vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Second Sino-Japanese War
元 ) Zhang Fakui ( 張發奎 , 张发奎 ) Zhang Lingfu ( 張靈甫 , 张灵甫 ) Zhang Xueliang ( 張學良 , 张学良 ) Zhang Zhizhong ( 張治中 , 张治中 ) Zhang Zizhong ( 張自忠 , 张自忠 ) Zhu Shaoliang ( 朱 紹良 , 朱绍良 ) Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong ( 毛泽东 / 毛澤東 ) Chen Yi ( 陳毅 , 陈毅 ) Deng Xiaoping ( 邓小平 / 鄧小平 ) He Long ( 贺龙 / 賀龍 ) Lin Biao ( 林彪 ) Liu Bocheng ( 刘伯承 / 劉伯承 ) Liu Shaoqi ( 刘少奇 / 劉少奇 ) Luo Ronghuan ( 罗荣桓 / 羅榮桓 ) Nie Rongzhen ( 聂荣臻 / 聶榮臻 ) Peng Dehuai ( 彭德怀 / 彭德懷 ) Su Yu ( 粟裕 ) Xu Xiangqian ( 徐向前 ) Ye Jianying ( 叶剑英 / 葉劍英 ) Ye Ting ( 叶挺 / 葉挺 ) Zhang Aiping ( 张爱萍 / 張愛萍 ) Zhou Enlai ( 周恩来 / 周恩來 ) Zhu De ( 朱德 ) Foreigners supporting China ( edit ) Alexander von Falkenhausen John Rabe Jakob Rosenfeld Witold Urbanowicz Vasily Chuikov Joseph Stilwell Claire Chennault Albert Coady Wedemeyer Agnes Smedley Edgar Snow George Hogg Morris Abraham `` Two - Gun '' Cohen Rewi Alley Norman Bethune James Gareth Endicott Dwarkanath Kotnis Kim Koo Kaji Wataru Sanzo Nosaka
Individualism
Bookchin Jason Brennan Bryan Caplan Kevin Carson Voltairine de Cleyre Joseph Déjacque Buenaventura Durruti Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia Ricardo Flores Magón David D. Friedman Milton Friedman Luigi Galleani Henry George William Godwin Emma Goldman Paul Goodman Friedrich Hayek Henry Hazlitt Auberon Herbert Karl Hess Thomas Hodgskin Hans - Hermann Hoppe Samuel Edward Konkin III Peter Kropotkin Étienne de La Boétie Gustav Landauer Rose Wilder Lane Roderick T. Long Tibor R. Machan Nestor Makhno Errico Malatesta Wendy McElroy Carl Menger Louise Michel John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Tim Moen Gustave de Molinari Johann Most Albert Jay Nock Robert Nozick Marco Pannella Isabel Paterson Ron Paul Francesc Pi i Margall Pierre - Joseph Proudhon Ayn Rand Rudolf Rocker Murray Rothbard Jean - Baptiste Say J. Neil Schulman Herbert Spencer Lysander Spooner Max Stirner Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Benjamin Tucker Voline Josiah Warren Thomas Woods Aspects ( show ) Anarcho - capitalism and minarchism Criticisms Intellectual property Internal debates LGBT rights Objectivism Political parties Theories of law Organizations ( show ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties Students For Liberty Related topics ( show ) Austrian School of economics Civil libertarianism Constitutionalism Libertarian conservatism Libertarian Democrat Libertarian hip hop Libertarian Republican Libertarian science fiction Libertarian transhumanism Libertarianism in the United States Market liberalism Objectivism Public choice theory Small government Technolibertarianism Outline of libertarianism Libertarianism portal Main
Mount Everest
Her team had had to use the south side because the Chinese had denied them a permit to climb . Ultimately , the Chinese refusal may have been beneficial to Nepalese interests , allowing the government to showcase improved local hospitals and provided the opportunity for a new hybrid aviation / mountaineering style , triggering discussions about helicopter use in the mountaineering world . National Geographic noted that a village festooned Wang with honours after she donated 30,000 USD to the town 's hospital . Wang won the International Mountaineer of the Year Award from the Nepal government in June 2014 .
Forbidden City
The Inner Court is separated from the Outer Court by an oblong courtyard lying orthogonal to the City 's main axis . It was the home of the Emperor and his family . In the Qing dynasty , the Emperor lived and worked almost exclusively in the Inner Court , with the Outer Court used only for ceremonial purposes . The
Akbar
Akbar 's reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history . During his rule , the Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth . He created a powerful military system and instituted effective political and social reforms . By abolishing the sectarian tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts , he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust and loyalty of the native subjects . He had Sanskrit literature translated , participated in native festivals , realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation and good - will of his subjects . Thus , the foundations for a multicultural empire under Mughal rule were laid during his reign . Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son , Prince Salim , later known as Jahangir .
