vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Morality
The phenomenon of reciprocity in nature is seen by evolutionary biologists as one way to begin to understand human morality . Its function is typically to ensure a reliable supply of essential resources , especially for animals living in a habitat where food quantity or quality fluctuates unpredictably . For example , some vampire bats fail to feed on prey some nights while others manage to consume a surplus . Bats that did eat will then regurgitate part of their blood meal to save a conspecific from starvation . Since these animals live in close - knit groups over many years , an individual can count on other group members to return the favor on nights when it goes hungry ( Wilkinson , 1984 )
Human skin color
With the evolution of hairless skin , abundant sweat glands , and skin rich in melanin , early humans could walk , run , and forage for food for long periods of time under the hot sun without brain damage due to overheating , giving them an evolutionary advantage over other species . By 1.2 million years ago , around the time of Homo ergaster , archaic humans ( including the ancestors of Homo sapiens ) had exactly the same receptor protein as modern sub-Saharan Africans .
Horn of Africa
Shell middens 125,000 years old have been found in Eritrea , indicating the diet of early humans included seafood obtained by beachcombing .
Lion
While lions do not usually hunt people , some ( usually males ) seem to seek out human prey ; one well - publicised case includes the Tsavo maneaters , where 28 officially recorded railway workers building the Kenya - Uganda Railway were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge over the Tsavo River in Kenya in 1898 . The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals ' predatory behaviour . The lions were larger than normal , lacked manes , and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay . The infirmity theory , including tooth decay , is not favoured by all researchers ; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man - eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents , prey depletion in human - dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans .
Cell division
Multicellular organisms replace worn - out cells through cell division . In some animals , however , cell division eventually halts . In humans this occurs , on average , after 52 divisions , known as the Hayflick limit . The cell is then referred to as senescent . Cells stop dividing because the telomeres , protective bits of DNA on the end of a chromosome required for replication , shorten with each copy , eventually being consumed . Cancer cells , on the other hand , are not thought to degrade in this way , if at all . An enzyme called telomerase , present in large quantities in cancerous cells , rebuilds the telomeres , allowing division to continue indefinitely .
Naegleria fowleri
The trophozoite is the feeding , dividing , and infective stage for humans . The trophozoite attaches to olfactory epithelium , where it follows the olfactory cell axon through the cribriform plate ( in the nasal cavity ) to the brain . This reproductive stage of the protozoan organism , which transforms near 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) and grows fastest around 42 ° C ( 106.7 ° F ) , proliferates by binary fission . The trophozoites are characterized by a nucleus and a surrounding halo . They travel by pseudopodia , which means that they extend parts of their body 's cell membrane ( the pseudopods ) and then fill them with plasma to force locomotion . The pseudopods form at different points along the cell , thus allowing the trophozoite to change directions . In their free - living state , trophozoites feed on bacteria . In tissues , they phagocytize ( consume by enclosing and then digesting prey ) red blood cells and white blood cells , destroying tissue .
Camel
A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver .
Neolithic Revolution
Finds of large quantities of seeds and a grinding stone at the paleolithic site of Ohalo II in the vicinity of the Sea of Galilee , dated to around 19,400 BP has shown some of the earliest evidence for advanced planning of plant food consumption and suggests that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption . Tell Aswad is oldest site of agriculture with domesticated emmer wheat dated to 8800 BC . Soon after came hulled , two - row barley found domesticated earliest at Jericho in the Jordan valley and Iraq ed - Dubb in Jordan . Other sites in the Levantine corridor that show the first evidence of agriculture include Wadi Faynan 16 and Netiv Hagdud . Jacques Cauvin noted that the settlers of Aswad did not domesticate on site , but `` arrived , perhaps from the neighbouring Anti-Lebanon , already equipped with the seed for planting '' . The Heavy Neolithic Qaraoun culture has been identified at around fifty sites in Lebanon around the source springs of the River Jordan , however the dating of the culture has never been reliably determined .
