vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Glycolysis
Pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane , and into the matrix where they can either be oxidized and combined with coenzyme A to form CO , acetyl - CoA , and NADH , or they can be carboxylated ( by pyruvate carboxylase ) to form oxaloacetate . This latter reaction `` fills up '' the amount of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle , and is therefore an anaplerotic reaction ( from the Greek meaning to `` fill up '' ) , increasing the cycle 's capacity to metabolize acetyl - CoA when the tissue 's energy needs ( e.g. in heart and skeletal muscle ) are suddenly increased by activity . In the citric acid cycle all the intermediates ( e.g. citrate , iso - citrate , alpha - ketoglutarate , succinate , fumarate , malate and oxaloacetate ) are regenerated during each turn of the cycle . Adding more of any of these intermediates to the mitochondrion therefore means that that additional amount is retained within the cycle , increasing all the other intermediates as one is converted into the other . Hence the addition of oxaloacetate greatly increases the amounts of all the citric acid intermediates , thereby increasing the cycle 's capacity to metabolize acetyl CoA , converting its acetate component into CO and water , with the release of enough energy to form 11 ATP and 1 GTP molecule for each additional molecule of acetyl CoA that combines with oxaloacetate in the cycle .
Plant development
Additional genes contributing to the biosynthesis of major scent compounds are OOMT1 and OOMT2 . OOMT1 and OOMT2 help to synthesize orcinol O - methyltransferases ( OOMT ) , which catalyze the last two steps of the DMT pathway , creating 3 , 5 - dimethoxytoluene ( DMT ) . DMT is a scent compound produced by many different roses yet , some rose varieties , like Rosa gallica and Damask rose Rosa damascene , do not emit DMT . It has been suggested that these varieties do not make DMT because they do not have the OOMT genes . However , following an immunolocalization experiment , OOMT was found in the petal epidermis . To study this further , rose petals were subjected to ultracentrifugation . Supernatants and pellets were inspected by western blot . Detection of OOMT protein at 150,000 g in the supernatant and the pellet allowed for researchers to conclude that OOMT protein is tightly associated with petal epidermis membranes . Such experiments determined that OOMT genes do exist within Rosa gallica and Damask rose Rosa damascene varieties , but the OOMT genes are not expressed in the flower tissues where DMT is made .
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
In order to calibrate the thermometer , the bulb is made to reach thermal equilibrium with a temperature standard such as an ice / water mixture , and then with another standard such as water / vapour , and the tube is divided into regular intervals between the fixed points . In principle , thermometers made of different material ( e.g. , coloured alcohol thermometers ) might be expected to give different intermediate readings due to different expansion properties ; in practice the substances used are chosen to have reasonably linear expansion characteristics as a function of true thermodynamic temperature , and so give similar results .
Made in Chelsea
The fifth series began airing on 8 April 2013 on E4 . The series concluded on 17 June 2013 after 11 episodes , however an end of season party episode aired on 24 June 2013 which was hosted by Rick Edwards and featured the cast members reuniting to discuss everything from the series . This was the first series to include new cast members Fran and Olivia Newman - Young , Phoebe Lettice - Thompson and Alex Mytton . It was the only series to feature Josh Acoombs and Oscar Ligenza , and the series saw the departures of original cast members Ollie Locke and Millie Mackintosh as well as Richard Dinan and Ashley James . The series included the end of Spencer and Louise 's relationship after the revelation that Spencer cheated , then both of their attempts to move on as Louise begins a new romance with Andy , and Spencer tries his luck with Lucy . It also featured Ashley struggling to come to terms with Ollie 's sexuality , Jamie realising he has feelings for Phoebe despite being in a relationship with Tara , and Francis and Proudlock once again competing for the same girl .
History of Mexico
Following the resignation of Díaz and a brief interim presidency of a high - level government official from the Díaz era , Madero was elected president in 1911 .
