vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Subhas Chandra Bose
Even when faced with military reverses , Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement . Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in Burma on 4 July 1944 , Bose 's most famous quote was `` Give me blood , and I shall give you freedom ! '' In this , he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj . Spoken in Hindi , Bose 's words are highly evocative . The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government , the Azad Hind Government , which came to produce its own currency , postage stamps , court and civil code , and was recognised by nine Axis states -- Germany , Japan , Italian Social Republic , the Independent State of Croatia , Wang Jingwei regime in Nanjing , China , a provisional government of Burma , Manchukuo and Japanese - controlled Philippines . Recent researches have shown that the USSR too had diplomatic contact with the `` Provisional Government of Free India '' . Of those countries , five were authorities established under Axis occupation . This government participated in the so - called Greater East Asia Conference as an observer in November 1943 .
Governor General of Canada
It was with the Queen 's appointment of Adrienne Clarkson , on the advice of then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , that a shift in the office took place . Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position -- coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation -- was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada , the first from a visible minority ( she is of Chinese ancestry ) , and , by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband , author and philosopher John Ralston Saul , the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement , in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture . Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians , winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors , her inspiring speeches , and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander - in - Chief 's representative . This did not come without a cost , however , as the attention also drew widespread criticism of the Governor General 's increased spending on state affairs , for which the office was symbolically rebuked by parliament when it voted in favour of cutting by 10 % the viceregal budget it had earlier supported , as well as for fostering the notion , through various demonstrations , that the governor general was ultimately the Canadian head of state above the Queen herself , an approach that was said by Jack Granatstein to have caused `` a fury '' with the Queen on one occasion in 2004 . This attitude was not unique to Clarkson , though ; it had been observed that , for some decades , staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state , part of a wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s , if not the 1964 Truncheon Saturday riot in Quebec City . Indeed , international observers opined that the viceroys had been , over the years , making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign , for fear of being too closely associated with any `` Britishness '' the monarch embodied . As
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Despite the war , the Spaniards did not neglect the colonizing process . Spanish royal authority on these territories was consolidated by the creation of an Audiencia Real , a type of appellate court . In January 1535 , Lima was founded , from which the political and administrative institutions were to be organized . In 1542 , the Spanish created the Viceroyalty of New Castile , that shortly after would be called Viceroyalty of Peru . Nevertheless , the Viceroyalty of Peru was not organized until the arrival of a later Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in 1572 . Toledo ended the indigenous Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba , executing the Inca Túpac Amaru . He promoted economic development using commercial monopoly and built up the extraction from the silver mines of Potosí , using slavery based on the Inca institution of forced labor for mandatory public service called mita .
Spanish colonization of the Americas
The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huáscar , and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated , such as the Huancas , Chachapoyas , and Cañaris . In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region . The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542 . The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572 .
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
After Atahualpa 's execution , Pizarro installed Atahualpa 's brother , Túpac Huallpa , as a puppet Inca ruler , but he soon died unexpectedly , leaving Manco Inca Yupanqui in power . He began his rule as an ally of the Spanish and was respected in the southern regions of the empire , but there was still much unrest in the north near Quito where Atahualpa 's generals were amassing troops . Atahualpa 's death meant that there was no hostage left to deter these northern armies from attacking the invaders . Led by Atahualpa 's generals Rumiñahui , Zope - Zupahua and Quisquis , the native armies were finally defeated , effectively ending any organized rebellion in the north of the empire .
Political action committee
Former Rep. John Doolittle 's ( R ) leadership PAC paid 15 % to a firm that only employed his wife . Payouts to his wife 's firm were $68,630 in 2003 and 2004 , and $224,000 in 2005 and 2006 . The Doolittle home was raided in 2007 . After years of investigation , the Justice Department dropped the case with no charges in June 2010 . One Leadership PAC purchased $2,139 in gifts from Bose Corporation . Former Rep. Richard Pombo ( R ) used his leadership PAC to pay hotel bills ( $22,896 ) and buy baseball tickets ( $320 ) for donors . Former Speaker Nancy Pelosi 's ( D ) leadership PAC , Team Majority , was fined $21,000 by federal election officials `` for improperly accepting donations over federal limits . ''
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
After an urgent request from Brunswick , Pitt was able to put his plan into action , and in September 1757 a British raid was launched against Rochefort in Western France . For various reasons it was not a success , but Pitt was determined to press ahead with similar raids . Another British expedition was organised under Lord Sackville . A landing in St Malo was partially successful , but was cut short by the sudden appearance of French troops -- and the force withdrew to Britain . Pitt organised a third major descent , under the command of Thomas Bligh . His raid on Cherbourg in August 1758 proved to be the most successful of the descents , as he burnt ships and munitions and destroyed the fortifications of the town . However , an attempt in September to do the same at St Malo ended with the Battle of St Cast and the British withdrawing with heavy casualties . This proved to be the last of the major landings attempted on the French coast -- though the British later took control of the Belle Île off the coast of Brittany which was used as a base for marshalling troops and supplies . The raids were not financially successful and were described by Henry Fox as being `` like breaking windows with guineas '' . From then on the British concentrated their efforts in Europe on Germany .
