vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Qing dynasty
In Qing society , women did not enjoy the same rights as men . The Confucian moral system that was built by and thus favored men restrained their rights and were they often seen as a type of `` merchandise '' that could be traded away by their family . Once a woman married , she would essentially become the property of her husband 's family and could not divorce her husband unless under very specific circumstances , such as severe physical harm or an attempt to sell her into prostitution . Men , on the other hand , could divorce their wives for trivial matters such as excessive talkativeness . Furthermore , women were extremely restricted in owning property and inheritance and were essentially confined to their homes and stripped of social interaction and mobility . Mothers would often bind their young daughters ' feet , a practice that was seen as a standard of feminine beauty and a necessity to be marriageable , but was also in fact a way to restrict a woman 's physical movement in society .
United States
As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees .
Cousin marriage
There are several explanations for the rise of Catholic cousin marriage prohibitions after the fall of Rome . One explanation is increasing Germanic influence on church policy . G.E. Howard states , `` During the period preceding the Teutonic invasion , speaking broadly , the church adhered to Roman law and custom ; thereafter those of the Germans ... were accepted . '' On the other hand , it has also been argued that the bans were a reaction against local Germanic customs of kindred marriage . At least one Frankish King , Pepin the Short , apparently viewed close kin marriages among nobles as a threat to his power . Whatever the reasons , written justifications for such bans had been advanced by St. Augustine by the fifth century . `` It is very reasonable and just '' , he wrote , `` that one man should not himself sustain many relationships , but that various relationships should be distributed among several , and thus serve to bind together the greatest number in the same social interests '' . Taking a contrary view , Protestants writing after the Reformation tended to see the prohibitions and the dispensations needed to circumvent them as part of an undesirable church scheme to accrue wealth , or `` lucre '' .
Republic (Plato)
One of many examples is that Socrates calls the marriages of the ruling class ' sacred ' ; however , they last only one night and are the result of manipulating and drugging couples into predetermined intercourse with the aim of eugenically breeding guardian - warriors . Strauss and Bloom 's interpretations , however , involve more than just pointing out inconsistencies ; by calling attention to these issues they ask readers to think more deeply about whether Plato is being ironic or genuine , for neither Strauss nor Bloom present an unequivocal opinion , preferring to raise philosophic doubt over interpretive fact .
Mr. Big (Sex and the City)
Within seven months of his marriage , he begins to chafe at his matrimonial bonds and pines for Carrie ; he initiates an affair with her . Carrie , who is in a committed relationship ( with Aidan Shaw ) at the time , feels guilty but continues to see Big . The affair continues until Natasha comes home unexpectedly and discovers Carrie fleeing -- half dressed -- from the marital apartment . Natasha trips and breaks her tooth while chasing after Carrie , who ends up taking Natasha to the emergency room . As a result , Carrie ends the affair . Carrie later finds out that Big and Natasha have divorced .
Italian Australians
One of the most significant policy matters that the new Parliament of Australia had to consider after it opened in 1901 was immigration . Later that year , the Attorney - General , Alfred Deakin , introduced and passed into legislation the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 and the allied Pacific Island Labourers Act . The goal was to ensure the White Australia policy by controlling entry into Australia and -- by the latter -- repatriating coloured labour from the Pacific Islands . The concept was meant to safeguard the social ' white ' purity and protect wage standards against cheap coloured labour .
List of Shameless (U.S. TV series) characters
Svetlana `` Suka '' Fisher ( Isidora Goreshter ) ( formerly Milkovich , birth name unknown ) is a Russian prostitute hired by Terry to have sex with Mickey to `` cure '' his homosexuality . She becomes pregnant and despite her occupation , she says the father is Mickey . In season 4 , Svetlana is living in the Milkovich house together with other prostitutes . She threatens Ian when he returns because she fears he will distract Mickey from his duties as her child 's father . After the birth of her son , Svetlana threatens to tell Terry that Mickey and Ian 's relationship continues and demands Mickey give her money to keep quiet . In season 5 , Svetlana is a softer and more comic character . She becomes a surrogate mother to the twins . She moves in with the Fisher / Balls and performs oral sex on them both as part of her ' wifely ' duties . In season 6 she regularly visits Mickey in prison ( baby in tow ) and works as a bartender at The Alibi - often providing comic relief to Kev and V 's storylines . When Kev accidentally reveals Svetlana came to America illegally to Immigration , V and ' Lana pretend to be married to keep her here , but fall in love in the process . In season 7 , she lives with Kev and V as a three - way couple , the `` Throuple '' . Her father comes to America , and stays with the family , until Svetlana `` gets rid of him '' in unknown terms , disturbing Kev and V. She later takes ownership of the Alibi behind their backs , to help them out of debt , but ruins the Throuple in the process .
