , plus or minus 10 percent `` , al - Shemari said . `` So by three years , 120,000 , half - year 20,000 , that means 140,000 , plus or minus 10 percent '' , he said , explaining how he came to the figures . `` This includes all Iraqis killed -- police , ordinary people , children '' , he said , adding that people who were kidnapped and later found dead were also included in his estimate . He said the figures were compiled by counting bodies brought to `` forensic institutes '' or hospitals .
American Indian Wars
The United States Census Bureau ( 1894 ) provided their estimate of deaths due specifically to war during the 102 years between 1789 and 1891 , including 8,500 natives and 5,000 whites killed in `` individual affairs '' :
Casualties of the Iraq War
In Baghdad , a city of about 5.6 million , 4,279 people were recorded killed in the 12 months through April 30 , ( 2004 ) , according to figures provided by Kais Hassan , director of statistics at Baghdad 's Medicolegal Institute , which administers the city 's morgues . `` Before the war , there was a strong government , strong security . There were a lot of police on the streets and there were no illegal weapons '' , he said during an AP reporter 's visit to the morgue . `` Now there are few controls . There is crime , revenge killings , so much violence . '' The figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings , Hassan said . The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue , but given directly to victims ' families . Also , the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al - Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues .
Easter Island
Between 1862 and 1888 , about 94 % of the population perished or emigrated . The island was victimized by blackbirding from 1862 to 1863 , resulting in the abduction or killing of about 1,500 , with 1,408 working as indentured servants in Peru . Only about a dozen were to return to Easter Island , but they brought smallpox , which decimated the remaining population of 1,500 . Those who perished included the island 's tumu ivi ' atua , bearers of the island 's culture , history , and genealogy besides the rongorongo experts .
Colony of Virginia
Statistics regarding mortality rates : Dates Population New arrivals Easter , 1619 ~ 1,000 Easter , 1620 866 1620 -- 1621 + 1,051 Easter 1621 843 1620 -- 1624 + ~ 4,000 Feb. 1624 1,277 During this time , perhaps 5000 Virginians died of disease or were killed in the Indian massacre of 1622 .
American Indian Wars
Sources agree that the U.S. Army officially recorded 1,466 deaths in the Second Seminole War , mostly from disease . The number killed in action is less clear . Mahon reports 328 regular army killed in action , while Missall reports that Seminoles killed 269 officers and men . Almost half of those deaths occurred in the Dade Massacre , Battle of Lake Okeechobee and Harney Massacre . Similarly , Mahon reports 69 deaths for the navy , while Missal reports 41 for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps , but adds others may have died after being sent out of Florida as incurable . Mahon and the Florida Board of State Institutions agree that 55 volunteer officers and men were killed by the Seminoles , while Missall says the number is unknown . There is no figure for how many militiamen and volunteers died of disease or accident , however . The number of white civilians and Seminoles killed is also uncertain . A northern newspaper carried a report that more than eighty civilians were killed by Indians in Florida in 1839 . Nobody kept a cumulative account of the number of Indians killed , or who died of starvation or other privations caused by the war . The Indians who were shipped west did not fare well either . By the end of 1843 , 3,824 Indians had been shipped from Florida to what became the Indian Territory , but in 1844 only 3,136 remained . As of 1962 there were only 2,343 Seminoles in Oklahoma and perhaps some 1,500 in Florida .
American Civil War
In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) .
Nuclear weapon
As public awareness and concern mounted over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to the nuclear fallout , various studies were done to assess the extent of the hazard . A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention / National Cancer Institute study claims that fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests would lead to perhaps 11,000 excess deaths amongst people alive during atmospheric testing in the United States from all forms of cancer , including leukemia , from 1951 to well into the 21st century . As of March 2009 , the U.S. is the only nation that compensates nuclear test victims . Since the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 , more than $1.38 billion in compensation has been approved . The money is going to people who took part in the tests , notably at the Nevada Test Site , and to others exposed to the radiation .
French Revolution
Some historians claim that after that Vendéan defeat Convention Republic armies in 1794 massacred 117,000 Vendéan civilians to obliterate the Vendéan people , but others contest that claim . Some historians consider the total civil war to have lasted until 1796 with a toll of 170,000 or 450,000 lives .
English Civil War
Figures for Ireland are described as `` miracles of conjecture '' . Certainly the devastation inflicted on Ireland was massive , with the best estimate provided by Sir William Petty , the father of English demography . Petty estimates that 112,000 Protestants and 504,000 Catholics were killed through plague , war and famine , giving an estimated total of 616,000 dead , from a pre-war population of about one and a half million . Although Petty 's figures are the best available , they are still acknowledged as being tentative ; they do not include the estimate of 40,000 driven into exile , some of whom served as soldiers in European continental armies , while others were sold as indentured servants to New England and the West Indies . Many of those sold to landowners in New England eventually prospered , but many of those sold to landowners in the West Indies were worked to death .
