vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Dutch East India Company
The stage was thus set for the four - ship exploratory expedition by Frederick de Houtman in 1595 to Banten , the main pepper port of West Java , where they clashed with both the Portuguese and indigenous Indonesians . Houtman 's expedition then sailed east along the north coast of Java , losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at Sidayu and killing a local ruler in Madura . Half the crew were lost before the expedition made it back to the Netherlands the following year , but with enough spices to make a considerable profit . Return
Economy of Nazi Germany
A major historiographical debate about the relationship between the German prewar economy and foreign policy decision - making was prompted in the late 1980s , when the British Marxist historian Timothy Mason claimed that an economic crisis had caused a `` flight into war '' in 1939 . Mason argued that the German working - class was opposed to the Nazi dictatorship in the over-heated German economy of the late 1930s . However , Mason 's thesis was debunked by historian Richard Overy who wrote that Germany 's economic problems could not explain aggression against Poland and that the reasons for the outbreak of war were due to the ideological choices made by the Nazi leadership . For Overy , the problem with Mason 's thesis was that it rested on the assumptions not shown by records . Overy argued that there was a difference between economic pressures induced by the problems of the Four Year Plan , and economic motives to seize foreign industry , materials and reserves of neighboring states . Meanwhile , Adam Tooze argued that from 1939 onwards , in spite of the military successes in the West , the German economy became dependent on vital imports from the East . Tooze saw this as a reason for Hitler to attack the Soviet Union , because `` ( t ) he Third Reich had no intention of slipping into that kind of humbling dependence that Britain now occupied in relation to the United States , mortgaging its assets and selling its secrets , simply to sustain its war effort '' . Up to Operation Barbarossa the German economy could not `` do without Soviet deliveries of oil , grain , and alloy metals . '' The Four - Year Plan was discussed in the controversial Hossbach Memorandum , which provides the `` minutes '' from one of Hitler 's briefings . The Four - Year Plan technically expired in 1940 .
War of the Austrian Succession
Finally , on 12 July 1744 , Frederick II of Prussia received confirmation that Prince Charles had taken his army beyond the Rhine and into France . Thus , Frederick knew that Prince Charles would not be able to present any immediate problem to him in the east . Consequently , on 15 August 1744 , Frederick II crossed the Austrian frontier into Bohemia , and by late August all 80,000 of his troops were in Bohemia . The attention and resources of Austria had been fully occupied for some time on a renewal of the war in Silesia . However , neither Maria Theresa nor her advisers had expected the Prussians to march as quickly as they did . Accordingly , Frederick 's invasion of Bohemia came as a surprise to the Austrian court and Frederick was almost unopposed in Bohemia . One column consisting of 40,000 troops , under Frederick 's own command , passed through Saxony ; another column of 16,000 men under the command of `` Young Dessauer '' passed through Lusatia , while a third consisting of 16,000 soldiers under Count Schwerin advanced from Silesia . The destination for all three columns was Prague , and the objective was reached on 2 September . The city was surrounded and besieged . Six days later the Austrian garrison was compelled to surrender . Scarcely had Prague surrendered to Frederick II than he was off marching southwards , leaving 5,000 soldiers under General Baron Gottfried Emanual von Einsiedel to garrison Prague . Three days after the fall of Prague , Frederick seized Tabor , Budweis and Frauenberg .
Dada
`` Berlin was a city of tightened stomachers , of mounting , thundering hunger , where hidden rage was transformed into a boundless money lust , and men 's minds were concentrating more and more on questions of naked existence ... Fear was in everybody 's bones `` - Richard Hülsenbeck
United States in World War I
Wilson seemed to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . The United States would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' . The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) saw the main German High Seas Fleet engage in a monumental yet inconclusive clash with the far stronger Grand Fleet of the Royal Navy . Arguing this battle proved the validity of Mahanian doctrine , the navalists took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armour - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the US Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , Germany thought , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose greeting Heinrich Himmler ( right ) , the Nazi Minister of Interior , head of the SS , and the Gestapo , 1942 . Bose and Himmler and other Nazi officials in discussion over refreshments . An official celebration in Berlin in November 1943 on the occasion of the founding of the provisional Indian National Government by Bose in Asia . Subhas Bose meeting Adolf Hitler
The Ghost Writer (film)
However , John Rentoul from the UK 's The Independent , who describes himself as an `` ultra Blairite with a slavish admiration for Tony '' , and John Rosenthal , from the conservative Pajamas Media , both denounced the film because it was made with financial support from the German government . Rentoul also launched a scathing attack on Polanski describing the winner of Berlin 's Silver Bear as `` propaganda '' and a `` Blair hating movie '' . Still , what the critics did not explain was that although the production company , Elfte Babelsberg Film GmbH , received € 3.5 million from the German state , any major film production within Germany is entitled to apply for financial assistance from the German Federal Film Fund ( de ) . Since the assistance is considered a grant , there is no requirement that it be repaid . As a result of this funding policy , numerous English - language films have been at least partially shot in Germany over the last two decades , among them The Bourne Supremacy , The Bourne Ultimatum , Aeon Flux , Valkyrie , The Pianist , The Grand Budapest Hotel , The Constant Gardener , Unknown , Inglourious Basterds , and Anonymous .
