vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Harvey
Throughout Texas , more than 300,000 people were left without electricity and billions of dollars of property damage was sustained . As of November 1 , at least 89 fatalities have been confirmed , most of which were drownings . By August 29 , 2017 approximately 13,000 people had been rescued across the state while an estimated 30,000 were displaced . The refinery industry capacity was reduced , and oil and gas production was affected in the Gulf of Mexico and inland Texas . On Monday , various news outlets announced the closure of oil refineries ahead of Hurricane Harvey , creating an artificial fuel shortage . Panicked , motorists waited in long lines . Consequently , gas stations through the state were forced to close due to the rush . More than 20 percent of refining capacity was affected .
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
A survey computed that of some 300,000 evacuees , approximately 1,600 deaths related to the evacuation conditions , such as living in temporary housing and hospital closures that had occurred as of August 2013 , a number comparable to the 1,599 deaths directly caused by the earthquake and tsunami in the Prefecture . The exact causes of these evacuation related deaths were not specified , because according to the municipalities , that would hinder relatives applying for compensation .
Grand Canyon
About 770 deaths have occurred between the mid 1800s and 2015 . Of the fatalities that occurred from 1869 to 2001 , some were as follows : 53 resulted from falls ; 65 were attributable to environmental causes , including heat stroke , cardiac arrest , dehydration , and hypothermia ; 7 were caught in flash floods ; 79 were drowned in the Colorado River ; 242 perished in airplane and helicopter crashes ( 128 of them in the 1956 disaster mentioned below ) ; 25 died in freak errors and accidents , including lightning strikes and rock falls ; and 23 were the victims of homicides .
Korean War
CNN reported , citing Encyclopædia Britannica that North Korean civilian casualties were 600,000 , while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million .
Dutch elm disease
The disease was first reported in the United States in 1928 , with the beetles believed to have arrived in a shipment of logs from The Netherlands destined for use as veneer in the Ohio furniture industry . Quarantine and sanitation procedures held most cases within 150 miles of metropolitan New York City until 1941 when war demands began to curtail them . The disease spread from New England westward and southward , almost completely destroying the famous elms in the `` Elm City '' of New Haven , Connecticut , reaching the Detroit area in 1950 , the Chicago area by 1960 , and Minneapolis by 1970 . Of the estimated 77 million elms in North America in 1930 , over 75 % had been lost by 1989 .
In the Heat of the Night (TV series)
Other cases involve a friend of Bubba Skinner 's being given the AIDS virus from a lover who knew he had it , a nine - year - old little girl being killed because of a drunk driver ( Hagman - directed ) , a young inter-racial couple being stalked by a white supremacist ( Brent Lunay ) , first seen in the episode `` Odessa '' , written by Denise Nicholas . Other cases include Parker 's being accused of police brutality , and the return of Daddy Roy and Miz Rhoda . Both Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller make special guest appearances in two separate episodes . Gillespie must once again confront his racist past when a new synagogue moves into Sparta and the Rabbi detests Gillespie for being an anti-Semite back in the 1960s . This both angers and shocks Harriet . Lana Gillespie also makes one final appearance as Bill 's daughter in the Hagman - directed episode `` A Love Lost '' , in which he must protect her from a former boyfriend who is involved in a gun running scheme with someone in Sparta .
Acronym
Expansion at first use and the abbreviation - key feature are aids to the reader that originated in the print era , and they are equally useful in print and online . In addition , the online medium offers yet more aids , such as tooltips , hyperlinks , and rapid search via search engine technology . Jargon
Lyme disease
Although Lyme disease has been reported in all states about 99 % of all reported cases are confined to just five geographic areas ( New England , Mid-Atlantic , East - North Central , South Atlantic , and West North - Central ) . New 2011 CDC Lyme case definition guidelines are used to determine confirmed CDC surveillance cases .