Casualties of the Iraq War
A September 14 , 2007 , estimate by Opinion Research Business ( ORB ) , an independent British polling agency , suggests that the total Iraqi violent death toll due to the Iraq War since the U.S. - led invasion is in excess of 1.2 million ( 1,220,580 ) . Although higher than the 2006 Lancet estimate through June 2006 , these results , which were based on a survey of 1,499 adults in Iraq from August 12 -- 19 , 2007 , are more or less consistent with the figures that were published in the Lancet study .
American Revolutionary War
The French suffered approximately 7,000 total dead throughout the conflict ; of those , 2,112 were killed in combat in the American theaters of war .
Vietnam War
Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers were sent to Vietnam , each serving a one - year tour of duty . Maximum troop levels peaked at 50,000 in 1968 , however all were withdrawn by 1973 . About 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war . South Korea claimed to have killed 41,000 Viet Cong . An unknown percentage of ' enemy combatants ' may have been unarmed civilians , as ROK Forces were estimated to have deliberately killed at least 9,000 civilians . The United States paid South Korean soldiers 236 million dollars for their efforts in Vietnam , and South Korean GNP increased five-fold during the war . Thailand
Casualties of the Iraq War
However , this number could be an overestimate and may include some civilian fatalities , since there have been contradictions between the figures released by the U.S. military and those released by the Iraqi government . For example , the U.S. military 's number of insurgents killed in 2005 , is 3,247 , which is in contrast to the Iraqi government 's figure of 1,734 . In 2007 , 4,544 militants were killed according to the Iraqi ministries , while the U.S. military claimed 6,747 died . Also , in 2008 , 2,028 insurgents were reported killed and in 2009 , with the exception of the month of June , 488 were killed according to the Iraqi Defence Ministry . These numbers are also not in line with the U.S. military estimate of some 3,984 killed in 2008 and 2009 .
Vietnam War
The millions of cluster bombs the US dropped on Southeast Asia rendered the landscape hazardous . In Laos alone , some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country , rendering vast swathes of land impossible to cultivate and killing or maiming 50 Laotians every year . It is estimated that the explosive that still remains buried in the ground will not be removed entirely until the next few centuries . Over 3 million people left Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia in the Indochina refugee crisis . Most Asian countries were unwilling to accept these refugees , many of whom fled by boat and were known as boat people . Between 1975 and 1998 , an estimated 1.2 million refugees from Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries resettled in the United States , while Canada , Australia , and France resettled over 500,000 . China accepted 250,000 people . Of all the countries of Indochina , Laos experienced the largest refugee flight in proportional terms , as 300,000 people out of a total population of 3 million crossed the border into Thailand . Included among their ranks were `` about 90 percent '' of Laos 's `` intellectuals , technicians , and officials . '' An estimated 200,000 to 400,000 Vietnamese boat people died at sea , according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Captured
Casualties of the Iraq War
It shows a total range of at least 155,923 -- 174,355 documented civilian deaths from violence in Iraq as of March 20 , 2016 .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Radiation deaths at Chernobyl were also statistically undetectable . Only 0.1 % of the 110,645 Ukraninian cleanup workers , included in a 20 - year study out of over 500,000 former Soviet clean up workers , had as of 2012 developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident .
First Fleet
This was one of the world 's greatest sea voyages -- eleven vessels carrying about 1,487 people and stores had travelled for 252 days for more than 15,000 miles ( 24,000 km ) without losing a ship . Forty - eight people died on the journey , a death rate of just over three per cent .
Casualties of the Iraq War
The Iraqi non-governmental organisation , Iraqiyun , estimated 128,000 deaths from the invasion until July 2005 . A July 2005 United Press International ( UPI ) article said the number came from the chairman of the Iraqiyun humanitarian organization in Baghdad , Dr. Hatim al - ' Alwani . He said 55 percent of those killed were women , and children aged 12 and under . The UPI article reported : `` Iraqiyun obtained data from relatives and families of the deceased , as well as from Iraqi hospitals in all the country 's provinces . The 128,000 figure only includes those whose relatives have been informed of their deaths and does not include those were abducted , assassinated or simply disappeared . '' A 2010 book by Nicolas Davies reported the Iraqiyun estimate , and that Iraqiyun was affiliated with the political party of Interim President Ghazi Al - Yawer . Davies wrote : `` The report specified that it included only confirmed deaths reported to relatives , omitting significant numbers of people who had simply disappeared without trace amid the violence and chaos . ''
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Ninety minutes after it began , the attack was over . 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded ; 218 soldiers and airmen ( who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947 ) were killed and 364 wounded ; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded ; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded . In total , 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded . Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground , including five battleships . All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants , given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred . USS
Casualties of the Iraq War
A May 28 , 2003 , Guardian article reported at the Close the Iraq War of 5 Years , One Million Killed in Sectarian Strife `` Extrapolating from the death - rates of between 3 % and 10 % found in the units around Baghdad , one reaches a toll of between 13,500 and 45,000 dead among troops and paramilitaries .
Gilded Age
There was a significant human cost attached to this period of economic growth , as American industry had the highest rate of accidents in the world . In 1889 , railroads employed 704,000 men , of whom 20,000 were injured and 1,972 were killed on the job . The U.S. was also the only industrial power to have no workman 's compensation program in place to support injured workers .
History of Native Americans in the United States
`` The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... ''