vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Dental anesthesia
Effectiveness of an infiltration is determined by the permeability of the tissues through which the solution has to infiltrate and diffuse through . Thick cortical plate would reduce the distribution and diffusion of the solution through the bone . E.g. Thick zygomatic process adjacent to the upper first molar is one the most common causes of infiltration failure . Localised infection at the site of infiltration . Collateral supply of nasopalatine nerves / greater palatine nerve to the pulp would affect the effectiveness of buccal infiltration . Advantages
iPhone 6
It was reported that the optical image stabilization systems on some iPhone 6 Plus models were faulty , failing to properly stabilize when the phone is being held perfectly still , leading to blurry photos and `` wavy '' - looking videos . The optical image stabilization system was also found to have been affected by accessories that use magnets , such as third - party lens attachments ; Apple issued advisories to users and its licensed accessory makers , warning that magnetic or metallic accessories can cause the OIS to malfunction .
Ultraviolet
Suntan and sunburn are familiar effects of over-exposure of the skin to UV , along with higher risk of skin cancer . Living things on dry land would be severely damaged by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun if most of it were not filtered out by the Earth 's atmosphere . More - energetic , shorter - wavelength `` extreme '' UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground . Ultraviolet is also responsible for the formation of bone - strengthening vitamin D in most land vertebrates , including humans ( specifically , UVB ) . The UV spectrum thus has effects both beneficial and harmful to human health .
Hard disk drive
When the logic board of a hard disk fails , the drive can often be restored to functioning order and the data recovered by replacing the circuit board with one of an identical hard disk . In the case of read - write head faults , they can be replaced using specialized tools in a dust - free environment . If the disk platters are undamaged , they can be transferred into an identical enclosure and the data can be copied or cloned onto a new drive . In the event of disk - platter failures , disassembly and imaging of the disk platters may be required . For logical damage to file systems , a variety of tools , including fsck on UNIX - like systems and CHKDSK on Windows , can be used for data recovery . Recovery from logical damage can require file carving .
Friction
When surfaces in contact move relative to each other , the friction between the two surfaces converts kinetic energy into thermal energy ( that is , it converts work to heat ) . This property can have dramatic consequences , as illustrated by the use of friction created by rubbing pieces of wood together to start a fire . Kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy whenever motion with friction occurs , for example when a viscous fluid is stirred . Another important consequence of many types of friction can be wear , which may lead to performance degradation or damage to components . Friction is a component of the science of tribology .
Tesla Model X
The Tesla Model X has faced criticism for issues with the falcon - wing doors , which sometimes did not open or latch properly , and the windows , which sometimes did not open or close all the way . Tesla addressed these issues with several software updates , and no known issues remained after the 8.0 firmware was released . On June 27 , 2016 , Tesla settled on a lawsuit over usability concerns , accepting that the Model X was rushed to production before it was ready , and by October 2016 , Tesla claimed the problems had been reduced by 92 % .
iOS 11
In September 2017 , Jesus Diaz of Fast Company criticized design details in iOS 11 and Apple 's built - in apps not adhering to Apple 's user interface guidelines . Headers not being aligned properly between different apps , elements not being centered , and different colors and sizing caused Diaz to write that `` When it comes to software , Apple 's attention to detail is crumbling away '' . However , he also looked back in history , mentioning that Apple Music 's original design , a lack of optical typography alignment in the Calendar app , and previously - fixed iOS design mistakes being ported to the macOS software had established that `` This inconsistency and lack of attention to detail are not new at Apple '' . He firmly stated : `` Perhaps this is inevitable , given the monumental task of having to update the operating system every year . But for a company that claims to have an obsessive attention to detail , this is not acceptable '' .
Time
Time appears to have a direction -- the past lies behind , fixed and immutable , while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed . Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time , and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse . This is generally a consequence of time being modelled by a parameter in the system being analysed , where there is no `` proper time '' : the direction of the arrow of time is sometimes arbitrary . Examples of this include the cosmological arrow of time , which points away from the Big Bang , CPT symmetry , and the radiative arrow of time , caused by light only travelling forwards in time ( see light cone ) . In particle physics , the violation of CP symmetry implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry to preserve CPT symmetry as stated above . The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is also time asymmetric ( see Measurement in quantum mechanics ) . The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy must increase over time ( see Entropy ) . This can be in either direction -- Brian Greene theorizes that , according to the equations , the change in entropy occurs symmetrically whether going forward or backward in time . So entropy tends to increase in either direction , and our current low - entropy universe is a statistical aberration , in the similar manner as tossing a coin often enough that eventually heads will result ten times in a row . However , this theory is not supported empirically in local experiment .
