vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States , to areas to the west ( usually west of the Mississippi River ) that had been designated as Indian Territory . The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . Many of the relocated people suffered from exposure , disease , and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve , and many died before reaching their destinations . The forced removals included members of the Cherokee , Muscogee ( Creek ) , Seminole , Chickasaw , Choctaw , and Ponca nations . The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes , including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838 .
Monongahela River
° 27 ′ 53 '' N 80 ° 09 ′ 10 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 39.46472 ° N 80.15278 ° W ﻿ / 39.46472 ; - 80.15278 Mouth Ohio River - location Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania - elevation 709 ft ( 216 m ) - coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 58 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.44167 ° N 80.01611 ° W ﻿ / 40.44167 ; - 80.01611 Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 58 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.44167 ° N 80.01611 ° W ﻿ / 40.44167 ; - 80.01611 Length 130 mi ( 209 km ) Basin 7,340 sq mi ( 19,011 km ) Discharge for Braddock , PA - average 12,650 cu ft / s ( 358 m / s ) - max 81,100 cu ft / s ( 2,296 m / s ) - min 2,900 cu ft / s ( 82 m / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Masontown , PA 8,433 cu ft / s ( 239 m / s ) Map of the Monongahela River basin , with the Monongahela River highlighted
Urban renewal
In 1961 , Jane Jacobs published The Death and Life of Great American Cities , one of the first -- and strongest -- critiques of contemporary large - scale urban renewal . However , it would still be a few years before organized movements began to oppose urban renewal . The Rondout neighborhood in Kingston , New York ( on the Hudson River ) was essentially destroyed by a federally funded urban renewal program in the 1960s , with more than 400 old buildings demolished , most of them historic brick structures built in the 19th century . Similarly ill - conceived urban renewal programs gutted the historic centers of other towns and cities across America in the 1950s and 1960s ( for example the West End neighborhood in Boston , the downtown area of Norfolk , Virginia and the historic waterfront areas of the towns of Narragansett and Newport in Rhode Island ) .
Gene
Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases , DNA strands have directionality . One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose ; this is known as the 3 ' end of the molecule . The other end contains an exposed phosphate group ; this is the 5 ' end . The two strands of a double - helix run in opposite directions . Nucleic acid synthesis , including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5 ' → 3 ' direction , because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3 ' hydroxyl as a nucleophile .
River Thames
limit Petersham Twickenham Richmond Old Isleworth , Isleworth Kew Brentford Strand - on - the - Green , Chiswick Mortlake Dukes Meadows , Chiswick Barnes Chiswick Castlenau , Barnes Hammersmith London Wetland Centre , Barnes Fulham Putney Wandsworth Battersea Sands End , Fulham Chelsea Nine Elms , Battersea Pimlico , Westminster Vauxhall Millbank , Westminster ( North ) Lambeth Waterloo ( Victoria ) Embankment / Strand , Westminster St Clement Danes Southwark City of London ( The ) Borough Bermondsey St Katherine 's Wharf , St George in the East Wapping Rotherhithe Shadwell Limehouse Millwall , Poplar Deptford Millwall / Cubitt Town , Poplar Greenwich Cubitt Town , Poplar Greenwich Peninsula , Greenwich Blackwall , Poplar Leamouth , Poplar New Charlton , Charlton West Ham Woolwich ( Thames Barrier ) East Ham / North Woolwich Thamesmead , Woolwich Barking Thamesmead , Erith Dagenham Erith Rainham Marshes , Rainham Wennington Marshes , Wennington Erith ; Crayford Marshes Aveley Marshes , Aveley Dartford Marshes , Dartford West Thurrock ( Purfleet ; West Thurrock Marshes ) Stone Marshes , Stone Greenhithe Swanscombe Swanscombe Marshes / Broadness Lighthouse , Swanscombe Grays ( or , more rarely , Grays Thurrock ) Northfleet Tilbury , West Tilbury Gravesend Eastcourt Marshes , Chalk Shorne Marshes , Shorne West Tilbury Higham Marshes , Lower Higham East Tilbury Cliffe Marshes / Redham Mead , Cliffe Corringham Marshes / Thames Haven , Corringham Halstow Marshes , High Halstow Canvey Island , Corringham / Stanford - le - Hope / Leigh - on - Sea St Marys Marshes , St Mary Hoo Allhallows - on - Sea Leigh - on - Sea Grain Southend - on - Sea End of Thames Estuary -- North Sea ( the few settlements further along the debatable estuary to the two points mentioned in the routemap are on inlets or far inland )
San Jose, California
Coyote Creek Trail Guadalupe River Trail Los Gatos Creek Trail Los Alamitos Creek Trail Penitencia Creek Trail Silver Creek Valley Trail
Vermont
Greyhound Lines stops at Bellows Falls , Brattleboro , Burlington , Montpelier , and White River Junction . Megabus , as of November 2014 , stops in Burlington and Montpelier . Vermont Translines , an intercity bus company started by Premier Coach in 2013 partnering with Greyhound and starting service on June 9 , 2014 , serves Milton , Colchester , Burlington , Middlebury , Brandon , Rutland , Wallingford , Manchester and Bennington on its Burlington to Albany line , and Rutland , Killington , Bridgewater , Woodstock , Queechee and White River Junction along the US Route 4 corridor . The town of Bennington also has the weekday - operating Albany - Bennington Shuttle , an intercity bus operated by Yankee Trails World Travel . Local
Souris River
Souris River Mouse River , Rivière Souris The Souris River in the town of Souris , Manitoba . Countries Canada , United States States / Provinces Saskatchewan , North Dakota , Manitoba Part of Red River drainage basin Tributaries - left Antler - right Gainsborough Cities Minot , ND , Souris , MB , Weyburn , SK , Melita , MB Source north of Weyburn - location Saskatchewan - coordinates 49 ° 49 ′ 53 '' N 103 ° 47 ′ 46 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.83139 ° N 103.79611 ° W ﻿ / 49.83139 ; - 103.79611 Mouth Assiniboine River - location Manitoba , Canada - coordinates 49 ° 39 ′ 54 '' N 99 ° 34 ′ 07 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.66500 ° N 99.56861 ° W ﻿ / 49.66500 ; - 99.56861 Coordinates : 49 ° 39 ′ 54 '' N 99 ° 34 ′ 07 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 49.66500 ° N 99.56861 ° W ﻿ / 49.66500 ; - 99.56861 Length 435 mi ( 700 km ) Basin 23,600 sq mi ( 61,124 km ) The Red River drainage basin , with the Souris River highlighted Alameda
Geography of West Bengal
The distributaries of the Padma River like Bhairab , Jalangi , Mathabhanga River and their tributaries enters West Bengal and joins the Bhagirathi on its left bank . The Bhairab and the Jalangi meet and their joined waters known as Jalangi falls into Bhagirathi . The Mathabhanga divides into branches namely ; Churni and Ichhamati , while the Churni meets the Bhagirathi while the other flows southwards and joins the Kalindi .
Blue Nile
Blue Nile Blue Nile Falls ( Tis Issat ) at Lake Tana Country Ethiopia Basin features Main source Lesser Abay / Lake Tana River mouth Confluence with White Nile in Khartoum , Sudan , forming main branch of Nile River Basin size 325,000 km ( 125,000 sq mi ) Physical characteristics Length 1,450 km ( 900 mi ) Discharge Average rate : 1,548 m / s ( 54,700 cu ft / s ) Map
List of Avengers members
A group of heroes independently formed their own branch of Avengers , as Great Lakes Avengers , in West Coast Avengers vol. 2 # 46 ( July 1989 ) , with no official status . Later known as the Lightning Rods ( after the Thunderbolts during Heroes Reborn ) , they eventually switched their name back . In the GLA Misassembled miniseries , the team was contacted by the Maria Stark Foundation and forced to change their name . They chose the Great Lakes X-Men . In The Thing # 8 , they changed their name again to the Great Lakes Champions . Since the Civil War , the team has been known as the Great Lakes Initiative . In the new ongoing Great Lakes Avengers series , the team was made official members of the Avengers due to a legal technicality . A few issues later , their membership was revoked .
