vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Nuclear weapon
Nuclear weapons have been used twice in war , both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II . On August 6 , 1945 , the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun - type fission bomb nicknamed `` Little Boy '' over the Japanese city of Hiroshima ; three days later , on August 9 , the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion - type fission bomb nicknamed `` Fat Man '' over the Japanese city of Nagasaki . These bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from injuries sustained from the explosions . The ethics of these bombings and their role in Japan 's surrender are subjects of debate .
Military history of the United States during World War II
Guadalcanal , fought from August 1942 to February 1943 , was the first major Allied offensive of the war in the Pacific Theater . This campaign pitted American air , naval and ground forces ( later augmented by Australians and New Zealanders ) against determined Japanese resistance . Guadalcanal was the key to control the Solomon Islands , which both sides saw as strategically essential . Both sides won some battles but both sides were overextended in terms of supply lines . Logistical failures in a hostile physical environment hampered everyone . As happened time and again in the Pacific , the Japanese logistical support system failed , as only 20 % of the supplies dispatched from Rabaul to Guadalcanal ever reached there . Consequently , the 30,000 Japanese troops lacked heavy equipment , adequate ammunition and even enough food ; 10,000 were killed , 10,000 starved to death , and the remaining 10,000 were evacuated in February 1943 . In the end Guadalcanal was a major American victory as the Japanese inability to keep pace with the rate of American reinforcements proved decisive . Guadalcanal is an iconic episode in the annals of American military history , underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe .
Military history of the United States during World War II
To even reach Pearl Harbor , they had to learn how to refuel at sea ( a technique the US Navy already had worked out ) ; to sink all those ships they used their superb electric torpedoes and perfected shallow - water bombing tactics . Surprise was decisive . While everyone knew that war was imminent , no one at Pearl expected an attack . Despite later rumors , there was no advance knowledge of the Japanese plan . The commanders had been complacent about routine defensive measures . Even if the defense had been more alert , the surprise and overwhelming power of the Japanese strike probably would have been decisive . In broader perspective , the attack was a failure . The lost battleships reflected obsolete doctrine and were not needed ; the lost planes were soon replaced ; the casualty list was short by World War II standards . Tokyo 's calculation that the Americans would lose heart and seek a compromise peace proved wildly wrong -- the `` sneak attack '' electrified public opinion , committing America with near unanimity to a war to the death against the Japanese Empire . President
Philippines
The Philippines values its relations with the United States . It supported the United States during the Cold War and the War on Terror and is a major non-NATO ally . Despite this history of goodwill , controversies related to the presence of the now former U.S. military bases in Subic Bay and Clark and the current Visiting Forces Agreement have flared up from time to time . Japan , the biggest contributor of official development assistance to the country , is thought of as a friend . Although historical tensions still exist on issues such as the plight of comfort women , much of the animosity inspired by memories of World War II has faded .
Manhattan Project
When cooperation resumed after the Quebec agreement , the Americans ' progress and expenditures amazed the British . The United States had already spent more than $1 billion ( $11,400,000,000 today ) , while in 1943 , the United Kingdom had spent about £ 0.5 million . Chadwick thus pressed for British involvement in the Manhattan Project to the fullest extent and abandon any hopes of a British project during the war . With Churchill 's backing , he attempted to ensure that every request from Groves for assistance was honored . The British Mission that arrived in the United States in December 1943 included Niels Bohr , Otto Frisch , Klaus Fuchs , Rudolf Peierls , and Ernest Titterton . More scientists arrived in early 1944 . While those assigned to gaseous diffusion left by the fall of 1944 , the 35 working with Lawrence at Berkeley were assigned to existing laboratory groups and stayed until the end of the war . The 19 sent to Los Alamos also joined existing groups , primarily related to implosion and bomb assembly , but not the plutonium - related ones . Part of the Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . In June 1945 , Wilson agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee .
United States home front during World War II
Civilian support for the war was widespread , with isolated cases of draft resistance . The F.B.I. was already tracking elements that were suspected of loyalty to Germany , Japan , or Italy , and many were arrested in the weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor . 7,000 German and Italian aliens ( who were not U.S. citizens ) were moved back from the West Coast , along with some 100,000 of Japanese descent . Some enemy aliens were held without trial during the entire war . The U.S. citizens accused of supporting Germany were given public trials , and often were freed .