Automated teller machine
Before an ATM is placed in a public place , it typically has undergone extensive testing with both test money and the backend computer systems that allow it to perform transactions . Banking customers also have come to expect high reliability in their ATMs , which provides incentives to ATM providers to minimise machine and network failures . Financial consequences of incorrect machine operation also provide high degrees of incentive to minimise malfunctions .
Hippocampus
Due to bilateral symmetry the brain has a hippocampus in each cerebral hemisphere . If damage to the hippocampus occurs in only one hemisphere , leaving the structure intact in the other hemisphere , the brain can retain near - normal memory functioning . Severe damage to the hippocampi in both hemispheres results in profound difficulties in forming new memories ( anterograde amnesia ) and often also affects memories formed before the damage occurred ( retrograde amnesia ) . Although the retrograde effect normally extends many years back before the brain damage , in some cases older memories remain . This retention of older memories leads to the idea that consolidation over time involves the transfer of memories out of the hippocampus to other parts of the brain . Experiments using intrahippocampal transplantation of hippocampal cells in primates with neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus have shown that the hippocampus is required for the formation and recall , but not the storage , of memories .
Emotional lateralization
Patients with inferior frontal lobe damage produce less and less intense facial expression when presented with emotional stimuli , and they also have problems reading fear and disgust in other people . People with left inferior frontal lobe damage produced less facial expression and could not analyze emotional situations as well as those with right frontal lobe damage especially with fear and disgust . The left inferior frontal gyrus ( IFG ) plays an important role in anger while the right IFG plays a larger role in disgust .
Pi
The transcendence of π has two important consequences : First , π can not be expressed using any finite combination of rational numbers and square roots or n - th roots such as √ 31 or √ 10 . Second , since no transcendental number can be constructed with compass and straightedge , it is not possible to `` square the circle '' . In other words , it is impossible to construct , using compass and straightedge alone , a square whose area is exactly equal to the area of a given circle . Squaring a circle was one of the important geometry problems of the classical antiquity . Amateur mathematicians in modern times have sometimes attempted to square the circle and sometimes claim success despite the fact that it is mathematically impossible .
Exponential function
The identity exp ( x + y ) = exp ( x ) exp ( y ) can fail for Lie algebra elements x and y that do not commute ; the Baker -- Campbell -- Hausdorff formula supplies the necessary correction terms .
Telephone exchange
Composite switches are inherently fault - tolerant . If a subswitch fails , the controlling computer can sense it during a periodic test . The computer marks all the connections to the subswitch as `` in use '' . This prevents new calls , and does not interrupt old calls that remain working . As calls in progress end , the subswitch becomes unused , and new calls avoid the subswitch because it 's already `` in use . '' Some time later , a technician can replace the circuit board . When the next test succeeds , the connections to the repaired subsystem are marked `` not in use '' , and the switch returns to full operation .
American Revolutionary War
Like Howe before him , Clinton 's efforts to campaign suffered from chronic supply issues . In 1778 , Clinton wrote to Germain complaining of the lack of supplies , even after the arrival of a convoy from Ireland . That winter , the supply issue had deteriorated so badly , that Clinton expressed considerable anxiety over how the troops were going to be properly fed . Clinton was largely inactive in the North throughout 1779 , launching few major campaigns . This inactivity was partially due to the shortage of food . By 1780 , the situation had not improved . Clinton wrote a frustrated correspondence to Germain , voicing concern that a `` fatal consequence will ensue '' if matters did not improve . By October that year , Clinton again wrote to Germain , angered that the troops in New York had not received `` an ounce '' of that year 's allotted stores from Britain . Campaign
iPhone 6
If the iPhone 6 home button is repaired or modified by a third party , the device will fail security checks related to Touch ID as the components have not been `` re-validated '' for security reasons -- a process which can only be performed by an authorized Apple outlet . Failing these checks disables all features related to Touch ID . Such effects have sometimes happened as a result of damage as well .
