vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cherokee
In 2000 the U.S. census reported 875,276 people self - identified as Cherokee Indian ; however , only 316,049 people were enrolled in the federally recognized Cherokee tribes .
History of Kenya
Some 32,000 workers were imported from British India to do the manual labour . Many stayed , as did most of the Indian traders and small businessmen who saw opportunity in the opening up of the interior of Kenya . Rapid economic development was seen as necessary to make the railway pay , and since the African population was accustomed to subsistence rather than export agriculture , the government decided to encourage European settlement in the fertile highlands , which had small African populations . The railway opened up the interior , not only to the European farmers , missionaries and administrators , but also to systematic government programmes to attack slavery , witchcraft , disease and famine . The Africans saw witchcraft as a powerful influence on their lives and frequently took violent action against suspected witches . To control this , the British colonial administration passed laws , beginning in 1909 , which made the practice of witchcraft illegal . These laws gave the local population a legal , nonviolent way to stem the activities of witches .
French and Indian War
British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois
Indian Rebellion of 1857
848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late Medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early Modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India
Independence Day (India)
`` Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny , and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge , not wholly or in full measure , but very substantially . At the stroke of the midnight hour , when the world sleeps , India will awake to life and freedom . A moment comes , which comes but rarely in history , when we step out from the old to the new , when an age ends , and when the soul of a nation , long suppressed , finds utterance . It is fitting that at this solemn moment , we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity . '' -- Tryst with Destiny speech , Jawaharlal Nehru , 15 August 1947
Environmental issues in India
Upon independence from Britain , India adopted a constitution and numerous British - enacted laws , without any specific constitutional provision on protecting the environment . India amended its constitution in 1976 . Article 48 ( A ) of Part IV of the amended constitution , read : The State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country . Article 51 A ( g ) imposed additional environmental mandates on the Indian state .
Fur trade
After the United States became independent , it regulated trading with Native Americans by the Indian Intercourse Act , first passed on July 22 , 1790 . The Bureau of Indian Affairs issued licenses to trade in the Indian Territory . In 1834 this was defined as most of the United States west of the Mississippi River , where mountain men and traders from Mexico freely operated .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
A memorial to Mahatma Gandhi was issued 15 August 1948 on the first anniversary of Independence . Exactly one year later a definitive series appeared , depicting India 's broad cultural heritage , mostly Hindu , Buddhist , Muslim , Sikh and Jain temples , sculptures , monuments and fortresses . A subsequent issue commemorated the inauguration of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 .
Recruitment in the British Army
As with the previous World War , the end of wartime conscription saw the army reduced in size and reverting to its peacetime role of maintaining the Empire . In 1947 , British India was given Independence , which meant the loss of the British Indian Army and thousands of volunteer soldiers . The British Government had relied on the British Indian Army for Imperial matters . Now , without this army , the regular British Army was judged to be too small for the demands of an impending Cold War and maintaining the Empire . To meet this demand , which volunteers alone would not , peacetime conscription was enacted by the government and passed by the House of Commons in 1947 . In the United Kingdom , it is this period of peacetime conscription that is usually referred to as ' National Service ' . It remains the only period of peacetime conscription in UK history , apart from the periods immediately before and after World War II . The majority of National Servicemen went into the Army and , by 1951 , National Servicemen made up half the force , leading to a reduced level of voluntary recruitment to the regular army . The last intake of National Servicemen took place in 1960 , with the last National Serviceman being demobbed on 16 May 1963 . The army reverted to an all professional volunteer service , which it remains to this day .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The economic policies of the East India Company were also resented by many Indians .
1946 Cabinet Mission to India
A united Dominion of India would be given independence . The Muslim - majority provinces would be grouped , with Sind , Punjab , Baluchistan and North - West Frontier Province forming one group , and Bengal and Assam would form another . The Hindu - majority provinces in central and southern India would form another group . The central government , stationed in Delhi , would be empowered to handle nationwide affairs , such as defence , currency , and diplomacy , and the rest of powers and responsibility would belong to the provinces , coordinated by groups .