Dada
The Berlin group published periodicals such as Club Dada , Der Dada , Everyman His Own Football , and Dada Almanach .
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
On January 2 , 2018 , the Henderson city council approved the sale of 55 vacant acres of land to the Raiders for their new headquarters and practice facility near Henderson Executive Airport . In January , construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl . As of April 2018 , more than 30 Raiders employees had already relocated to Las Vegas from Oakland .
Erwin Rommel
Rommel was promoted to Generalmajor on 23 August 1939 and assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion , tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland , which began on 1 September . Hitler took a personal interest in the campaign , often moving close to the front in the Führersonderzug ( headquarters train ) . Rommel attended Hitler 's daily war briefings and accompanied him everywhere , making use of the opportunity to observe first - hand the use of tanks and other motorized units . On 26 September Rommel returned to Berlin to set up a new headquarters for his unit in the Reich Chancellery . Rommel returned briefly to Warsaw on 5 October to organise the German victory parade . He described the devastated Warsaw in a letter to his wife , concluding with : `` There has been no water , no power , no gas , no food for two days . They have erected numerous barricades which blocked civilian movement and exposed people to bombardments from which they could not escape . The mayor estimated the number of the dead and injured to be 40,000 ... The inhabitants probably drew a breath of relief that we have arrived and rescued them '' .
British Empire
With competitive French , Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa , the Berlin Conference of 1884 -- 85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the `` Scramble for Africa '' by defining `` effective occupation '' as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims . The scramble continued into the 1890s , and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan . A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896 , and rebuffed an attempted French invasion at Fashoda in 1898 . Sudan was nominally made an Anglo - Egyptian condominium , but a British colony in reality .
History of Arkansas
Miller and Crittenden were again divided over the relocation of the territorial capitol from the unsuitable backwater at Arkansas Post . The legislature discussed the issue of relocating the capitol in 1820 , but could not decide between Little Rock and Cadron before the session ended . After the session ended , William Russell , owner of hundreds of lots around Little Rock , began selling them to legislators and influential men like Crittenden , Robert Oden , William A. Trimble , and Andrew Scott . Upon returning , the legislature passed a bill to move the capitol to Little Rock by three votes , increasing the value of many legislators ' Little Rock lots significantly . In protest , Miller moved to a new house at Crystal Hill near Cadron before being reassigned to Salem , Massachusetts . During the move to Little Rock , Crittenden formed the Rose Law Firm with Chester Ashley , forming a powerful political alliance between The Family and Crittenden 's supporters . Arkansas 's second territorial governor was George Izard , a wealthy planter who moved to the territory from South Carolina . Izard succeeded in changing divorce law and briefly stopping the Quapaw removal in Arkansas . He also organized a militia and managed to quiet Crittenden , who remained as secretary of the territory . Izard died in 1828 and was replaced by John Pope , who was appointed by Andrew Jackson .
Confederate States of America
Kentucky declared neutrality but after Confederate troops moved in , the state government asked for Union troops to drive them out . The splinter Confederate state government relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population . By the end of the war , 90,000 Kentuckians had fought on the side of the Union , compared to 35,000 for the Confederate States .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose lived in Berlin from 1941 until 1943 . During his earlier visit to Germany in 1934 , he had met Emilie Schenkl , the daughter of an Austrian veterinarian whom he married in 1937 . Their daughter is Anita Bose Pfaff . Bose 's party , the Forward Bloc , has contested this fact .
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
Less than a month after the Chargers announced their move to Los Angeles , Las Vegas had emerged as the most likely destination candidate for the Raiders .