State of Origin series
The first of these interstate games was played at Sydney 's Agricultural Ground on 11 July 1908 , before Queensland had even commenced its club competition . New South Wales easily accounted for Queensland in a 43 -- 0 victory . The local media were unimpressed .
State of Origin series
After Queensland lost the first two interstate matches in 1980 ( 35 -- 3 and 17 -- 7 , the second game in front of only 1,638 Sydneysiders ) it was announced that a ' state of origin ' match would take place on 8 July at Lang Park in Brisbane . The New South Wales media gave both the event , and Queensland 's chance of winning it , little credence , calling the game a `` three day wonder '' . Australia 's 1978 captain Bob Fulton called the match `` the non-event of the century '' . Ron MacAullife however , was now committed to the concept and vigorously promoted the match . Thousands of tickets were sold before the game had been officially sanctioned . Although interstate matches in Brisbane had still been well attended ( 24,653 had attended the opening match of the 1979 series ) , few expected the sell - out crowd of 33,210 Queensland rugby league fans , delighted to see their heroes in the likes of Arthur Beetson representing their home state for the first time ever . Queensland convincingly beat New South Wales 20 -- 10 .
Lyme disease
A 2007 study suggests Borrelia burgdorferi infections are endemic to Mexico , from four cases reported between 1999 and 2000 . United
Zimbabwe
In November 2008 , the government of Zimbabwe spent US $7.3 million donated by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . A representative of the organisation declined to speculate on how the money was spent , except that it was not for the intended purpose , and the government has failed to honour requests to return the money .
Zinedine Zidane
On 24 February 2007 , before a crowd of 10,000 fans at a match in northern Thailand for the Keuydaroon children 's AIDS charity , Zidane scored the first goal and set up the second for a Malaysian teammate as the match ended 2 -- 2 . The event raised ฿ 260,000 ( $7,750 ) . This money paid for the building of two schools and 16 three - bedroom houses .
Acronym
Some publications choose to capitalize only the first letter of acronyms , reserving all - caps styling for initialisms , writing the pronounced acronyms `` Nato '' and `` Aids '' in mixed case , but the initialisms `` USA '' and `` FBI '' in all caps . For example , this is the style used in The Guardian , and BBC News typically edits to this style ( though its official style guide , dating from 2003 , still recommends all - caps ) . The logic of this style is that the pronunciation is reflected graphically by the capitalization scheme .
Lakers–Clippers rivalry
By 1986 , the Lakers were still undefeated against the Clippers , and AP offered that it was `` a crosstown rivalry that has n't been much of one . '' Lakers fans would outnumber Clippers fans at the Sports Arena during the teams ' matchups for years until 1992 , when the Clippers had their first winning season since 1978 -- 79 and their first playoff appearance since 1976 . The Lakers , on the other hand , struggled in 1991 -- 92 with Lakers great Magic Johnson 's retirement after he tested positive for HIV . The Clippers ended a 27 - game Forum losing streak against the Lakers that season , and they finished with a better record than the Lakers . They again finished ahead of the Lakers in 1992 -- 93 . They also won the season series against the Lakers for the first time since moving to Los Angeles . It was also their first as a franchise since 1974 -- 75 , when they were still the Buffalo Braves . In 1993 - 94 , both teams missed the playoffs marking the first time that both teams had missed the postseason in the same season , a feat that was later repeated in the 2004 - 2005 season , when the Clippers finished 37 - 45 and the Lakers finished 34 - 48 .
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
The development of the Stanford -- Binet initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one of the first examples of an adaptive test . The test originated in France , then was revised in the United States . It was initially created by the French psychologist Alfred Binet , who , following the introduction of a law mandating universal education by the French government , began developing a method of identifying `` slow '' children , so that they could be placed in special education programs , instead of labelled sick and sent to the asylum . As Binet indicated , case studies might be more detailed and helpful , but the time required to test many people would be excessive . In 1916 , at Stanford University , the psychologist Lewis Terman released a revised examination that became known as the Stanford -- Binet test .