Apartheid
Alongside apartheid , the National Party implemented a programme of social conservatism . Pornography and gambling were banned . Cinemas , shops selling alcohol and most other businesses were forbidden from opening on Sundays . Abortion , homosexuality and sex education were also restricted ; abortion was only legal in cases of rape or if the mother 's life was threatened .
United Kingdom
Citizens of the European Union , including those of the UK , have the right to live and work in any EU member state . The UK applied temporary restrictions to citizens of Romania and Bulgaria , which joined the EU in January 2007 . Research conducted by the Migration Policy Institute for the Equality and Human Rights Commission suggests that , between May 2004 and September 2009 , 1.5 million workers migrated from the new EU member states to the UK , two - thirds of them Polish , but that many subsequently returned home , resulting in a net increase in the number of nationals of the new member states in the UK of some 700,000 over that period . The late - 2000s recession in the UK reduced the economic incentive for Poles to migrate to the UK , the migration becoming temporary and circular . In 2009 , for the first time since enlargement , more nationals of the eight central and eastern European states that had joined the EU in 2004 left the UK than arrived . In 2011 , citizens of the new EU member states made up 13 % of the immigrants entering the country . Estimated
French colonization of the Americas
Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 onwards , under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana . The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation . In May 1720 , after complaints from the Mississippi Company and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants , the French government prohibited such deportations . However , there was a third shipment of prisoners in 1721 .
One-child policy
Although many critics of China 's reproductive restrictions approve of the policy 's abolition , Amnesty International said that the move to the two - child policy would not end forced sterilizations , forced abortions , or government control over birth permits . Others also stated that the abolition is not a sign of the relaxation of authoritarian control in China . A reporter for CNN said , `` It was not a sign that the party will suddenly start respecting personal freedoms more than it has in the past . No , this is a case of the party adjusting policy to conditions ... The new policy , raising the limit to two children per couple , preserves the state 's role . ''
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
The crucial 1923 Supreme Court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind created the official stance to classify South Asian Indians as non-white , which at the time allowed Indians who had already been naturalized to be retroactively stripped of their citizenship after prosecutors argued that they had gained their citizenship illegally . The California Alien Land Law of 1913 , overturned in 1952 by the holding in Sei Fujii v. California , 38 Cal . 2d 718 , and other similar laws prohibited aliens from owning land property , thus effectively stripping Indian Americans of land rights . While the decision was placating Asiatic Exclusion League ( AEL ) demands , spurned by growing outrage at the Turban Tide / Hindoo Invasion ( sic ) alongside the pre-existing outrage at the `` Yellow Peril '' , and while more recent legislation influenced by the civil - rights movement has removed much of the statutory discrimination against Asians , no case has overturned this 1923 classification .
History of immigration to the United States
Each group evinced a distinctive migration pattern in terms of the gender balance within the migratory pool , the permanence of their migration , their literacy rates , the balance between adults and children , and the like . But they shared one overarching characteristic : they flocked to urban destinations and made up the bulk of the U.S. industrial labor pool , making possible the emergence of such industries as steel , coal , automotive , textile , and garment production , enabling the United States to leap into the front ranks of the world 's economic giants .
Republican Party (United States)
Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States .
Italian Australians
Together with the entry restrictions adopted by the United States , another factor that increased Italian emigration in the early 1920s was the rise of Fascism in Italy in 1922 . Gradually , the arrays of migrants became formed also by a minor component of political opponents to Fascism , generally peasants of the northern Italian regions , who chose Australia as their destination . In his study on Italian migration to South Australia , O'Connor even reports on the presence , in 1926 , in Adelaide of a dangerous anarchist ' subversive ' from the village of Capoliveri , in the Tuscan Island of Elba , one Giacomo Argenti .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
Pursuant to this power , Congress in 1790 passed the first naturalization law for the United States , the Naturalization Act of 1790 . The law enabled those who had resided in the country for two years and had kept their current state of residence for a year to apply for citizenship . However it restricted naturalization to `` free white persons '' of `` good moral character '' .
The Walt Disney Company
Some religious welfare groups , such as the Catholic League , have opposed films including Priest ( 1994 ) and Dogma ( 1999 ) . A book called Growing Up Gay , published by Disney - owned Hyperion and similar publications , as well as the company 's extension of benefits to same - sex domestic partners , spurred boycotts of Disney and its advertisers by the Catholic League , the Assemblies of God USA , the American Family Association , and other conservative groups . The boycotts were discontinued by most of these organizations by 2005 . In addition to these social controversies , the company has been accused of human rights violations regarding the working conditions in factories that produce their merchandise .