English contract law
More recently in The Achilleas the majority of the House of Lords preferred to express the remoteness rule as one of construing the contract to reflect the parties ' `` background of market expectations '' . Transfield Shipping returned The Achilleas late to its owner , Mercator , which led Mercator to lose a lucrative contract with Cargill that would make over $1.3 million , an occurrence that was plainly a natural consequence of the breach and easily foreseeable . Yet because the standard practice and expectation in the shipping industry was that if a ship were returned late only the ordinary sum for hire would be due , this was the limit on recovery . It is also possible to lose one 's entitlement to damages if steps are not taken to mitigate further losses , that any prudent person would , rather than sitting back and letting losses run up . But the burden of proof of a failure to mitigate is on a contract breaker , to whom the courts are unlikely to be sympathetic . A contract breaker could may also , if a concurrent liability arises in tort , argue a claimant 's damages should be reduced to reflect their contributory fault , and the courts can reduce an award to achieve a just and equitable result . Sometimes potential profits will be too uncertain , or a general fall in market prices means that even claiming damages for the thing itself would leave one in a negative position , and so the courts allow a claimant to choose whether to sue , not for a failure in expectations , but to cover her expenses in preparing for the contract , or the `` reliance interest '' . In Anglia Television Ltd v Reed a TV channel successfully sued Robert Reed for not turning up for shooting a film . It was unclear whether the film would make any profits at all , and so Anglia TV got compensated for its wasted expenses in preparing the set . The level of damages is generally assessed at the date of the breach , but this is variable if the court thinks another time would be fairer . When
Telephone exchange
To prevent frustration with unsensed failures , all the connections between layers in the switch are allocated using first - in - first - out lists ( queues ) . As a result , if a connection is faulty or noisy and the customer hangs up and redials , they will get a different set of connections and subswitches . A last - in - first - out ( stack ) allocation of connections might cause a continuing string of very frustrating failures .
Rapid eye movement sleep
After the deprivation is complete , mild psychological disturbances , such as anxiety , irritability , hallucinations , and difficulty concentrating may develop and appetite may increase . There are also positive consequences of REM deprivation . Some symptoms of depression are found to be suppressed by REM deprivation ; aggression , and eating behavior may increase . Higher norepinepherine is a possible cause of these results . Whether and how long - term REM deprivation has psychological effects remains a matter of controversy . Several reports have indicated that REM deprivation increases aggression and sexual behavior in laboratory test animals . Rats deprived of paradoxical sleep die in 4 -- 6 weeks ( twice the time before death in case of total sleep deprivation ) . Mean body temperature falls continually during this period .
Pi
A consequence of the Gauss law is that the negative Laplacian of the potential V is equal to 4πkQ times the Dirac delta function :
Correlation does not imply causation
In other cases , two phenomena can each be a partial cause of the other ; consider poverty and lack of education , or procrastination and poor self - esteem . One making an argument based on these two phenomena must however be careful to avoid the fallacy of circular cause and consequence . Poverty is a cause of lack of education , but it is not the sole cause , and vice versa .
Bone age
Bone age may be significantly advanced in genetic overgrowth syndromes , such as Sotos syndrome , Beckwith - Wiedemann syndrome and Marshall - Smith syndrome .
Logic
However , the theory of consequences , or of the so - called ' hypothetical syllogism ' was never fully integrated into the theory of the ' categorical syllogism ' . This was partly because of the resistance to reducing the categorical judgment ' Every S is P ' to the so - called hypothetical judgment ' if anything is S , it is P ' . The first was thought to imply ' some S is P ' , the second was not , and as late as 1911 in the Encyclopædia Britannica article on Logic , we find the Oxford logician T.H. Case arguing against Sigwart 's and Brentano 's modern analysis of the universal proposition .
Utilitarianism
To see this point perfectly , it must be observed that the bad consequences of actions are twofold , particular and general . The particular bad consequence of an action , is the mischief which that single action directly and immediately occasions . The general bad consequence is , the violation of some necessary or useful general rule ...
Electromagnet
This model does n't give the correct magnetic field inside the core , and thus gives incorrect results if the pole of one magnet gets too close to another magnet .
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None
Another feature of And Then There Were None is the `` Suspicion Meter '' , which measures the player 's relationship with other characters , starting from a neutral position at the start of the game . There are negative consequences if the player is caught doing things that other characters deem inappropriate , which directly affects the `` Suspicion Meter '' : falling one point for every negative action and raising one point for each positive act . Depending on which of three positions the meter is in regarding a particular character , dialogue actions with that character are affected . The player is also able to regain approval points by solving `` Suspicion Meter '' puzzles ; multiple inventory items and combining items and can be quite complicated .
Sympathetic nervous system
In heart failure , the sympathetic nervous system increases its activity , leading to increased force of muscular contractions that in turn increases the stroke volume , as well as peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure . However , these effects accelerate disease progression , eventually increasing mortality in heart failure .
The Six Million Dollar Man
The implants have a major flaw in that extreme cold interferes with their functions and can disable them given sufficient exposure . However , when Austin returns to a warmer temperature , the implants quickly regain full functionality . The first season also established that Austin 's bionics malfunction in the micro-gravity of space , though Austin 's bionics are later modified to rectify this . The bionic eye is vulnerable to ultrasonic attack , resulting in blindness and dizziness .
Exponential function
See failure of power and logarithm identities for more about problems with combining powers .
