vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Seneca Falls Convention
Lucretia Mott reflected in August 1848 upon the two women 's rights conventions in which she had participated that summer , and assessed them no greater than other projects and missions she was involved with . She wrote that the two gatherings were `` greatly encouraging ; and give hope that this long neglected subject will soon begin to receive the attention that its importance demands . ''
Women's empowerment
Entire nations , businesses , communities and groups can benefit from the implementation of programs and policies that adopt the notion of women empowerment . Empowerment of women is a necessity for the very development of a society , since it enhances both the quality and the quantity of human resources available for development . Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development . The Human Development and Capabilities Approach , the Millennium Development Goals , the Sustainable Development Goals , and other credible approaches / goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development .
History of women in the United States
World War I was a total war , and the nation moved to mobilize its women for material and psychological support of the war effort in and out of the home . All the states organized women 's committees . Representative was the women 's state committee in North Carolina . Motivated by the public service ideals of the Progressive Movement , it registered women for many volunteer services , promoted increased food production , and the elimination of wasteful cooking practices , helped maintain social services , worked to bolster moral well - being of white and black soldiers , improved public health and public schools , encouraged black participation in its programs , and helped with the devastating Spanish flu epidemic that struck worldwide in late 1918 , with very high fatalities . The committee was generally successful in reaching middle - class white and black women , but it was handicapped by the condescension of male lawmakers , limited funding , and tepid responses from women on the farms and working - class districts .
Seneca Falls Convention
The meeting comprised six sessions including a lecture on law , a humorous presentation , and multiple discussions about the role of women in society . Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents , the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions , to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures . A heated debate sprang up regarding women 's right to vote , with many -- including Mott -- urging the removal of this concept , but Frederick Douglass , who was the convention 's sole African American attendee , argued eloquently for its inclusion , and the suffrage resolution was retained . Exactly 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document , mostly women .
History of women in the United States
The first wave of feminism began with the Seneca Falls Convention , the first women 's rights convention , held at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls , New York , on July 19 and 20 , 1848 .
Women in Vietnam
In the early 20th century , nationalist sentiments rose in Vietnam that eventually led to the end of French rule in 1954 and divided Vietnam into two along the seventeenth parallel . There have been many accounts that nationalism increased women 's rights with it , and many women participated in the revolution against French rule .
History of women in the United States
Also , in 1984 Kathryn D. Sullivan became the first American woman to walk in space . In 1987 Wilma Mankiller became the first woman to be elected chief of a major Native American tribe ( Cherokee ) . In 1991 she was re-elected with 83 % of the vote ; during her tenure the Cherokee nation 's membership more than doubled , to 170,000 from about 68,000 . In 1987 , Congress declared March as the first National Women 's History Month . A special Presidential Proclamation is issued every year since which honors the achievements of American women .
Saudi Arabia
On 25 September 2011 , King Abdullah announced that Saudi women would gain the right to vote ( and to be candidates ) in municipal elections , provided that a male guardian grants permission . Women were finally allowed to vote on 12 December 2015 .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
Finally in 1918 , Parliament passed an act granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who were householders , the wives of householders , occupiers of property with an annual rent of £ 5 , and graduates of British universities . About 8.4 million women gained the vote . In November 1918 , the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 was passed , allowing women to be elected into the House of Commons . By 1928 the consensus was that votes for women had been successful . With the Conservative Party in full control in 1928 , it passed the Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act that extended the voting franchise to all women over the age of 21 , granting women the vote on the same terms as men , although one Conservative opponent of the bill warned that it risked splitting the party for years to come .
United States twenty-dollar bill
In a campaign called `` Women on 20s '' , selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill . The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020 , the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote . Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman , Eleanor Roosevelt , Rosa Parks , and Wilma Mankiller , the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation .
History of women in the United States
During 1913 -- 19 , advocates of woman suffrage in Dallas drew on the educational and advertising techniques of the national parties and the lobbying tactics of the women 's club movement . They also tapped into popular culture , successfully using popular symbolism and traditional ideals to adapt community festivals and social gatherings to the task of political persuasion . The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association developed a suffrage campaign based on social values and community standards . Community and social occasions served as recruiting opportunities for the suffrage cause , blunting its radical implications with the familiarity of customary events and dressing it in the values of traditional female behavior , especially propriety .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
Another key figure was Millicent Fawcett . She had a peaceful approach to issues presented to the organisations and the way to get points across to society . She supported the Married Women 's Property Act and the social purity campaign . Two events influenced her to become even more involved : her husband 's death and the division of the suffrage movement over the issue of affiliation with political parties . Millicent , who supported staying independent of political parties , made sure that the parts separated came together to become stronger by working together . Because of her actions , she was made president of the NUWSS . In 1910 -- 1912 , she supported a bill to give vote rights to single and widowed females of a household . By supporting the British in World War I , she thought women would be recognised as a prominent part of Europe and deserved basic rights such as voting . Millicent Fawcett came from a radical family . Her sister was Elizabeth Garrett Anderson an English physician and feminist , and the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain . Elizabeth was elected mayor of Aldeburgh in 1908 and gave speeches for suffrage .