Consumption of Tide Pods
In the following years , online content would skew more in line with the meme 's popular usage as a satirical obsession with consuming Tide Pods . In March 2017 , CollegeHumor uploaded a sketch video titled Do n't Eat The Laundry Pods . The specific prominence of Tide Pods , rather than laundry detergent pods from other brands was noted by Mashable to trace back to a thread posted on Reddit 's `` intrusivethoughts '' subreddit in July 2017 . The thread , titled `` Bite into one of those Tide Pods . Do it . '' was referenced in another Onion article from the following day , discussing flavored Tide Pods . Posts on Tumblr contributed to the meme 's rise , but in December 2017 , the meme 's popularity rose significantly due to various viral tweets . A common trope of Tide Pods memes involved referring to the pods as a `` forbidden fruit '' . Memes involving the Tide Pods included joking about how `` delicious '' they appear , as well as posting images with the pods on top of food . Vox described that the meme `` pokes fun at the idea consuming the pods , while ( usually ) stopping short of actually doing so . '' The publication noted that part of the allure of discussing , wondering , and joking about consuming the pods spawns from the product 's warning to not eat the pods . In early January 2018 , television personality Jimmy Kimmel referenced the meme when discussing a tweet from President Donald Trump , `` sounds like somebody 's been in the White House laundry room eating Tide pods again because the President of the United States is starting his own award show for the media . ''
Allostasis
Type 2 allostatic overload begins when there is sufficient or even excess energy consumption accompanied by social conflict and other types of social dysfunction . The latter is the case in human society and certain situations affecting animals in captivity . In all cases , secretion of glucocorticosteroids and activity of other mediators of allostasis such as the autonomic nervous system , CNS neurotransmitters , and inflammatory cytokines wax and wane with allostatic load . If allostatic load is chronically high , then pathologies develop . Type 2 allostatic overload does not trigger an escape response , and can only be counteracted through learning and changes in the social structure ( McEwen & Wingfield 2003 ; Sterling & Eyer 1988 )
Humanism
Contrary to a still widely held interpretation that originated in Voigt 's celebrated contemporary , Jacob Burckhardt , and which was adopted wholeheartedly -- especially by modern thinkers calling themselves `` humanists '' -- most specialists today do not characterise Renaissance humanism as a philosophical movement , nor in any way as anti-Christian or even anti-clerical . A modern historian has this to say :
Book of Enoch
And they became pregnant , and they bare great giants , whose height was three hundred ells : Who consumed all the acquisitions of men . And when men could no longer sustain them , the giants turned against them and devoured mankind . And they began to sin against birds , and beasts , and reptiles , and fish , and to devour one another 's flesh , and drink the blood .
Consumption of Tide Pods
Following the growth of the meme , YouTube and Facebook started removing videos that depicted people eating Tide Pods .
Platypus
Until the early 20th century humans hunted the platypus for its fur , but it is now protected throughout its range . Although captive - breeding programs have had only limited success and the platypus is vulnerable to the effects of pollution , it is not under any immediate threat .
Humanism
The word `` humanism '' is ultimately derived from the Latin concept humanitas . It entered English in the nineteenth century . However , historians agree that the concept predates the label invented to describe it , encompassing the various meanings ascribed to humanitas , which included both benevolence toward one 's fellow humans and the values imparted by bonae litterae or humane learning ( literally `` good letters '' ) .
Deus Ex: Human Revolution
The world of Human Revolution was designed to parallel the Greek myth of Icarus ; in the myth , Icarus was flying with artificial wings , but flew too close to the sun and destroyed his wings , causing his fatal fall . The world 's new reliance on and experimentation with augmentation technology mirrored the myth , with the game 's narrative taking place at a crucial tipping point , the outcome of which would be decided by the player . The general focus on technology and its effect on human society also tied into the game 's visual themes . The development team used multiple sources as references while creating the world and scenario . The Children of Men was used to capture the setting and resultant chaotic drama , Bioshock gave them a reference for the handling of mature themes , while the television series Rome showed how powerful people 's ambitions shaped history . The sense of tension between augmented and normal humans was inspired by the similar tension between humans and mutants in the X-Men franchise . For the conspiracy elements of the plot , the team used novels Deception Point , The Firm , and Frank Herbert 's Dune saga as inspiration . The desired quality of cutscenes and dialogue were directly inspired by the Grand Theft Auto and Mass Effect franchises . DeMarle termed the final product as a study in contrasts , as the implementation of augmentation technology had created a new form of divided social class system when other social barriers had fallen . Other themes used earlier in Deus Ex , such as exploring a culture of fear ; the workings of a surveillance state ; and the exploitation created by economic inequality , were paralleled in Human Revolution . To add more depth to the world and narrative , the team created supplementary written material such as emails , e-books , and cell phone - like devices called pocket secretaries .
Speed of sound
Kundt 's tube is an example of an experiment which can be used to measure the speed of sound in a small volume . It has the advantage of being able to measure the speed of sound in any gas . This method uses a powder to make the nodes and antinodes visible to the human eye . This is an example of a compact experimental setup .