Marshall Plan
From the end of the war to the end of 1953 , the US provided grants and credits amounting to $5.9 billion to Asian countries , especially China / Taiwan ( $1.051 billion ) , India ( $255 million ) , Indonesia ( $215 million ) , Japan ( $2.44 billion ) , South Korea ( $894 million ) , Pakistan ( $98 million ) and the Philippines ( $803 million ) . In addition , another $282 million went to Israel and $196 million to the rest of the Middle East . All this aid was separate from the Marshall Plan .
World War II
On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned .
Allies of World War II
At the beginning of 1942 , Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its territory , especially in Natal , strategically located at the easternmost corner of the South American continent , and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany , Japan , and Italy . After that , 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the German and Italian navies , which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 .
Axis powers
Hitler declaring war on the United States on 11 December 1941 Italian pilots of a Savoia - Marchetti SM. 75 long - range cargo aircraft meeting with Japanese officials upon arriving in East Asia in 1942 . German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in Autumn 1942 . Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70 ° E , which was , however , never approximated .
Australian Army during World War II
While Australia 's contribution to the pre-war plans to defend South East Asia from Japanese aggression was focused on the defence of Malaya and Singapore , small Australian forces were also deployed to defend several islands to the north of Australia . The role of these forces was to defend strategic airfields which could be used to launch attacks on the Australian mainland . Detachments of coastwatchers were also stationed in the Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands to report on any Japanese operations there . An
History of democracy
World War II also planted seeds of democracy outside Europe and Japan , as it weakened , with the exception of the USSR and the United States , all the old colonial powers while strengthening anticolonial sentiment worldwide . Many restive colonies / possessions were promised subsequent independence in exchange for their support for embattled colonial powers during the war .
Australian Army during World War II
Japan 's rapid advance south had been unexpected , and the perceived threat of invasion led to a major expansion of the Australian military . By mid-1942 the Army had a strength of ten infantry divisions , three armoured divisions and hundreds of other units . Thousands of Australians who were ineligible for service in the military responded to the threat of attack by joining auxiliary organisations such as the Volunteer Defence Corps and Volunteer Air Observers Corps , which were modelled on the British Home Guard and Royal Observer Corps respectively . However , Australia 's population and industrial base were not sufficient to maintain these forces once the threat of invasion had passed , and the Army was progressively reduced in size from 1943 .
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Fortunately for the United States , the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attack ; otherwise the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more ( given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to rely on its aircraft carriers and submarines -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service , their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment , and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles ( their only major action being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944 ) . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened .
Allies of World War II
The Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) was the principal Dutch colony in Asia , and was attacked by Japan in 1942 . During the Dutch East Indies Campaign , the Netherlands played a significant role in the Allied effort to halt the Japanese advance as part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian ( ABDA ) Command . The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of Java Sea , at which Doorman gave the order to engage . During the ensuing battle the ABDA fleet suffered heavy losses , and was mostly destroyed after several naval battles around Java ; the ABDA Command was later dissolved . The Japanese finally occupied the Dutch East Indies in February -- March 1942 . Dutch troops , aircraft and escaped ships continued to fight on the Allied side and also mounted a guerrilla campaign in Timor .
Surrender of Japan
As the project neared its conclusion , American planners began to consider the use of the bomb . Groves formed a committee that met in April and May 1945 to draw up a list of targets . One of the primary criteria was that the target cities must not have been damaged by conventional bombing . This would allow for an accurate assessment of the damage done by the atomic bomb . The targeting committee 's list included 18 Japanese cities . At the top of the list were Kyoto , Hiroshima , Yokohama , Kokura , and Niigata . Ultimately , Kyoto was removed from the list at the insistence of Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , who had visited the city on his honeymoon and knew of its cultural and historical significance .
United States home front during World War II
To heighten the suspense , Hollywood needed to feature attacks on American soil , and obtained inspirations for dramatic stories from the Philippines . Indeed , the Philippines became a `` homefront '' that showed the American way of life threatened by the Japanese enemy . Especially popular were the films Texas to Bataan ( 1942 ) , Corregidor ( 1943 ) , Bataan ( 1943 ) , They Were Expendable ( 1945 ) , and Back to Bataan ( 1945 ) .
