vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Starving Time
Governor West and his party arrived on the James River on June 9 , just as the Deliverance and Patience were sailing downriver to leave Virginia . Intercepting them about 10 miles downstream from Jamestown near Mulberry Island ( now a part of the massive U.S. Army Base at Fort Eustis in Newport News ) , the new governor forced the Deliverance and Patience to return to the abandoned colony . This was not a popular decision at the time , but Lord Delaware was to prove a new kind of leader for Virginia .
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
Frodo , Sam , and Gollum are taken to the fallen Gondor city Osgiliath but they are attacked by the Nazgûl and Mordor army . Sam informs Faramir of how the Ring nearly drove Boromir mad , stunning Faramir . Frodo is nearly captured by the Nazgûl but Sam tackles him down a flight of stairs , saving him . After the attack ends , Faramir frees the trio and sends them on their way . Gollum , hurt by Frodo 's seeming betrayal , decides to reclaim the Ring by leading Frodo and Sam to a creature he refers to as `` Her '' , leading them away towards Mordor .
Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn
As the Scions mourn their fallen comrade , Aymeric parleys for aid in Ishgard 's defense against Nidhogg 's forces . Minfilia and Alphinaud reluctantly pledge the support of the Scions and Crystal Braves , though the other Grand Company leaders decline to provide assistance , citing domestic troubles and remembering Ishgard 's reticence during the three Garlean invasions . The adventurer leads a band of volunteers at the Steps of Faith , Ishgard 's main bridge . They manage to repel the attack and a victory celebration is held at Ul'dah with the hopes of pressuring Ishgard to rejoin the Alliance . At the banquet , Sultana Nanamo Ul Namo privately discloses to the Warrior of Light that she plans to dissolve the monarchy in order to erode the power of the Syndicate which is the source of much of Ul'dah's corruption . However , the sultana 's wine is poisoned and Teledji Adeledji bursts in to accuse the player of regicide just as Nanamo takes her last breath . Adeledji brings the adventurer forward to the banquet with his charges and denounces Raubahn for his negligence . Enraged , Raubahn murders Adeledji but Lolorito , another scheming Syndicate member , takes this as proof of Raubahn 's guilt and has him arrested . The Crystal Braves are revealed to be in the pay of Lolorito and attempt to apprehend the fleeing Scions who are taken out one by one . Only a humbled Alphinaud and the Warrior of Light manage to escape with the help of Raubahn 's son Pipin Tarupin . Cid takes them to Coerthas where the grateful Ishgardians grant them asylum from the Syndicate 's pursuers .
First Battle of Bull Run
The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill .
Conquistador
The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention . The `` capitulacion '' clearly stated that the conquered territories belonged to the Crown , not to the individual . On the other hand , concessions allowed the Crown to guide the Companies conquests to certain territories , depending on their interests . In addition , the leader of the expedition received clear instructions about their duties towards the army , the native population , the type of military action . A written report about the results was mandatory . The army had a royal official , the `` veedor '' . The `` veedor '' or notary , ensured they complied with orders and instructions and preserved the King 's share of the booty .
Clan Munro
Their first action came on 11 May 1745 , at the Battle of Fontenoy . Allowed `` their own way of fighting '' , each time they received the French fire Col. Sir Robert Munro ordered his men to `` clap to the ground '' while he himself , because of his corpulence , stood alone with the colours behind him . For the first time in a European battle they introduced a system of infantry tactics ( alternately firing and taking cover ) that has not been superseded . Springing up and closing with the enemy , they several times drove them back , and finished with a successful rearguard action against the French cavalry . Jacobite
Clan Munro
Sir Hector Munro , 8th of Novar ( 1726 -- 1805 ) , Sir Thomas Munro , 1st Baronet of Linderits ( 1761 to 1827 ) and John Munro , 9th of Teaninich ( b. 1778 ) were Scottish Generals in the British Army who had great success in India . James Munro ( VC ) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War .
French and Indian War
Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758
American Revolutionary War
Lord Germain had overseen strategic matters in the war effort and was dismissed from office in early 1782 . Soon after , a vote of no confidence was passed against the Prime Minister , forcing North 's resignation and leading to the collapse of his ministry . The Rockingham Whigs came to power soon after and began opening negotiations for peace . Prime Minister the Marquess of Rockingham died in office on 1 July 1782 and was succeeded by the Earl of Shelburne , forcing the resignations of prominent Whigs Edmund Burke and Charles James Fox , with whom Shelburne had an icy relationship . Shelburne was initially hesitant to grant full American independence , instead preferring that the colonies accept dominion status , but his intentions were never realized .