Origin of language
Human language is used for self - expression ; however , expression displays different stages . The consciousness of self and feelings represents the stage immediately prior to the external , phonetic expression of feelings in the form of sound , i.e. , language . Intelligent animals such as dolphins , Eurasian magpies , and chimpanzees live in communities , wherein they assign themselves roles for group survival and show emotions such as sympathy . When such animals view their reflection ( mirror test ) , they recognize themselves and exhibit self - consciousness . Notably , humans evolved in a quite different environment than that of these animals . The human environment accommodated the development of interaction , self - expression , and tool - making as survival became easier with the advancement of tools , shelters , and fire - making . The increasing brain size allowed advanced provisioning and tools and the technological advances during the Palaeolithic era that built upon the previous evolutionary innovations of bipedalism and hand versatility allowed the development of human language . In a series of interrelated steps , concentrated self - consciousness arose and human language developed .
Electric chair
At this point the state 's efforts to design the electric chair became intermixed with what has become to be known as the War of Currents , a competition between Thomas Edison 's direct current power system and George Westinghouse 's alternating current based system . The two companies had been competing commercially since 1886 and a series of events had turned it into an all - out media war in 1888 . The committee head , neurologist Frederick Peterson , enlisted the services of Harold P. Brown as a consultant . Brown had been on his own crusade against alternating current after the shoddy installation of pole - mounted AC arc lighting lines in New York City had caused several deaths in the spring of 1888 . Peterson had been an assistant at Brown 's July 1888 public electrocution of dogs with AC at Columbia College , an attempt by Brown to prove AC was more deadly than DC . Technical assistance in these demonstrations was provided by Thomas Edison 's West Orange laboratory and there grew to be some form of collusion between Edison Electric and Brown . Back at West Orange on December 5 , 1888 Brown set up an experiment with members of the press , members of the Medico - Legal Society including Elbridge Gerry who was also chairman of the death penalty commission , and Thomas Edison looking on . Brown used alternating current for all of his tests on animals larger than a human , including 4 calves and a lame horse , all dispatched with 750 volts of AC . Based on these results the Medico - Legal Society recommended the use of 1000 - 1500 volts of alternating current for executions and newspapers noted the AC used was half the voltage used in the power lines over the streets of American cities . Westinghouse criticized these test as a skewed self - serving demonstration designed to be a direct attack on alternating current and accused Brown of being in the employ of Edison .
Evidence of common descent
Experimental evolution uses controlled experiments to test hypotheses and theories of evolution . In one early example , William Dallinger set up an experiment shortly before 1880 , subjecting microbes to heat with the aim of forcing adaptive changes . His experiment ran for around seven years , and his published results were acclaimed , but he did not resume the experiment after the apparatus failed .
Ship
Propulsion systems for ships fall into three categories : human propulsion , sailing , and mechanical propulsion . Human propulsion includes rowing , which was used even on large galleys . Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast , supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes . Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the 19th century . They are now generally used for recreation and competition , although experimental sail systems , such as the turbosails , rotorsails , and wingsails have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings .
Theory of mind
Understanding of others ' intentions is another critical precursor to understanding other minds because intentionality , or `` aboutness '' , is a fundamental feature of mental states and events . The `` intentional stance '' has been defined by Daniel Dennett as an understanding that others ' actions are goal - directed and arise from particular beliefs or desires . Both 2 - and 3 - year - old children could discriminate when an experimenter intentionally vs. accidentally marked a box with stickers as baited . Even earlier in ontogeny , Andrew N. Meltzoff found that 18 - month - old infants could perform target manipulations that adult experimenters attempted and failed , suggesting the infants could represent the object - manipulating behavior of adults as involving goals and intentions . While attribution of intention ( the box - marking ) and knowledge ( false - belief tasks ) is investigated in young humans and nonhuman animals to detect precursors to a theory of mind , Gagliardi et al. have pointed out that even adult humans do not always act in a way consistent with an attributional perspective . In the experiment , adult human subjects made choices about baited containers when guided by confederates who could not see ( and therefore , not know ) which container was baited .
Pottery of ancient Greece
The Corinthian fabric , extensively studied by Humfry Payne and Darrell Amyx , can be traced though the parallel treatment of animal and human figures . The animal motifs have greater prominence on the vase and show the greatest experimentation in the early phase of Corinthian black - figure . As Corinthian artists gained in confidence in their rendering of the human figure the animal frieze declined in size relative to the human scene during the middle to late phase . By the mid-6th century BC , the quality of Corinthian ware had fallen away significantly to the extent that some Corinthian potters would disguise their pots with a red slip in imitation of superior Athenian ware .
Eiffel Tower
Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies .
United States one-dollar bill
In 1937 , another test was conducted , similar in style to the 1933 experiment . This test used Series 1935 one - dollar bills . The particular notes used in this experiment can be identified by their serial numbers . Notes ranging from A00000001B to A06180000B and B00000001B -- B03300000B were the experimental group and notes ranging from C00000001B to C03300000B were part of the control group . No conclusive results were found .
Camel
A small population of introduced camels , dromedaries and Bactrians , wandered through Southwestern United States after having been imported in the 19th century as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment . When the project ended , they were used as draft animals in mines and escaped or were released . Twenty - five U.S. camels were bought and imported to Canada during the Cariboo Gold Rush .
Manhattan Project
To study the behavior of converging shock waves , Robert Serber devised the RaLa Experiment , which used the short - lived radioisotope lanthanum - 140 , a potent source of gamma radiation . The gamma ray source was placed in the center of a metal sphere surrounded by the explosive lenses , which in turn were inside in an ionization chamber . This allowed the taking of an X-ray movie of the implosion . The lenses were designed primarily using this series of tests . In his history of the Los Alamos project , David Hawkins wrote : `` RaLa became the most important single experiment affecting the final bomb design '' .
Pumped Up Kicks
The song was used in TV series such as Entourage , Gossip Girl , CSI : NY , Cougar Town , Homeland , Pretty Little Liars , Warehouse 13 and The Vampire Diaries , and also in the 2011 films Friends with Benefits and Fright Night , as well as sampled in Shawn Chrystopher 's song `` All the Other Kids '' , from his 2010 hip - hop album You , and Only You . The whistling part of the song is part of the rotation of bumper music played on the Michael Medved syndicated radio program . The song was also used on the BBC programmes Top Gear and Match of the Day . On October 8 , 2011 , Foster the People performed the song on Saturday Night Live . The song was also used in Australian beer XXXX 's `` XXXX Summer Bright Lager '' television commercial . `` Pumped Up Kicks '' was included as a playable track in the music video game Rock Band Blitz and Guitar Hero Live . The song was also used in Season 1 Episode 4 of Suits in the episode `` Dirty Little Secrets '' . The song was used in an episode of American Horror Story . Season 1 Episode 6 `` Piggy Piggy '' Initial Air Date November 9 , 2011 .
Human brain
Neuroscience research has expanded considerably in recent decades . The `` Decade of the Brain '' , an initiative of the United States Government in the 1990s , is considered to have marked much of this increase in research , and was followed in 2013 by the BRAIN Initiative . The Human Connectome Project was a five - year study launched in 2009 to analyse the anatomical and functional connections of parts of the brain , and has provided much data .
Desert
Humans have long made use of deserts as places to live , and more recently have started to exploit them for minerals and energy capture . Deserts play a significant role in human culture with an extensive literature .
Humanism
Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy -- or kindness and benevolence toward one 's fellow human beings . Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong , and that model writers of Latin , such as Cicero and others , used the word only to mean what we might call `` humane '' or `` polite '' learning , or the Greek equivalent Paideia . Yet in seeking to restrict the meaning of humanitas to literary education this way , Gellius was not advocating a retreat from political engagement into some ivory tower , though it might look like that to us . He himself was involved in public affairs . According to legal historian Richard Bauman , Gellius was a judge as well as a grammarian and was an active participant the great contemporary debate on harsh punishments that accompanied the legal reforms of Antoninus Pius ( one these reforms , for example , was that a prisoner was not to be treated as guilty before being tried ) . `` By assigning pride of place to Paideia in his comment on the etymology of humanitas , Gellius implies that the trained mind is best equipped to handle the problems troubling society . ''
Scientific method
Most experimental results do not produce large changes in human understanding ; improvements in theoretical scientific understanding typically result from a gradual process of development over time , sometimes across different domains of science . Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long , and in their acceptance in the scientific community . In general , explanations become accepted over time as evidence accumulates on a given topic , and the explanation in question proves more powerful than its alternatives at explaining the evidence . Often subsequent researchers re-formulate the explanations over time , or combined explanations to produce new explanations .
Koko (gorilla)
Patterson has reported that Koko has made several complex uses of signs that suggest a more developed degree of cognition than is usually attributed to non-human primates and their use of communication . For example , Koko has been reported to use displacement ( the ability to communicate about objects not currently present ) . At age 19 , Koko was also able to pass the mirror test of self recognition , which most other gorillas fail . She has also been reported to relay personal memories . Koko has also been reported to use meta - language , being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself , signing `` good sign '' to another gorilla who successfully used signing . Koko has also been reported to use language deceptively , and to use counterfactual statements for humorous effects , suggesting an underlying theory of other minds .