Second Sino-Japanese War
During the Second Sino - Japanese War the Japanese followed what has been referred to as a `` killing policy '' and destroyed many mosques . According to Wan Lei , `` Statistics showed that the Japanese destroyed 220 mosques and killed countless Hui people by April 1941 . '' After the Nanking Massacre mosques in Nanking were found to be filled with dead bodies . They also followed a policy of economic oppression which involved the destruction of mosques and Hui communities and made many Hui jobless and homeless . Another policy was one of deliberate humiliation . This included soldiers smearing mosques with pork fat , forcing Hui to butcher pigs to feed the soldiers , and forcing girls to supposedly train as geishas and singers but in fact made them serve as sex slaves . Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons . Many Hui fought in the war against the Japanese such as Bai Chongxi , Ma Hongbin , Ma Hongkui , Ma Bufang , Ma Zhanshan , Ma Biao , Ma Zhongying , Ma Buqing and Ma Hushan . Qinghai Tibetans served in the Qinghai army against the Japanese . The Qinghai Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet ( Tibet proper , ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa ) as distinct and different from themselves , and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the Tibetan Empire .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Although Japan possessed significant mobile operational capacity , it did not possess capability for maintaining a long sustained war . At the beginning of the war , the Imperial Japanese Army comprised 17 divisions , each composed of approximately 22,000 men , 5,800 horses , 9,500 rifles and submachine guns , 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types , 108 artillery pieces , and 600 plus of light armor two - men tanks . Special forces were also available . The Imperial Japanese Navy displaced a total of 1,900,000 tonnes , ranking third in the world , and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time . Each Japanese division was the equivalent in fighting strength of four Chinese regular divisions ( at the beginning of the Battle of Shanghai ) .
Surrender of Japan
Japanese policy - making centered on the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War ( created in 1944 by earlier Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso ) , the so - called `` Big Six '' -- the Prime Minister , Minister of Foreign Affairs , Minister of the Army , Minister of the Navy , Chief of the Army General Staff , and Chief of the Navy General Staff . At the formation of the Suzuki government in April 1945 , the council 's membership consisted of : The
Hyperinflation
In 1942 , the highest denomination available was 10 pesos . Before the end of the war , because of inflation , the Japanese government was forced to issue 100 , 500 , and 1000 peso notes .
British Hong Kong
In 1941 , during the Second World War , the British reached an agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek that if Japan attacked Hong Kong , the Chinese National Army would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve pressure on the British garrison . On 8 December , the Battle of Hong Kong began when Japanese air bombers effectively destroyed British air power in one attack . Two days later , the Japanese breached the Gin Drinkers Line in the New Territories . The British commander , Major - General Christopher Maltby , concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he withdrew his brigade from the mainland . On 18 December , the Japanese crossed Victoria Harbour . By 25 December , organised defence was reduced into pockets of resistance . Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor Sir Mark Young , who accepted his advice to reduce further losses . A day after the invasion , Chiang ordered three corps under General Yu Hanmou to march towards Hong Kong . The plan was to launch a New Year 's Day attack on the Japanese in the Canton region , but before the Chinese infantry could attack , the Japanese had broken Hong Kong 's defences . The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded . The Japanese reported 1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded .
Eid al-Adha
Eid al - Kabir , an Arabic term meaning `` the Greater Eid '' ( the `` Lesser Eid '' being Eid al - Fitr ) , is used in Yemen , Syria , and North Africa ( Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , and Egypt ) . The term was borrowed directly into French as Aïd el - Kebir . Translations of `` Big Eid '' or `` Greater Eid '' are used in Pashto ( لوی اختر Loy Axtar ) , Kashmiri ( Baed Eid ) , Urdu and Hindi ( Baṛī Īd ) , Bengali ( বড় ঈদ Boro Id ) , Tamil ( Peru Nāl , `` Great Day '' ) and Malayalam ( Bali Perunnal , `` Great Day of Sacrifice '' ) . Albanian , however , uses Bajram ( i ) i vogël or `` the Lesser Eid '' ( as opposed to Bajram i Madh , the `` Greater Eid '' , for Eid al - Fitr ) as an alternative reference to Eid al - Adha .
Woodrow Wilson
By contrast , he thought the United States required greater compromise because of the diversity of public opinion and the difficulty of forming a majority opinion ; thus practical reform of the government was necessarily slow . Yet Wilson insisted that `` administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics '' and that `` general laws which direct these things to be done are as obviously outside of and above administration . '' He likened administration to a machine that functions independent of the changing mood of its leaders . Such a line of demarcation is intended to focus responsibility for actions taken on the people or persons in charge . As Wilson put it , `` public attention must be easily directed , in each case of good or bad administration , to just the man deserving of praise or blame . There is no danger in power , if only it be not irresponsible . If it be divided , dealt out in share to many , it is obscured '' . Essentially , he contended that the items under the discretion of administration must be limited in scope , as to not block , nullify , obfuscate , or modify the implementation of governmental decree made by the executive branch .