Death on the Nile
Poirot reveals what led him to his theory : the ink was contained in a bottle of nail polish he noticed in Linnet 's cabin ; Simon reloaded the gun with two spare cartridges before he disposed of it , as Poirot realized that three shots were fired that night ; the stole was used to silence the gun when Simon shot his own leg ; Poirot suspected pre-meditation for the murder , because he slept deeply through that night 's events - he had been drugged through his wine that evening . As the steamer arrives back in Cairo and the passengers disembark , Jacqueline shoots herself and Simon with another gun she possessed , so they may escape the gallows . When pressed , Poirot reveals he had known she had a second gun , but had sympathetically chosen to allow her to take her own life .
Australian Army during World War II
Throughout the war , Australian infantry units were largely equipped with British - designed but Australian - made small arms and support weapons . The standard rifle was the SMLE No 1 Mk III * , manufactured since 1912 at the Lithgow Small Arms Factory . Small quantities of the Lee -- Enfield No. 4 Mk I / Mk I * rifle , made by the Long Branch Arsenal in Canada and Savage - Stevens Firearms in the US , were used in New Guinea although most of these rifles were provided to other branches of the Australian military and to the Volunteer Defence Corps in order to free up No. 1 MkIII * rifles for frontline infantry units . American - made M1 Garand semi-automatic rifles and M1 carbines were also issued to some Australian infantry units attached to US Army formations in New Guinea . Direct fire support was provided by a mixture of machine guns , including the Vickers machine gun which was produced at Lithgow from 1929 , which were utilised by specialised machine - gun battalions and , later , also medium machine - gun platoons within infantry battalions . The Bren Gun replaced Lewis Gun as the standard automatic rifle in the early years of the war , and within infantry battalions was utilised at the section level . Their manufacture in Australia started in 1941 . To improve rates of fire , the American Thompson submachine gun was introduced but it was eventually replaced by the Australian - designed Owen Gun and the British - designed but Australian - modified and - made Austen submachine gun . Infantry platoons were also equipped with M36 grenades . The Boys anti-tank rifle was the standard infantry anti-tank weapon at the start of the war , but was replaced with the PIAT in 1943 . The heavier support weapons used by infantry battalions the war included the 2 - inch mortar and Stokes 3 - inch mortar . Infantry battalions were also equipped with Universal Carriers until being converted to the tropical warfare establishment in 1943 , when the organic carrier platoons were consolidated into companies assigned at divisional level . A man - pack flamethrower was also introduced in 1945 .
British Hong Kong
In 1841 , Elliot negotiated with Lin 's successor , Qishan , in the Convention of Chuenpi during the First Opium War . On 20 January , Elliot announced `` the conclusion of preliminary arrangements '' , which included the cession of Hong Kong Island and its harbour to the British Crown . Elliot chose Hong Kong instead of Chusan because he believed a settlement further east would cause an `` indefinite protraction of hostilities '' , whereas Hong Kong 's harbour was a valuable base for the British trading community in Canton . On 26 January , the Union Jack was raised on Hong Kong and Commodore James Bremer , commander - in - chief of British forces in China , took formal possession of the island at Possession Point . On 29 August 1842 , the cession was formally ratified in the Treaty of Nanking , which ceded Hong Kong `` in perpetuity '' to Britain .