Peninsular War
On 27 July at the Battle of Talavera , the French advanced in three columns and were repulsed several times , but at a heavy cost to the British force . Wellesley , ignoring Cuesta 's urgings to proceed to a general attack , decided on a gradual retreat , leaving Talavera on 4 August . Wellesley was concerned about the imminent arrival of Soult with his army and was afraid of being cut off from his base in Portugal . He sent the Light Brigade to hold the bridge over the Tagus River at Almaraz and , on 8 August , Soult 's army faced the Spanish army at Puente del Arzobispo . With communications and supply from Lisbon secured , Wellesley considered rejoining Cuesta , but considerable friction had developed between the British and the Spanish ; after Talevera , the Spanish had abandoned the British wounded to the French . Also , actions taken by the Spanish forces resulted in Wellesley 's strategic position being compromised . The Spanish had promised to provide supplies for the British if they advanced into Spain , but this was not done . The ensuing lack of supplies and the threat of French reinforcement in the spring led to the British decision to retreat into Portugal . By making this choice Wellesley was supported by the government perception about Talavera . About himself , London was all gratitude , and rewarded Wellesley with the peerage of Viscount Wellington . But considerations pointed to a careful course of action . The peace party accused the general of being outgeneraled , while insinuations were being made that Talavera was fought for no objective beyond getting an aristocratic title . A string of embarrassments appeared about the excess of patronage where the principal exponents were the Duke of York and Lord Castlereagh . There was also much dissatisfaction with Wellington , as he was now known : considered an authoritarian , he also made himself more distrusted by writing about the conduct of the Cabinet and what he perceived as not enough support from them .
Black and Tans
The actions of the Black and Tans alienated public opinion in both Ireland and Great Britain . Their violent tactics encouraged the Irish public to increase their covert support of the IRA , while the British public pressed for a move towards a peaceful resolution . Edward Wood MP , better known as the future Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax , rejected force and urged the British government to make an offer to the Irish `` conceived on the most generous lines '' . Sir John Simon MP , another future Foreign Secretary , was also horrified at the tactics being used . Lionel Curtis , writing in the imperialist journal The Round Table , wrote : `` If the British Commonwealth can only be preserved by such means , it would become a negation of the principle for which it has stood '' . The King , senior Anglican bishops , MPs from the Liberal and Labour parties , Oswald Mosley , Jan Smuts , the Trades Union Congress and parts of the press were increasingly critical of the actions of the Black and Tans . Mahatma Gandhi said of the British peace offer : `` It is not fear of losing more lives that has compelled a reluctant offer from England but it is the shame of any further imposition of agony upon a people that loves liberty above everything else '' .
Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series
To plan his visual effects sequences , Jackson also utilized a lipstick camera for the models of sets and computer animatics ( learned from Industrial Light & Magic ) , planning the battle sequences like a real general and giving a sense of direction . This would often allow room for him to improvise for action sequences , such as the Moria staircase collapse ( which was never in any script draft ) . He also bought 40,000 toy soldiers to play with . Pre-visualisation would continue throughout production , such as the late addition of the Ents attacking Isengard , and the siege of Minas Tirith in February 2003 .
Boston Tea Party
In Britain , even those politicians considered friends of the colonies were appalled and this act united all parties there against the colonies . The Prime Minister Lord North said , `` Whatever may be the consequence , we must risk something ; if we do not , all is over '' . The British government felt this action could not remain unpunished , and responded by closing the port of Boston and putting in place other laws known as the `` Coercive Acts . '' Benjamin Franklin stated that the destroyed tea must be paid for , all ninety thousand pounds ( which , at two shillings per pound , came to £ 9,000 , or £ 1.05 million ( 2014 , approx . $1.7 million US ) ) . Robert Murray , a New York merchant , went to Lord North with three other merchants and offered to pay for the losses , but the offer was turned down .