Indigo revolt
973 CE Gurjara - Pratihara Dynasty Rastrakuta Dynasty Pala Dynasty Chola Dynasty , c. 848 -- c. 1251 CE 2nd Chalukya Dynasty , c. 973 -- c. 1187 CE Late medieval ( show ) Delhi Sultanate , c. 1206 -- c. 1526 CE Slave Dynasty Khalji Dynasty Tugluq Dynasty Sayyid Dynasty Lodhi Dynasty Pandyan Dynasty , c. 1251 -- c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara , c. 1336 -- c. 1646 CE Bengal Sultanate , c. 1342 -- c. 1576 CE Early modern ( show ) Mughal Dynasty , c. 1526 -- c. 1540 CE Suri Dynasty , c. 1540 -- c. 1556 CE Mughal Dynasty , c. 1556 -- c. 1857 CE Bengal Subah , c. 1576 -- c. 1757 CE Maratha Empire , c. 1674 -- c. 1818 CE Company Raj , c. 1757 -- c. 1858 CE Kingdom of Mysore , c. 1760 -- c. 1799 CE Sikh Empire , c. 1799 -- c. 1849 CE Modern ( show ) The Great Rebellion , c. 1857 -- c. 1858 CE British Raj , c. 1858 -- c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India , c. 1947 CE -- present Related articles ( show ) Timeline of Indian History Dynasties in Indian History Economic History Demographic History Linguistic History Architectural History Art History Literary History Philosophical History History of Religion Musical History Education History Coinage History Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries Military History Naval History Wars involving India
Partition of India
Following its creation as a new country in August 1947 , Pakistan applied for membership of the United Nations and was accepted by the General Assembly on 30 September 1947 . The Dominion of India continued to have the existing seat as India had been a founding member of the United Nations since 1945 .
Early Nationalists
In spite of such criticism , the Early Nationalists did achieve some of their goals . They created a national awakening among the people that made Indians conscious of the bonds of common political , economic , and cultural interests that united them . They also trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy , civil liberties , secularism and nationalism The Early Nationalists did pioneering work by exposing the true nature of British rule in India . They made the people realise the economic content and character of British imperialism . In doing so , they weakened the foundations of British rule in India . Their political and economic programmes established the idea that India must be ruled in the interest of the Indians . The efforts of the Early Nationalists also led to the implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission . A resolution of the House of Commons ( 1893 ) allowing for simultaneous examination for the Indian Civil Service in London and India . Appointment of the Welby Commission on Indian Expenditure ( 1895 ) . They also passed The Indian Councils Act of 1892 . These achievements served as the basis for nationalist movements in later years by extremist leaders .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The British increased the ratio of British to Indian soldiers within India . From 1861 Indian artillery was replaced by British units , except for a few mountain batteries . The post-rebellion changes formed the basis of the military organisation of British India until the early 20th century .
Economic history of Argentina
After Argentina became independent in 1810 , an era in which commerce was controlled by a small group of peninsular merchants came to an end . The Primera Junta , the first government established after the 1810 May Revolution , undertook a protectionist policy until their fall from government .
Fundamental rights in India
The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England 's Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the United States Bill of Rights ( approved on 17 September 1787 , final ratification on 15 December 1791 ) and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man ( created during the revolution of 1789 , and ratified on 26 August 1789 ) .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
After becoming de facto independent from the empire of Philip II of Spain around 1585 the country experienced almost a century of explosive economic growth . A technological revolution in shipbuilding led to a competitive advantage in shipping that helped the young Republic become the dominant trade power by the mid-17th century . In 1670 the Dutch merchant marine totalled 568,000 tons of shipping -- about half the European total . Pillars of this position were the dominance of the Amsterdam Entrepôt in European trade , and that of the Dutch East and West India Companies ( VOC and WIC ) in intercontinental trade . Beside trade , an early industrial revolution ( powered by wind , water and peat ) , land reclamation from the sea , and agricultural revolution helped the Dutch economy achieve the highest standard of living in Europe ( and probably the world ) by the middle of the 17th century . Affluence facilitated a Golden Age in culture typified by the great artist Rembrandt van Rijn ( 1606 -- 1669 ) .