Precedent
Precedent viewed against passing time can serve to establish trends , thus indicating the next logical step in evolving interpretations of the law . For instance , if immigration has become more and more restricted under the law , then the next legal decision on that subject may serve to restrict it further still . The existence of submerged precedent ( reasoned opinions not made available through conventional legal research sources ) has been identified as a potentially distorting force in the evolution of law .
Republican Party (United States)
In March 2013 , National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus gave a stinging report on the party 's failures in 2012 , calling on Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform . He said : `` There 's no one reason we lost . Our message was weak ; our ground game was insufficient ; we were n't inclusive ; we were behind in both data and digital , and our primary and debate process needed improvement '' . He proposed 219 reforms that included a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women , minorities and gays as well as setting a shorter , more controlled primary season and creating better data collection facilities .
Naming in the United States
Although they are classical immigration countries , Australia and most regions of the United States ban the use of diacritics for example in passports . Canada allows French accents ; other letters may be simplified or transcribed ( õ → o , ö → oe or o ) .
Phoebe Forrester
Phoebe and her twin , Steffy , were born onscreen on September 21 , 1999 , to Ridge Forrester ( Ron Moss ) and Dr. Taylor Forrester ( Hunter Tylo ) . Taylor nearly died giving birth to them after suffering from tuberculosis . Steffy was named after her grandmother , Stephanie Forrester ( Susan Flannery ) . In February 2001 , Ridge and Taylor took the twins and Thomas to Saint Thomas , where they renewed their wedding vows . The family , along with the babysitter Catherine , then took a boat trip , and two - year - old Steffy fell overboard during stormy weather and was presumed eaten by sharks . However , Steffy turned up weeks later at Morgan DeWitt 's house . Morgan , an old flame of Ridge 's who desperately wanted to have his child , had kidnapped her and was holding her captive . Taylor grew suspicious of Morgan and was shocked to discover Steffy in her house . As Taylor was about to take her daughter home , Morgan returned and held them both captive . Ridge eventually saved his wife and child by driving his car through Morgan 's house as she was about to shoot Taylor . Morgan was eventually committed to a psychiatric institution . Family problems continued to spiral when Taylor was presumed dead after being shot by Sheila Carter ( Kimberlin Brown ) , Steffy and her siblings wanted Bridget Forrester to live with them and raise them . Instead , Ridge married Brooke Logan a woman he had been involved with and engaged to prior to meeting Taylor . A new addition , R.J Forrester was added to their family when Brooke and Ridge had their first child together before Ridge and Brooke married . Years later , Taylor was revealed to be alive and Ridge and Taylor renewed vows . The following year , they split up due to Taylor revealing the truth about her sleeping with a man named James in 1993 . Phoebe believed that her older brother Thomas ' ( Drew Tyler Bell ) relationship with illegal immigrant Gaby Moreno ( Shanelle Workman ) was what divided Ridge and Taylor , and informed Taylor that the two had sex , knowing that this would cause Taylor to have Gaby deported . Taylor did call the immigration department , but was unsuccessful in convincing them to deport Gaby . After Taylor 's second death from a gunshot wound , Brooke and Ridge married and she moved in with the family . Later Phoebe and Steffy chose to go to boarding school to gain more of their own independence .
United States embargo against Cuba
In 2014 , the Obama administration announced its intention to re-establish relations with Cuba . In January 2015 , the Administration lightened restrictions on U.S. citizen travel to Cuba . While restrictions on travel for missionary work and education have been loosened , visits for tourism remain banned . President Obama and President Raúl Castro of Cuba met on April 11 , 2015 , which was the first meeting between distinct leaders of the two countries in over fifty years . In May 2015 , several American companies reported they had been granted licenses to establish ferry travel between Florida and Cuba , with a U.S. Department of Treasury spokeswoman confirming they had begun issuing licenses . So far the general ban on travel to Cuba remains in effect for Americans , so the ferry service will not be accessible to Americans who have not received special approval for travel to Cuba .
History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
In 2005 , Senators John McCain and Ted Kennedy revived the discussion of comprehensive immigration reform with the proposal of the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act , incorporating legalization , guest worker programs , and enhanced border security . The bill was never voted on in the Senate , but portions are incorporated in later Senate proposals .
Arizona
In 2010 , Arizona passed SB 1070 , called the toughest illegal immigration legislation in the nation . A fierce debate erupted between supporters and detractors of the law .