River Thames
Thameside settlements Towns / villages by parish beside the river blank spaces indicate as place above ( `` ) Legend Kemble , Gloucestershire Kemble ( meads ) Ewen , Somerford Keynes Poole Keynes meads and lakes of both Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Leigh ( meads ) Ashton Keynes ( meads ) Cricklade Latton ( meads ) Castle Eaton ( meads ) Castle Eaton Marston Maisey ( meads ) Kempsford Hannington ( meads ) Kempsford ( meads ) Limit of navigation Inglesham ( meads ) Lechlade Buscot ( meads ) Lechlade ( meads ) Eaton Hastings Kelmscott Faringdon ( meads ) Radcot ( meads ) Clanfield ( meads ) Littleworth ( mead ) Clanfield ( meads ) Buckland ( meads ) Bampton ( meads ) Hinton Waldrist ( meads ) Chimney ( meads ) Longworth ( meads ) Shifford ( meads ) Kingston Bagpuize ( meads ) Standlake ( meads ) Fyfield ( meads ) Northmoor ( meads ) Appleton with Eaton ( meads ) Bablock Hythe and meads , Cumnor Stanton Harcourt ( meads ) Farmoor , Cumnor Eynsham ( meads ) Swinford and meads , Cumnor Wytham Cassington ( meads ) Yarnton ( meads ) Wolvercote Binsey , Oxfordshire Wolvercote Common , Wolvercote Osney New Osney ( west - central Oxford ) Grandpont Oxford ( south - central ) New Hinksey , South Hinksey ( east Oxford inc .
Los Angeles County, California
Baldwin Lake Bouquet Reservoir Castaic Lake Crystal Lake Elizabeth Lake Holiday Lake Hollywood Reservoir Hughes Lake Jackson Lake Las Virgenes Reservoir . Malibou Lake Morris Reservoir Munz Lakes Lake Palmdale Puddingstone Reservoir Pyramid Lake Quail Lake Silver Lake Reservoir Stone Canyon Reservoir Tweedy Lake Westlake in City of Westlake Village Lake Lindero
History of coal mining
The first coal mining in North America began in New Brunswick , Canada in the early 1600s . Coal was found by French explorers and fur traders along the shores of Grand Lake where rivers and erosion had exposed the coal . Small amounts of coal were dug from surface deposits and tunnels dug into the coal seams , and this coal supplied Fort Saint Marie , built by the French about 1632 at the mouth of the Saint John River . The French sold coal to the British colony at Boston as early as 1639 . Due to this earliest export of coal in North America , Grand Lake has been recognized as a Canadian Historic Site . Coal mining expanded after the British took control of the area in the mid 1700s and encouraged permanent settlements in New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Quebec and Ontario by British Loyalists . Beginning in 1765 , over 11,000 Loyalists settled in N.B. , most along the lower 100 miles of the Saint John River and around Grand Lake . Approximately 200,000 tons of coal were dug at Grand Lake between 1639 and 1887 using surface collection , vertical shafts and the room and pillar system . By 1920 , the use of draglines and other modern equipment made strip mining possible and the privately owned Grand Lake area mines produced over 200,000 tons per year . Most of this coal was used by the railroad and large businesses . By 1936 , a coal burning electric power generating plant at Newcastle Creek was operating with two 33,000 volt lines going to Fredericton and one 66,000 volt line going to Marysville . By 1950 , coal production at Grand Lake often reached 1 million tons per year . In 1969 , all the privately owned Grand Lake area coal companies and approximately 1,000 employees were consolidated into one provincial government controlled company named N.B. Coal Ltd ... In 2009 , the increasing availability of oil and environmental concerns with coal use caused the closing of the Grand Lake coal mines and New Brunswick 's coal mining industry .
Flint water crisis
The Flint drinking water contamination issue started in April 2014 when Flint changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water ( sourced from Lake Huron and the Detroit River ) to the Flint River . Officials failed to apply corrosion inhibitors to the water . As a result , there was a series of problems that culminated with lead contamination , creating a serious public health danger . The Flint River water that was treated improperly caused lead from aging pipes to leach into the water supply , leading to extremely elevated levels of the heavy metal neurotoxin . In Flint , between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead and they may experience a range of serious health problems . Due to the change in water source , the percentage of Flint children with elevated blood - lead levels may have risen from about 2.5 % in 2013 to as much as 5 % in 2015 . The water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of Legionnaires ' disease in the county that has killed 10 people and affected another 77 .
Great Lakes
The water level of Lake Michigan -- Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century , but has nevertheless dropped more than 6 feet from the record high in 1986 to the low of 2013 . One newspaper reported that the long - term average level has gone down about 20 inches because of dredging and subsequent erosion in the St. Clair River . Lake Michigan -- Huron hit all - time record low levels in 2013 ; according to the US Army Corps of Engineers , the previous record low had been set in 1964 . By April 2015 the water level had recovered to 7 inches ( 17.5 cm ) more than the `` long term monthly average '' .