Made in Chelsea
The second series began airing on 19 September 2011 on E4 . The series concluded on 21 November 2011 after 10 episodes , however an end of season party episode aired on 28 November 2011 which was hosted by Rick Edwards and featured the cast members reuniting to discuss everything from the series . Filming for the series began on 29 July 2011 . This series featured the arrival of several new cast members including Alice Davidson , Chloe Green , Jamie Laing , Oliver Proudlock and Victoria Baker - Harber as well as the reintroduction of Louise Thompson , the ex-girlfriend of Spencer Matthews who briefly appeared during the first series . On 22 December 2011 , the show 's first Christmas special aired . The series included a rift forming between Binky and Cheska as they 're forced to pick sides with Gabriella and Ollie , Spencer breaking off his brief fling with Louise to chase after Caggie again , and the breakdown of Hugo and Millie 's relationship when it 's announced that both have cheated on each other , leading up to Millie exposing Hugo 's night with Rosie to a room full of guests .
Industrial Revolution
Wrought iron for smiths to forge into consumer goods was still made in finery forges , as it long had been . However , new processes were adopted in the ensuing years . The first is referred to today as potting and stamping , but this was superseded by Henry Cort 's puddling process . Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes : rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784 . Rolling replaced hammering for consolidating wrought iron and expelling some of the dross . Rolling was 15 times faster than hammering with a trip hammer . Roller mills were first used for making sheets , but later were developed for rolling structural shapes such as angles and rails .
Nickel
The purest metal is obtained from nickel oxide by the Mond process , which achieves a purity of greater than 99.99 % . The process was patented by Ludwig Mond and has been in industrial use since before the beginning of the 20th century . In this process , nickel is reacted with carbon monoxide in the presence of a sulfur catalyst at around 40 -- 80 ° C to form nickel carbonyl . Iron gives iron pentacarbonyl , too , but this reaction is slow . If necessary , the nickel may be separated by distillation . Dicobalt octacarbonyl is also formed in nickel distillation as a by - product , but it decomposes to tetracobalt dodecacarbonyl at the reaction temperature to give a non-volatile solid .
Chemiosmosis
In most cases the proton - motive force is generated by an electron transport chain which acts as a proton pump , using the Gibbs free energy of redox reactions to pump protons ( hydrogen ions ) out across the membrane , separating the charge across the membrane . In mitochondria , energy released by the electron transport chain is used to move protons from the mitochondrial matrix ( N side ) to the stroma ( P side ) . Moving the protons out of the mitochondrion creates a lower concentration of positively charged protons inside it , resulting in excess negative charge on the inside of the membrane . The electrical potential gradient is about - 170 mV , negative inside ( N ) . These gradients - charge difference and the proton concentration difference both create a combined electrochemical gradient across the membrane , often expressed as the proton - motive force ( PMF ) . In mitochondria , the PMF is almost entirely made up of the electrical component but in chloroplasts the PMF is made up mostly of the pH gradient because the charge of protons H is neutralized by the movement of Cl and other anions . In either case , the PMF needs to be greater than about 460 mV ( 45 kJ / mol ) for the ATP synthase to be able to make ATP .
Rob Schneider
Schneider was spokesperson for State Farm Insurance , but was dropped in 2014 due to his anti-vaccination views .
Piñata
However , since this time the piñata has all but lost its religious significance and has become popular in many types of celebrations , not just during December 's Las Posadas . The clay pot has been replaced with a papier - mâché container . The creation of piñatas has even taken on an artistic aspect in some areas . David Gamez and Cecilia Meade sponsored a showing of piñatas as art rather than just as a party favor . The event was called Piñatarama , with 25 piñatas made of papier - mâché at the Vértigo Galería in Mexico City , all original works of art by graphic illustrators , from 23 countries including Australia . Some of the illustrators who participated include 1000 Changos , Allan Sieber , Apak , Ben Newman , Cecy Meade , Cristian Turdera , Cupco and Daniel Berman . In Tepatitlán , the world 's largest traditional seven - pointed piñata was created in 2010 . It measures 11.2 meters , is made of fiberglass and weighs 350 kilograms . It surpasses the former Guinness record holder which was made in 2008 in Pennsylvania .