Coahuila y Tejas
As the number of Americans living in Texas blossomed , Mexican authorities became apprehensive that the United States might wish to annex the area , possibly using force . On April 6 , 1830 , the Mexican government passed a series of laws restricting immigration from the United States into Texas . The laws also cancelled all unfilled empresario contracts and called for the first enforcement of customs duties . Implementation of the new laws angered colonists in Texas , and in June 1832 a group of armed settlers marched on the military base at Anahuac , and deposed the commander , Juan Davis Bradburn . A second group forced the surrender of another Mexican military commander at the Battle of Velasco . The small rebellion coincided with a revolt led by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna against the centralist policies of Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante . Texans aligned themselves with Santa Anna 's federalist policies .
Active and passive citizens
In the 20th and 21st century debates on illegal immigration , `` passive citizenship '' refers to the limited rights enjoyed by non-citizens in another country of current residence : they can not meaningfully state . Furthermore , it also refers to the lack of participation of registered citizens in the benefitting of their native state 's people .
The Proposal (film)
Margaret Tate ( Sandra Bullock ) is an executive editor in chief of a book publishing company . After learning she is about to be deported to Canada because she violated the terms of her work visa , she persuades her assistant , Andrew Paxton ( Ryan Reynolds ) , to marry her . She reminds Andrew that if she 's deported , the work he put in as her assistant will be lost , and he 'll be set back in his dream to become an editor . Mr. Gilbertson , a U.S. immigration agent , informs them that he suspects they are committing fraud to avoid Margaret 's deportation . Gilbertson tells them that they 'll be asked questions about each other separately . If their answers do n't match , Margaret will be deported to Canada permanently and Andrew will be convicted of a felony punishable by a $250,000 fine and five years in prison . Andrew insists that Margaret make him an editor after their marriage and publish the book he 's been recommending to her . Margaret agrees .
Visa requirements for British citizens
Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' .
Recruitment in the British Army
Until 1998 there were restrictions on the enlistment of Commonwealth citizens in the British Army . Commonwealth citizens could generally join if they had been resident in the United Kingdom for five years . In 1998 the restrictions were lifted , following recruiting difficulties among British citizens . Under the new provisions Commonwealth citizens were permitted to enlist directly in any one of the British services and significant numbers did so in subsequent years .
Last Tango in Halifax
The role resulted in her receiving the most fan mail of her career . Lancashire was surprised and humbled by the responses from women stating that Caroline 's same sex relationship had personally inspired them . She stated that in her approach to the character she did not focus on Caroline 's sexuality , but the `` humanity of her '' . Due to the underrepresentation of gay characters on television , Lancashire felt it particularly important that Caroline 's experience would not be portrayed inaccurately . In 2014 Wainwright recalled being `` blown away '' by Lancashire 's performances in the rushes for the series , which partly inspired her to script the series Happy Valley in which Lancashire plays the lead role .
United States embargo against Cuba
The restrictions on U.S. citizens traveling to Cuba lapsed on March 19 , 1977 ; the regulation was renewable every six months , but President Jimmy Carter did not renew it and the regulation on spending U.S. dollars in Cuba was lifted shortly afterwards . President Ronald Reagan reinstated the trade embargo on April 19 , 1982 , though it was now only restricted to business and tourist travel and did not apply to travel by U.S. government officials , employees of news or film making organizations , persons engaging in professional research , or persons visiting their close relatives . This has been modified subsequently with the present regulation , effective June 30 , 2004 , being the Cuban Assets Control Regulations , 31 C.F.R. part 515 .
Clint Eastwood
Eastwood was paid $750,000 in 1968 for the war epic Where Eagles Dare , about a World War II squad parachuting into a Gestapo stronghold in the alpine mountains . Richard Burton played the squad 's commander , with Eastwood as his right - hand man . Eastwood was also cast as Two - Face in the Batman television show , but the series was canceled before filming began .
Clint Eastwood
Before the release of Hang ' Em High , Eastwood had already begun working on Coogan 's Bluff , about an Arizona deputy sheriff tracking a wanted psychopathic criminal ( Don Stroud ) through the streets of New York City . He was reunited with Universal Studios for it after receiving an offer of $1 million -- more than double his previous salary . Jennings Lang arranged for Eastwood to meet Don Siegel , a Universal contract director who later became Eastwood 's close friend , forming a partnership that would last more than ten years and produce five films . Shooting began in November 1967 , before the script had been finalized . The film was controversial for its portrayal of violence . Coogan 's Bluff also became the first collaboration with Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin , who would later compose the jazzy score to several Eastwood films in the 1970s and 1980s , including the Dirty Harry films .