vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Raggedy Ann
Additionally , Gruelle did not create Raggedy Ann as a tribute to his daughter following her death at 13 from an infected vaccination ; Hall notes his patent application for the doll was already in progress , and the artist received final approval by the U.S. Patent office the same month as Marcella 's death . Nonetheless , that myth led the anti-vaccination movement to adopt Raggedy Ann as a symbol , though Marcella died from an infected vaccination , not from the side effects of the vaccination itself . A
History of Mexico
Porfirio Díaz announced in an interview to a US journalist James Creelman that he would not run for president in 1910 , at which point he would be 80 years old . This set off a spate of political activity by potential candidates , including Francisco I. Madero , a member of one of Mexico 's richest families . Madero was part of the Anti-Re - electionist Party , whose main platform was the end of the Díaz regime . But Díaz reversed his decision to retire and ran again . He created the office of vice president , which could have been a mechanism to ease transition in the presidency . But Díaz chose a politically unpalatable running mate , Ramón Corral , over a popular military man , Bernardo Reyes and popular civilian Francisco I. Madero . He sent Reyes on a `` study mission '' to Europe and jailed Madero . Official election results declared that Díaz had won almost unanimously and Madero received only a few hundred votes . This fraud was too blatant , and riots broke out . Uprisings against Díaz occurred in the fall of 1910 , particularly in Mexico 's north and the southern state of Morelos . Helping unite opposition forces was a political plan drafted by Madero , the Plan of San Luis Potosí , in which he called on the Mexican people to take up arms and fight against the Díaz government . The rising was set for November 20 , 1910 . Madero escaped from prison to San Antonio , Texas , where he began preparing to overthrow Díaz -- an action today considered the start of the Mexican Revolution . Diaz tried to use the army to suppress the revolts , but most of the ranking generals were old men close to his own age and they did not act swiftly or with sufficient energy to stem the violence . Revolutionary force -- led by , among others , Emiliano Zapata in the South , Pancho Villa and Pascual Orozco in the North , and Venustiano Carranza -- defeated the Federal Army . Leaders
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein can be synthesized by condensation of phthalic anhydride with two equivalents of phenol under acidic conditions ( hence the name ) . It was discovered in 1871 by Adolf von Baeyer . Synthesis
Made in Chelsea
A spin off series entitled Made in Chelsea : South of France was confirmed on 8 June 2016 , and began airing on 1 August 2016 . and concluded after six episodes on 5 September 2016 . It was announced that the cast of Made in Chelsea would be travelling to Cannes to film a special series of the show . It was revealed that this would be a stand - alone series which would not be promoted as the twelfth series . The twelfth series followed in October 2016 . This is the third spin - off show filmed away from Chelsea following NYC in 2014 and LA in 2015 . The series featured the return of former cast member Francis Boulle . Whilst most of the Chelsea cast featured in this spin - off , there was notable absences from Josh `` JP '' Patterson , Richard Dinan and Rosie Fortescue . It is the only series to include French cast member Lukas Avalon , the last to include Louise 's ex-boyfriend Alik Alfus , and first to include her new boyfriend Ryan Libbey . The series focused heavily on the love triangle between Francis , Olivia and Toff before he finally chooses to be with Olivia causing bitterness for Toff , as well as both Jess and Ollie finding holiday romances . It also included the demise of Alex and Jamie 's long - term friendship as Jamie chose to believe Frankie over Alex following multiple revelations .
Industrial Revolution
The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well , and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate . The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid . The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide . Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide . The process produced a large amount of pollution ( the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air , and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product ) . Nonetheless , this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants ( barilla ) or from kelp , which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash , and also to potash ( potassium carbonate ) produced from hardwood ashes .