Made in Chelsea
The series has received mixed reviews from critics and has been heavily compared to The Only Way Is Essex , `` The participants are slimmer , sleeker , moneyed and honey - coloured than their Essex counterparts - but some things remain the same '' . Keith Watson of Metro said , `` What is it these fake reality soaps that proves so gruesomely addictive ? '' , and `` So there you go , just what you need in your life : pointless people . '' whilst Digital Spy said `` It 's all incredibly silly , but we 're already falling in love with it a little bit and it will fill a lovely TOWIE - shaped hole for the summer '' .
Made in Chelsea
The fifteenth series began on 12 March 2018 on E4 and will conclude on 21 May 2018 following eleven episodes . Ahead of the series it was announced that Tiff Watson had quit the show for good , having previously announced that she 'd just be taking a break . Stanley Johnson also made his first appearance during the first episode with Toff following their appearances together in the seventeenth series of I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here !
Electromagnet
A common tractive electromagnet is a uniformly - wound solenoid and plunger . The solenoid is a coil of wire , and the plunger is made of a material such as soft iron . Applying a current to the solenoid applies a force to the plunger and may make it move . The plunger stops moving when the forces upon it are balanced . For example , the forces are balanced when the plunger is centered in the solenoid .
Carbon
Carbon fiber is made by pyrolysis of extruded and stretched filaments of polyacrylonitrile ( PAN ) and other organic substances . The crystallographic structure and mechanical properties of the fiber depend on the type of starting material , and on the subsequent processing . Carbon fibers made from PAN have structure resembling narrow filaments of graphite , but thermal processing may re-order the structure into a continuous rolled sheet . The result is fibers with higher specific tensile strength than steel .
History of Mexico
Madero was ousted and killed in February 1913 during the Ten Tragic Days . General Victoriano Huerta , one of Díaz 's former generals , and a nephew of Díaz , Félix Díaz , plotted with the US ambassador to Mexico , Henry Lane Wilson , to topple Madero and reassert the policies of Díaz .
Candle
In the mid-1850s , James Young succeeded in distilling paraffin wax from coal and oil shales at Bathgate in West Lothian and developed a commercially viable method of production . Paraffin could be used to make inexpensive candles of high quality . It was a bluish - white wax , burned cleanly , and left no unpleasant odor , unlike tallow candles . By the end of the 19th century , most candles being manufactured consisted of paraffin wax and stearic acid .
Made in Chelsea
The show won its first BAFTA on 12 May 2013 at the 2013 BAFTAs in the Reality and Structured Factual Category .
Calavera
Traditional production methods have been in use since roughly the 15th century CE . The process involves using molds to cast the calaveras . Production can be a lengthy process . A creator will usually spend roughly four to six months producing the skulls for a season . Traditionally - made sugar skulls are considered folk art and are not meant to be consumed .
Alkaloid
Most plants contain several alkaloids . Their mixture is extracted first and then individual alkaloids are separated . Plants are thoroughly ground before extraction . Most alkaloids are present in the raw plants in the form of salts of organic acids . The extracted alkaloids may remain salts or change into bases . Base extraction is achieved by processing the raw material with alkaline solutions and extracting the alkaloid bases with organic solvents , such as 1 , 2 - dichloroethane , chloroform , diethyl ether or benzene . Then , the impurities are dissolved by weak acids ; this converts alkaloid bases into salts that are washed away with water . If necessary , an aqueous solution of alkaloid salts is again made alkaline and treated with an organic solvent . The process is repeated until the desired purity is achieved .
Human brain
Vision is generated by light that hits the retina of the eye . Photoreceptors in the retina transduce the sensory stimulus of light into an electrical nerve signal that is sent to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe . Vision from the left visual field is received on the right side of each retina ( and vice versa ) and passes through the optic nerve until some information changes sides , so that all information about one side of the visual field passes through tracts in the opposite side of the brain . The nerves reach the brain at the lateral geniculate nucleus , and travel through the optic radiation to reach the visual cortex .