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
On April 28 , 2016 , Davis said he wanted to move the Raiders to Las Vegas and pledged $500 million toward the construction of a proposed $2.4 billion domed stadium . `` Together we can turn the Silver State into the silver and black state , '' Davis said .
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
It was reported in early 2015 that the Raiders sat down with Athletics owner Lewis Wolff in an effort to create a stadium solution where two separate stadiums ( one for the Raiders and one for the Athletics ) would have been built on the coliseum site . The Athletics balked at the deal . In an interview with J.T. the Brick on KGMZ on April 4 , 2017 , Davis revealed that he offered Wolff 20 percent of the Raiders in an attempt to get a deal done . Davis further elaborated that the closest the Raiders came to a deal in Oakland was in 2013 with Colony Capital , before the Athletics agreed to a 10 - year lease extension at the Coliseum with the city of Oakland .
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
Interviewed by sports columnist Tim Kawakami of the San Jose Mercury News , Davis said that he had a `` great '' visit in the city he described it as interesting . Davis also said that Las Vegas was a global city and that `` it 's absolutely an NFL city , '' as well as saying that `` the Raider brand would do well '' and `` I think Las Vegas is coming along slowly . ''
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
The Oakland Raiders were founded as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) in 1960 . The team joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . From 1966 until 1981 , it played home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , which it shared with Major League Baseball 's Oakland Athletics after that team moved to Oakland in 1968 . In 1980 Al Davis , dissatisfied with the stadium situation in Oakland and seeing luxury boxes as the future of the NFL came to an agreement with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum commission to move the Raiders to Los Angeles . The NFL had refused to let the team move , but a court over-ruled the league , clearing the way for the Raiders to move to Los Angeles and become the Los Angeles Raiders . In 1982 , the Raiders ( then owned by Al Davis ) were approved to relocate from Oakland to Los Angeles . The Raiders played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994 . In 1995 , after being unable to secure a new stadium in the Los Angeles area and after a proposed move to Sacramento that involved Davis taking ownership of the Sacramento Kings fell apart the Raiders moved back to Oakland .
Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
In July 2014 , San Antonio , Texas , emerged as a potential relocation candidate for the team , after Raiders owner Mark Davis visited an event hosted for former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch in the city . San Antonio , while it was in a smaller media market than the San Francisco Bay Area , had the advantage of having a relatively new and NFL - ready stadium in the Alamodome and less sporting competition . On July 29 , 2014 , it was reported by the San Antonio Express - News that Mark Davis met with officials from the city of San Antonio to discuss the possibility of relocating the Raiders to San Antonio after the 2014 -- 15 NFL season . Davis confirmed that he did speak with San Antonio city officials while visiting San Antonio to honor former Raiders wide receiver Cliff Branch 's induction into a local Hall of Fame , but did not comment on whether he was considering relocation to San Antonio . The Raiders would have played at the 65,000 - seat Alamodome until a new stadium could be built . San Antonio remained in contention as a site through at least November 2014 , when Raiders staffers scouted the stadium and began negotiating with San Antonio officials .
Global Positioning System
On February 14 , 2012 , the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) moved to bar LightSquared 's planned national broadband network after being informed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) , the federal agency that coordinates spectrum uses for the military and other federal government entities , that `` there is no practical way to mitigate potential interference at this time '' . LightSquared is challenging the FCC 's action .
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Under the 1878 Treaty of Berlin , Austria - Hungary received the mandate to occupy and administer the Ottoman Vilayet of Bosnia , while the Ottoman Empire retained official sovereignty . Under this same treaty , the Great Powers ( Austria - Hungary , Britain , France , the German Empire , Italy , and the Russian Empire ) gave official recognition to the Principality of Serbia as a fully sovereign state , which four years later transformed into a kingdom under Prince Milan IV Obrenović who thus became King Milan I of Serbia . Serbia 's monarchs , at the time from the royal House of Obrenović that maintained close relations with Austria - Hungary , were content to reign within the borders set by the treaty .