Drink can
In order to achieve primary aluminium for manufacturing , bauxite is converted to alumina through the Bayer process . After this process , aluminium can be extracted from alumina . Subsequently , it goes through a process called aluminium smelting and ingot casting . Simply , these two stages require aluminum to undergo an extremely hot temperature and high - energy bath . Following this process is hot rolling and cold rolling . This is ultimately done to cast the aluminium can into shape for further processing . Finally , the process of `` ironing '' is performed which forms the shape of the can .
The Devil Wears Prada (film)
Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly Anne Hathaway as Andrea `` Andy '' Sachs Emily Blunt as Emily Charlton Stanley Tucci as Nigel Kipling Simon Baker as Christian Thompson Adrian Grenier as Nate Cooper Gisele Bündchen as Serena Tracie Thoms as Lily Rich Sommer as Doug Daniel Sunjata as James Holt Colleen Dengel as Caroline Priestly Suzanne Dengel as Cassidy Priestly David Marshall Grant as Richard Sachs Tibor Feldman as Irv Ravitz Rebecca Mader as Jocelyn Alyssa Sutherland as Clacker Ines Rivero as Clacker at elevator Stephanie Szostak as Jacqueline Follet David Callegati as Massimo Paul Keany as St. Regis Doorman
Electromagnet
Both iron - core and superconducting electromagnets have limits to the field they can produce . Therefore , the most powerful man - made magnetic fields have been generated by air - core nonsuperconducting electromagnets of a design invented by Francis Bitter in 1933 , called Bitter electromagnets . Instead of wire windings , a Bitter magnet consists of a solenoid made of a stack of conducting disks , arranged so that the current moves in a helical path through them , with a hole through the center where the maximum field is created . This design has the mechanical strength to withstand the extreme Lorentz forces of the field , which increase with B . The disks are pierced with holes through which cooling water passes to carry away the heat caused by the high current . The strongest continuous field achieved solely with a resistive magnet is 37.5 T as of 31 March 2014 , produced by a Bitter electromagnet at the Radboud University High Field Magnet Laboratory in Nijmegen , Holland . The previous record was 35 T . The strongest continuous magnetic field overall , 45 T , was achieved in June 2000 with a hybrid device consisting of a Bitter magnet inside a superconducting magnet .
Citric acid cycle
The GTP that is formed by GDP - forming succinyl - CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside - diphosphate kinase to form ATP ( the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP ) .
Made in Chelsea
The show was renewed for a second series before the end of the first . E4 ′ s commissioning editor , David Williams , explained that `` the staggering amount of audience engagement has proven it to be a perfect fit for E4 ′ s young audience '' .
Made in Chelsea
A spin off series entitled Made in Chelsea : LA was confirmed on 14 May 2015 . It was announced that the cast of Made in Chelsea would be travelling to Los Angeles to film a special series of the show . It was revealed that this would be a stand - alone series which would not be promoted as the tenth series . The tenth series will in fact follow in October 2015 . Filming for the spin - off began in late May 2015 and concluded in late - July . This is the second spin - off show filmed in America following the NYC special the previous year . The third episode of this series was filmed in Las Vegas . The six - episode series began on 10 August 2015 on E4 . It also featured the brief return of former cast member Gabriella Ellis , as well as the permanent return of Ollie Locke . It was the only series to include American cast members Olivia Fox and Naz Gharai , and the last to include Josh Shepherd . Whilst most of the Chelsea cast featured in this spin - off , there was notable absences from Elliot Cross , Oliver Proudlock , Millie Wilkinson , Nicola Hughes , Rosie Fortescue , Sam Thompson , Spencer Matthews , Tiff Watson and Victoria Baker - Harber . The series included the end of the relationship between Josh and Stephanie , Jamie starting a holiday romance with Naz before eventually realising he actually has feelings for Jess , and Binky opening up to JP about her growing love for him only for him to break things off completely .
Made in Chelsea
With the second series of Made in Chelsea a live spin - off concept called Live in Chelsea ( presented by Joel Dommett ) was launched . It involves members of the cast taking turns in front a camera to answer questions directly from the audience live . The show is being filmed in secret locations within Chelsea and being shown exclusively through the internet rather than TV -- using the ShowCaster platform .
