vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Carthage
The fall of Carthage came at the end of the Third Punic War in 146 BC at the Battle of Carthage . Despite initial devastating Roman naval losses and Rome 's recovery from the brink of defeat after the terror of a 15 - year occupation of much of Italy by Hannibal , the end of the series of wars resulted in the end of Carthaginian power and the complete destruction of the city by Scipio Aemilianus . The Romans pulled the Phoenician warships out into the harbor and burned them before the city , and went from house to house , capturing and enslaving the people . About 50,000 Carthaginians were sold into slavery . The city was set ablaze and razed to the ground , leaving only ruins and rubble . After the fall of Carthage , Rome annexed the majority of the Carthaginian colonies , including other North African locations such as Volubilis , Lixus , Chellah , and Mogador .
Thirteen Colonies
Slaves imported into Colonial America 1620 -- 1700 1701 -- 1760 1761 -- 1770 1771 -- 1780 total 21,000 189,000 63,000 15,000 287,000
History of Puerto Rico
On March 21 , 1937 , a peaceful march was organized by the Nationalist Party , under Pedro Alibizu Campos , to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico in 1873 by the governing Spanish National Assembly . The police , under the orders of General Blanton Winship , the US - appointed colonial Governor of Puerto Rico , opened fire at the peaceful Puerto Rican Nationalist Party parade , which is now known as the `` Ponce massacre '' : 20 unarmed people ( including two policemen ) were killed , with wounded persons ranging between 100 -- 200 . This occurred because the head of the police force in Juana Díaz , Guillermo Soldevila , raised a whip and struck the chest of Tomás Lopez de Victoria , the captain of the cadet corps , and told him to stop the march . As a result , a police officer , Armando Martinez , ran from the corner in front of the Nationalist council and fired once into the air . This prompted many others to fire their arms .
Indentured servitude
In 1838 , with the abolition of slavery at its onset , the British were in the process of transporting a million Indians out of India and into the Caribbean to take the place of the African slaves in indentureship . Women , looking for what they believed would be a better life in the colonies , were specifically sought after and recruited at a much higher rate than men due to the high population of men already in the colonies . However , women had to prove their status as a single and eligible to emigrate , as married women could not leave without their husbands . Many women seeking escape from abusive relationships were willing to take that chance . The Indian Immigration Act of 1883 prevented women from exiting India as widowed or single in order to escape . Arrival in the colonies brought unexpected conditions of poverty , homelessness , and little to no food as the high numbers of emigrants overwhelmed the small villages and flooded the labor market . Many were forced into signing labor contracts that exposed them to the hard field labor on the plantation . Additionally , on arrival to the plantation , single women were ' assigned ' a man as they were not allowed to live alone . The subtle difference between slavery and indenture - ship is best seen here as women were still subjected to the control of the plantation owners as well as their newly assigned ' partner ' . Their status was closer to chattel property than human being .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
In December 1860 , both the House and Senate formed special committees to address the unfolding crisis . Lincoln communicated with various Congressmen that there was room for negotiation on issues such as fugitive slaves , slavery in the District of Columbia , and the domestic slave trade . However he made it clear that he was unalterably opposed to anything which would allow the expansion of slavery into any new states or territories . On December 6 , Lincoln wrote to Congressman Kellogg , on the House committee , that he should : `` entertain no proposition for a compromise in regard to the extension of slavery . The instant you do , they have us under again ; all our labor is lost , and sooner or later must be done over . Douglas is sure to be again trying to bring in his ( popular sovereignty ) . Have none of it . The tug has to come & better now than later . ''
Atlantic slave trade
Historian Walter Rodney has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 16th century , although there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa , it was not very substantial . Both continents were using Iron Age technology . The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building . During the period of slavery , the populations of Europe and the Americas grew exponentially , while the population of Africa remained stagnant . Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas . Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams , he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas . He cited examples such as the invention of the steam engine by James Watt , which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean .
Labor history of the United States
By the beginning of the 19th century , after the revolution , little had changed . The career path for most artisans still involved apprenticeship under a master , followed by moving into independent production . However , over the course of the Industrial Revolution , this model rapidly changed , particularly in the major metropolitan areas . For instance , in Boston in 1790 , the vast majority of the 1,300 artisans in the city described themselves as `` master workman '' . By 1815 , journeymen workers without independent means of production had displaced these `` masters '' as the majority . By that time journeymen also outnumbered masters in New York City and Philadelphia . This shift occurred as a result of large - scale transatlantic and rural - urban migration . Migration into the coastal cities created a larger population of potential laborers , which in turn allowed controllers of capital to invest in labor - intensive enterprises on a larger scale . Craft workers found that these changes launched them into competition with each other to a degree that they had not experienced previously , which limited their opportunities and created substantial risks of downward mobility that had not existed prior to that time .
European colonization of the Americas
Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans , as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes ' members as slaves . Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs . In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years , the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512 . A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542 , called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians , or simply New Laws . These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners , by strictly limiting their power and dominion . This helped curb Indian slavery considerably , though not completely . Later , with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World , the enslavement of native populations increased , as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later . The population of indigenous peoples declined ( mostly from European diseases , but also from forced exploitation and atrocities ) . Later , native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade .
Indentured servitude
There were also reports of kidnappings of Europeans to work as servants . During the late 17th and early 18th centuries , children from England and France were kidnapped and sold into indentured labor in the Caribbean .
History of the United States Constitution
On August 6 , the Committee of Detail reported its proposed revisions to the Randolph Plan . Again the question of slavery came up , and again the question was met with attacks of outrage . Over the next two weeks , delegates wove a web of mutual compromises relating to commerce and trade , east and west , slave - holding and free . The transfer of power to regulate slave trade from states to central government could happen in 20 years , but only then . Later generations could try out their own answers . The delegates were trying to make a government that might last that long .
Child labour
In 1999 , ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 ( C182 ) , which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States . This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour , defined as all forms of slavery and slavery - like practices , such as child trafficking , debt bondage , and forced labour , including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict . The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography , child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking ; and in hazardous work . Both the Worst Forms Convention ( C182 ) and the Minimum Age Convention ( C138 ) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour .
Indentured servitude
The majority of the population of Mauritius are descendants of Indian indentured labourers brought in between 1834 and 1921 . Initially brought to work the sugar estates following the abolition of slavery in the British Empire an estimated half a million indentured laborees were present on the island during this period . Aapravasi Ghat , in the bay at Port Louis and now a UNESCO site , was the first British colony to serve as a major reception centre for slaves and indentured servants for British plantation labour .
New Spain
European diseases immediately affected the multiethnic Indian populations in the Veracruz area and for that reason Spaniards imported black slaves as either an alternative to indigenous labor or its complete replacement in the event of a repetition of the Caribbean die - off . A few Spaniards acquired prime agricultural lands left vacant by the indigenous demographic disaster . Portions of the province could support sugar cultivation and as early as the 1530s sugar production was underway . New Spain 's first viceroy , Don Antonio de Mendoza established an hacienda on lands taken from Orizaba .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
On 23 September 1519 , Cortés arrived in Tlaxcala and was greeted with joy by the rulers , who saw the Spanish as an ally against the Aztecs . Due to a commercial blockade by the Aztecs , Tlaxcala was poor , lacking , among other things , salt and cotton cloths , so they could only offer Cortés and his men food and slaves . Cortés stayed twenty days in Tlaxcala , giving his men time to recover from their wounds from the battles . Cortés seems to have won the true friendship and loyalty of the senior leaders of Tlaxcala , among them Maxixcatzin and Xicotencatl the Elder , although he could not win the heart of Xicotencatl the Younger . The Spaniards agreed to respect parts of the city , like the temples , and reportedly took only the things that were offered to them freely .
European colonization of the Americas
The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean , Brazil , Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans . The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa . Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. ( because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care ) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . Slaves were a valuable commodity both for work and for sale in slave markets and so the policy of actively encouraging or forcing slaves to breed developed , especially after the ending of the Atlantic slave trade . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England .
United States Declaration of Independence
The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question .
United States one-dollar bill
The final production of $1 Silver Certificates occurred in late 1963 . In 1964 , the redemption of Silver Certificates for silver coin ended and in 1968 the redemption of Silver Certificates for silver bullion ended .