I Am Woman
He claimed he was forced to take legal action against the singer in 1998 to recover a portion of songwriter royalties that had been withheld from him since 1972 . He said : `` I got some money out of it , but nothing like it would have been in the ' 70s when it was riding high . ''
Modern history
Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest - Litovsk . As a condition for peace , the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire , greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives . The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers , as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution . Vladimir Lenin 's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II , German Emperor , offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution , Russia would withdraw from World War I . This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry 's sponsorship of Lenin 's return to Petrograd . The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks , upset at :
History of the United Kingdom
The unexpectedly great difficulty in defeating the Boers forced a reevaluation of British policy . In military terms , it was clear that the Cardwell reforms have been inadequate . The call to establish a general staff to control military operations had been shelved by the Duke of Cambridge , himself a royal with enormous authority . It took a five more years to set up a general staff and other Army reforms , under the administration of Lord Haldane . The Royal Navy was now threatened by Germany . Britain responded by a massive building program launched in 1904 by the highly controversial First Sea Lord , Sir John Fisher . He launched the HMS Dreadnought in 1906 . It was the first modern battleship based on new armour . new propulsion , new guns and gunnery that made all other warships obsolete . The Boer war demonstrated that Britain was not loved around the world -- it had more enemies than friends and its policy of `` splendid isolation '' was one of high risk . It needed new friends . It made a military alliance with Japan , and buried old controversies to forge a close relationship with the United States . Free
Military history of the United States during World War II
The first stepping stone for the Allied liberation of Europe was , in Prime Minister Winston Churchill 's words , the `` soft underbelly '' of Europe on the Italian island of Sicily . Launched on 9 July 1943 , Operation Husky was , at the time , the largest amphibious operation ever undertaken . The American seaborne assault by the U.S. 7th Army landed on the southern coast of Sicily between the town of Licata in the west , and Scoglitti in the east and units of the 82nd airborne division parachuted ahead of landings . Despite the elements , the operation was a success and the Allies immediately began exploiting their gains . On 11 August , seeing that the battle was lost , the German and Italian commanders began evacuating their forces from Sicily to Italy . On 17 August , the Allies were in control of the island , U.S. 7th Army lost 8,781 men ( 2,237 killed or missing , 5,946 wounded , and 598 captured ) .
Original sin
They said : `` Our Lord , we have wronged ourselves souls . If You forgive us not and bestow not upon us Your mercy , we shall certainly be of the losers . --
Soweto uprising
Tsietsi Mashinini led students from Morris Isaacson High School to join up with others who walked from Naledi High School . The students began the march only to find out that police had barricaded the road along their intended route . The leader of the action committee asked the crowd not to provoke the police and the march continued on another route , eventually ending up near Orlando High School . The crowd of between 3,000 and 10,000 students made their way towards the area of the school . Students sang and waved placards with slogans such as , `` Down with Afrikaans '' , `` Viva Azania '' and `` If we must do Afrikaans , Vorster must do Zulu '' .
List of rulers of Númenor
Tar - Minastir ( S.A. 1474 -- 1873 , r . S.A. 1731 -- 1869 ) was the eleventh ruler of Númenor . He was the son of Isilmo and succeeded his aunt , Queen Tar - Telperiën , when she died . He was the grandson of King Tar - Súrion . His name means `` Tower - watcher '' , which perhaps signifies `` The Vigilant '' . Sauron invaded Eriador from Calenardhon in S.A. 1695 and realms of Eregion fell . Sauron advanced to Lindon and Rivendell . In S.A. 1700 Tar - Minastir sent a navy under the command of Ciryatur , to save Lindon . Ciryatur 's forces stopped Sauron 's army at the river Gwathló ; reinforcements from Lindon and Tharbad helped defeat Sauron at the Battle of Gwathló . Sauron retreated to Mordor in S.A. 1701 . From around the 19th century in the S.A. , Númenóreans began establishing permanent settlements in Middle - earth , including Umbar . He abdicated under pressure from his son in S.A. 1869 who succeeded him as Tar - Ciryatan .
Peloponnesian War
After the death of Pericles , the Athenians turned somewhat against his conservative , defensive strategy and to the more aggressive strategy of bringing the war to Sparta and its allies . Rising to particular importance in Athenian democracy at this time was Cleon , a leader of the hawkish elements of the Athenian democracy . Led militarily by a clever new general Demosthenes ( not to be confused with the later Athenian orator Demosthenes ) , the Athenians managed some successes as they continued their naval raids on the Peloponnese . Athens stretched their military activities into Boeotia and Aetolia , quelled the Mytilenean revolt and began fortifying posts around the Peloponnese . One of these posts was near Pylos on a tiny island called Sphacteria , where the course of the first war turned in Athens 's favour . The post off Pylos struck Sparta where it was weakest : its dependence on the helots , who tended the fields while its citizens trained to become soldiers . The helots made the Spartan system possible , but now the post off Pylos began attracting helot runaways . In addition , the fear of a general revolt of helots emboldened by the nearby Athenian presence drove the Spartans to action . Demosthenes , however , outmanoeuvred the Spartans in the Battle of Pylos in 425 BC and trapped a group of Spartan soldiers on Sphacteria as he waited for them to surrender . Weeks later , though , Demosthenes proved unable to finish off the Spartans . After boasting that he could put an end to the affair in the Assembly , the inexperienced Cleon won a great victory at the Battle of Sphacteria . The Athenians captured 300 Spartan hoplites . The hostages gave the Athenians a bargaining chip .