Tree of life
The Arborvitae gets its name from the Latin for `` tree of life . '' The Tule tree of Aztec mythology is also associated with a real tree . This Tule tree can be found in Oaxaca , Mexico . There is a Tree of Life in Bahrain . Metaphor : The Tree of Utah is an 87 - foot ( 27 m ) high sculpture in the Utah Bonneville Salt Flats that is also known as the `` Tree of Life '' . In some parts of the Caribbean and in the Philippines , the coconut is considered the `` tree of life '' as its parts can easily be used for short / medium term survival such as for food , shelter , and various implements . Disney 's Animal Kingdom theme park features an artificial tree dubbed `` The Tree of Life '' , which has about 325 carvings of different species of animals . Inside the tree is the It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! attraction . The West African Moringa oleifera tree is regarded as a `` tree of life '' or `` miracle tree '' by some because it is arguably the most nutritious source of plant - derived food discovered on the planet . Modern scientists and some missionary groups have considered the plant as a possible solution for the treatment of severe malnutrition and aid for those with HIV / AIDS .
Coffee
By the 16th century , it had reached the rest of the Middle East , Persia , Turkey , and northern Africa . The first coffee smuggled out of the Middle East was by Sufi Baba Budan from Yemen to India in 1670 . Before then , all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilised . Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled seven coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest . The first plants grown from these smuggled seeds were planted in Mysore . Coffee then spread to Italy , and to the rest of Europe , to Indonesia , and to the Americas . A
Nickel
Originally , the only source for nickel was the rare Kupfernickel . Beginning in 1824 , nickel was obtained as a byproduct of cobalt blue production . The first large - scale smelting of nickel began in Norway in 1848 from nickel - rich pyrrhotite . The introduction of nickel in steel production in 1889 increased the demand for nickel , and the nickel deposits of New Caledonia , discovered in 1865 , provided most of the world 's supply between 1875 and 1915 . The discovery of the large deposits in the Sudbury Basin , Canada in 1883 , in Norilsk - Talnakh , Russia in 1920 , and in the Merensky Reef , South Africa in 1924 , made large - scale production of nickel possible .
Camel
Dromedaries may have first been domesticated by humans in Somalia and southern Arabia , around 3,000 BC , the Bactrian in central Asia around 2,500 BC , as at Shar - i Sokhta ( also known as the Burnt City ) , Iran . In Arabian countries , there is interest in the camel competition to promote racing camel breeds as well as it has a very high socioeconomic value for both Arabian and African countries .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
In January 1860 , Darwin told Lyell of a reported incident at Waterloo Bridge Station : `` I never till to day realised that it was getting widely distributed ; for in a letter from a lady today to Emma , she says she heard a man enquiring for it at Railway Station ! ! ! at Waterloo Bridge ; & the Bookseller said that he had none till new Edit . was out. -- The Bookseller said he had not read it but had heard it was a very remarkable book ! ! ! ''
State of Origin series
However , in 1985 , under the leadership of captain Steve Mortimer , New South Wales won the deciding match in front of 29,068 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground , claiming the series for the first time . The following year the Blues were able to go one better and complete the first state of origin whitewash , taking the series 3 -- 0 .
Probability
The first two laws of error that were proposed both originated with Pierre - Simon Laplace . The first law was published in 1774 and stated that the frequency of an error could be expressed as an exponential function of the numerical magnitude of the error , disregarding sign . The second law of error was proposed in 1778 by Laplace and stated that the frequency of the error is an exponential function of the square of the error . The second law of error is called the normal distribution or the Gauss law . `` It is difficult historically to attribute that law to Gauss , who in spite of his well - known precocity had probably not made this discovery before he was two years old . ''
Eukaryote
The origins of the endomembrane system and mitochondria are also unclear . The phagotrophic hypothesis proposes that eukaryotic - type membranes lacking a cell wall originated first , with the development of endocytosis , whereas mitochondria were acquired by ingestion as endosymbionts . The syntrophic hypothesis proposes that the proto - eukaryote relied on the proto - mitochondrion for food , and so ultimately grew to surround it . Here the membranes originated after the engulfment of the mitochondrion , in part thanks to mitochondrial genes ( the hydrogen hypothesis is one particular version ) .