Atlantic slave trade
By 1802 , Russian colonists noted that `` Boston '' ( U.S. - based ) skippers were trading African slaves for otter pelts with the Tlingit people in Southeast Alaska .
United States home front during World War II
The unemployment problem ended with the mobilization for war . Out of a labor force of 54 million , unemployment fell in half from 7.7 million in spring 1940 ( when the first accurate statistics were compiled ) to 3.4 million in fall 1941 and fell in half again to 1.5 million in fall 1942 , hitting an all - time low of 700,000 in fall 1944 . There was a growing labor shortage in war centers , with sound trucks going street by street begging for people to apply for war jobs .
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Jack Davenport as James Norrington : Promoted to the rank of admiral in return for giving Beckett Jones 's heart , he has allied himself with Beckett and the Company , although he still cares for Elizabeth , his former fiancée , and finds himself torn between his duty and his growing dislike for Beckett . Bill Nighy as Davy Jones : Malevolent ruler of the ocean realm , Captain of The Flying Dutchman . With his heart captured by James Norrington , he is now enslaved to Cutler Beckett who commanded him to kill the Kraken ( `` your pet '' ) , and now serves the East India Trading Company , though he remains volatile and makes life difficult for the marines policing him . Jonathan Pryce as Weatherby Swann : Governor of Port Royal and father to Elizabeth Swann , he is now trapped in Beckett 's service . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's loyal , if superstitious , first mate . Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook as Pintel and Ragetti : A mischievous and eccentric duo , part of Jack 's crew . David Bailie as Cotton : Jack 's loyal mute crewman who returns again to join the quest to bring back Sparrow . Stellan Skarsgård as William `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner Sr. : Will 's father , cursed to serve an eternity aboard Davy Jones 's ship The Flying Dutchman . As he slowly loses hope , he also loses his humanity to the ship , and becomes mentally confused , barely recognizing his own son in the second half of the film . Chow Yun - fat as Sao Feng : Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , he captains the Chinese ship The Empress and has a poor history with Sparrow . He is reluctant to aid in his rescue from Davy Jones 's Locker . `` Sao Feng '' ( 嘯 風 ) means `` Howling Wind '' in Chinese . Chow was confirmed to be playing Feng in July 2005 while production of the second film was on hiatus . Chow relished playing the role , even helping out crew members with props .
United States presidential election, 1860
Douglas , a moderate on the slavery issue who favored `` popular sovereignty '' , was ahead on the first ballot , but needed 56.5 more votes to secure the nomination . On the 57th ballot , Douglas was still ahead , but 51.5 votes short of the nomination . In desperation , the delegates agreed on May 3 to stop voting and adjourn the convention .
Economic history of Argentina
The era of import substitution ended in 1976 , but at the same time growing government spending , large wage increases and inefficient production created a chronic inflation that rose through the 1980s . The measures enacted during the last dictatorship also contributed to the huge foreign debt by the late 1980s , which became equivalent to three - fourths of the GNP .
Indentured servitude
The British wanted Indians to work in Natal as workers . But the Indians refused , and as a result , the British introduced the indenture system . On 18 January 1826 , the Government of the French Indian Ocean island of Réunion laid down terms for the introduction of Indian labourers to the colony . Each man was required to appear before a magistrate and declare that he was going voluntarily . The contract was for five years with pay of ₹ 8 ( 12 ¢ US ) per month and rations provided labourers had been transported from Pondicherry and Karaikal . The first attempt at importing Indian labour into Mauritius , in 1829 , ended in failure , but by 1834 , with abolition throughout most of the British Empire , transportation of Indian labour to the island gained pace . By 1838 , 25,000 Indian labourers had been shipped to Mauritius .
European colonization of the Americas
By the 18th century , the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used . Africans , who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas , were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them . Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum , guns , gunpowder , and other manufactures .
Labor history of the United States
The friendly merger of the AFL and CIO marked an end not only to the acrimony and jurisdictional conflicts between the coalitions , it also signaled the end of the era of experimentation and expansion that began in the mid 1930s . Merger became politically possible because of the deaths of Green of the AFL and Murray of the CIO in late 1952 , replaced by George Meany and Reuther . The CIO was no longer the radical dynamo , and was no longer a threat in terms of membership for the AFL had twice as many members .