Made in Chelsea
Jamie Laing 's Happy Hour is a YouTube channel created by long - serving cast member Jamie Laing . He explains that the channel will be where he shares his `` vlogs , funny shenanigans , stupid pranks and crazy challenges '' . The channel is exclusive to Jamie Laing and unrelated to the story - lines of Made in Chelsea . He did however capture his journey to the South of France on June 6 , 2016 to begin filming the spin - off series , South of France .
Indian painting
The process of making a Mysore painting involves many stages . The first stage involves the making of the preliminary sketch of the image on the base . The base consists of cartridge paper pasted on a wooden base . A paste made of zinc oxide and arabic gum is made called `` gesso paste '' . With the help of a thin brush all the jewellery and parts of throne or the arch which have some relief are painted over to give a slightly raised effect of carving . This is allowed to dry . On this thin gold foil is pasted . The rest of the drawing is then painted using watercolours . Only muted colours are used .
Pencil
In England , pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite . Henry Bessemer 's first successful invention ( 1838 ) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused .
Maple syrup
Maple sugaring parties typically began to operate at the start of the spring thaw in regions of woodland with sufficiently large numbers of maples . Syrup makers first bored holes in the trunks , usually more than one hole per large tree ; they then inserted wooden spouts into the holes and hung a wooden bucket from the protruding end of each spout to collect the sap . The buckets were commonly made by cutting cylindrical segments from a large tree trunk and then hollowing out each segment 's core from one end of the cylinder , creating a seamless , watertight container . Sap filled the buckets , and was then either transferred to larger holding vessels ( barrels , large pots , or hollowed - out wooden logs ) , often mounted on sledges or wagons pulled by draft animals , or carried in buckets or other convenient containers . The sap - collection buckets were returned to the spouts mounted on the trees , and the process was repeated for as long as the flow of sap remained `` sweet '' . The specific weather conditions of the thaw period were , and still are , critical in determining the length of the sugaring season . As the weather continues to warm , a maple tree 's normal early spring biological process eventually alters the taste of the sap , making it unpalatable , perhaps due to an increase in amino acids .
Batmobile
The Batmobile 's shields are made of ceramic fractal armor panels . They explode outward when struck by projectiles , deflecting injurious force away from the car and its occupants . If Batman must leave the Batmobile for an extended period of time , he can , through a voice command spoken into a wrist device ( specifically , the word `` shields '' ) , activate the Batmobile 's shielding system . This prevents anyone from tampering with the vehicle while it is left unattended . Bulletproof and fireproof steel armor plates envelop the body and cockpit entirely . While this armor is in place , the vehicle can not be driven . In Batman the shields were not fully functioning . In reality , a life - size model was built , and the shield activation sequence was created with stop motion animation technology . In Batman Returns , the shields held the same characteristics . However , the design was slimmer and the special effects were provided by computer - generated imagery . In shield mode , a small but powerful bomb can be deployed . Other
Made in Chelsea
The first series of the show was positive with viewers . The show drew 583,000 viewers with its first episode and this figure rose to 624,000 for the second episode with another 117,800 viewers watching the repeat an hour later . It also became the most tweeted show on Channel 4 for 2011 .
Incandescent light bulb
Early bulbs were laboriously assembled by hand . After automatic machinery was developed , the cost of bulbs fell . Until 1910 , when Libbey 's Westlake machine went into production , bulbs were generally produced by a team of three workers ( two gatherers and a master gaffer ) blowing the bulbs into wooden or cast - iron molds , coated with a paste . Around 150 bulbs per hour were produced by the hand - blowing process in the 1880s at Corning Glass Works .
