vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kent State shootings
The shootings led to protests on college campuses throughout the United States , and a student strike , causing more than 450 campuses across the country to close with both violent and non-violent demonstrations . A common sentiment was expressed by students at New York University with a banner hung out of a window that read , `` They Ca n't Kill Us All . '' On May 8 , 11 people were bayonetted at the University of New Mexico by the New Mexico National Guard in a confrontation with student protesters . Also on May 8 , an antiwar protest at New York 's Federal Hall National Memorial held at least partly in reaction to the Kent State killings was met with a counter-rally of pro-Nixon construction workers ( organized by Peter J. Brennan , later appointed U.S. Labor Secretary by President Nixon ) , resulting in the Hard Hat Riot . Shortly after the shootings took place , the Urban Institute conducted a national study that concluded the Kent State shooting was the first nationwide student strike in U.S. history ; over 4 million students protested and hundreds of American colleges and universities closed during the student strikes . The Kent State campus remained closed for six weeks .
Swadeshi movement
This was true to some extent , but the real motive behind the partition plan was the British desire to weaken Bengal , the nerve centre of Indian nationalism.no
Jacobin
The Jacobin movement encouraged sentiments of patriotism and liberty amongst the populace . The movement 's contemporaries , such as the King Louis XVI , located the effectiveness of the revolutionary movement not `` in the force and bayonets of soldiers , guns , cannons and shells but by the marks of political power '' . Ultimately , the Jacobins were to control several key political bodies , in particular the Committee of Public Safety and , through it , the National Convention , which was not only a legislature but also took upon itself executive and judicial functions . The Jacobins as a political force were seen as `` less selfish , more patriotic , and more sympathetic to the Paris Populace . '' This gave them a position of charismatic authority that was effective in generating and harnessing public pressure , generating and satisfying sans - culotte pleas for personal freedom and social progress .
Swadeshi movement
This movement also involved the boycott of British products . Western clothes were thrown onto bonfires .
Midwestern United States
The first violent conflicts leading up to the Civil War occurred between two neighboring Midwestern states , Kansas and Missouri , involving anti-slavery Free - Staters and pro-slavery `` Border Ruffian '' elements , that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858 . At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state . As such , Bleeding Kansas was a proxy war between Northerners and Southerners over the issue of slavery . The term `` Bleeding Kansas '' was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune ; the events it encompasses directly presaged the Civil War . 1855
Chartism
Testimonies exist from contemporaries , such as the Yorkshire Chartist Ben Wilson , that Newport was to have been the signal for a national uprising . Despite this significant setback the movement remained remarkably buoyant , and remained so until late 1842 . Whilst the majority of Chartists , under the leadership of Feargus O'Connor , concentrated on petitioning for Frost , Williams and William Jones to be pardoned , significant minorities in Sheffield and Bradford planned their own risings in response . Samuel Holberry led an abortive rising in Sheffield on 12 January ; and on 26 January Robert Peddie attempted similar action in Bradford . In both Sheffield and Bradford spies had kept magistrates aware of the conspirators ' plans , and these attempted risings were easily quashed . Frost and two other Newport leaders , Jones and Williams , were transported . Holberry and Peddie received long prison sentences with hard labour ; Holberry died in prison and became a Chartist martyr .
History of Vietnam
There emerged two parallel movements of modernization . The first was the Đông Du ( `` Go East '' ) Movement started in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu . Châu 's plan was to send Vietnamese students to Japan to learn modern skills , so that in the future they could lead a successful armed revolt against the French . With Prince Cường Để , he started two organizations in Japan : Duy Tân Hội and Việt Nam Công Hiến Hội . Due to French diplomatic pressure , Japan later deported Châu . Phan Châu Trinh , who favored a peaceful , non-violent struggle to gain independence , led a second movement , Duy Tân ( Modernization ) , which stressed education for the masses , modernizing the country , fostering understanding and tolerance between the French and the Vietnamese , and peaceful transitions of power . The early part of the 20th century saw the growing in status of the Romanized Quốc Ngữ alphabet for the Vietnamese language . Vietnamese patriots realized the potential of Quốc Ngữ as a useful tool to quickly reduce illiteracy and to educate the masses . The traditional Chinese scripts or the Nôm script were seen as too cumbersome and too difficult to learn . The use of prose in literature also became popular with the appearance of many novels ; most famous were those from the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn literary circle .