Made in Chelsea
MIC : FIT is a fitness DVD enabling you to work out with the Chelsea cast and stay in shape . The DVD synopsis reads `` We share the hottest fitness trends , that help us stay in shape when we 're not partying in Chelsea . These workouts will get you fit for St. Tropez and looking hot for The King 's Road ! '' It stars major cast members Spencer Matthews , Lucy Watson , Oliver Proudlock , and Binky Felstead . The DVD was released on 1 December 2014 and received positive reviews .
Citric acid cycle
Acetyl - CoA , on the other hand , derived from pyruvate oxidation , or from the beta - oxidation of fatty acids , is the only fuel to enter the citric acid cycle . With each turn of the cycle one molecule of acetyl - CoA is consumed for every molecule of oxaloacetate present in the mitochondrial matrix , and is never regenerated . It is the oxidation of the acetate portion of acetyl - CoA that produces CO and water , with the energy thus released captured in the form of ATP . The three steps of beta - oxidation resemble the steps that occur in the production of oxaloacetate from succinate in the TCA cycle . Acyl - CoA is oxidized to trans - Enoyl - CoA while FAD is reduced to FADH2 , which is similar to the oxidation of succinate to fumarate . Following , trans - Enoyl - CoA is hydrated across the double bond to beta - hydroxyacyl - CoA , just like fumarate is hydrated to malate . Lastly , beta - hydroxyacyl - CoA is oxidized to beta - ketoacyl - CoA while NAD+ is reduced to NADH , which follows the same process as the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate .
Made in Chelsea
Made in Chelsea Genre Reality television Opening theme `` Punching in a Dream '' by The Naked and Famous ( series 1 ) `` Midnight City '' by M83 ( series 2 , 4 -- present ) `` New France '' by Orbital ( series 3 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 15 ( plus 4 spin - offs ) No. of episodes 174 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sarah Dillistone David Granger Kelly Lynn Location ( s ) Chelsea , London Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Monkey Kingdom Release Original network E4 Picture format 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) Original release 9 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) -- present External links Website
Made in Chelsea
As well as appearing in Made in Chelsea , some of the cast members have competed in other reality TV shows including Celebrity Big Brother , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , The Jump and Love Island .
History of chemistry
In 1903 , Mikhail Tsvet invented chromatography , an important analytic technique . In 1904 , Hantaro Nagaoka proposed an early nuclear model of the atom , where electrons orbit a dense massive nucleus . In 1905 , Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed the Haber process for making ammonia , a milestone in industrial chemistry with deep consequences in agriculture . The Haber process , or Haber - Bosch process , combined nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia in industrial quantities for production of fertilizer and munitions . The food production for half the world 's current population depends on this method for producing fertilizer . Haber , along with Max Born , proposed the Born -- Haber cycle as a method for evaluating the lattice energy of an ionic solid . Haber has also been described as the `` father of chemical warfare '' for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I . Robert
Look What You Made Me Do
Preparation for the music video began in January , while the shooting took place in May . The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio , who had worked with Swift on `` Shake It Off '' before . Swift 's make - up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso . Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release . A 20 - second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25 . The teaser , upon release , was criticized on Twitter due to similarities to Beyoncé 's `` Formation '' video . Kahn turned to Twitter to dismiss the claims , stated that he had `` worked with Beyoncé a few times '' , and that the music video is not in the way of her `` art space '' . Kahn also remarked that the video is derived from `` ( an ) obscene K Pop video made in ( a ) North Korean prison in 2006 '' , referencing to when he was accused for plagiarizing 2NE1 's `` Come Back Home '' video with `` Bad Blood '' in 2015 .