The Bahamas
In 1818 , the Home Office in London had ruled that `` any slave brought to the Bahamas from outside the British West Indies would be manumitted . '' This led to a total of nearly 300 slaves owned by US nationals being freed from 1830 to 1835 . The American slave ships Comet and Encomium used in the United States domestic coastwise slave trade , were wrecked off Abaco Island in December 1830 and February 1834 , respectively . When wreckers took the masters , passengers and slaves into Nassau , customs officers seized the slaves and British colonial officials freed them , over the protests of the Americans . There were 165 slaves on the Comet and 48 on the Encomium . Britain finally paid an indemnity to the United States in those two cases in 1855 , under the Treaty of Claims of 1853 , which settled several compensation cases between the two nations .
History of the United States Constitution
The contentious issue of slavery was too controversial to be resolved during the Convention . But it was at center stage in the Convention three times , June 7 regarding who would vote for Congress , June 11 in debate over how to proportion relative seating in the ' house ' , and August 22 relating to commerce and the future wealth of the nation .
History of Puerto Rico
The Spanish settlers established the first repartimiento system , under which natives were distributed to Spanish officials to be used as slave labor . On December 27 , 1512 , under pressure from the Roman Catholic Church , Ferdinand II of Aragon issued the Burgos ' Laws , which modified the repartimiento into a system called encomiendas , aimed at ending the exploitation . The laws prohibited the use of any form of punishment toward the indigenous people , regulated their work hours , pay , hygiene , and care , and ordered them to be catechized . In 1511 , the Taínos revolted against the Spanish ; cacique Urayoán , as planned by Agüeybaná II , ordered his warriors to drown the Spanish soldier Diego Salcedo to determine whether the Spaniards were immortal . After drowning Salcedo , they kept watch over his body for three days to confirm his death . The revolt was easily crushed by Ponce de León and within a few decades much of the native population had been decimated by disease , violence , and a high occurrence of suicide . As a result , Taíno culture , language , and traditions were generally destroyed , and were claimed to have `` vanished '' 50 years after Christopher Columbus arrived . Since the early 21st century , efforts have been made to revive and rebuild Taíno culture .
Atlantic slave trade
In 1816 , a group of wealthy European - Americans , some of whom were abolitionists and others who were racial segregationists , founded the American Colonization Society with the express desire of returning African Americans who were in the United States to West Africa . In 1820 , they sent their first ship to Liberia , and within a decade around two thousand African Americans had been settled in the west African country . Such re-settlement continued throughout the 19th century , increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the southern states of the US following Reconstruction in 1877 .
Labor history of the United States
Although the labor movement fell in prominence during the 1920s , the Great Depression would ultimately bring it back to life .
History of the United States Constitution
In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson sent a message to the 9th Congress on their constitutional opportunity to remove U.S. citizens from the transatlantic slave trade `` ( violating ) human rights '' . The 1807 `` Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves '' took effect the first instant the Constitution allowed , January 1 , 1808 . The United States joined the British Parliament that year in the first `` international humanitarian campaign '' .
Labor history of the United States
The issue came up at the annual AFL convention in San Francisco in 1934 and 1935 , but the majority voted against a shift to industrial unionism both years . After the defeat at the 1935 convention , nine leaders from the industrial faction led by Lewis met and organized the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AFL to `` encourage and promote organization of workers in the mass production industries '' for `` educational and advisory '' functions .
Collectivization in the Soviet Union
In November 1929 , the Central Committee decided to implement accelerated collectivization in the form of kolkhozes and sovkhozes . This marked the end of the New Economic Policy ( NEP ) , which had allowed peasants to sell their surpluses on the open market . Stalin had many so - called `` kulaks '' transported to collective farms in distant places to work in agricultural labor camps . In response to this , many peasants began to resist , often arming themselves against the activists sent from the towns . As a form of protest , many peasants preferred to slaughter their animals for food rather than give them over to collective farms , which produced a major reduction in livestock .