vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Magnetosphere of Jupiter
While Earth 's magnetic field is roughly teardrop - shaped , Jupiter 's is flatter , more closely resembling a disk , and `` wobbles '' periodically about its axis . The main reasons for this disk - like configuration are the centrifugal force from the co-rotating plasma and thermal pressure of hot plasma , both of which act to stretch Jupiter 's magnetic field lines , forming a flattened pancake - like structure , known as the magnetodisk , at the distances greater than 20 R from the planet . The magnetodisk has a thin current sheet at the middle plane , approximately near the magnetic equator . The magnetic field lines point away from Jupiter above the sheet and towards Jupiter below it . The load of plasma from Io greatly expands the size of the Jovian magnetosphere , because the magnetodisk creates an additional internal pressure which balances the pressure of the solar wind . In the absence of Io the distance from the planet to the magnetopause at the subsolar point would be no more than 42 R , whereas it is actually 75 R on average .
Color motion picture film
Many early filmmakers from the first ten years of film also used this method to some degree . George Méliès offered hand - painted prints of his own films at an additional cost over the black - and - white versions , including the visual - effects pioneering A Trip to the Moon ( 1902 ) . The film had various parts of the film painted frame - by - frame by twenty - one women in Montreuil in a production - line method .
Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao
As reported by at least 5 major media outlets ( USA Today , Los Angeles Times , Hollywood Reporter , Wall Street Journal and the New York Post ) , serious negotiations leading to success were kickstarted in May 2014 by a very unlikely source : A Hollywood waiter / actor named Gabriel Salvador ( Bones , Bluebloods , Rizzoli & Isles , CSI ) . Salvador forged a friendship with CBS Network President Leslie Moonves when Moonves became a regular at Craig 's restaurant in West Hollywood , where Salvador worked part - time as a waiter . Salvador and Moonves bonded over their mutual love of boxing . CBS is the parent company of Showtime Network , which had invested heavily in boxing and spent top - dollar on a multi-year deal with Mayweather . Salvador told Moonves that he believed he could make the fight happen if he could get Moonves together with Pacquiao confidant and trainer Freddie Roach . Salvador believed he could do so based on his connection to both men and his `` unshakeable feeling '' that together they could cut through the politicking and power struggles that seem to have stymied prior negotiations . Salvador 's son Elijah worked out at Freddy Roach 's gym . Moonves agreed that Salvador should approach Roach to make an introduction with a view to making the fight a reality . Eventually , Salvador approached Roach and asked him if he would be willing to meet with Moonves to get the wheels in motion . Roach agreed and asked Salvador to set up a meeting .
Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)
Main Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 07 ) Paul Meets Cat ( 1 : 24 ) Sally 's Tomato ( 4 : 57 ) The Big Blowout ( 1 : 05 ) Poor Fred ( 3 : 22 ) Moon River ( Cha Cha ) ( 2 : 32 ) Latin Golightly ( 3 : 05 ) Something For Cat ( 4 : 48 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 1 ( À La Cha Cha ) ( 3 : 22 ) Loose Caboose -- Part 2 ( 2 : 11 ) Moon River ( Vocal By Audrey Hepburn ) ( 2 : 03 ) Meet The Doc ( With Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) An Exceptional Person ( 2 : 57 ) You 're So Skinny ( 0 : 57 ) Turkey Eggs ( 2 : 43 ) Hub Caps And Tail Lights ( 2 : 19 ) Rats And Super Rats ( 2 : 27 ) The Hard Way ( 0 : 55 ) Rusty Trawler ( 0 : 26 ) Holly ( 1 : 56 ) A Lovely Place ( 1 : 33 ) Bermuda Nights ( 0 : 22 ) The Big Heist ( 4 : 02 ) After The Ball ( 1 : 14 ) Just Like Holly ( 1 : 41 ) Wait A Minute ( 0 : 44 ) Feathers ( 1 : 14 ) Let 's Eat ( 1 : 39 ) Where 's The Cat ? And End Title ( Moon River ) ( 3 : 50 ) Moon River ( Audrey Hepburn & Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Piano And Guitar ) ( 1 : 38 ) Moon River ( Harmonica And Guitar ) ( 1 : 36 ) Meet The Doc ( Without Organ Grinder ) ( 1 : 37 ) Piano Practice No. 1 ( 1 : 38 ) Piano Practice No. 2 ( 1 : 48 ) Piano Practice No. 3 ( 0 : 54 ) Moon River ( New York Version ) ( 2 : 01 ) Moon River ( Whistling ) ( 0 : 10 )
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Magnets are available in a variety of shapes . However , permanent magnets are most frequently ' C ' shaped , and superconducting magnets most frequently cylindrical . However , C - shaped superconducting magnets and box - shaped permanent magnets have also been used .
Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)
According to Time magazine , Mancini `` sets off his melodies with a walking bass , extends them with choral and string variations , varies them with the brisk sounds of combo jazz . ' Moon River ' is sobbed by a plaintive harmonica , repeated by strings , hummed and then sung by the chorus , finally resolved with the harmonica again . ''
Bert and Ernie
In April 2013 , a pair of high energy neutrinos detected at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory , possibly of extragalactic origin , have been nicknamed `` Bert '' and `` Ernie '' . The British soap opera EastEnders has confirmed that characters Bert and Ernie Moon are named after the Muppets characters .
Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)
During the film , Hepburn sang the film 's signature song , `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini and Johnny Mercer . The song was tailored to Hepburn 's limited vocal range , based on songs she had performed in 1957 's Funny Face . On the Anniversary Edition DVD of Breakfast at Tiffany 's co-producer Richard Shepherd says in his audio commentary that after a preview in San Francisco , Martin Rankin , Paramount 's head of production , wanted `` Moon River '' replaced with music by somebody like Gordon Jenkins ( whose album Manhattan Tower had been out fairly recently ) : `` Marty ( Jurow , co-producer ) and I both said ' over our dead bodies . ' '' According to Mancini and Edwards , a studio executive hated the song and demanded it be cut from the film ; Hepburn , who was present , responded to the suggestion by standing up and saying , `` Over my dead body ! ''
Rainbow
The circumhorizontal arc is sometimes referred to by the misnomer `` fire rainbow '' . In order to view it , the Sun or Moon must be at least 58 ° above the horizon , making it a rare occurrence at higher latitudes . The circumzenithal arc , visible only at a solar or lunar elevation of less than 32 ° , is much more common , but often missed since it occurs almost directly overhead .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
The waning crescent moon had set a few seconds after 15 : 00 on 14 April and would not rise again until 04 : 37 ( ship 's time ) on 15 April , shortly after the arrival of the Carpathia .
Sing (2016 American film)
In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets .
Aftermath of the Korean War
Ban Ki - moon himself was aged six years when the war broke out and was forced to flee his home with his grandparents until UN forces came to assist .
Atlantic Ocean
The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction , whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise . The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal ; that is , two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours . In latitudes above 40 ° North some east - west oscillation , known as the North Atlantic oscillation , occurs .
The Twilight Saga (film series)
The Twilight Saga : New Moon was directed by Chris Weitz and written by Melissa Rosenberg . The film follows the Cullens ' departure from Forks , and Bella Swan 's fall into a deep depression until she develops a strong friendship with werewolf Jacob Black . Jacob and his tribe must protect Bella from Victoria , and a gregarious herd of vampires .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
Although the air was clear , there was no moon , and with the sea so calm , there was nothing to give away the position of the nearby icebergs ; had the sea been rougher , waves breaking against the icebergs would have made them more visible . Because of a mix - up at Southampton the lookouts had no binoculars ; but reportedly binoculars would not have been effective in darkness which was total except for starlight and the ship 's own lights . The lookouts were nonetheless well aware of the ice hazard , as Lightoller had ordered them and other crew members to `` keep a sharp look - out for ice , particularly small ice and growlers '' .
Jupiter
Jupiter has 69 known natural satellites . Of these , 53 are less than 10 kilometres in diameter and have only been discovered since 1975 . The four largest moons , visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night , known as the `` Galilean moons '' , are Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto .
Exoplanet
The least massive planet known is Draugr ( also known as PSR B1257 + 12 A or PSR B1257 + 12 b ) , which is about twice the mass of the Moon . The most massive planet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is HR 2562 b , about 30 times the mass of Jupiter , although according to some definitions of a planet , it is too massive to be a planet and may be a brown dwarf instead . There are planets that are so near to their star that they take only a few hours to orbit and there are others so far away that they take thousands of years to orbit . Some are so far out that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to the star . Almost all of the planets detected so far are within the Milky Way . Nonetheless , evidence suggests that extragalactic planets , exoplanets further away in galaxies beyond the local Milky Way galaxy , may exist . The nearest exoplanet is Proxima Centauri b , located 4.2 light - years ( 1.3 parsecs ) from Earth and orbiting Proxima Centauri , the closest star to the Sun .
Speed of light
The first quantitative estimate of the speed of light was made in 1676 by Rømer ( see Rømer 's determination of the speed of light ) . From the observation that the periods of Jupiter 's innermost moon Io appeared to be shorter when the Earth was approaching Jupiter than when receding from it , he concluded that light travels at a finite speed , and estimated that it takes light 22 minutes to cross the diameter of Earth 's orbit . Christiaan Huygens combined this estimate with an estimate for the diameter of the Earth 's orbit to obtain an estimate of speed of light of 7008220000000000000 ♠ 220 000 km / s , 26 % lower than the actual value .
Journey to the Center of the Earth
Journey to the Center of the Earth Book cover made in 1874 Author Jules Verne Original title Voyage au centre de la Terre Illustrator Édouard Riou Cover artist Édouard Riou Country France Language French Series The Extraordinary Voyages # 3 Genre Science fiction , adventure novel Publisher Pierre - Jules Hetzel Publication date 1864 Published in English 1871 Media type Print ( hardback ) Pages 183 ISBN 0486440885 Preceded by The Adventures of Captain Hatteras Followed by From the Earth to the Moon
Speed of light
In the early 17th century , Johannes Kepler believed that the speed of light was infinite , since empty space presents no obstacle to it . René Descartes argued that if the speed of light were to be finite , the Sun , Earth , and Moon would be noticeably out of alignment during a lunar eclipse . Since such misalignment had not been observed , Descartes concluded the speed of light was infinite . Descartes speculated that if the speed of light were found to be finite , his whole system of philosophy might be demolished . In Descartes ' derivation of Snell 's law , he assumed that even though the speed of light was instantaneous , the denser the medium , the faster was light 's speed . Pierre de Fermat derived Snell 's law using the opposing assumption , the denser the medium the slower light traveled . Fermat also argued in support of a finite speed of light .
Season
The following diagram shows the relation between the line of solstice and the line of apsides of Earth 's elliptical orbit . The orbital ellipse ( with eccentricity exaggerated for effect ) goes through each of the six Earth images , which are sequentially the perihelion ( periapsis -- nearest point to the sun ) on anywhere from 2 January to 5 January , the point of March equinox on 19 , 20 or 21 March , the point of June solstice on 20 or 21 June , the aphelion ( apoapsis -- farthest point from the sun ) on anywhere from 4 July to 7 July , the September equinox on 22 or 23 September , and the December solstice on 21 or 22 December . Note
Halley's Comet
1P / 607 H1 , 607 607 77 26 March 15 March -- 26 March 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 684 R1 , 684 684 77 26 November 2 October -- 26 November First known Japanese records of the comet . Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle . Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event . 1P / 760 K1 , 760 760 76 10 June 20 May -- 10 June Seen in China , at the same time as another comet . 1P / 837 F1 , 837 837 77 25 February 25 February -- 28 February 0.03 AU Closest - ever approach to the Earth ( 5 million km ) . Tail stretched halfway across the sky . Appeared as bright as Venus . 1P / 912 J1 , 912 912 75 27 July 18 July -- 27 July Seen briefly in China and Japan . 1P / 989 N1 , 989 989 77 2 September 2 September -- 5 September Seen in China , Japan , and ( possibly ) Korea . 1P / 1066 G1 , 1066 1066 77 25 March January -- 25 March 0.10 AU Seen for over two months in China . Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year . 1P / 1145 G1 , 1145 1145 79 19 April 15 April -- 19 April Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter , with the remark that such ' hairy stars ' appeared rarely , ' and then as a portent ' . 1P / 1222 R1 , 1222 1222 77 10 September 10 September -- 28 September Described by Japanese astronomers as being ' as large as the half Moon ... Its colour was white but its rays were red ' . 1P / 1301 R1 , 1301 1301 79 22 October 22 October -- 31 October Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi . Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first - magnitude star Procyon .
