vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
War of 1812
The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops -- from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major General Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 .
Tennessee in the American Civil War
After winning a victory at Chickamauga in September 1863 , the Confederates besieged Chattanooga but were finally driven off by Grant in November . Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor leadership of General Braxton Bragg , who led the Army of Tennessee from Shiloh to the Confederate defeat at Chattanooga . Historian Thomas Connelly concludes that although Bragg was an able planner and a skillful organizer , he failed repeatedly in operations , in part because he was unable to collaborate effectively with his subordinates .
American Civil War
Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina , where the U.S. fort 's garrison had withdrawn to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Unlike Buchanan , who allowed commanders to relinquish possession to avoid bloodshed , Lincoln required Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . Troops under Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation .
Southern United States
Before the Civil War , the number of immigrants arriving at Southern ports began to increase , although the North continued to receive the most immigrants . Hugenots were among the first settlers in Charleston , along with the largest number of Hasidic Jews outside of New York City . Numerous Irish immigrants settled in New Orleans , establishing a distinct ethnic enclave now known as the Irish Channel . Germans also went to New Orleans and its environs , resulting in a large area north of the city ( along the Mississippi ) becoming known as the German Coast ; however , still greater numbers immigrated to Texas ( especially after 1848 ) , where many bought land and were farmers . Many more German immigrants arrived in Texas after the Civil War , where they created the brewing industry in Houston and elsewhere , became grocers in numerous cities , and also established wide areas of farming .
American Civil War
The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
General Sherman led Union forces from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . Sherman 's victory in the September 2 Battle of Atlanta boosted Union morale , breaking the pessimism that had set in throughout 1864 . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and General Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Lincoln authorized the Union army to target the Confederate infrastructure -- such as plantations , railroads , and bridges -- hoping to shatter the South 's morale and weaken its economic ability to continue fighting . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Following the March to the Sea , Sherman turned North through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army .
Confederate States of America
Developments in South Carolina started a chain of events . The foreman of a jury refused the legitimacy of federal courts , so Federal Judge Andrew Magrath ruled that U.S. judicial authority in South Carolina was vacated . A mass meeting in Charleston celebrating the Charleston and Savannah railroad and state cooperation led to the South Carolina legislature to call for a Secession Convention . U.S. Senator James Chesnut , Jr. resigned , as did Senator James Henry Hammond .
Battle of Fort Sumter
The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12 , 1961 , at the Charleston post office .
John C. Calhoun
Many Southerners believed his warnings and read every political news story from the North as further evidence of the planned destruction of the white southern way of life . The climax came a decade after Calhoun 's death with the election of Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1860 , which led to the secession of South Carolina , followed by six other Southern states . They formed the new Confederate States , which , in accordance with Calhoun 's theory , did not have any organized political parties .
Border states (American Civil War)
Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri , which had many areas with much stronger cultural and economic ties to the South than the North , were deeply divided ; Kentucky tried to maintain neutrality . Union military forces were used to guarantee that these states remained in the Union . The western counties of Virginia rejected secession , set up a loyal government of Virginia ( with representation in the U.S. Congress ) , and created the new state of West Virginia ( although it included many counties which had voted for secession ) .
History of United States prison systems
Southern whites in the main tried to salvage as much of the antebellum order as possible in the wake of the American Civil War , waiting to see what changes might be forced upon them . The `` Black Codes '' enacted almost immediately after the war -- Mississippi and South Carolina passed theirs as early as 1865 -- were an initial effort in this direction . Although they did not use racial terms , the Codes defined and punished a new crime , `` vagrancy , '' broadly enough to guarantee that most newly free black Americans would remain in a de facto condition of servitude . The Codes vested considerable discretion in local judges and juries to carry out this mission : County courts could choose lengths and types of punishment previously unavailable . The available punishments for vagrancy , arson , rape , and burglary in particular -- thought by whites to be peculiarly black crimes -- widened considerably in the post-war years .
Confederate States of America
In January , President James Buchanan had attempted to resupply the garrison with the steamship , Star of the West , but Confederate artillery drove it away . In March , President Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor Pickens that without Confederate resistance to the resupply there would be no military reinforcement without further notice , but Lincoln prepared to force resupply if it were not allowed . Confederate President Davis , in cabinet , decided to seize Fort Sumter before the relief fleet arrived , and on April 12 , 1861 , General Beauregard forced its surrender .
