vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Qing dynasty
The Qianlong Emperor , concerned about maintaining Manchu identity , re-emphasized Manchu ethnicity , ancestry , language , and culture in the Eight Banners and started a mass discharge of Han Bannermen from the Eight Banners , either asking them to voluntarily resign from the Banner rolls or striking their names off . This led to a change from Han majority to a Manchu majority within the Banner system , and previous Han Bannermen garrisons in southern China such as at Fuzhou , Zhenjiang , Guangzhou , were replaced by Manchu Bannermen in the purge , which started in 1754 . The turnover by Qianlong most heavily impacted Han banner garrisons stationed in the provinces while it less impacted Han Bannermen in Beijing , leaving a larger proportion of remaining Han Bannermen in Beijing than the provinces . Han Bannermen 's status was decreased from that point on with Manchu Banners gaining higher status . Han Bannermen numbered 75 % in 1648 Shunzhi 's reign , 72 % in 1723 Yongzheng 's reign , but decreased to 43 % in 1796 during the first year of Jiaqing 's reign , which was after Qianlong 's purge . The mass discharge was known as the Disbandment of the Han Banners ( zh ) . Qianlong directed most of his ire at those Han Bannermen descended from defectors who joined the Qing after the Qing passed through the Great Wall at Shanhai Pass in 1644 , deeming their ancestors as traitors to the Ming and therefore untrustworthy , while retaining Han Bannermen who were descended from defectors who joined the Qing before 1644 in Liaodong and marched through Shanhai pass , also known as those who `` followed the Dragon through the pass '' ( 從 龍 入 關 ; cong long ru guan ) .
Great Depression in the United States
Structural walls were lowered dramatically during the war , especially informal policies against hiring women , minorities , and workers over 45 or under 18 . ( See FEPC ) Strikes ( except in coal mining ) were sharply reduced as unions pushed their members to work harder . Tens of thousands of new factories and shipyards were built , with new bus services and nursery care for children making them more accessible . Wages soared for workers , making it quite expensive to sit at home . Employers retooled so that unskilled new workers could handle jobs that previously required skills that were now in short supply . The combination of all these factors drove unemployment below 2 % in 1943 .
Islamic architecture
Construction of the Great Mosque at Córdoba ( now a cathedral known as the Mezquita ) beginning in 785 CE marks the beginning of Moorish architecture in the Iberian peninsula and North Africa ( see Moors ) . The mosque is noted for its striking interior arches . Moorish architecture reached its peak with the construction of the Alhambra , the magnificent palace / fortress of Granada , with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red , blue , and gold . The walls are decorated with stylized foliage motifs , Arabic inscriptions , and arabesque design work , with walls covered in glazed tile . Their other , smaller , survivals such as the Bab Mardum in Toledo , or the caliphal city of Medina Azahara . Moorish architecture has its roots deeply established in the Arab tradition of architecture and design established during the era of the first Caliphate of the Umayyads in the Levant circa 660AD with its capital Damascus having very well preserved examples of fine Arab Islamic design and geometrics , including the carmen , which is the typical Damascene house , opening on the inside with a fountain as the house 's centre piece .
Blazing Saddles
The resulting brawl between townsfolk , railroad workers , and Lamarr 's thugs breaks the fourth wall , spilling onto a neighboring set , where director Buddy Bizarre is directing a Busby Berkeley - style top - hat - and - tails musical number ; then into the studio commissary for a food fight ; and then out of the Warner Bros. film lot into the streets of Burbank . Lamarr , realizing he has been beaten , hails a taxi and orders the driver to `` drive me off this picture '' . He ducks into Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , which is playing the premiere of Blazing Saddles . As he settles into his seat , he sees Bart arriving on horseback outside the theatre . Bart blocks Lamarr 's escape , and then shoots him in the groin . Bart and Jim then go into Grauman 's to watch the end of the film , in which Bart announces to the townspeople that he is moving on . Riding out of town , he finds Jim , and invites him along to `` nowhere special '' . They ride off into the sunset on horseback , but stop at a chauffeured stretch limousine and continue outward in the vehicle .