Seneca Falls Convention
In 1876 , in the spirit of the nation 's centennial celebrations , Stanton and Susan B. Anthony decided to write a more expansive history of the women 's rights movement . They invited Lucy Stone to help , but Stone declined to be part of the project ; she was of the opinion that Stanton and Anthony would not fairly portray the divisive split between NWSA and American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) . Stanton and Anthony wrote without her and , in 1881 , they published the first volume of the History of Woman Suffrage , and placed themselves at each of its most important events , marginalizing Stone 's contribution .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Women being given the right to vote , a statue of Millicent Fawcett is to be erected in Parliament Square , London .
Women's March on Versailles
These events ended the king 's independence and signified the change of power and reforms about to overtake France . The march symbolized a new balance of power that displaced the ancient privileged orders of the French nobility and favored the nation 's common people , collectively termed the Third Estate . Bringing together people representing sources of the Revolution in their largest numbers yet , the march on Versailles proved to be a defining moment of that Revolution .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
In the same year that John Stuart Mill was elected ( 1865 ) , the first Ladies Discussion Society was formed , debating whether women should be involved in public affairs . Although a society for suffrage was proposed , this was turned down on the grounds that it might be taken over by extremists .
Armed Forces of the Philippines
1963 would see the first women join the ranks of the armed forces with the raising of the Women 's Auxiliary Corps .
Seneca Falls Convention
Soon , newspapers across the country picked up the story . Reactions varied widely . In Massachusetts , the Lowell Courier published its opinion that , with women 's equality , `` the lords must wash the dishes , scour up , be put to the tub , handle the broom , darn stockings . '' In St. Louis , Missouri , the Daily Reveille trumpeted that `` the flag of independence has been hoisted for the second time on this side of the Atlantic . '' Horace Greeley in the New York Tribune wrote `` When a sincere republican is asked to say in sober earnest what adequate reason he can give , for refusing the demand of women to an equal participation with men in political rights , he must answer , None at all . However unwise and mistaken the demand , it is but the assertion of a natural right , and such must be conceded . ''
History of women in the United States
In the 1740s evangelists ignited a religious revival -- called the First Great Awakening -- which energized Protestants up and down the 13 colonies . It was characterized by ecstatic emotionalism and egalitarianism , which split several denominations into old and new factions . They expanded their membership among the white farmers ; women were especially active in the Methodist and Baptist churches that were springing up everywhere . Although the women were rarely allowed to preach , they had a voice and a vote in church affairs , and were especially interested in close monitoring of the moral behavior of church members . The Awakening led many women to be introspective ; some kept diaries or wrote memoirs . The autobiography of Hannah Heaton ( 1721 -- 94 ) , a farm wife of North Haven , Connecticut , tells of her experiences in the Great Awakening , her encounters with Satan , her intellectual and spiritual development , and life on the farm .
Women's March on Versailles
Despite its post-revolutionary mythology , the march was not a spontaneous event . Numerous calls for a mass demonstration at Versailles had already been made ; the Marquis of Saint - Huruge , one of the popular orators of the Palais - Royal , had called for just such a march in August to evict the obstructionist deputies who , he claimed , were protecting the King 's veto power . Although his efforts were foiled , revolutionaries continued to hold onto the idea of a march on Versailles to compel the King to accept the Assembly 's laws . Speakers at the Palais - Royal mentioned it regularly throughout the next month , creating enduring suspicions of the proprietor , Louis Philippe II , Duke of Orléans . The idea of a march on Versailles was widespread , and was even discussed in the pages of the Mercure de France ( 5 September 1789 ) . A menacing unrest was in the air , and many nobles and foreigners fled the oppressive atmosphere .
History of women in the United States
Small protests and signs of a larger support for radical feminism became more cohesive during the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) June 1967 National Convention in Ann Arbor . The `` Women 's Liberation Workshop '' denounced sexual inequality and stated , `` As we analyze the position of women in capitalist society and especially the United States we find that women are in a colonial relationship to men and we recognize ourselves as part of the Third World . '' Co-written by Jane Addams , one of the most prominent women in SDS , they argued that women 's place within SDS was subordinate and revolution could not succeed without women 's liberation .