List of films considered the worst
The erotic / historical drama Caligula , directed by Tinto Brass , about the infamous Roman Emperor was in part financed by Penthouse founder Bob Guccione . The film , featuring a prestigious cast ( Malcolm McDowell , Helen Mirren , Peter O'Toole , and John Gielgud ) is notable for its explicit scenes of sex and violence , including six minutes of hardcore porn footage filmed by Guccione and another editor . Caligula earned some prerelease controversy after Gore Vidal , who had written the script , distanced himself from the film . When Caligula was released , it received strongly hostile reviews , reviewers criticizing its extreme scenes of sex and violence and lack of narrative coherence . Rex Reed of New York Magazine called the film `` a trough of rotten swill '' . Roger Ebert gave Caligula a zero stars rating , dubbing it `` sickening , utterly worthless , shameful trash '' , accusing it of being artistically vulgar in its depiction of sex and violence , and of having technically incompetent direction and structure . Caligula was one of the few films Ebert ever walked out on ( two hours into its 170 - minute running time ) , after describing himself as feeling `` disgusted and unspeakably depressed '' , and he also placed it on his `` Most Hated '' list . Jay Scott , reviewing Caligula for The Globe and Mail , stated , `` Caligula does n't really work on any level '' and the film and its production `` constitute a boondoggle of landmark proportions '' . So negative was its initial reception , Australian newspaper The Age stated that Caligula was being `` billed by critics everywhere as one of the worst films ever made '' . Leslie Halliwell dubbed it `` a vile curiosity of interest chiefly to sadomasochists '' . The Hamilton Spectator later referred to Caligula as `` possibly the worst movie ever made '' . Joe Holleman , in an article in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch discussing historical films set in Ancient Rome , argued , `` two of the worst movies made in the 20th century were ancient Rome pieces ... Cleopatra and Caligula '' . Christopher Armstead , reviewing Caligula for the website Film Critics United , stated , `` Dollar for dollar , this could very well be the worst movie ever made . ''
Made in Chelsea
The fourth series began airing on 15 October 2012 on E4 . The series concluded on 17 December 2012 after 10 episodes , however a 60 - minute Christmas special episode aired immediately after the series on 24 December 2012 , which was then followed by an end of season special presented by Rick Edwards on 31 December 2012 featuring a reunion of the cast to discuss events from the series . The series saw the arrival of several new cast members including Andy Jordan , Ashley James , Carly Rothman , Sam Cussins , Sophia Sassoon , Stevie Johnson and Lucy Watson , as well as the departure of original cast members Fredrik Ferrier and Gabriella Ellis . This series also featured the long triangle between Sophia , Francis and Proudlock , the rivalry between Millie and Victoria increasing , the brief reconnection between Gabriella and Ollie , and the rocky relationship between Spencer and Louise until the revelation that he cheated on her .
Bird nest
Burying eggs as a form of incubation reaches its zenith with the Australasian megapodes . Several megapode species construct enormous mound nests made of soil , branches , sticks , twigs and leaves , and lay their eggs within the rotting mass . The heat generated by these mounds , which are in effect giant compost heaps , warms and incubates the eggs . The nest heat results from the respiration of thermophilic fungi and other microorganisms . The size of some of these mounds can be truly staggering ; several of the largest -- which contain more than 100 cubic metres ( 130 cu yd ) of material , and probably weigh more than 50 tons ( 45,000 kg ) -- were initially thought to be Aboriginal middens .
Mitochondrion
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix , with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase , which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of Complex II . The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl - CoA to carbon dioxide , and , in the process , produces reduced cofactors ( three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH ) that are a source of electrons for the electron transport chain , and a molecule of GTP ( that is readily converted to an ATP ) . NADH
Citric acid cycle
Mitochondria in animals , including humans , possess two succinyl - CoA synthetases : one that produces GTP from GDP , and another that produces ATP from ADP . Plants have the type that produces ATP ( ADP - forming succinyl - CoA synthetase ) . Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix .
Made in Chelsea
The tenth series began airing on 19 October 2015 on E4 . The official trailer for the new series was released on 29 September 2015 confirming the start date . It concluded on 4 January 2016 following nine regular episodes , a Christmas special , a New Year special , and an End of Season party hosted by Rick Edwards . This series was the first to include new cast members Emma Walsh , Sam Harney , Tallulah Rufus Isaacs . Richard Dinan also returned to the series having last appeared during the fifth series , and Francis Boulle made a one - off return during the Christmas special . This was also the final series to include original cast member Spencer Matthews , long - running cast member Oliver Proudlock , as well as Millie Wilkinson and Emily Weller , who both made their debuts during the ninth series . The series focused heavily on Sam and Tiff 's rocky relationship coming to an end when Tiff admits to cheating on him during the summer and rumours of Sam cheating surface , until the pair eventually reunite . It also includes Louise and Alik attempting to make their long distance relationship work with obstacles in their way , Binky and JP finally making their relationship official despite commitment issues from his part , and Spencer causing further trouble by hooking up with Ollie 's latest love interest Emma .
Made in Chelsea
The ninth series began airing on 13 April 2015 on E4 . This series also featured the show 's 100th episode ; broadcast on 15 June 2015 . This series was the first series to include new cast members Emily Weller , Jess Woodley , Millie Wilkinson , Fleur Irving , Josh `` JP '' Patterson , Nicola Hughes , James Dunmore and Elliot Cross , and the last to include long running cast members Andy Jordan and Stevie Johnson , as well as Sophie Hermann , Fran Newman - Young and Lauren Frazer - Hutton . The series focused on blossoming relationships between James and Lucy , and Jamie and Jess , a rift forming between Lucy and Stephanie , and Spencer 's romance with Lauren hitting the rocks when he turns back to his old ways .
Coffee
Coffee may be brewed by several methods . It may be boiled , steeped , or pressurized . Brewing coffee by boiling was the earliest method , and Turkish coffee is an example of this method . It is prepared by grinding or pounding the seeds to a fine powder , then adding it to water and bringing it to the boil for no more than an instant in a pot called a cezve or , in Greek , a bríki . This produces a strong coffee with a layer of foam on the surface and sediment ( which is not meant for drinking ) settling at the bottom of the cup .
Nickel
Nickel is obtained from nickel carbonyl by one of two processes . It may be passed through a large chamber at high temperatures in which tens of thousands of nickel spheres , called pellets , are constantly stirred . The carbonyl decomposes and deposits pure nickel onto the nickel spheres . In the alternate process , nickel carbonyl is decomposed in a smaller chamber at 230 ° C to create a fine nickel powder . The byproduct carbon monoxide is recirculated and reused . The highly pure nickel product is known as `` carbonyl nickel '' .
Deoxyribose
Deoxyribose is generated from ribose 5 - phosphate by enzymes called ribonucleotide reductases . These enzymes catalyse the deoxygenation process .
Made in Chelsea
The fourteenth series began on 9 October 2017 on E4 and concluded on 25 December 2017 following eleven episodes and a `` Christmas Ding Dong '' special episode hosted by Rick Edwards . This series featured the return of former cast members Sophie Hermann and Alik Alfus , having last appeared in the ninth series and South of France spin - off respectably . This was the only series to include new cast member Charlie Mills . Other new cast members include Digby Edgley , James Taylor , Sophie `` Habbs '' Habboo and Clementine Cuthbertson . It was the final series to include Daisy Robins , Emily Blackwell , Ella Willis and Julius Cowdrey following their unannounced departures during the series . Tiff Watson also announced that she had left the series and would not return for the fifteenth . The series focused heavily on the aftermath of Jamie and Frankie 's break - up as they both try to move on from each other , as well as Olivia 's new blossoming romance with Digby , and Louise and Ryan 's relationship hitting the rocks following the return of her ex-boyfriend Alik . It also included Tiff and Sam T finally accepting they 're better off apart .