List of Still Game characters
Peggy is Jack 's overweight ex-neighbour and is very violent , often manhandling her husband , Charlie . Despite her aggressive nature , she seems to be friendly with Isa and many other locals . She also seems to enjoy irritating Winston , especially when it comes to buying the last gigot chops at the butchers . She is known to have an 18 - year - old son , Simon , who was charged with drink driving at the age of 12 .
Mexico City
Three years later , a demonstration in the Maestros avenue , organized by former members of the 1968 student movement , was violently repressed by a paramilitary group called `` Los Halcones '' , composed of gang members and teenagers from many sports clubs who received training in the U.S. First
Reconstructive memory
Anxiety is a state of distress or uneasiness of mind caused by fear and it is a consistently associated with witnessing crimes . In a study by Clifford and Scott ( 1978 ) , participants were shown either a film of a violent crime or a film of a non-violent crime . The participants who viewed the stressful film had difficulty remembering details about the event compared to the participants that watched the non-violent film . However , in a study done by Yuille and Cutshall ( 1986 ) , they discovered that witness of real life violent crimes were able to remember the event quite vividly even five months after it originally occurred . Therefore , depending on the situation , stress can either cause a lapse in memory or it may cause a memory to become more apparent . Application
United States non-interventionism
The war in Europe split the American people into two camps : non-interventionists and interventionists . The two sides argued over America 's involvement in this World War II . The basic principle of the interventionist argument was fear of German invasion . By the summer of 1940 , France suffered a stunning defeat by Germans , and Britain was the only democratic enemy of Germany . In a 1940 speech , Roosevelt argued , `` Some , indeed , still hold to the now somewhat obvious delusion that we ... can safely permit the United States to become a lone island ... in a world dominated by the philosophy of force . '' A national survey found that in the summer of 1940 , 67 % of Americans believed that a German - Italian victory would endanger the United States , that if such an event occurred 88 % supported `` arm ( ing ) to the teeth at any expense to be prepared for any trouble '' , and that 71 % favored `` the immediate adoption of compulsory military training for all young men '' .
History of democracy
In the 21st century , democracy movements have been seen across the world . In the Arab world , an unprecedented series of major protests occurred with citizens of Egypt , Tunisia , Bahrain , Yemen , Jordan , Syria and other countries across the MENA region demanding democratic rights . This revolutionary wave was given the term Tunisia Effect , as well as the Arab Spring . The Palestinian Authority also took action to address democratic rights .
Bradford
The district has a tradition of nonconformity which is reflected in the number of chapels erected by Congregationalists , Baptists and Methodists . The city was a centre of the House Church movement in the 1980s , and the Christian charity Christians Against Poverty was founded in the city . Other house churches in the city include El Shaddai International Christian Centre and the World Outreach Church . Bradford is also home to the LIFE Church UK , a large nonconforming Church , that has around 3,000 members .
Democracy
In representative democracies , it may not benefit incumbents to conduct fair elections . A study showed that incumbents who rig elections stay in office 2.5 times as long as those who permit fair elections . Democracies in countries with high per capita income have been found to be less prone to violence , but in countries with low incomes the tendency is the reverse . Election misconduct is more likely in countries with low per capita incomes , small populations , rich in natural resources , and a lack of institutional checks and balances . Sub-Saharan countries , as well as Afghanistan , all tend to fall into that category .