Cornwallis in India
Lord Cornwallis was a British army officer , civil administrator , and diplomat . His career was primarily military in nature , including a series of well - known campaigns during the War of American Independence from 1776 to 1781 that culminated in his surrender at Yorktown . Following his return to England in 1782 he was prevented by his parole from further participation in the war , and financial demands eventually caused him to seek a position of greater pay than the half - pay that military officers received when not in service .
Joan of Arc
The sudden victory at Orléans also led to many proposals for further offensive action . Joan persuaded Charles VII to allow her to accompany the army with Duke John II of Alençon , and she gained royal permission for her plan to recapture nearby bridges along the Loire as a prelude to an advance on Reims and the coronation of Charles VII . This was a bold proposal because Reims was roughly twice as far away as Paris and deep within enemy territory . The English expected an attempt to recapture Paris or an attack on Normandy . Joan
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Vázquez de Coronado was escorted to the further edge of Quivira , called Tabas , where the neighboring land of Harahey began . He summoned the `` Lord of Harahey '' who , with two hundred followers , came to meet with the Spanish . He was disappointed . The Harahey Indians were `` all naked -- with bows , and some sort of things on their heads , and their privy parts slightly covered '' . They were not the wealthy people Vázquez de Coronado sought . Disappointed , he returned to New Mexico . Before leaving Quivira , Vázquez de Coronado ordered the Turk garroted . The Turk is regarded as an Indian hero in a display at Albuquerque 's Indian Pueblo Cultural Center because he led Vázquez de Coronado onto the Great Plains and thus relieved the beleaguered pueblos of Spanish depredations for at least a few months .
Jenny Lind
Four months after her London debut , she was devastated by the premature death of Mendelssohn in November 1847 . She did not at first feel able to sing the soprano part in Elijah , which he had written for her . She finally did so at a performance in London 's Exeter Hall in late 1848 , which raised £ 1,000 to fund a musical scholarship as a memorial to him ; it was her first appearance in oratorio . The original intention had been to found a school of music in Mendelssohn 's name in Leipzig , but there was not enough support in Leipzig , and with the help of Sir George Smart , Julius Benedict and others , Lind eventually raised enough money to fund a scholarship `` to receive pupils of all nations and promote their musical training '' . The first recipient of the Mendelssohn Scholarship was the 14 - year - old Arthur Sullivan , whom Lind encouraged in his career .
Battles of Saratoga
In the American camp , the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility . Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York , but he failed to mention Arnold at all . The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success . Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold 's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent . Arnold protested , and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln . Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington 's command , which Gates granted , but instead of leaving he remained in his tent . There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp .
List of Game of Thrones characters
Despite Cersei 's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night 's Watch in exile , Joffrey orders Ned 's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father 's head . His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish , who laments Ned 's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force , rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron , Robert 's younger brother . Baelish 's preferred course of action , revealed only to Ned , had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey 's name as Regent and Lord Protector . Ned 's execution , however , is not in vain , since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey 's parentage , and Stannis informs all of Westeros , which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister .
Battle of Towton
The Yorkists had other prominent leaders , Warwick having a flamboyant appeal to his followers . Edward Hall , a 16th - century chronicler , attributed to Warwick an inspirational scene before the Battle of Towton ; Hall wrote that Warwick , wounded at Ferrybridge , slew his horse and cried , `` Let him fly that will , for surely I will tarry with him that will tarry with me '' , daring any Yorkist to quit the fight ahead . The description is likely apocryphal ; military historian Christopher Gravett said that the tale demonstrates Warwick 's loyalty to Edward and his fellow men if it is true . Warwick placed great value on his uncle , Lord Fauconberg , whom Hall called a `` man of great policy , and of much experience in martial feats '' . Small in stature and a veteran of the Anglo - French wars , Fauconberg was highly esteemed by his peers in matters of military affairs . He was quick to adapt to new situations ; among his previous achievements were the administration of the French town of Calais , leading several piracy expeditions of import , and the command of the vanguard at the Battle of Northampton . Of those appointed to raise men for the battle , Norfolk likely never made it to the engagement due to his advanced age , and his knights -- Walter Blount and Robert Horne -- would have taken command of his contingent . In any event , Norfolk was an `` unpredictable ally '' ; he had joined the Yorkists to establish a power base for himself in eastern England , and wavered in his support for their cause on various occasions .