Windsor Castle
Traditionally the Upper Ward was judged to be `` to all intents and purposes a nineteenth - century creation ... the image of what the early nineteenth - century thought a castle should be '' , as a result of the extensive redesign of the castle by Wyatville under George IV . The walls of the Upper Ward are built of Bagshot Heath stone faced on the inside with regular bricks , the gothic details in yellow Bath stone . The buildings in the Upper Ward are characterised by the use of small bits of flint in the mortar for galletting , originally started at the castle in the 17th century to give stonework from disparate periods a similar appearance . The skyline of the Upper Ward is designed to be dramatic when seen from a distance or silhouetted against the horizon , an image of tall towers and battlements influenced by the picturesque movement of the late 18th century . Archaeological and restoration work following the 1992 fire has shown the extent to which the current structure represents a survival of elements from the original 12th - century stone walls onwards , presented within the context of Wyatville 's final remodelling . State
Hōryū-ji
It is generally believed that the paintings on the large walls represent the Pure Land ( 浄土 jōdo ) with Shaka , Amida , Miroku and Yakushi Nyorai Buddhas . Some of the artistic choices , including the way the robes are modeled , are similar to murals found in Ajanta Caves ( India ) or Dunhuang ( China . ) Also observed are Tang and Indian flavors of the Bosatsu and Kannon drawn on the sides of the Amida .
Qing dynasty
However , not all of Dorgon 's policies were equally popular nor easily implemented . The controversial July 1645 edict ( the `` haircutting order '' ) forced adult Han Chinese men to shave the front of their heads and comb the remaining hair into the queue hairstyle which was worn by Manchu men , on pain of death . The popular description of the order was : `` To keep the hair , you lose the head ; To keep your head , you cut the hair . '' To the Manchus , this policy was a test of loyalty and an aid in distinguishing friend from foe . For the Han Chinese , however , it was a humiliating reminder of Qing authority that challenged traditional Confucian values . The Classic of Filial Piety ( Xiaojing ) held that `` a person 's body and hair , being gifts from one 's parents , are not to be damaged . '' Under the Ming dynasty , adult men did not cut their hair but instead wore it in the form of a top - knot . The order triggered strong resistance to Qing rule in Jiangnan and massive killing of Han Chinese . It was Han Chinese defectors who carried out massacres against people refusing to wear the queue . Li Chengdong , a Han Chinese general who had served the Ming but surrendered to the Qing , ordered his Han troops to carry out three separate massacres in the city of Jiading within a month , resulting in tens of thousands of deaths . At the end of the third massacre , there was hardly a living person left in this city . Jiangyin also held out against about 10,000 Han Chinese Qing troops for 83 days . When the city wall was finally breached on 9 October 1645 , the Han Chinese Qing army led by the Han Chinese Ming defector Liu Liangzuo ( 劉良佐 ) , who had been ordered to `` fill the city with corpses before you sheathe your swords , '' massacred the entire population , killing between 74,000 and 100,000 people . The queue was the only aspect of Manchu culture which the Qing forced on the common Han population . The Qing required people serving as officials to wear Manchu clothing , but allowed non-official Han civilians to continue wearing Hanfu ( Han clothing ) .
Islamic Golden Age
The beginning of construction of the Great Mosque at Cordoba in 785 marked the beginning of Islamic architecture in Spain and Northern Africa . The mosque is noted for its striking interior arches . Moorish architecture reached its peak with the construction of the Alhambra , the magnificent palace / fortress of Granada , with its open and breezy interior spaces adorned in red , blue , and gold . The walls are decorated with stylized foliage motifs , Arabic inscriptions , and arabesque design work , with walls covered in geometrically patterned glazed tiles .
White House
Decades of poor maintenance , the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration , and the addition of a second - floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame . By 1948 , the house was declared to be in imminent danger of collapse , forcing President Truman to commission a reconstruction and to live across the street at Blair House from 1949 to 1951 . The work , done by the firm of Philadelphia contractor John McShain , required the complete dismantling of the interior spaces , construction of a new load - bearing internal steel frame and the reconstruction of the original rooms within the new structure . The total cost of the renovations was about $5.7 million ( US $54 million in 2018 ) . Some modifications to the floor plan were made , the largest being the repositioning of the grand staircase to open into the Entrance Hall , rather than the Cross Hall . Central air conditioning was added , as well as two additional sub-basements providing space for workrooms , storage , and a bomb shelter . The Trumans moved back into the White House on March 27 , 1952 . While the house 's structure was kept intact by the Truman reconstruction , much of the new interior finishes were generic , and of little historic value . Much of the original plasterwork , some dating back to the 1814 -- 1816 rebuilding , was too damaged to reinstall , as was the original robust Beaux Arts paneling in the East Room . President Truman had the original timber frame sawed into paneling ; the walls of the Vermeil Room , Library , China Room , and Map Room on the ground floor of the main residence were paneled in wood from the timbers .
Chinese Buddhism
Until 1949 , monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries , for example by monks of Guanghua Monastery , to spread Chinese Buddhism . Presently , Guanghua Monastery has seven branches in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia . Several Chinese Buddhist teachers left mainland China during the Communist Revolution , and settled in Hong Kong and Taiwan .