Qing dynasty
Two years later , Nurhaci announced the `` Seven Grievances '' and openly renounced the sovereignty of Ming overlordship in order to complete the unification of those Jurchen tribes still allied with the Ming emperor . After a series of successful battles , he relocated his capital from Hetu Ala to successively bigger captured Ming cities in Liaodong : first Liaoyang in 1621 , then Shenyang ( Mukden ) in 1625 .
James Stockdale
Stockdale was held as a prisoner of war in the Hoa Lo prison ( the infamous `` Hanoi Hilton '' ) for the next seven and a half years . As the senior Naval officer , he was one of the primary organizers of prisoner resistance . Tortured routinely and denied medical attention for the severely damaged leg he suffered during capture , Stockdale created and enforced a code of conduct for all prisoners which governed torture , secret communications , and behavior . In the summer of 1969 , he was locked in leg irons in a bath stall and routinely tortured and beaten . When told by his captors that he was to be paraded in public , Stockdale slit his scalp with a razor to purposely disfigure himself so that his captors could not use him as propaganda . When they covered his head with a hat , he beat himself with a stool until his face was swollen beyond recognition . When Stockdale was discovered with information that could implicate his friends ' `` black activities '' , he slit his wrists so they could not torture him into confession .
The Jungle Book (2016 film)
Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle , accidentally starting a wildfire in the process . He confronts Shere Khan , who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire . Mowgli throws the torch into the water , giving Shere Khan the advantage . Baloo , Bagheera , and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off , giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap . He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch , which breaks under the tiger 's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death . Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire .
End of the Han dynasty
Yuan Shao , who controlled Ji , Bing and Qing provinces ( covering most of present - day Hebei , Shanxi and Shandong ) . Some of the territories were governed by Yuan Shao 's three sons ( Yuan Tan , Yuan Xi and Yuan Shang ) and nephew ( Gao Gan ) . Yuan Shu , who controlled most of present - day Anhui and parts of Jiangsu Gongsun Zan , who controlled You Province , including present - day Beijing , Tianjin and western Liaoning Liu Biao , who controlled Jing Province ( covering present - day Hubei and Hunan ) Liu Zhang , who controlled Yi Province ( covering the Sichuan Basin ) Lü Bu , who seized control of Xu Province ( covering present - day northern Jiangsu ) from its previous governor Liu Bei
Turning point of the American Civil War
Albert Sidney Johnston was considered one of the best generals serving in the Western Theater . By 1862 , he commanded all Confederate forces between the Cumberland Gap and Arkansas . Before the battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson , Johnston had advocated improving the forts ' structures as well as deploying additional troops and arms to more adequately defend them . The Confederate government failed to meet these recommendations . Ulysses S. Grant captured the forts in February 1862 and launched a full - scale invasion of Tennessee . The fall of these forts was inaccurately blamed on Johnston . He was not ready to give up yet .
Qing dynasty
Han Chinese Bannermen were responsible for the successful Qing conquest of China , as they made up the majority of governors in the early Qing , and they governed and administered China after the conquest , stabilizing Qing rule . Han Bannermen dominated the post of governor - general in the time of the Shunzhi and Kangxi Emperors , and also the post of governor , largely excluding ordinary Han civilians from these posts .
The Twelve Spies
Caleb was from the tribe of Judah . He was also chosen to explore the land of Canaan , and he was ( along with Joshua ) the other man who said that the God of Israel could help the Israelite people to victory against the Canaanites . God promised Caleb and Joshua that they would receive the land which they had explored for themselves and their descendants . Caleb was also told that he would live to go into the Promised Land .
Golden Horde
After Uzbeg ( Öz - Beg ) assumed the throne in 1313 , he adopted Islam as the state religion . He proscribed Buddhism and Shamanism among the Mongols in Russia , thus reversing the spread of the Yuan culture . By 1315 , Uzbeg had successfully Islamicized the Horde , killing Jochid princes and Buddhist lamas who opposed his religious policy and succession of the throne . Uzbeg Khan continued the alliance with the Mamluks begun by Berke and his predecessors . He kept a friendly relationship with the Mamluk Sultan and his shadow Caliph in Cairo . After a long delay and much discussion , he married a princess of the blood to Al - Nasir Muhammad , Sultan of Egypt . Dmitri
Akbar
Akbar was deeply interested in religious and philosophical matters . An orthodox Muslim at the outset , he later came to be influenced by Sufi mysticism that was being preached in the country at that time , and moved away from orthodoxy , appointing to his court several talented people with liberal ideas , including Abul Fazl , Faizi and Birbal . In 1575 , he built a hall called the Ibadat Khana ( `` House of Worship '' ) at Fatehpur Sikri , to which he invited theologians , mystics and selected courtiers renowned for their intellectual achievements and discussed matters of spirituality with them . These discussions , initially restricted to Muslims , were acrimonious and resulted in the participants shouting at and abusing each other . Upset by this , Akbar opened the Ibadat Khana to people of all religions as well as atheists , resulting in the scope of the discussions broadening and extending even into areas such as the validity of the Quran and the nature of God . This shocked the orthodox theologians , who sought to discredit Akbar by circulating rumours of his desire to forsake Islam .