Siege of Yorktown
After nightfall on October 6 , troops moved out in stormy weather to dig the first parallel : the heavily overcast sky negated the waning full moon and shielded the massive digging operation from the eyes of British sentries . Washington ceremoniously struck several blows with his pick axe to begin the trench . The trench was to be 2,000 yards ( 1,800 m ) long , running from the head of Yorktown to the York River . Half of the trench was to be commanded by the French , the other half by the Americans . On the northernmost end of the French line , a support trench was dug so that they could bombard the British ships in the river . The French were ordered to distract the British with a false attack , but the British were told of the plan by a French deserter and the British artillery fire turned on the French from the Fusiliers redoubt . Washington
Boötes
Further away lies the 250 - million - light - year - diameter Boötes void , a huge space largely empty of galaxies . Discovered by Robert Kirshner and colleagues in 1981 , it is roughly 700 million light - years from Earth . Beyond it and within the bounds of the constellation , lie two superclusters at around 830 million and 1 billion light - years distant .
Edmond Halley
Halley spent most of his time on lunar observations , but was also interested in the problems of gravity . One problem that attracted his attention was the proof of Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . In August 1684 , he went to Cambridge to discuss this with Isaac Newton , much as John Flamsteed had done four years earlier , only to find that Newton had solved the problem , at the instigation of Flamsteed with regard to the orbit of comet Kirch , without publishing the solution . Halley asked to see the calculations and was told by Newton that he could not find them , but promised to redo them and send them on later , which he eventually did , in a short treatise entitled , On the motion of bodies in an orbit . Halley recognised the importance of the work and returned to Cambridge to arrange its publication with Newton , who instead went on to expand it into his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica published at Halley 's expense in 1687 . Halley 's first calculations with comets were thereby for the orbit of comet Kirch , based on Flamsteed 's observations in 1680 - 1 . Although he was to accurately calculate the orbit of the comet of 1682 , he was inaccurate in his calculations of the orbit of comet Kirch . They indicated a periodicity of 575 years , thus appearing in the years 531 and 1106 , and presumably heralding the death of Julius Caesar in a like fashion in − 44 ( 45 BCE ) . It is now known to have an orbital period of circa 10,000 years .
Cancer (constellation)
Ten star systems have been found to have planets . Rho - 1 Cancri or 55 Cancri is a binary star approximately 40.9 light - years distant from Earth . 55 Cancri consists of a yellow dwarf and a smaller red dwarf , with five planets orbiting the primary star ; one low - mass planet that may be either a hot , water - rich world or a carbon planet and four gas giants . 55 Cancri A , classified as a rare `` super metal - rich '' star , is one of the top 100 target stars for NASA 's Terrestrial Planet Finder mission , ranked 63rd on the list . The red dwarf 55 Cancri B , a suspected binary , appears to be gravitationally bound to the primary star , as the two share common proper motion .
Triangle
where f is the fraction of the sphere 's area which is enclosed by the triangle . For example , suppose that we draw a triangle on the Earth 's surface with vertices at the North Pole , at a point on the equator at 0 ° longitude , and a point on the equator at 90 ° West longitude . The great circle line between the latter two points is the equator , and the great circle line between either of those points and the North Pole is a line of longitude ; so there are right angles at the two points on the equator . Moreover , the angle at the North Pole is also 90 ° because the other two vertices differ by 90 ° of longitude . So the sum of the angles in this triangle is 90 ° + 90 ° + 90 ° = 270 ° . The triangle encloses 1 / 4 of the northern hemisphere ( 90 ° / 360 ° as viewed from the North Pole ) and therefore 1 / 8 of the Earth 's surface , so in the formula f = 1 / 8 ; thus the formula correctly gives the sum of the triangle 's angles as 270 ° .