Acronym
For example , in Chinese , `` university '' ( 大學 / 大学 , literally `` great learning '' ) is usually abbreviated simply as 大 ( `` great '' ) when used with the name of the institute . So Peking University ( 北京 大学 ) is commonly shortened to 北大 ( lit . `` north - great '' ) by also only taking the first character of Peking , the `` northern capital '' ( 北京 ; Beijing ) . In some cases , however , other characters than the first can be selected . For example , the local short form of Hong Kong University ( 香港 大學 ) uses Kong ( 港大 ) rather than Hong .
Châteauneuf-du-Pape
The two large ruined walls to the west of the donjon formed part of a rectangular building reserved for the pope and his close associates . The large ground - floor room was 26 m in length , 9 m in width and 5.5 m in height . The ceiling was supported by wooden beams with three central columns . The floor was paved with large stone slabs . This room , together with a smaller room to the north , were probably used for storage . On the first floor was the great hall of the castle in which banquets would have been held . It had the same dimensions as the ground floor storeroom but with a higher ceiling ( 6.5 m ) . It was lit by four large rectangular windows providing views over the Rhône valley . There were also three smaller windows to increase the ventilation , two facing west and one facing south . The walls were decorated with frescoes and a band of large red , bistre and black roses . A door at the north end of the hall opened into a well - lit smaller room with a chimney . The main entrance to the hall was on the east side near the donjon and close to the modern steps . The top floor of the building was lit by three large windows provided with benches and three smaller rectangular windows . The irregular pattern of the windows suggests that there were several rooms , perhaps apartments for the pope . The tiled roof with two equal slopes was entirely protected by the large outer walls .
Standard of living in China
Since the 1990s there has been an increasing number of apartment built in China which remain empty . By 2010 approximately 65 million apartments , capable of housing some 250 million people , were unoccupied , due to there being too expensive for the majority of Chinese to purchase or rent . At the same time many millions of urban Chinese remained living in slums . But , as the urbanization rate in China remains high ( approx. 20 million Chinese move from rural areas each year ) this problem is not severe and many so - called `` ghost cities '' become inhabited . As for 2012 , there is 35 sq. meters per person in average and construction rate exceeds 1.5 sq. meters per year which allows total living area to exceed 50 sq. meters per capital as soon as in the year 2020 .
Statue of Liberty
Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret .
History of Manila
Manila became the seat of the colonial government of Spain when it gained sovereignty over the Philippine Islands in 1565 . The seat of the Spanish government was situated within the fortified walls of Old Manila ( now referred to as Intramuros meaning within the walls ) . The walls were constructed to keep out invading Chinese pirates and protect the city from native uprisings . Several communities eventually grew outside the walls of Manila . The city became the center of trade between Manila and Acapulco , which lasted for three centuries and brought the goods from the Americas to South East Asia and vice versa .
One-child policy
The rationale for the abolition was summarized by former Wall Street Journal reporter Mei Fong : `` The reason China is doing this right now is because they have too many men , too many old people , and too few young people . They have this huge crushing demographic crisis as a result of the one - child policy . And if people do n't start having more children , they 're going to have a vastly diminished workforce to support a huge aging population . '' China 's ratio is about five working adults to one retiree ; the huge retiree community must be supported , and that will dampen future growth , according to Fong .
Siege
Alexander the Great 's army successfully besieged many powerful cities during his conquests . Two of his most impressive achievements in siegecraft took place in the Siege of Tyre and the Siege of the Sogdian Rock . His engineers built a causeway that was originally 60 m ( 200 ft ) wide and reached the range of his torsion - powered artillery , while his soldiers pushed siege towers housing stone throwers and light catapults to bombard the city walls .
One World Trade Center
The building 's first lease , a joint project between the Port Authority and Beijing - based Vantone Industrial , was announced on March 28 , 2009 . A 190,810 sq ft ( 17,727 m ) `` China Center '' , combining business and cultural facilities , is planned between floors 64 and 69 ; it is intended to represent Chinese business and cultural links to the United States , and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China . Vantone Industrial 's lease is for 20 years and 9 months . In April 2011 , a new interior design for the China Center was unveiled , featuring a vertical `` Folding Garden '' , based on a proposal by the Chinese artist Zhou Wei .
Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam
The temple is enclosed by 7 concentric enclosures with courtyards ( termed prakarams or mathil suvar ) . Each layer has walls and gopurams , which were built or fortified in and after the 16th century . These walls total 32,592 feet ( 9,934 m ) or over six miles . The temple has 17 major gopurams ( towers , 21 total ) , 39 pavilions , 50 shrines , 9 sacred water pools , Ayiram kaal mandapam ( a hall of 1000 pillars ) and several small water bodies inside .