Jesus Christ Superstar
At Jesus 's trial , Pilate interrogates Jesus into revealing the whereabouts of his kingdom , but was cut off by a bloodthirsty mob who demands that Jesus should be sentenced to death by crucifixion . In spite of the mob 's behavior , Pilate remembers the dream he had about the mob and the unjust execution of Jesus . Pilate tells the mob that , while Jesus should be imprisoned , he does not deserve to die . Pilate demands that the crowd give him a reason to condemn Jesus , and the mob answers that Jesus is a blasphemer and has defied the Roman Empire . However , after revealing Jesus as nothing more than a pathetic human being , Pilate calls the crowd hypocrites , as he knows they hate Roman rule . Even so , he decides to satisfy their bloodlust by having Jesus flogged , counting thirty - nine bloody strokes ( `` Trial Before Pilate , ( Including The Thirty - Nine Lashes ) '' ) . Pilate , clearly disturbed by the whole ordeal , pleads with Jesus to defend himself , but Jesus says weakly that everything has been determined , by God , and Pilate can not change it . More outraged by Jesus 's words , the crowd still calls for Jesus 's death , informing Pilate that he has his duty to keep the peace . Finally , he reluctantly agrees to crucify Jesus to keep the crowd from getting violent , saying to Jesus : `` Do n't let me stop your great self - destruction ! Die if you want to , you misguided martyr ! I wash my hands of your demolition ! Die if you want to , you -- innocent puppet ... ''
Pandora
In Greek mythology , Pandora ( Greek : Πανδώρα , derived from πᾶν , pān , i.e. `` all '' and δῶρον , dōron , i.e. `` gift '' , thus `` the all - endowed '' , `` all - gifted '' or `` all - giving '' ) was the first human woman created by the gods , specifically by Hephaestus and Athena on the instructions of Zeus . As Hesiod related it , each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts . Zeus ordered Hephaestus to mold her out of earth as part of the punishment of humanity for Prometheus ' theft of the secret of fire , and all the gods joined in offering her `` seductive gifts '' . Her other name -- inscribed against her figure on a white - ground kylix in the British Museum -- is Anesidora ( Ancient Greek : Ἀνησιδώρα ) , `` she who sends up gifts '' ( up implying `` from below '' within the earth ) .
Book of Enoch
And Semjâzâ , who was their leader , said unto them : `` I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed , and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin . '' And they all answered him and said : `` Let us all swear an oath , and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing . '' Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it . And they were in all two hundred ; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon , and they called it Mount Hermon , because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it .
Akbar
Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy , leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture . Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture . He was fond of literature , and created a library of over 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit , Urdu , Persian , Greek , Latin , Arabic and Kashmiri , staffed by many scholars , translators , artists , calligraphers , scribes , bookbinders and readers . Akbar also established the library of Fatehpur Sikri exclusively for women , and he decreed that schools for the education of both Muslims and Hindus should be established throughout the realm . Holy men of many faiths , poets , architects , and artisans adorned his court from all over the world for study and discussion . Akbar 's courts at Delhi , Agra , and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts , letters , and learning . Perso - Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements , and a distinct Indo - Persian culture emerged characterized by Mughal style arts , painting , and architecture . Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire , Akbar promulgated Din - i - Ilahi , a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as some parts of Zoroastrianism and Christianity . A simple , monotheistic cult , tolerant in outlook , it centered on Akbar as a prophet , for which he drew the ire of the ulema and orthodox Muslims . Many of his courtiers followed Din - i - Ilahi as their religion as well , as many believed that Akbar was a prophet . One famous courtier who followed this blended religion was Birbal .
Qing dynasty
Furthermore , the Khorchin proved a useful ally in the war , lending the Jurchens their expertise as cavalry archers . To guarantee this new alliance , Nurhaci initiated a policy of inter-marriages between the Jurchen and Khorchin nobilities , while those who resisted were met with military action . This is a typical example of Nurhaci 's initiatives that eventually became official Qing government policy . During most of the Qing period , the Mongols gave military assistance to the Manchus .