United States Bill of Rights
George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made , one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states . The copies for Georgia , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania went missing . The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire . Two unidentified copies of the missing four ( thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies ) survive ; one is in the National Archives , and the other is in the New York Public Library . North Carolina 's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War . In an FBI sting operation , it was recovered in 2003 . The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display ( along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. since December 13 , 1952 .
Battle of Hampton Roads
On April 19 , 1861 , shortly after the outbreak of hostilities at Charleston Harbor , US President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of ports in the seceded states . On April 27 , after Virginia and North Carolina had also passed ordinances of secession , the blockade was extended to include their ports also . Even before the extension , local troops seized the Norfolk area and threatened the Gosport Navy Yard in Portsmouth . The commandant there , Captain Charles S. McCauley , though loyal to the Union , was immobilized by advice he received from his subordinate officers , most of whom were in favor of secession . Although he had orders from ( Union ) Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to move his ships to Northern ports , he refused to act until April 20 , when he gave orders to scuttle the ships in the yard and destroy its facilities. Nine ships were burned , among them the screw frigate USS Merrimack . One ( the old frigate Cumberland ) was towed away successfully . Merrimack burned only to the waterline , however , and her engines were more or less intact . The destruction of the navy yard was mostly ineffective ; in particular , the large drydock there was relatively undamaged and soon could be restored . Without firing a shot , the advocates of secession had gained for the South its largest navy yard , as well as the hull and engines of what would be in time its most famous warship . They had also seized more than a thousand heavy guns , plus gun carriages and large quantities of gunpowder .
Confederate States of America
Alabama William G. Jones 1861 -- 65 Arkansas Daniel Ringo 1861 -- 65 Florida Jesse J. Finley 1861 -- 62 Georgia Henry R. Jackson 1861 , Edward J. Harden 1861 -- 65 Louisiana Edwin Warren Moise 1861 -- 65 Mississippi Alexander Mosby Clayton 1861 -- 65 North Carolina Asa Biggs 1861 -- 65 South Carolina Andrew G. Magrath 1861 -- 64 , Benjamin F. Perry 1865 Tennessee West H. Humphreys 1861 -- 65 Texas - East William Pinckney Hill 1861 -- 65 Texas - West Thomas J. Devine 1861 -- 65 Virginia - East James D. Halyburton 1861 -- 65 Virginia - West John W. Brockenbrough 1861 -- 65 Post
History of United States foreign policy
In the end , these instances of British involvement neither shifted the outcome of the war nor provoked either side into war . The U.S. diplomatic mission headed by Minister Charles Francis Adams , Sr. proved much more successful than the Confederate missions , which were never officially recognized .
Emancipation Proclamation
Union - occupied areas of the Confederate states where the proclamation was put into immediate effect by local commanders included Winchester , Virginia , Corinth , Mississippi , the Sea Islands along the coasts of the Carolinas and Georgia , Key West , Florida , and Port Royal , South Carolina .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
Merchant shipping was a key target in the U.S. Civil War . For example , the CSS Alabama , a Confederate sloop - of - war commissioned on 24 August 1862 , spent months capturing and burning ships in the North Atlantic and intercepting grain ships bound for Europe . Other Confederate commerce raiders included the CSS Sumter , CSS Florida , and CSS Shenandoah .
Battle of Fort Sumter
The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of the newly inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory in the election of November 6 , 1860 . He notified the Governor of South Carolina , Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply ships , which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter , which Major Anderson refused . Beginning at 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor . Although the Union garrison returned fire , they were significantly outgunned and , after 34 hours , Major Anderson agreed to evacuate . There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement , although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four - year duration of the war , leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade . Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston , first overland on James Island ( the Battle of Secessionville , June 1862 ) , then by naval assault against Fort Sumter ( the First Battle of Charleston Harbor , April 1863 ) , then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island ( beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , July 1863 , and followed by a siege until September ) . After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire , a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it ( the Second Battle of Fort Sumter , September 1863 ) , but was repulsed and no further attempts were made . The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign . On April 14 , 1865 , four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender , Robert Anderson ( by then a major general , although ill and in retired status ) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861 .