Matterhorn
Just as he did two years before , Whymper asked Carrel to be his guide , but Carrel declined ; Whymper was also unsuccessful in hiring other local guides from Breuil . When Whymper discovered Giordano and Carrel 's plan , he left Breuil and crossed the Theodul Pass to Zermatt to hire local guides . He encountered Lord Francis Douglas , a Scottish mountaineer , who also wanted to climb the Matterhorn . They arrived later in Zermatt in the Monte Rosa Hotel , where they met two other British climbers -- the Reverend Charles Hudson and his young and inexperienced companion , Douglas Robert Hadow -- who had hired the French guide Michel Croz to try to make the first ascent . These two groups decided to join forces and try the ascent of the Hörnli ridge . They hired another two local guides , a father and son , both named Peter Taugwalder .
Anthony Eden
Eden , who faced domestic pressure from his party to take action , as well as stopping the decline of British influence in the Middle East , had ignored Britain 's financial dependence on the US in the wake of the Second World War , and had assumed the US would automatically endorse whatever action taken by its closest ally . At the ' Law not War ' rally in Trafalgar Square on 4 November 1956 , Eden was ridiculed by Aneurin Bevan : ' Sir Anthony Eden has been pretending that he is now invading Egypt to strengthen the United Nations . Every burglar of course could say the same thing ; he could argue that he was entering the house to train the police . So , if Sir Anthony Eden is sincere in what he is saying , and he may be , then he is too stupid to be a prime minister ' . Public opinion was mixed ; some historians think that the majority of public opinion in the UK was on Eden 's side . Eden was forced to bow to American diplomatic and financial pressure , and protests at home , by calling a ceasefire when Anglo - French forces had captured only 23 miles of the Canal . With the US threatening to withdraw financial support from sterling , the Cabinet divided and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan threatening to resign unless an immediate ceasefire was called , Eden was under immense pressure . He considered defying the calls until the commander on the ground told him it could take up to six days for the Anglo - French troops to secure the entire Canal zone . Therefore , a ceasefire was called at quarter past midnight on 7 November .
Themistocles
To bring about this battle , Themistocles used a cunning mix of subterfuge and misinformation , psychologically exploiting Xerxes 's desire to finish the invasion . Xerxes 's actions indicate that he was keen to finish the conquest of Greece in 480 BC , and to do this , he needed a decisive victory over the Allied fleet . Themistocles sent a servant , Sicinnus , to Xerxes , with a message proclaiming that Themistocles was `` on king 's side and prefers that your affairs prevail , not the Hellenes '' . Themistocles claimed that the Allied commanders were infighting , that the Peloponnesians were planning to evacuate that very night , and that to gain victory all the Persians needed to do was to block the straits . In performing this subterfuge , Themistocles seems to have been trying to lure the Persian fleet into the Straits . The message also had a secondary purpose , namely that in the event of an Allied defeat , the Athenians would probably receive some degree of mercy from Xerxes ( having indicated their readiness to submit ) . At any rate , this was exactly the kind of news that Xerxes wanted to hear . Xerxes evidently took the bait , and the Persian fleet was sent out to effect the block . Perhaps overconfident and expecting no resistance , the Persian navy sailed into the Straits , only to find that , far from disintegrating , the Allied navy was ready for battle . Romantic
British Hong Kong
In 1836 , the Manchu Qing government undertook a major policy review of the opium trade . Lin Zexu volunteered to take on the task of suppressing opium . In March 1839 , he became Special Imperial Commissioner in Canton , where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium stock . He confined the British to the Canton Factories and cut off their supplies . Chief Superintendent of Trade , Charles Elliot , complied with Lin 's demands to secure a safe exit for the British , with the costs involved to be resolved between the two governments . When Elliot promised that the British government would pay for their opium stock , the merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium , which were destroyed in public . Possibly
Cross of Gold speech
With this call to action , Bryan abandoned any hint at compromise , and adopted the techniques of the radical , polarizing orator , finding no common ground between silver and gold forces . He then defended the remainder of the platform , though only speaking in general terms . He mocked McKinley , said by some to resemble Napoleon , noting that he was nominated on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo . The lengthy passage as he discussed the platform and the Republicans helped calm the audience , ensuring he would be heard as he reached his peroration . But Bryan first wished to tie the silver question to a greater cause :
Women in Vietnam
In A.D. 40 , the Trung sisters Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị led a rebellion to get rid of To Dinh , the corrupt Chinese governor occupying Vietnam . They were daughters of a Lac lord in Giao Chi ( now Northern Vietnam ) and widows of aristocrats . They successfully formed their own kingdom in Mê Linh , where Trung Trac was proclaimed queen , and a capital was built for her `` . While ruling in Me Linh , the sisters abolished taxes , which had been especially cruel under To Dinh . They were defeated in A.D. 43 by Ma Yuan , a Chinese general , but are still regarded as female military heroes and national heroines .