Waikato River
Lake Karapiro ( an artificial lake ) is regarded as one of New Zealand 's best rowing venues . The World Rowing Championships in 1978 and 2010 , and the 1950 British Empire Games were hosted at Karapiro .
Rhode Island
Waterbodies of Rhode Island Bays and sounds Block Island Sound Greenwich Bay Narragansett Bay Rhode Island Sound Canals , estuaries , and rivers Blackstone Canal Little Narragansett Bay Mount Hope Bay Pawcatuck River Thames River ( Connecticut ) Lakes and ponds Butterfly Pond Cards Pond Edgewood Lake Ell Pond Great Salt Pond Indian Lake Lake Bel Air Lake Mishnock Lake Washington Maschaug Pond Ninigret Pond Point Judith Pond Potter Pond Quicksand Pond Quonochontaug Pond Roosevelt Lake Silver Lake Trustom Pond Wallum Lake Watchaug Pond Winnapaug Pond Reservoirs Burlingame Reservoir Diamond Hill Reservoir Miscoe Lake Scituate Reservoir
Catawba River
Lake James Dam Rhodhiss Dam Oxford Dam Lookout Shoals Dam Cowans Ford Dam , creating Lake Norman Mountain Island Lake Dam
Delaware River
The Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area came about as a result of the failure of a controversial plan to build a dam on the Delaware River at Tocks Island , just north of the Delaware Water Gap to control water levels for flood control and hydroelectric power generation . The dam would have created a 37 - mile ( 60 km ) lake in the center of present park for use as a reservoir . Starting in 1960 , the present day area of the Recreation Area was acquired for the Army Corps of Engineers through eminent domain . Between 3,000 and 5,000 dwellings were demolished , including historical sites , and about 15,000 people were displaced by the project .
Great Lakes
Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake , called Lake Michigan -- Huron , because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac . The straits are 5 miles ( 8 km ) wide and 120 feet ( 37 m ) deep ; the water levels -- currently at 577 feet ( 176 m ) -- rise and fall together , and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction .
Colonial history of the United States
By 1660 , French fur trappers , missionaries and military detachments based in Montreal pushed west along the Great Lakes upriver into the Pays d'en Haut and founded outposts at Green Bay , Fort de Buade and Saint Ignace ( both at Michilimackinac ) , Sault Sainte Marie , Vincennes , and Detroit in 1701 . During the French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) many of these settlements became occupied by the British . By 1773 , the population of Detroit was 1,400 . At the end of the War for Independence in 1783 , the region south of the Great Lakes formally became part of the United States .
Lake of the Ozarks
Lake of the Ozarks Aerial panorama of Lake of the Ozarks Location Benton , Camden , Miller , and Morgan Counties in Missouri Coordinates 38 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 92 ° 37 ′ 35 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 38.20250 ° N 92.62639 ° W ﻿ / 38.20250 ; - 92.62639 Coordinates : 38 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 92 ° 37 ′ 35 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 38.20250 ° N 92.62639 ° W ﻿ / 38.20250 ; - 92.62639 Type Reservoir Primary inflows Grandglaize Creek , Gravois Creek , Niangua River , Osage River Primary outflows Osage River Catchment area 14,000 sq mi ( 36,300 km ) Basin countries United States Managing agency Ameren Missouri Built August 6 , 1929 ( 1929 - 08 - 06 ) First flooded February 2 , 1931 ( 1931 - 02 - 02 ) Max. length 93 miles ( 150 km ) Surface area 54,000 acres ( 220 km ) Max . depth 130 ft ( 40 m ) Water volume 1,927,000 acre ⋅ ft ( 2.377 × 10 m ) Residence time 2 - 4 months Shore length 1,150 miles ( 1,850 km ) Surface elevation 659 ft ( 201 m ) Settlements Camdenton , Lake Ozark , Laurie , Osage Beach , Sunrise Beach , Village of Four Seasons References Shore length is not a well - defined measure .