Correlation does not imply causation
From the point of view of thermodynamics , universal properties of causes as compared to effects have been identified through the Second law of thermodynamics , confirming the ancient , medieval and Cartesian view that `` the cause is greater than the effect '' for the particular case of thermodynamic free energy . This , in turn , is challenged by popular interpretations of the concepts of nonlinear systems and the butterfly effect , in which small events cause large effects due to , respectively , unpredictability and an unlikely triggering of large amounts of potential energy .
Prometheus
The greater Titanomachia depicts an overarching metaphor of the struggle between generations , between parents and their children , symbolic of the generation of parents needing to eventually give ground to the growing needs , vitality , and responsibilities of the new generation for the perpetuation of society and survival interests of the human race as a whole . Prometheus and his struggle would be of vast merit to human society as well in this mythology as he was to be credited with the creation of humans and therefore all of humanity as well . The four most ancient historical sources for the Prometheus myth are Hesiod , Homer , Pindar , and Pythagoras . Hesiod
The Brave (TV series)
`` The Greater Good '' Jeffrey Nachmanoff Story by : Dean Georgaris & Michael Alaimo Teleplay by : Michael Alaimo October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 5.14 After receiving intel that a serious , yet extremely cautious and paranoid player in dealing international arms , Ranier Boothe , will be visiting Caborca , Mexico , Patricia makes a controversial decision that could lead to a big break through . With Dalton 's team on the ground , they must find a weak link in Boothe 's men in order to carry out the mission . The team is tasked with planting a bug on an extremely paranoid arms dealer who supplies weapons to terrorists , aided by an undercover Mexican agent and a mole in the terrorist organization -- the leader 's mistress . Meanwhile , Noah discovers more about Hannah 's complicated past from her work in the field . `` Break Out '' David Straiton Mike Daniels October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 4.97 The team , along with Deputy Director Patricia Campbell , enter an Afghani military prison to interrogate an American traitor who joined the Taliban and has intimate knowledge of an imminent attack on U.S. soil . When the only interrogator who can do the job is brought in to stop the attack , the Taliban prisoners stage an unexpected prison break , and Dalton 's team must escape before the heavily armed Taliban reinforcements arrive . 5 `` Enhanced Protection '' John Terlesky Matt Corman & Chris Ord October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 5.19 The DIA intercepts chatter about an impending attack on a peace summit in Nigeria which will be attended by US Ambassador , Charles Webb . Dalton and his team are assigned to the Ambassador 's protection detail . The team head to the region only to find a situation different than they expected . However , the attack ends up being at a mall , and the Ambassador 's wife is taken hostage . The team rushes to the mall to stop the terrorists before they identify the Ambassador 's wife , and before they find out the prisoner they want released is already dead . Meanwhile , Campell receives the letter her son wrote to her in the event of his death , which was just delivered . Jaz makes a connection with a little girl she meets during the mission .
Femur
The transition area between the head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule . Here the two trochanters , greater and lesser trochanter , are found . The greater trochanter is almost box - shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur . The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint . The greater trochanter can easily be felt . The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on medial surface of the greater trochanter . The lesser trochanter is a cone - shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck . The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front .
Vietnam War
US reports of `` enemy KIA '' , referred to as body count were thought to have been subject to `` falsification and glorification '' , and a true estimate of PAVN / NLF combat deaths may be difficult to assess , as US victories were assessed by having a `` greater kill ratio '' . It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part - time guerrillas or impressed labourers who did not wear uniforms and civilians actually killed were oftentimes written off as enemy KIA .
Only Fools and Horses
Four episodes ( `` The Long Legs of the Law '' , `` A Losing Streak '' , `` No Greater Love '' and `` The Yellow Peril '' ) were re-edited for audio purposes and released on audio cassette on 12 October 1998 . The cassette was re-released in October 2000 .
Heartland (Canadian TV series)
Amy and Ty 's daughter , born in Episode 175 , `` Greater Expectations '' . Her guardians ( godparents ) , should anything happen to Amy and Ty , are Caleb and Cassandra .
Area of a circle
This , too , forces a contradiction . For , a perpendicular to the midpoint of each polygon side is a radius , of length r . And since the total side length is greater than the circumference , the polygon consists of n identical triangles with total area greater than T. Again we have a contradiction , so our supposition that C might be less than T must be wrong as well .