Confederate States of America
Jesse J. Finley Florida District Henry R. Jackson Georgia District Asa Biggs North Carolina District Andrew Magrath South Carolina District
Sherman's March to the Sea
From Savannah , after a month - long delay for rest , Sherman marched north in the spring through the Carolinas , intending to complete his turning movement and combine his armies with Grant 's against Robert E. Lee . After a successful two - month campaign , Sherman accepted the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston and his forces in North Carolina on April 26 , 1865 . We
United Kingdom and the American Civil War
Diplomatic observers were suspicious of British motives . The Russian Minister in Washington , Eduard de Stoeckl , noted , `` The Cabinet of London is watching attentively the internal dissensions of the Union and awaits the result with an impatience which it has difficulty in disguising . '' '' De Stoeckl advised his government that Britain would recognize the Confederacy at its earliest opportunity . Cassius Clay , the United States Minister in Russia , stated , `` I saw at a glance where the feeling of England was . They hoped for our ruin ! They are jealous of our power . They care neither for the South nor the North . They hate both . ''
History of Arkansas
When the war ended , the 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment surrendered with Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox , Virginia on April 9 , 1865 . The Remnants of Major General Patrick Cleburne 's Division of Arkansas Troops surrendered with the Army of Tennessee at Bennett Place near Durham Station , North Carolina on April 26 , 1865 . The Jackson Light Artillery was among the last of the Confederate troops east of the Mississippi to surrender . The Jackson Light Artillery aided in the defense of Mobile and surrendered with the Department of Alabama , Mississippi , and East Louisiana . The battery spiked their guns and surrendered at Meridian , Mississippi , May 11 , 1865 . The Arkansas infantry regiments assigned to General E. Kirby Smith 's Department of the Trans - Mississippi were surrendered on May 26 , 1865 . When the Trans - Mississippi Department surrendered , all of the Arkansas infantry regiments were encamped in and around Marshall , Texas , as war - ravaged Arkansas was no longer able to provide adequate sustenance to the army . The regiments were ordered to report to Shreveport , Louisiana , to be paroled . None of them did so . Some soldiers went to Shreveport on their own to be paroled , but the regiments simply disbanded without formally surrendering . Most of the Arkansas Cavalry Units were surrendered by Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson , Commander of the Military Sub-District of Northeast Arkansas and Southeast Missouri . General Thompson agreed to surrender his command at Chalk Bluff , Arkansas on May 11 , 1865 , and agreed to have his men assemble at Wittsburg and Jacksonport , Arkansas to lay down their arms and receive their paroles . The cavalry units formally surrendered and were paroled at Wittsburg , Arkansas on May 25 , 1865 or at Jacksonport , Arkansas on June 5 , 1865 . Many smaller commands surrendered at various Union posts , including Fort Smith , Pine Bluff and Little Rock in May and June 1865 .
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
Grant ground down the Confederate army across several months of trench warfare . Due to the city 's important location , the fall of Petersburg would likely lead to the fall of Richmond , but Grant feared that Lee would decide to move South and link up with other Confederate armies . In March 1865 , with the fall of Petersburg appearing imminent , Lee sought to break through the Union lines at the Battle of Fort Stedman , but the Confederate assault was repulsed . On April 2 , Grant launched an attack that became known as the Third Battle of Petersburg , which ended with Lee 's retreat from Petersburg and Richmond . In the subsequent Appomattox Campaign , Lee sought to link up with General Joseph E. Johnston , who was positioned in North Carolina , while Grant sought to force the surrender of Lee 's army . On April 5 , Lincoln visited the vanquished Confederate capital . As he walked through the city , white Southerners were stone - faced , but freedmen greeted him as a hero , with one admirer remarking , `` I know I am free for I have seen the face of Father Abraham and have felt him '' . On April 9 , Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox and the war was effectively over . Following Lee 's surrender , other rebel armies soon did as well , and there was no subsequent guerrilla warfare as had been feared .