Coffee
The earliest credible evidence of coffee - drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen . It was here in Arabia that coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is now prepared . Coffee seeds were first exported from East Africa to Yemen , as the coffea arabica plant is thought to have been indigenous to the former . Yemeni traders took coffee back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed . By the 16th century , it had reached Persia , Turkey , and North Africa . From there , it spread to Europe and the rest of the world .
Lyme disease
The examination of preserved museum specimens has found Borrelia DNA in an infected Ixodes ricinus tick from Germany that dates back to 1884 , and from an infected mouse from Cape Cod that died in 1894 . The 2010 autopsy of Ötzi the Iceman , a 5,300 - year - old mummy , revealed the presence of the DNA sequence of Borrelia burgdorferi making him the earliest known human with Lyme disease .
Estrogen
In 1929 , Adolf Butenandt and Edward Adelbert Doisy independently isolated and purified estrone , the first estrogen to be discovered . Thereafter , the pace of hormonal drug research accelerated . The `` first orally effective estrogen '' , Emmenin , derived from the late - pregnancy urine of Canadian women , was introduced in 1930 by Collip and Ayerst Laboratories . Estrogens have poor oral bioavailability and prior to the development of micronization could not be given orally , but the urine was found to contain estriol glucuronide , which is absorbed orally and becomes active in the body after hydrolysis . Scientists continued to search for new sources of estrogen because of concerns associated with the practicality of introducing the drug into the market . At the same time , a German pharmaceutical drug company , Schering , formulated a similar product as Emmenin called Progynon that was introduced to German women to treat menopausal symptoms .
Coffea arabica
Arabica coffee 's first domestication in Ethiopia is obscure , but cultivation in Yemen is well documented by the 12th century .
History of tennis
Tennis was first played in the U.S. on a grass court set up on the Estate of Col. William Appleton in Nahant Massachusetts by James Dwight , Richard Dudley Sears and Fred Sears in 1874 . In 1881 , the desire to play tennis competitively led to the establishment of tennis clubs .
Bennet Omalu
Omalu has also discovered CTE in the brains of military veterans , publishing the first documented case in a November 2011 article . Omalu found evidence of CTE in a 27 - year - old Iraq War veteran who suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) and later committed suicide . Omalu 's paper links PTSD to the CTE spectrum of diseases and calls for further study .
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
American tort liability for defamatory speech or publications traces its origins to English common law . For the first two hundred years of American jurisprudence , the basic substance of defamation law continued to resemble that existing in England at the time of the Revolution . An 1898 American legal textbook on defamation provides definitions of libel and slander nearly identical to those given by William Blackstone and Edward Coke . An action of slander required the following :
Jonathan Richman
Alternate versions of `` Roadrunner '' and `` Government Center '' , along with `` The New Teller '' , and `` It Will Stand '' , first appeared on the Beserkley Chartbusters Vol. 1 compilation ( 1975 ) `` I 'm Straight '' and `` Government Center '' , from the Modern Lovers ' Kim Fowley - produced Beserkley sessions , first appeared on the Warner Bros. Records compilation Troublemakers ( 1980 ) `` I Like Gumby '' ; On the Gumby compilation album -- Jonathan Richman 1993 , contributed `` Hot Nights '' ( live ) to the AIDS - Benefit Album No Alternative produced by the Red Hot Organization . Performs `` Stop Your Sobbing '' on the 2002 Kinks tribute album This Is Where I Belong . Action Packed : The Best Of Jonathan Richman ( 2002 ) `` The Origin of Love '' on Wig in a Box ( 2003 ) `` Our Dog Is Getting Older Now '' on the charity album Colours Are Brighter ( October 2006 ) Think About Mustapha ( 2 songs ) ( 1994 ) No Me Quejo De Mi Estrella ( 2014 )
History of the telescope
The first record of a telescope comes from the Netherlands in 1608 . It is in a patent filed by Middelburg spectacle - maker Hans Lippershey with the States General of the Netherlands on 2 October 1608 for his instrument `` for seeing things far away as if they were nearby '' . A few weeks later another Dutch instrument - maker , Jacob Metius also applied for a patent . The States General did not award a patent since the knowledge of the device already seemed to be ubiquitous but the Dutch government awarded Lippershey with a contract for copies of his design .