History of Vietnam
After Gia Định fell to French troops , many resistance movements broke out in occupied areas , some led by former court officers , such as Trương Định , some by peasants , such as Nguyễn Trung Trực , who sank the French gunship L'Esperance using guerilla tactics . In the north , most movements were led by former court officers and lasted decades , with Phan Đình Phùng fighting in central Vietnam until 1895 . In the northern mountains , former bandit leader Hoàng Hoa Thám fought until 1911 . Even the teenage Nguyễn Emperor Hàm Nghi left the Imperial Palace of Huế in 1885 with regent Tôn Thất Thuyết and started the Cần Vương ( `` Save the King '' ) movement , trying to rally the people to resist the French . He was captured in 1888 and exiled to French Algeria . Guerrillas of the Cần Vương movement murdered around a third of Vietnam 's Christian population during the rebellion . Decades later , two more Nguyễn kings , Thành Thái and Duy Tân were also exiled to Africa for having anti-French tendencies . The former was deposed on the pretext of insanity and Duy Tân was caught in a conspiracy with the mandarin Trần Cao Vân trying to start an uprising . However , lack of modern weapons and equipment prevented these resistance movements from being able to engage the French in open combat . The various anti-French revolts started by mandarins were carried out with the primary goal of restoring the old feudal society . However , by 1900 a new generation of Vietnamese were coming of age who had never lived in precolonial Vietnam . These young activists were as eager as their grandparents to see independence restored , but they realized that returning to the feudal order was not feasible and that modern technology and governmental systems were needed . Having been exposed to Western philosophy , they aimed to establish a republic upon independence , departing from the royalist sentiments of the Cần Vương movements . Some of them set up Vietnamese independence societies in Japan , which many viewed as a model society ( i.e. an Asian nation that had modernized , but retained its own culture and institutions ) .
Cold War
In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration .
Sanctification
Influenced by the Holiness movement some Pentecostal churches , such as the Church of God in Christ and the Apostolic Faith Church , believe that sanctification is a definitive act of God 's grace and spiritual experience whereby we are made holy subsequent to salvation and prior to the baptism of the Holy Spirit . Reformed Churches are amongst denominations that teach about definitive sanctification at the time of conversion , and believers are required to `` do good works '' which are `` ... all sanctified by ( God 's ) grace '' . Similarly , non-Wesleyan Pentecostals such as Assemblies of God teach about definitive sanctification at the time of conversion and progressive sanctification after conversion . Converted believers are expected to `` make every effort to live a holy life ... Even though Christians may not attain absolute perfection in this life . '' The event of entire sanctification occurs when Christ comes back and gives us glorified bodies .
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
For every verbal subtest that is used , there is a nonverbal counterpart across all factors . These nonverbal tasks consist of making movement responses such as pointing or assembling manipulatives ( Bain & Allin , 2005 ) . These counterparts have been included to address language - reduced assessments in multicultural societies . Depending on age and ability , administration can range from fifteen minutes to an hour and fifteen minutes .
American Sign Language
There are also meaningful non-manual signals in ASL . This may include movement of the eyebrows , the cheeks , the nose , the head , the torso , and the eyes .
Mass wasting
Mass wasting , also known as slope movement or mass movement , is the geomorphic process by which soil , sand , regolith , and rock move downslope typically as a solid , continuous or discontinuous mass , largely under the force of gravity , but frequently with characteristics of a flow as in debris flows and mudflows . Types of mass wasting include creep , slides , flows , topples , and falls , each with its own characteristic features , and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years . Mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes , and has been observed on Earth , Mars , Venus , and Jupiter 's moon Io .
Panic of 1893
The Free Silver movement arose from a synergy of farming and mining interests . Farmers sought to invigorate the economy and thereby end deflation , which was forcing them to repay loans with increasingly valuable dollars . Mining interests sought the right to turn silver directly into money without a central minting institution . The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 , while falling short of the Free Silver movement 's goals , required the U.S. government to buy millions of ounces of silver above what was required by the 1878 Bland -- Allison Act ( driving up the price of silver and pleasing silver miners ) . People attempted to redeem silver notes for gold . Ultimately , the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and U.S. notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold . Investments during the time of the panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments . Rumors regarding the National Cordage Company 's financial distress ( NCC was the most actively traded stock at the time ) caused its lenders to call in their loans immediately , and NCC went into bankruptcy receivership as a result . The company , a rope manufacturer , had tried to corner the market for imported hemp . As demand for silver and silver notes fell , the price and value of silver dropped . Holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds , and many became worthless .