Peninsular War
The summer of 1813 in the Basque provinces and Navarre was a wet one , and with the army drenched by incessant rain and the decision to strip the men of their greatcoats was looking unwise . Sickness was widespread -- at one point a third of Wellington 's British troops were hors de combat -- and fears about the army 's discipline and general reliability grew . By 9 July , Wellington reported that 12,500 men were absent without leave , while plundering was rife . Major General Sir Frederick Robinson wrote , `` We paint the conduct of the French in this country in very ... harsh colours , but be assured we injure the people much more than they do ... Wherever we move devastation marks our steps '' . With the army established on the borders of France , desertion had become a problem . The Chasseurs Britanniques -- recruited mainly from French deserters -- lost 150 men in a single night . Wellington wrote , `` The desertion is terrible , and is unaccountable among the British troops . I am not astonished that the foreigners should go ... but , unless they entice away the British soldiers , there is no accounting for their going away in such numbers as they do . '' Spain 's `` ragged and ill - fed soldiers '' were also suffering with the onset of winter , the fear that they would likely `` fall on the populace with the utmost savagery '' in revenge attacks and looting was a growing concern to Wellington as the Allied forces pushed to the French border . Battle
List of films considered the worst
The Israeli An American Hippie in Israel is about an American hippie traveling to Israel after being involved with the Vietnam War , befriending Israeli flower children , and encountering `` menacing '' mimes along the way . The film was presumed lost , but after resurfacing 38 years after its production , it became a `` midnight sensation '' in Tel Aviv and developed a cult following akin to The Rocky Horror Picture Show . It was then released internationally on home video by Grindhouse Releasing . Gil Shefler of The Jewish Daily Forward described it as `` perfectly awful '' , offering that it `` probably is the worst Israeli movie ever made , and a serious candidate for the worst movie of all time '' . Ben Hartman of the Jerusalem Post stated the film was `` surely one of the worst films ever made in Israel , or beyond '' . Nana 10 said it claims the title of `` worst Israeli film and most amusing '' .
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day
From the moment Alexander wakes up , things just do not go his way . As he gets up , the chewing gum that was in his mouth the night before ends up in his hair , he trips on the skateboard and drops his sweater in the sink while the water is running . His brothers Nick and Anthony find prizes in their breakfast cereal boxes at breakfast time , while Alexander finds nothing but breakfast cereal .
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day
At the shoe store , Alexander wanted blue shoes with red stripes , but they 're out of Alexander 's choice of sneakers , so his mother has to buy him plain white ones , which he refuses to wear . At his father 's office , he makes a mess of things when he fools around with everything there ( the copying machine , the books , and the telephone ) . He tells Alexander to not play with his phone , but Alexander calls Australia . Then , the father gets to the point where he tells the family to stop picking him up from work .
Fahrenheit 451
During a social visit to Montag 's house , they brag about ignoring the bad things in their lives and have a cavalier attitude towards the upcoming war , their husbands , their children , and politics . Mrs. Phelps ' husband Pete was called in to fight in the upcoming war ( and believes that he 'll be back in a week because of how quick the war will be ) and thinks having children serves no purpose other than to ruin lives . Mrs. Bowles is a thrice married , single mother . Her first husband divorced her , her second died in a jet accident , and her third committed suicide by shooting himself in the head . She has two children who do not like or respect her due to her permissive , often negligent and abusive parenting ; Mrs. Bowles brags that her kids beat her up , and she 's glad she can hit back . When Montag reads Dover Beach to them , he strikes a chord in Mrs. Phelps , who starts crying over how hollow her life is . Mrs. Bowles chastises Montag for reading `` silly awful hurting words '' . Granger is the leader of a group of wandering intellectual exiles who memorize books in order to preserve their contents .
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day
At home , they have lima beans for dinner ( which he hates ) , Alexander watches kissing on TV ( which he also hates ) , his bath - time is worst ( the water being too hot , getting soap in his eyes , and his marble going down the drain ) , but the worst of all , he 's forced to wear his railroad train pajamas ( which he also hates ) . At bedtime , his Mickey Mouse nightlight burns out , he bites his tongue , Nick takes back a bed pillow he said Alexander could keep , and the cat says he wants to sleep with Anthony ( but not Alexander ) .