UNICEF
In January 2007 UNICEF struck a partnership with Canada 's national tent pegging team . The team was officially re-flagged as `` UNICEF Team Canada '' , and its riders wear UNICEF 's logo in competition , and team members promote and raise funds for UNICEF 's campaign against childhood HIV - AIDS . When the team became the 2008 tent pegging world champions , UNICEF 's flag was raised alongside the Canadian flag at the games , the first time in the history of international Grand Prix equestrian competition that a non-state flag has flown over the medal podium .
Arabic numerals
The system was adopted by Arabic mathematicians in Baghdad and passed on to the Arabs farther west . There is some evidence to suggest that the numerals in their current form developed from Arabic letters in the Maghreb , the western region of the Arab world . The current form of the numerals developed in North Africa , distinct in form from the Indian and Eastern Arabic numerals . It was in the North African city of Bejaia that the Italian scholar Fibonacci first encountered the numerals ; his work was crucial in making them known throughout Europe . The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade , books and colonialism .
History of chemistry
In the same year , the Miller -- Urey experiment demonstrated that basic constituents of protein , simple amino acids , could themselves be built up from simpler molecules in a simulation of primordial processes on Earth . Though many questions remain about the true nature of the origin of life , this was the first attempt by chemists to study hypothetical processes in the laboratory under controlled conditions .
Coffee
The Dutch East India Company was the first to import coffee on a large scale . The Dutch later grew the crop in Java and Ceylon . The first exports of Indonesian coffee from Java to the Netherlands occurred in 1711 .
Cranberry
In North America , Native Americans were the first to use cranberries as food . Native Americans used cranberries in a variety of foods , especially for pemmican , wound medicine , and dye . Calling the red berries Sassamanash , Algonquian peoples may have introduced cranberries to starving English settlers in Massachusetts who incorporated the berries into traditional Thanksgiving feasts . American Revolutionary War veteran Henry Hall is credited as first to farm cranberries in the Cape Cod town of Dennis around 1816 . In the 1820s cranberries were shipped to Europe . Cranberries became popular for wild harvesting in the Nordic countries and Russia . In Scotland the berries were originally wild - harvested , but with the loss of suitable habitat , the plants have become so scarce that this is no longer done .
Jury trial
The first case decided by an English jury in India happened in Madras in 1665 , for which Ascentia Dawes ( probably a British woman ) was charged by a grand jury with the murder of her slave girl , and a petty jury , with six Englishmen and six Portuguese , found her not guilty . With the development of the East India Company empire in India , the jury system was implemented inside a dual system of courts : In Presidency Towns ( Calcutta , Madras , Bombay ) , there were Crown Courts and in criminal cases juries had to judge British and European people ( as a privilege ) and in some cases Indian people ; and in the territories outside the Presidency Towns ( called `` moffussil '' ) , there were Company Courts ( composed with Company officials ) without jury to judge most of the cases implying indigenous people .
Air Jordan
This was the first shoe after Jordan 's retirement . The design of the XV 's originated from the aircraft prototype X-15 , which was developed by NASA during the 1950s . The sides of the XV were made from woven kevlar fibre . The Jordan XV 's were the first Air Jordan 's to be negatively received in a while ( the last being the Air Jordan 2 's ) , because the quality on the Jordan shoes was bad .