High-voltage direct current
In 2010 , ABB Group built the world 's first 800 kV UHVDC transmission line between Xiangjiaba and Shanghai China . The line crosses a total length of 1,907 km ( 1,192 mi ) . Since the Xiangjiaba - Shanghai line was completed in 2010 , at least twelve other Chinese UHVDC transmission lines have been completed , and about five more are still under construction . Some of the completed lines run at 1 MV and span 2,500 km . Lines up to 5,000 km are currently being planned .
Early skyscrapers
The emergence of skyscrapers was made possible by technological improvements during the middle of the 19th century . One of these developments was the iron framed building . Masonry buildings supported their internal floors through their walls , but the taller the building , the thicker the walls had to become , particularly at the base . In the 1860s , French engineers experimented with using built - up plate girders made of wrought iron to construct buildings supported by internal metal frames . These frames were stronger than traditional masonry and permitted much thinner walls . The methodology was extensively described in engineering journals and was initially used to build warehouses .
One World Trade Center
The building occupies a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) square , with an area of 40,000 square feet ( 3,700 m ) , nearly identical to the footprints of the original Twin Towers . The tower is built upon a 185 - foot ( 56 m ) tall windowless concrete base , designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground - level attacks . Originally , the base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass , but a simpler glass - and - steel façade was adopted when the prisms proved unworkable . The current base cladding consists of angled glass fins protruding from stainless steel panels , similar to those on 7 World Trade Center . LED lights behind the panels illuminate the base at night . Cable - net glass façades on all four sides of the building for the higher floors , designed by Schlaich Bergermann , will be consistent with the other buildings in the complex . The façades are 60 feet ( 18 m ) high , and range in width from 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) on the east and west sides , 50 feet ( 15 m ) on the north side , and 70 feet ( 21 m ) on the south side . The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland , Oregon , using glass made in Minnesota by Viracon .
Our Lady of the Angels School fire
In keeping with city fire codes , the building had a brick exterior to prevent fires from spreading from building - to - building as in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 . However , its interior was made almost entirely of combustible wooden materials -- stairs , walls , floors , doors , roof , and cellulose fiber ceiling tiles . Moreover , the floors had been coated many times with both flammable varnish and petroleum - based waxes . There were only two ( unmarked ) fire alarm switches in the entire school , and they were both in the south wing . There were four fire extinguishers in the north wing , each mounted 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) off the floor , out of reach for many adults and virtually all of the children .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
According to Confucianism , the worship of great deities was the affair of the state , ancestral worship is required of all , and a multitude of popular cults are tolerable . Confucianism tolerated magic and mysticism as long as they were useful tools for controlling the masses ; it denounced them as heresy and suppressed them when they threatened the established order ( hence the opposition to Buddhism ) . Another notable quality was the avoidance of both irrational ecstasy and excitement , as well as mystic contemplation and metaphysical speculation .
Standard of living in China
By 1981 living space in urban housing had increased to 5.3 square meters per person , and by 1985 the figure was 6.7 square meters . Despite this progress , scarcity of housing continued to be a major problem in the cities , and many young married couples had to live with parents or make do with a single room . Housing conditions in rural areas varied widely . During the 1960s and 1970s , thousands of production brigades built sturdy , sanitary houses and apartments and in many cases entire new villages . With the introduction of the responsibility system and the more than doubling of rural incomes in the early 1980s , another wave of housing construction took place as farm families moved quickly to invest in their major personal assets - their homes - which for the most part were privately owned . Many farm family houses lacked running water , but virtually all had electricity and were considerably more spacious than urban dwellings . In 1980 farm homes averaged 9.4 square meters of living space per person , and by 1985 the figure had risen to 14.7 square meters . Despite extensive construction of new housing , in poorer regions some farm families still lived in traditional dwellings , such as mud - brick and thatch houses or , in some regions , cave houses . Many of the nomadic herders in Inner Mongolia , Xinjiang , and Xizang ( Tibet ) autonomous regions still lived in tents or felt yurts . In the Yangtze River Valley and in south China , some fishing and boat transportation communities continued to live on their vessels .
Chaitya
The chaitya at Bhaja Caves is perhaps the earliest surving chaitya hall , constructed in the second century BCE . It consists of an apsidal hall with stupa . The columns slope inwards in the imitation of wooden columns that would have been structurally necessary to keep a roof up . The ceiling is barrel vaulted with ancient wooden ribs set into them . The walls are polished in the Mauryan style . It was faced by a substantial wooden facade , now entirely lost . A large horseshoe - shaped window , the chaitya - window , was set above the arched doorway and the whole portico - area was carved to imitate a multi-storeyed building with balconies and windows and sculptured men and women who observed the scene below . This created the appearance of an ancient Indian mansion . This , like a similar facade at the Bedse Caves is an early example of what James Fergusson noted in the nineteenth century : `` Everywhere ... in India architectural decoration is made up of small models of large buildings '' .