Poverty in India
The National Planning Committee , notes Suryanarayana , then defined goals in 1936 to alleviate poverty by setting targets in terms of nutrition ( 2400 to 2800 calories per adult worker ) , clothing ( 30 yards per capita per annum ) and housing ( 100 sq. ft per capita ) . This method of linking poverty as a function of nutrition , clothing and housing continued in India after it became independent from British colonial empire .
Fundamental rights in India
The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution ( February 1948 ) , the Second Draft Constitution ( 17 October 1948 ) and final Third Draft Constitution ( 26 November 1949 ) , prepared by the Drafting Committee .
India
The Indian early medieval age , 600 CE to 1200 CE , is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity . When Harsha of Kannauj , who ruled much of the Indo - Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE , attempted to expand southwards , he was defeated by the Chalukya ruler of the Deccan . When his successor attempted to expand eastwards , he was defeated by the Pala king of Bengal . When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards , they were defeated by the Pallavas from farther south , who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas and the Cholas from still farther south . No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region . During this time , pastoral peoples whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy were accommodated within caste society , as were new non-traditional ruling classes . The caste system consequently began to show regional differences .
History of India
( show ) Chronology of India James Mill ( 1774 -- 1836 ) , in his The History of British India ( 1817 ) , distinguished three phases in the history of India , namely Hindu , Muslim and British civilisations . This periodisation has been influential , but has also been criticised for the misconceptions it gave rise to . Another influential periodisation is the division into `` ancient , classical , medieval and modern periods '' . World History James Mill 's Periodisation ACMM Chronology of Indian History Early Complex Societes ( 3500 -- 2000 BCE ) ? Ancient India Prehistoric Era Indus Valley Civilisation Ancient Civilisations ( 2000 -- 500 BCE ) Hindu civilisations Early Vedic Period ( c. 1750 -- 1200 BCE ) Middle Vedic Period ( from 1200 BCE ) Late Vedic period ( from 850 BCE ) Classical Civilisations ( 500 BCE - 500 CE ) Second urbanisation Early empires ( c. 600 -- 200 BCE ) Disintegration and regional states ( c. 200 BCE -- 300 CE ) Classical India `` Golden Age '' ( Gupta Empire ) ( c. 320 -- 650 CE ) Post-classical age ( 500 -- 1000 CE ) Medieval India Regional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids ( c. 650 -- 1100 CE ) Transregional nomadic empires ( 1000 -- 1500 CE ) Muslim civilisations Delhi Sultanate ( north India ) ( 1206 -- 1526 CE ) Vijayanagara Empire ( south India ) ( 1336 -- 1646 CE ) Modern age ( 1500 -- present ) Modern India Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1707 ) British civilisations Maratha Empire British rule ( c. 1750 CE -- 1947 ) -- Independent India ( show ) Notes and references for table Notes Different periods are designated as `` classical Hinduism '' : Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE `` pre-classical '' . It 's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism ( Smart distinguishes `` Brahmanism '' from the Vedic religion , connecting `` Brahmanism '' with the Upanishads . ) , Jainism and Buddhism .
History of India
By the 1850s , the East India Company controlled most of the Indian subcontinent . Their policy was sometimes summed up as Divide and Rule , taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups . Indian
Dutch East India Company
Socio - economic changes in Europe , the shift in power balance , and less successful financial management resulted in a slow decline of the VOC between 1720 and 1799 . After the financially disastrous Fourth Anglo - Dutch War ( 1780 -- 1784 ) , the company was first nationalised in 1796 , and finally dissolved in 1799 . All assets were taken over by the government with VOC territories becoming Dutch government colonies .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians . The official Blue Books , East India ( Torture ) 1855 -- 1857 , laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857 , revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians .
Early Nationalists
The Early Nationalists believed in patience and conciliation rather than confrontation , adopting orderly progress and constitutional means to realise their aims . To educate the people , to arouse political consciousness , and to create powerful public opinion in favour of their demands they organised annual sessions . Processions and meetings were held , speeches delivered and discussions held on various economic , social and political questions . Following these discussions , resolutions were adopted . They also drafted petitions and memorandums before submitting them to the government . The Early Nationalists wanted to convey their feelings to the government , so as to gradually bring the authorities around to their viewpoint . To influence the British government and to enlighten the British public and its political leaders , the Early Nationalists sent deputations of leading Indian leaders to England . In 1889 , a British Committee of the Indian National Congress was founded and followed by a journal called India started by the Committee in 1890 .
French and Indian War
An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence .
Postage stamps and postal history of India
Gandhi , Nehru and other historic personalities continued to appear on the postal issues coming from the country since Independence , with almost half a century seeing the Gandhi definitives of denominations most frequently used in the era concerned , becoming synonymous with a postage stamp to the Indian people of that respective time period . New themes are now finding their place on Indian postage stamps , with some stamps issued jointly with postal agencies of other countries , renewable energy sources , the local flora and fauna and even the special annual issues wishing season 's greetings . On 9 March 2011 India Post launched an online e-post office . The portal provides electronic money orders , instant money orders , stamps for collectors , postal information , tracking of express and international shipments , PIN code search and registration of feedback and complaints online .
Baahubali (franchise)
A mobile game called Baahubali : The Game based on the franchise was released on 15 August 2017 , India 's independence day , by Moonfrog .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
Finally , a major target for investment was the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) . The VOC encountered a rough patch around 1670 , after a very profitable period up to that time . The causes were a price war for market share with the English East India Company after the Third Anglo - Dutch War , and an embargo on the export of precious metals ( especially silver ) by the Japanese Shogunate , which ended the profitable intra-Asiatic trade the company had conducted up to that time ( this business of trade within the East - Asian market had financed the spice trade of the company up to that time , and obviated the need to export European silver and gold to pay for Asian commodities it imported in Europe ) . The VOC now opted for a policy of great expansion of its business , by branching out to Asian bulk products , like textiles , coffee , tea and porcelain . Other than the pepper and spices it had a near - monopoly on , these were high - volume low - profit commodities . The size of the company doubled in this period ( making it the largest publicly traded company in the world at the time ) , but this was `` profitless '' growth that did not really solve the company 's problems .
Economy of India
In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes .
Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
It is therefore fitting to see the year 1815 , in which the United Kingdom of the Netherlands embodied a newly independent political incorporation of the original Habsburg Netherlands , as the end of an economic era also . The hoped for economic resurgence of the Netherlands ( other than that of the Southern Netherlands with which it was now temporarily reunited ) would , however , not really take flight before the structural problems of the old economy were finally laid to rest around 1850 with the final liquidation of the public debt of the old Republic . This explains at least partly why the Dutch economy was so tardy in implementing the steam - power based industrial revolution of the 19th century .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
During the aftermath of the rebellion , a series of exhaustive investigations were carried out by British police and intelligence officials into reports that British women prisoners had been `` dishonored '' at the Bibighar and elsewhere . One such detailed enquiry was at the direction of Lord Canning . The consensus was that there was no convincing evidence of such crimes having been committed , although numbers of European women and children had been killed outright .
Coffee
The modern steamless espresso machine was invented in Milan , Italy , in 1938 by Achille Gaggia , and from there spread across coffeehouses and restaurants across Italy and the rest of Europe in the early 1950s . An Italian named Pino Riservato opened the first espresso bar , the Moka Bar , in Soho in 1952 , and there were 400 such bars in London alone by 1956 . Cappucino was particularly popular among English drinkers . Similarly in the United States , the espresso craze spread . North Beach in San Francisco saw the opening of the Caffe Trieste in 1957 , which saw Beat Generation poets such as Allen Ginsberg and Bob Kaufman alongside bemused Italian immigrants . Similar such cafes existed in Greenwich Village and elsewhere .