Women in Vietnam
However , some historians have argued that women 's advocates in Vietnam `` have been weakened in the post-reunification era due in part to the implementation of free market reforms in a nondemocratic political context . '' The resource constraints were detrimnental to women 's rights , as was the political atmosphere after the war . The new state implemented free market economics but political participation was not expanded . The tight political atmosphere and resource - constraints weakened the Vietnam Women 's Union , which was accustomed to speaking on behalf of women under Vietnam 's single - party rule . After the war was over , it was no longer seen as a crucial organization by the government . Political reunification also resulted in the end of the quota system and the subsequent decrease in women in the National Assembly . There was also an increase in occupational segregation as women returned to more roles within the home and men returned from the war . Free - market policies known as the Doi moi put female - headed households in rural areas at a disadvantage by limiting their access to credit .
Women's March on Versailles
The goodwill generated by this surprising turn of events defused the situation , but to many observers the scene on the balcony was mere theatricality without long - term resonance . However pleased it may have been by the royal displays , the crowd insisted that the king come back with them to Paris .
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
In 1868 , local groups amalgamated to form a series of close - knit groups with the founding of the National Society for Women 's Suffrage ( NSWS ) . This is notable as the first attempt to create a unified front to propose women 's suffrage , but had little effect due to several splits , once again weakening the campaign . WSPU
History of women in the United States
Like most major nations , the United States gave women the right to vote at the end of the war . The 19th Amendment to the Constitution , giving American white women the right to vote , passed in 1920 . It came up before the House of Representatives in 1918 with the two - thirds votes needed for passage barely within reach ; Representative Frederick Hicks of New York had been at the bedside of his dying wife but left at her urging to support the cause . He provided the final , crucial vote , and then returned home for her funeral . However , the Senate failed to pass the amendment that year . The amendment was approved by Congress next year on June 4 , 1919 , and the states started ratifying . In 1920 , Tennessee was the 36th to do so , meeting the 3 / 4s ( of then 48 states ) required for enactment ; the remaining states ratified later .
Seneca Falls Convention
The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women 's rights convention . It advertised itself as `` a convention to discuss the social , civil , and religious condition and rights of woman '' . Held in Seneca Falls , New York , it spanned two days over July 19 -- 20 , 1848 . Attracting widespread attention , it was soon followed by other women 's rights conventions , including the Rochester Women 's Rights Convention in Rochester , New York , two weeks later . In 1850 the first in a series of annual National Women 's Rights Conventions met in Worcester , Massachusetts .
Hurdling
Most common hurdling distance Event Sex Olympic World Championship 50 m hurdles Both No No 55 m hurdles Both No No 60 m hurdles Both No 1987 -- present 80 m hurdles Women 1932 -- 1968 No 100 m hurdles Women 1972 -- present 1983 -- present 110 m hurdles Men 1896 -- present 1983 -- present 200 m hurdles Men 1900 -- 1904 No 300 m hurdles Both No No 400 m hurdles Both 1900 -- 08 & 1920 -- present ( men ) 1984 -- present ( women ) ( 1983 -- present )
History of women in the United States
In 1869 Wyoming became the first territory or state in America to grant women suffrage . In 1870 Louisa Ann Swain became the first woman in the United States to vote in a general election . She cast her ballot on September 6 , 1870 , in Laramie , Wyoming .
Ida B. Wells
In 1898 , Wells was struggling to manage her busy family life and career , but she was still a fierce campaigner in the anti-lynching circle . That year the National Association of Colored Women 's Clubs met in Chicago but did not invite Wells to take part . When she confronted Mary Church Terrell , the president of the club , Wells was told that the women of Chicago had said that , if Wells were to take part in the club , they would no longer aid the association . Wells later learned that Terrell 's own competitiveness played a part in excluding her .
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
The year 1990 saw ordination of women reviewed at the General Conference Session in Indianapolis and 1995 at General Conference Session in Utrecht , but turned down . In 2012 , 16 women pastors were approved for ordination in the Columbia Union Conference . Also in that year , a Theology of Ordination Study Committee was created by the General Conference to study the issue of women 's ordination . In 2015 , at the General Conference Business Session in San Antonio , Texas , a majority of delegates voted down a proposal to allow divisions to ordain women .