War of the Austrian Succession
Frederick obtained an alliance with the French against the Austrians , signing the Treaty of Breslau on 5 June . Accordingly , the French began to cross the Rhine on 15 August and joined the Bavarian Elector 's forces on the Danube and advanced towards Vienna . The combined forces of the French and the Bavarians captured the Austrian town of Linz on 14 September . However , at this point , the objective was suddenly changed , and after many countermarches the anti-Austrian allies advanced , in three widely separated corps , on Prague . A French corps moved via Amberg and Pilsen . The Elector marched on Budweis , and the Saxons ( who had now joined the allies against Austria ) invaded Bohemia by the Elbe valley . The Austrians could at first offer little resistance , but before long a considerable force intervened at Tábor between the Danube and the allies , and Austrian troops including Neipperg were soon transferred from Silesia back to the west to defend the Austrian capital , Vienna , from the French .
Greco-Persian Wars
In 490 BC , Datis and Artaphernes ( son of the satrap Artaphernes ) were given command of an amphibious invasion force , and set sail from Cilicia . The Persian force sailed first to the island of Rhodes , where a Lindian Temple Chronicle records that Datis besieged the city of Lindos , but was unsuccessful . The fleet sailed next to Naxos , to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed expedition the Persians had mounted there a decade earlier . Many of the inhabitants fled to the mountains ; those that the Persians caught were enslaved . The Persians then burnt the city and temples of the Naxians . The fleet then proceeded to island - hop across the rest of the Aegean on its way to Eretria , taking hostages and troops from each island .
The Lord of the Rings (film series)
Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk - hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer - generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future `` Ultimate Edition '' home video release , also including out - takes .
Elf (Middle-earth)
There are many references in The Lord of the Rings to the continued existence of Elves in Middle - earth during the early years of the Fourth Age . Elladan and Elrohir , the sons of Elrond , do not accompany their father when the White Ship bearing the Ring - bearer and the chief Noldorin leaders sails from the Grey Havens to Valinor ; they are said to have remained in Lindon for a time . Celeborn is said ( in Appendix A ) to have added most of southern Mirkwood to the realm of Lórien at the end of the Third Age , but elsewhere Tolkien wrote that Celeborn dwelt for a while in Lindon before at last leaving Middle - earth for Valinor .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The surviving women and children were taken to the Nana Sahib and then confined first to the Savada Kothi and then to the home of the local magistrate 's clerk ( The Bibigarh ) where they were joined by refugees from Fatehgarh . Overall five men and two hundred and six women and children were confined in The Bibigarh for about two weeks . In one week 25 were brought out dead , from dysentery and cholera . Meanwhile , a Company relief force that had advanced from Allahabad defeated the Indians and by 15 July it was clear that the Nana Sahib would not be able to hold Cawnpore and a decision was made by the Nana Sahib and other leading rebels that the hostages must be killed . After the sepoys refused to carry out this order , two Muslim butchers , two Hindu peasants and one of Nana 's bodyguards went into The Bibigarh . Armed with knives and hatchets they murdered the women and children . After the massacre the walls were covered in bloody hand prints , and the floor littered with fragments of human limbs . The dead and the dying were thrown down a nearby well . When the 50 - foot ( 15 m ) deep well was filled with remains to within 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of the top , the remainder were thrown into the Ganges .
Starving Time
Among the survivors of the Sea Venture who arrived at Jamestown in May 1610 , and were turned back by Lord Delaware , was a young Englishman named John Rolfe . His wife and young daughter had perished during the journey and delay at Bermuda . While it can be said that Lord Delaware literally turned the colonists around , it could be equally said that John Rolfe ( among the group sent back to Jamestown on June 9 ) was the individual most responsible for turning the failing economy of the young colony around . His fortunes and those of the Colony were both about to change .