Appeasement
The Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg wished to pursue ties with Italy , but turned to Czechoslovakia , Yugoslavia and Romania ( the Little Entente ) . To this Hitler took violent exception . In January 1938 the Austrian Nazis attempted a putsch , following which some were imprisoned . Hitler summoned Schuschnigg to Berchtesgaden in February and demanded , with the threat of military action , that he release imprisoned Austrian Nazis and allow them to participate in the government . Schuschnigg complied and appointed Arthur Seyss - Inquart , a pro-Nazi lawyer , as interior minister . To forestall Hitler and to preserve Austria 's independence , Schuschnigg scheduled a plebiscite on the issue for 13 March . Hitler demanded that the plebiscite be canceled . The German ministry of propaganda issued press reports that riots had broken out in Austria and that large parts of the Austrian population were calling for German troops to restore order . On 11 March , Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg , demanding that he hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion . The British Ambassador in Berlin registered a protest with the German government against the use of coercion against Austria . Schuschnigg , realizing that neither France nor the United Kingdom would actively support him , resigned in favor of Seyss - Inquart , who then appealed to German troops to restore order . On 12 March the 8th German Wehrmacht crossed the Austrian border . They met no resistance and were greeted by cheering Austrians . This invasion was the first major test of the Wehrmacht 's machinery . Austria became the German province of Ostmark , with Seyss - Inquart as governor . A plebiscite was held on 10 April and officially recorded a support of 99.73 % of the voters .
Munich Agreement
On 14 March Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state . On the following day , Carpathian Ruthenia proclaimed independence as well , but after three days was completely occupied by Hungary . Czechoslovak president Emil Hácha traveled to Berlin and was left waiting , while orders to invade were already given . During the meeting with Adolf Hitler , Hácha was threatened with the bombing of Prague if he refused to order Czech troops to lay down their arms . This induced a heart attack , from which he was revived by an injection from Hitler 's doctor . He then agreed to sign the communique accepting the German occupation of the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia `` which in its unctuous mendacity was remarkable even for the Nazis '' . Churchill 's prediction was fulfilled as German armies entered Prague and proceeded to occupy the rest of the country , which was transformed into a protectorate of the Reich .
Erwin Rommel
The notion of holding the armour inland to use as a mobile reserve force from which they could mount a powerful counterattack applied the classic use of armoured formations as seen in France 1940 . These tactics were still effective on the Eastern Front , where control of the air was important but did not dominate the action . Rommel 's own experiences at the end of the North African campaign revealed to him that the Germans would not be allowed to preserve their armour from air attack for this type of massed assault . Rommel believed their only opportunity would be to oppose the landings directly at the beaches , and to counterattack there before the invaders could become well established . Though there had been some defensive positions established and gun emplacements made , the Atlantic Wall was a token defensive line . Rundstedt had confided to Rommel that it was for propaganda purposes only .
Munich Agreement
Though the British and French were pleased , as were the Nazi military and German diplomatic leadership , a British diplomat in Berlin claimed he had been informed by reliable sources that soon after the meeting with Chamberlain Hitler had furiously said : `` Gentlemen , this has been my first international conference and I can assure you that it will be my last '' . The British diplomat claimed his sources relayed that Hitler viewed Chamberlain as `` an impertinent busybody who spoke the ridiculous jargon of an outmoded democracy . '' In his postwar memoirs , Winston Churchill , a staunch opponent of appeasement , compared Germany and Poland ( who annexed a part of Czechoslovakia with Polish minority in October 1938 ) to vultures landing on the dying carcass of Czechoslovakia and lamented that `` over a question so minor as Teschen , they ( the Poles ) sundered themselves from all those friends in France , Britain and the United States who had lifted them once again to a national , coherent life , and whom they were soon to need sorely ... It is a mystery and tragedy of European history that a people capable of every heroic virtue , gifted , valiant , charming , as individuals , should repeatedly show such inveterate faults in almost every aspect of their governmental life . ''
Erwin Rommel
On 24 May , Field Marshal von Rundstedt and Field Marshal von Kluge issued a halt order , which Hitler approved . The reason for this decision is still a matter of debate . The halt order was lifted on 26 May . 7th Panzer continued its advance , reaching Lille on 27 May . For the assault , Hoth placed the 5th Panzer Division 's Panzer Brigade under Rommel 's command . The Siege of Lille continued until 31 May , when the French garrison of 40,000 men surrendered . 7th Panzer was given six days leave , during which Rommel was summoned to Berlin to meet with Hitler . He was the only divisional commander present at the planning session for Fall Rot ( Case Red ) , the second phase of the invasion of France . By this time the evacuation of the BEF was complete ; over 338,000 Allied troops had been evacuated across the Channel , though they had to leave behind all their heavy equipment and vehicles . Drive
Axis powers
On 9 May 1941 , Mohammad Amin al - Husayni , the Mufti of Jerusalem and associate of Ali , declared holy war against the British and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against British rule . On 25 May 1941 , the Germans stepped up offensive operations in the Middle East .