Flint water crisis
2007 -- 2013 -- Officials for the City of Flint formulate a plan to use the Flint River as a backup emergency water source . March 22 , 2012 -- County officials announce plans for a new pipeline to reduce costs by delivering water from Lake Huron to Flint April 16 , 2013 -- The city terminates its water service contract with the city of Detroit and the switch to the Flint River is to be effective in April 2014 . April 21 , 2014 -- After construction delays , the water source switch to the Flint River is completed . August 14 , 2014 -- The city announces a water boiling advisory for parts of the city . The advisory is lifted on August 20 . A second warning is issued in September . October 2014 -- Flint 's General Motors Flint Truck Assembly plant discontinues using Flint tap water due to corroding engine parts from high levels of chlorine . 2015
River Thames
The principal tributaries of the River Thames on the Tideway include the rivers Brent , Wandle , Effra , Westbourne , Fleet , Ravensbourne ( the final part of which is called Deptford Creek ) , Lea , Roding , Darent and Ingrebourne . At London , the water is slightly brackish with sea salt , being a mix of sea and fresh water .
Lake District
the wildest , most barren and frightful of any that I have passed over in England , or even Wales itself ; the west side , which borders on Cumberland , is indeed bounded by a chain of almost unpassable mountains which , in the language of the country , are called fells .
Lake Michigan
Like all of the Great Lakes , Lake Michigan is today used as a major mode of transport for bulk goods . In 2002 , 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved via the Lakes . This was , in order of volume : iron ore , grain and potash . The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry . There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo , but most container vessels can not pass the locks on the Saint Lawrence Seaway because the ships are too wide . The total amount of shipping on the lakes has been on a downward trend for several years .
Sea of Galilee
The Sea of Galilee , also Kinneret or Kinnereth , Lake of Gennesaret , or Lake Tiberias ( Hebrew : יָם כִּנֶּרֶת ‬ , Judeo - Aramaic : יַמּא דטבריא ; גִּנֵּיסַר Arabic : بحيرة طبريا ‎ ) , is a freshwater lake in Israel . It is approximately 53 km ( 33 mi ) in circumference , about 21 km ( 13 mi ) long , and 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) wide . Its area is 166.7 km ( 64.4 sq mi ) at its fullest , and its maximum depth is approximately 43 m ( 141 feet ) . At levels between 215 metres ( 705 ft ) and 209 metres ( 686 ft ) below sea level , it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth and the second - lowest lake in the world ( after the Dead Sea , a saltwater lake ) . The lake is fed partly by underground springs although its main source is the Jordan River which flows through it from north to south .
Flint water crisis
In April 2014 , to save about $5 million in under two years , Flint started treating water from the Flint River instead of purchasing Lake Huron water from Detroit . Previously , the Flint River . was the backup water source . In June , 2014 , Flint 's emergency manager , Darnell Earley , finalized the sale of a nine - mile section of water pipeline to Genesee County for $3.9 million . This pipeline fed Detroit water into the county , and after the Huron pipeline was active , would service the eastern part of the county , as well . By December , 2014 , the city had already invested $4 million into its water plant . On July 1 , 2014 , Flint emergency manager , Darnell Earley , gave operational authority to Mayor Dayne Walling over two city departments , including Public Works .
War of 1812
Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . Re-enactors
St. Johns River
The St. Johns creeps into the southern tip of Lake George , the second largest lake in Florida at 72 square miles ( 190 km ) , 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) wide and 12 miles ( 19 km ) long . The watershed surrounding Lake George expands through 3,590 square miles ( 9,300 km ) , lying within Ocala National Forest and Lake George State Forest , that protect an ecosystem dominated by pine and scrub more than 380,000 acres ( 1,500 km ) and 21,000 acres ( 85 km ) in size , respectively . Flatwoods forests dominate the Lake George watershed , with slash pines ( Pinus elliottii ) , saw palmetto ( Serenoa repens ) , and over 100 species of groundcover or herbal plants that grow in poor , sandy soil . Flatwoods pine forests stay relatively dry , but can withstand short periods of flooding . Larger land animals such as wild turkeys ( Meleagris gallopavo ) , sandhill cranes ( Grus canadensis ) , and the largest population of southern bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus ) in the contiguous U.S , find it easier to live in the flatwoods . Typical mammals that live in these ecosystems , such as raccoons ( Procyon lotor ) , opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) , bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) , and white tailed - deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) , are ones that prefer dry , flat areas with good ground cover and available nesting sites .