Sustainability
The Western industrial revolution of the 18th to 19th centuries tapped into the vast growth potential of the energy in fossil fuels . Coal was used to power ever more efficient engines and later to generate electricity . Modern sanitation systems and advances in medicine protected large populations from disease . In the mid-20th century , a gathering environmental movement pointed out that there were environmental costs associated with the many material benefits that were now being enjoyed . In the late 20th century , environmental problems became global in scale . The 1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the extent to which the global community had become dependent on non-renewable energy resources .
Vaishnavism
The Sri Vaishnava community consists of both Smarta Brahmans and non-Brahmans . It existed along with a larger purana - based Brahamanic worshippers of Vishnu , and non-Brahmanic groups who worshipped and felt possessed by non-Vishnu village deities . The Sri Vaishnavism movement grew with its social inclusiveness , where emotional devotionalism to personal god ( Vishnu ) has been open without limitation to gender or caste .
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
On the night of February 15 , 2018 , the movement # OccupyJustice set up three billboards and a number of banners in Malta , marking the four - month anniversary of the murder of the journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia . The billboards bore the text ' A Journalist Killed . No Justice . ' , ' A Country Robbed . No Justice . ' , and ' No Resignations . No Justice . ' The authorities removed the billboards the following day , stating that they were illegal . The government was criticized for this move , and a day after their removal , activists laid down banners with similar text near Auberge de Castille , the Office of the Prime Minister .
Quito
In 2011 , the city 's population was 2,239,191 people . Since 2002 , the city has begun renewing its historical center and also demolished the old airport and built a new Mariscal Sucre International Airport located 45 minutes from central Quito .
Digboi
As of 2011 India census , Digboi has population of 21,736 of which 10,964 are males while 10,772 are females . Population of Children with age of 0 - 6 is 1745 which is 8.03 % of total population of Digboi . Committee , Female Sex Ratio is of 982 against state average of 958 . Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Digboi is around 981 compared to Assam state average of 962 . Literacy rate of Digboi city is 92.08 % higher than state average of 72.19 % . In Digboi , Male literacy is around 95.09 % while female literacy rate is 89.02 % .
Caste system in India
Table 1 . Distribution of Population by Religion and Caste Categories Religion / Caste SCs STs OBCs Forward Caste / Others Hinduism 22.2 % 9 % 42.8 % 26 % Islam 0.8 % 0.5 % 39.2 % 59.5 % Christianity 9.0 % 32.8 % 24.8 % 33.3 % Sikhism 30.7 % 0.9 % 22.4 % 46.1 % Jainism 0.0 % 2.6 % 3.0 % 94.3 % Buddhism 89.5 % 7.4 % 0.4 % 2.7 % Zoroastrianism 0.0 % 15.9 % 13.7 % 70.4 % Others 2.6 % 82.5 % 6.25 8.7 % Total 19.7 % 8.5 % 41.1 % 30.8 %
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The aftermath of the rebellion has been the focus of new work using Indian sources and population studies . In The Last Mughal , historian William Dalrymple examines the effects on the Muslim population of Delhi after the city was retaken by the British and finds that intellectual and economic control of the city shifted from Muslim to Hindu hands because the British , at that time , saw an Islamic hand behind the mutiny .