History of women in the United States
According to Hartmann ( 1982 ) , the women who sought employment , based on various surveys and public opinion reports at the time suggests that financial reasoning was the justification for entering the labor force ; however , patriotic motives made up another large portion of women 's desires to enter . Women whose husbands were at war were more than twice as likely to seek jobs .
History of women in the United States
In July 2016 Hillary Clinton became the Democratic nominee for President of the US , making her the first woman on a major party to receive the nomination for President of the United States . However she lost in November to Donald Trump .
History of women in the United States
The amendment passed the Tennessee Senate easily . However , as it moved on to the House , vigorous opposition came from people in the liquor industry , who thought that if women got the vote , they would use it to pass Prohibition . Distillery lobbyists came to fight the amendment , bringing liquor . `` Both suffrage and anti-suffrage men were reeling through the hall in an advanced state of intoxication , '' suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt reported . Nevertheless , the suffragists thought they could count on a one - vote victory in the House . Then the speaker , whom they had counted on as a `` yes '' for the amendment , changed his mind . Yet suddenly , Harry Burn , the youngest member of the House , a 24 - year - old `` no '' vote from East Tennessee , got up and announced that he had received a letter from his mother ( Febb Ensminger Burn ) telling him to `` be a good boy and help Mrs. ( Carrie Chapman ) Catt . '' `` I know that a mother 's advice is always the safest for a boy to follow '' , Burn said , switching sides , and the amendment was ratified that day , August 18 , 1920 , officially becoming part of the Constitution when it was certified as law on August 26 , 1920 ; August 26 later became known as Women 's Equality Day . Suffragist Carrie Chapman Catt calculated that the campaign for women 's right to vote had involved 56 referendum campaigns directed at male voters , plus 480 campaigns to get Legislatures to submit suffrage amendments to voters , 47 campaigns to get constitutional conventions to write woman suffrage into state constitutions ; 277 campaigns to get State party conventions to include woman suffrage planks , 30 campaigns to get presidential party campaigns to include woman suffrage planks in party platforms and 19 campaigns with 19 successive Congresses .
French Revolution
On 20 June 1792 a number of armed women took part in a procession that `` passed through the halls of the Legislative Assembly , into the Tuileries Gardens , and then through the King 's residence . '' Militant women also assumed a special role in the funeral of Marat , following his murder on 13 July 1793 . As part of the funeral procession , they carried the bathtub in which Marat had been murdered ( by a counter-revolutionary woman ) as well as a shirt stained with Marat 's blood . On 20 May 1793 women were at the fore of a crowd that demanded `` bread and the Constitution of 1793 . '' When their cries went unnoticed , the women went on a rampage , `` sacking shops , seizing grain and kidnapping officials . '' Olympe
History of women in the United States
In 1942 the WAVES ( Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service ) division was founded as an all - female division of the Navy , and more than 80,000 women served in it , including computer scientist Grace Hopper , who later achieved the rank of rear admiral . While traditionally female secretarial and clerical jobs took a large portion of the WAVES women , thousands of WAVES performed previously atypical duties in the aviation community , Judge Advocate General Corps , medical professions , communications , intelligence , science and technology . The WAVES ended and women were accepted into the regular Navy in 1948 . The first six enlisted women to be sworn into the regular Navy on July 7 , 1948 were Kay Langdon , Wilma Marchal , Edna Young , Frances Devaney , Doris Robertson . and Ruth Flora . On October 15 , 1948 , the first eight women to be commissioned in the regular Navy , Joy Bright Hancock , Winifred Quick Collins , Ann King , Frances Willoughby , Ellen Ford , Doris Cranmore , Doris Defenderfer , and Betty Rae Tennant took their oaths as naval officers .
List of Olympic female gymnasts for the United States
Nastia Liukin and Shawn Johnson won five and four medals , respectively , in 2008 , the only Olympics that either one participated in . Liukin won the individual all - around gold medal , and Johnson won the balance beam gold medal .
American Equal Rights Association
The women 's movement was loosely structured during this period , with legislative campaigns and speaking tours organized by a small group of women acting on personal initiative . An informal coordinating committee organized national women 's rights conventions , but there were only a few state associations and no formal national organization . The movement largely disappeared from public notice during the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) as women 's rights activists focused their energy on the campaign against slavery . In 1863 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony organized the Women 's Loyal National League , the first national women 's political organization in the U.S. , to campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish slavery . The
History of women in the United States
This Convention was inspired by the fact that in 1840 , when Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Lucretia Mott at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London , the conference refused to seat Mott and other women delegates from America because of their gender . Stanton , the young bride of an antislavery agent , and Mott , a Quaker preacher and veteran of reform , talked then of calling a convention to address the condition of women .