Computer
Historically , computers evolved from mechanical computers and eventually from vacuum tubes to transistors . However , conceptually computational systems as flexible as a personal computer can be built out of almost anything . For example , a computer can be made out of billiard balls ( billiard ball computer ) ; an often quoted example . More realistically , modern computers are made out of transistors made of photolithographed semiconductors .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The Bessemer process and open hearth furnace steel - making were in use by 1865 , but the advantages of steel rails which lasted much longer than iron rails had not yet been demonstrated . The rails used initially in building the rail way were nearly all made of iron of a flat - bottomed modified I - beam profile weighing 56 pounds ( 25 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) or 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) per 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) . The railroad companies were intent on completing the project as rapidly as possible at a minimum cost . Within a few years , nearly all railroads converted to steel rails .
Medieval music
Many instruments used to perform medieval music still exist in the 21st century , but in different and typically more technologically developed forms . The flute was made of wood in the medieval era rather than silver or other metal , and could be made as a side - blown or end - blown instrument . While modern orchestral flutes are usually made of metal and have complex key mechanisms and airtight pads , medieval flutes had holes that the performer had to cover with the fingers ( as with the recorder ) . The recorder was made of wood during the Medieval era , and despite the fact that in the 2000s , it may be made of synthetic materials , it has more or less retained its past form . The gemshorn is similar to the recorder as it has finger holes on its front , though it is actually a member of the ocarina family . One of the flute 's predecessors , the pan flute , was popular in medieval times , and is possibly of Hellenic origin . This instrument 's pipes were made of wood , and were graduated in length to produce different pitches .
Who Framed Roger Rabbit
The next morning , Acme is discovered dead at his factory by the Los Angeles Police Department with a safe dropped on his head , and evidence points to Roger being responsible . While investigating , Valiant meets Judge Doom , Toontown 's superior court judge , who has created a substance capable of killing a toon : a toxic `` dip '' made of turpentine , acetone , and benzene . Valiant runs into Roger 's toon co-star , Baby Herman , who believes Roger is innocent and that Acme 's missing will , which will give the toons ownership of Toontown , may be the key to his murder . Valiant finds Roger , who begs him to help exonerate him , hiding in his office . Valiant reluctantly hides Roger in a local bar , where his ex-girlfriend , Dolores , works . Jessica approaches Valiant and says that Maroon forced her to pose for the photographs so he could blackmail Acme .
Human brain
The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain , and is divided into nearly symmetrical left and right hemispheres by a deep groove , the longitudinal fissure . The outer part of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex , made up of grey matter arranged in layers . It is 2 to 4 millimetres ( 0.079 to 0.157 in ) thick , and deeply folded to give a convoluted appearance . Beneath the cortex is the white matter of the brain . The largest part of the cerebral cortex is the neocortex , which has six neuronal layers . The rest of the cortex is of allocortex , which has three or four layers . The hemispheres are connected by five commissures that span the longitudinal fissure , the largest of these is the corpus callosum . The surface of the brain is folded into ridges ( gyri ) and grooves ( sulci ) , many of which are named , usually according to their position , such as the frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe or the central sulcus separating the central regions of the hemispheres . There are many small variations in the secondary and tertiary folds . Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes ; the frontal lobe , parietal lobe , temporal lobe , and occipital lobe , named according to the skull bones that overlie them . Each lobe is associated with one or two specialised functions though there is some functional overlap between them .
Made in Chelsea
Series 8 's average figure for the ten episodes where the viewing figures were available .
Bessemer process
Sir Henry Bessemer described the origin of his invention in his autobiography written in 1890 . During the outbreak of the Crimean War , many English industrialists and inventors became interested in military technology . According to Bessemer , his invention was inspired by a conversation with Napoleon III in 1854 pertaining to the steel required for better artillery . Bessemer claimed that it `` was the spark which kindled one of the greatest revolutions that the present century had to record , for during my solitary ride in a cab that night from Vincennes to Paris , I made up my mind to try what I could to improve the quality of iron in the manufacture of guns . '' At the time steel was used to make only small items like cutlery and tools , but was too expensive for cannons . Starting in January 1855 he began working on a way to produce steel in the massive quantities required for artillery and by October he filed his first patent related to the Bessemer process . He patented the method a year later in 1856 . Henry