Substantia nigra
The most prominent function of the pars compacta is motor control , though the substantia nigra 's role in motor control is indirect ; electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra does not result in movement , due to mediation of the striatum in the nigral influence of movement . The pars compacta sends excitatory input to the striatum via D1 pathway that excites and activates the striatum , resulting in the release of GABA onto the globus pallidus to inhibit its inhibitory effects on the thalamic nucleus . This causes the thalamocortical pathways to become excited and transmits motor neuron signals to the cerebral cortex to allow the initiation of movement , which is absent in Parkinson 's disease . However , lack of pars compacta neurons has a large influence on movement , as evidenced by the symptoms of Parkinson 's . The motor role of the pars compacta may involve fine motor control , as has been confirmed in animal models with lesions in that region .
Normal distribution
If the characteristic function φ of some random variable X is of the form φ ( t ) = e , where Q ( t ) is a polynomial , then the Marcinkiewicz theorem ( named after Józef Marcinkiewicz ) asserts that Q can be at most a quadratic polynomial , and therefore X a normal random variable . The consequence of this result is that the normal distribution is the only distribution with a finite number ( two ) of non-zero cumulants . If X and Y are jointly normal and uncorrelated , then they are independent . The requirement that X and Y should be jointly normal is essential , without it the property does not hold . For non-normal random variables uncorrelatedness does not imply independence . The Kullback -- Leibler divergence of one normal distribution X ∼ N ( μ , σ ) from another X ∼ N ( μ , σ ) is given by : D K L ( X 1 ∥ X 2 ) = ( μ 1 − μ 2 ) 2 2 σ 2 2 + 1 2 ( σ 1 2 σ 2 2 − 1 − ln ⁡ σ 1 2 σ 2 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle D_ ( \ mathrm ( KL ) ) ( X_ ( 1 ) \ , \ \ , X_ ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ mu _ ( 1 ) - \ mu _ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , + \ , ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( \ , ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - 1 - \ ln ( \ frac ( \ sigma _ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , \ right ) \ . ) The Hellinger distance between the same distributions is equal to H 2 ( X 1 , X 2 ) = 1 − 2 σ 1 σ 2 σ 1 2 + σ 2 2 e − 1 4 ( μ 1 − μ 2 ) 2 σ 1 2 + σ 2 2 .
Rotation
Another consequence of the rotation of a planet is the phenomenon of precession . Like a gyroscope , the overall effect is a slight `` wobble '' in the movement of the axis of a planet . Currently the tilt of the Earth 's axis to its orbital plane ( obliquity of the ecliptic ) is 23.44 degrees , but this angle changes slowly ( over thousands of years ) . ( See also Precession of the equinoxes and Pole star . )
Working memory
Parkinson 's disease : Patients with Parkinson 's show signs of a reduced verbal function of working memory . They wanted to find if the reduction is due to a lack of ability to focus on relevant tasks , or a low amount of memory capacity . Twenty - one patients with Parkinson 's were tested in comparison to the control group of 28 participants of the same age. The researchers found that both hypotheses were the reason working memory function is reduced which did not fully agree with their hypothesis that it is either one or the other .
Robert K. Merton
Merton sees attention to latent functions as increasing the understanding of society : the distinction between manifest and latent forces the sociologist to go beyond the reasons individuals give for their actions or for the existence of customs and institutions ; it makes them look for other social consequences that allow these practices ' survival and illuminate the way society works .
Neuroanatomy of memory
Damage to the hippocampus and surrounding area can cause anterograde amnesia , the inability to form new memories . This implies that the hippocampus is important not only for storing cognitive maps , but for encoding memories .
Tap and die
Tap - related problems : Wearing of tap can not be easily quantified ( use of worn - out taps ) Use of tap with improper tap geometry for a particular application . Use of non-standard or inferior quality taps . Clogging with chips . Misalignment between tap and hole . Over - or under - feeding the tap , causing breakage in tension or compression . Use of improper and / or insufficient cutting lubricant . Absence of a torque limiting feature . Improper or zero float for use with screw machines ( recommended feed . 1 slower to establish float for 40 tpi or higher and . 15 slower for 40 tpi or finer ) Improper spindle speed .
List of The Mortal Instruments characters
In City of Bones , he is kidnapped by vampires after being turned into a rat and brought to their lair in the abandoned Hotel Dumort . Later , in City of Ashes , he begins to feel some side effects as a result of biting Raphael , the temporary head vampire while he was a rat . Because he is human and does n't know the correct way to become a vampire , he begins to fear he may be turning into a monster .
Trafficking of children
Child trafficking has also been shown to have a major effect on communities . If multiple children in a community are trafficked , it can result in the entire community being corrupted , and thus devastated , by trafficking . Social development efforts are hindered , as trafficked children 's educations are cut short . As a result of this lack of education , children who escape trafficking may be less able to secure employment later in life . In addition , trafficked girls face special obstacles , in that their prospects for marriage might be diminished if the community becomes aware that they have been trafficked , particularly into sexual exploitation .