The Honeymooners
In most episodes , Ralph 's short temper got the best of him , leading him to yell at others and to threaten comical physical violence , usually against Alice . Ralph 's favorite threats to her were `` One of these days ... One of these days ... Pow ! right in the kisser ! '' or to knock her `` to the Moon , Alice ! '' ( Sometimes this last threat was simply abbreviated : as `` Bang , zoom ! '' ) On other occasions , Ralph simply told Alice , `` Oh , are you gon na get yours . '' All of this led to criticism , more than 40 years later , that the show displayed an acceptance of domestic violence . But Ralph never carried out his threats , and others have pointed out that Alice knew he never would because of their deep love for each other In retaliation , the targets of Ralph 's verbal abuse often responded by simply joking about his weight , a common theme throughout the series . Incidentally , Alice never was seen to back down during any of Ralph 's tirades .
Exoplanet
For centuries scientists , philosophers , and science fiction writers suspected that extrasolar planets existed , but there was no way of detecting them or of knowing their frequency or how similar they might be to the planets of the Solar System . Various detection claims made in the nineteenth century were rejected by astronomers . The first evidence of an exoplanet was noted as early as 1917 , but was not recognized as such . The first suspected scientific detection of an exoplanet occurred in 1988 . Shortly afterwards , the first confirmed detection came in 1992 , with the discovery of several terrestrial - mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257 + 12 . The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a main - sequence star was made in 1995 , when a giant planet was found in a four - day orbit around the nearby star 51 Pegasi . Some exoplanets have been imaged directly by telescopes , but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods , such as the transit method and the radial - velocity method . As of February 2018 , researchers at the Chandra X-ray Observatory , combined with a planet detection technique called microlensing , found evidence that there are potentially one trillion extragalactic exoplanets , stating `` Some of these exoplanets are as ( relatively ) small as the moon , while others are as massive as Jupiter . Unlike Earth , most of the exoplanets are not tightly bound to stars , so they 're actually wandering through space or loosely orbiting between stars . We can estimate that the number of planets in this ( faraway ) galaxy is more than a trillion . ''
On My Own (Les Misérables)
For her audition for Miss Saigon , the then 17 - year - old Lea Salonga chose to sing the song and was later asked to sing `` Sun and Moon '' from Miss Saigon , impressing the audition panel . Salonga has sometimes credited `` On My Own '' as the starting point of her international career .
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ( 1982 -- 1991 ) ( 1920 - 01 - 19 ) 19 January 1920 ( age 98 ) Kofi Annan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) ( 1938 - 04 - 08 ) 8 April 1938 ( age 80 ) Ban Ki - moon ( 2007 -- 2016 ) ( 1944 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1944 ( age 73 )
Hellenistic period
The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism ( 150 -- 100 BC ) . It is a 37 - gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon , including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians . Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century , when a simpler eight - geared luni - solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar , Al - Biruni . Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages .
The Return of Superman (TV series)
Namyang - ju , Gyeonggi - do , South Korea 2016 -- 2018 Ep 114 -- 210 Ki Tae - young Actor Daughter : Kim Ro - hee DOB : ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) April 12 , 2015 ( age 3 ) Eugene Singer / Actress Seoul , South Korea 2013 -- 2018 Chuseok Special Part 1 -- 3 Ep 1 -- 220 Lee Hwi - jae Comedian / Host Son : Lee Seo - eon DOB : ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 2013 ( age 5 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Moon Jeong - won Florist Chuseok Special - Ep 68 , Ep 175 Gangnam , Seoul , South Korea ( Ep 68 - Ep 174 Dongcheon - dong , Suji - gu , Yongin - si , Gyeonggi Province , South Korea ) Son : Lee Seo - jun DOB : ( 2013 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 2013 ( age 5 ) ( Fraternal twin ) Duration Narrator 2013 Chuseok Special Part 1 -- 2 Yoo Ho - jeong 2013 -- 2014 Ep 1 -- 27 Chae Sira 2014 Ep 28 -- 37 Shin Ae - ra 2014 -- 2015 Ep 38 -- 59 Heo Su - gyeong 2015 Ep 93 Yoona of Girls ' Generation 2015 Ep 96 Yoo In - na 2015 Ep 97 Jang Hyun - sung 2017 Ep 185 -- 188 Kim Hyo - Jin