Quito
Capital city 372.39 km ( 143.78 sq mi ) Water 0 km ( 0 sq mi ) Metro 4,217.95 km ( 1,628.56 sq mi ) Elevation 2,850 m ( 9,350 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Capital city 2,671,191 Density 7,200 / km ( 19,000 / sq mi ) Metro 4,700,000 Metro density 1,100 / km ( 2,900 / sq mi ) Demonym Quiteño ( - a ) Time zone ECT ( UTC - 5 ) Postal code EC1701 ( new format ) , P01 ( old format ) Area code ( s ) ( 0 ) 2 Climate Cfb Website www.quito.gob.ec View
Chennai
Chennai , along with Mumbai , Delhi and Kolkata , is one of the few Indian cities that are home to a diverse population of ethno - religious communities . Minorities include Telugus , Marwaris , Gujaratis , Parsis , Sindhis , Odias , Goans , Kannadigas , Anglo - Indians , Bengalis , Punjabi , and Malayalees . As per the religious census of 2011 , Chennai 's population was 80.73 % Hindu , 9.45 % Muslim , 7.72 % Christian , 1.11 % Jain , 0.06 % Sikh , 0.06 % Buddhist , 0.04 % following other religions and 0.83 % following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference .
Chennai
Tamils form the majority of Chennai 's population . English is spoken largely by white - collar workers , often mixed into Tamil . In 2001 , out of the 2,937,000 migrants ( 33.8 % of its population ) in the city , 61.5 % were from other parts of the state , 33.8 % were from rest of India and 3.7 % were from outside the country . As per the 2001 census , the number of speakers mother tongue wise are as follows , Tamil is spoken by 3,424,107 ( 78.83 % ) , followed by Telugu by 419,209 ( 9.65 % ) , Urdu by 180,245 ( 4.1 % ) , Malayalam by 113,828 ( 2.6 % ) , Hindi by 104,084 ( 2.39 % ) , and Kannada by 22,250 ( 0.5 % ) .
Forestry in India
Due to faster tribal population growth in forest / tribal areas , naturally available forest resources ( NTFP ) in a sustainable manner are becoming inadequate for their basic livelihood . Many tribal are giving up their traditional livelihood and taking up farming and cattle rearing in the forest areas causing irreparable damage to forests . The erstwhile protectors of forests are slowly turning into the bane of forests and its wildlife . The government should devise schemes to avert this process and save the dwindling forest area and its flora and fauna . Tribal people have extraordinary understanding of forest flora and fauna which can be productively utilized . All the tribal peoples shall be employed by the government in the expansion and protection of forests and its wildlife till their descendants get educated and diversify into industrial and service sectors .
Karachi
While most of the city 's Hindu population left en masse for India following Pakistan 's independence , Karachi still has a large Hindu community with an estimated population of 250,000 based on 2013 data . Karachi 's affluent and influential Parsis have lived in the region in the 12th century , though the modern community dates from the mid 19th century when they served as military contractors and commissariat agents to the British . Further waves of Parsi immigrants from Persia settled in the city in the late 19th century . The population of Parsis in Karachi and throughout South Asia is in continuous decline due to low birth - rates and migration to Western countries .
Nagar Palika
In India , Municipal Councils or Town Municipalities or Nagar Palika or Nagar Palika Parishad or Municipality is an urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more than . However , there are exceptions to that , as previously Nagar Palikas were constituted in urban centers with population over 20,000 , so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as Nagar Palikas were reclassified as Nagar Palikas even if their population was under 100,000 . Under the Panchayati Raj system , it interacts directly with the state government , though it is administratively part of the district it is located in . Generally , smaller district cities and bigger towns have a Nagar Palika . Nagar Palikas are also a form of local self - government entrusted with some duties and responsibilities , as enshrined in the Constitutional ( 74th Amendment ) Act , 1992 . Under Article 243Q , it became obligatory for every state to constitute such units .
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia 's Central Department of Statistics & Information estimated the foreign population at the end of 2014 at 33 % ( 10.1 million ) . The CIA Factbook estimated that as of 2013 foreign nationals living in Saudi Arabia made up about 21 % of the population . Other sources report differing estimates . Indian : 1.3 million , Pakistani : 1.5 million , Egyptian : 900,000 , Yemeni : 800,000 , Bangladeshi : 400,000 , Filipino : 500,000 , Jordanian / Palestinian : 260,000 , Indonesian : 250,000 , Sri Lankan : 350,000 , Sudanese : 250,000 , Syrian : 100,000 and Turkish : 80,000 . There are around 100,000 Westerners in Saudi Arabia , most of whom live in compounds or gated communities .