Aung San Suu Kyi
Initially , upon accepting the State Counsellor position , she granted amnesty to the students who were arrested for opposing the National Education Bill , and announced a creation of the commission on Rakhine state , which had a long record of persecution of the Muslim Rohingya minority . However , soon Aung San Suu Kyi 's government did not manage with the ethnic conflicts in Shan and Kachin states , where thousands of refugees fled to China , and eventually the persecution of the Rohingya by the government forces escalated to the point that it is not uncommonly called a genocide . Aung San Suu Kyi , when interviewed , has denied the allegations of ethnic cleansing . She has also refused to grant citizenship to the Rohingya , instead taking steps to issue ID cards for residency but no guarantees of citizenship .
Akbar
In 1580 , a rebellion broke out in the eastern part of Akbar 's empire , and a number of fatwas , declaring Akbar to be a heretic , were issued by Qazis . Akbar suppressed the rebellion and handed out severe punishments to the Qazis . To further strengthen his position in dealing with the Qazis , Akbar issued a mazhar , or declaration , that was signed by all major ulemas in 1579 . The mahzar asserted that Akbar was the Khalifa of the age , a higher rank than that of a Mujtahid : in case of a difference of opinion among the Mujtahids , Akbar could select any one opinion and could also issue decrees that did not go against the nass . Given the prevailing Islamic sectarian conflicts in various parts of the country at that time , it is believed that the Mazhar helped stabilize the religious situation in the empire . It made Akbar very powerful because of the complete supremacy accorded to the Khalifa by Islam , and also helped him eliminate the religious and political influence of the Ottoman Khalifa over his subjects , thus ensuring their complete loyalty to him .
God the Father
Part of a series on God General conceptions ( show ) Agnosticism Apatheism Atheism Deism Henotheism Ignosticism Monotheism Monism Dualism Monolatry Kathenotheism Omnism Panpsychism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Theism Transtheism Specific conceptions ( show ) Creator Demiurge Deus Father Great Architect Monad Mother Supreme Being Sustainer The All The Lord Trinity Tawhid Ditheism Monism Personal Unitarianism In particular religions ( show ) Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Mormonism Indo - Iranian Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Chinese Tian Shangdi Hongjun Laozu Attributes ( show ) Eternalness Existence Gender Names ( `` God '' ) Omnibenevolence Omnipotence Omnipresence Omniscience Experiences Practices ( show ) Belief Esotericism Faith Fideism Gnosis Hermeticism Metaphysics Mysticism Prayer Revelation Worship Related topics ( show ) Euthyphro dilemma God complex God gene Theology Ontology Problem of evil ( theodicy ) Religion philosophy texts Portrayals of God in popular media
Akbar
Akbar decreed that Hindus who had been forced to convert to Islam could reconvert to Hinduism without facing the death penalty . In his days of tolerance he was so well liked by Hindus that there are numerous references to him , and his eulogies are sung in songs and religious hymns as well .
Negan
In season 8 , Negan vaguely states that he helped young people improve upon their weaknesses and molded them into stronger individuals . Negan later met a woman named Lucille and the pair fell in love and married . Over time however , Negan gradually became unfaithful towards her as he constantly lied and even engaged in an affair . In the onset of the outbreak , Negan was present alongside Lucille who had succumbed to an unknown illness and eventually perished . When she became a walker , Negan was unable to bring himself to put his wife down ; this act of weakness would continue to haunt him and thus Negan strived to become a much stronger person .
Hōryū-ji
The hall holds the famous Shaka Triad , together with a bronze Yakushi and Amida Nyorai statues , and other national treasures . The wall paintings shown today in the Kondō are a reproduction from 1967 . Yumedono
Chow mein
In Cuba , aside from the foreign owned tourist hotels which often serve Western - style Chinese food , local Chinese restaurants can be found in Havana that offer a distinct Cuban style .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Traditionally , the Republic of China government has held celebrations marking the Victory Day on September 9 ( now known as Armed Forces Day ) and Taiwan 's Retrocession Day on October 25 . However , after the Democratic Progressive Party ( DPP ) won the presidential election in 2000 , these national holidays commemorating the war have been cancelled as the pro-independent DPP does not see the relevancy of celebrating events that happened in mainland China .
Hawaii (island)
Visitors can find trails , rock walls , and archaeological sites from as old as the 12th century around the Great Crack . Approximately 1,951 acres ( 790 ha ) of private land were purchased during the presidency of Bill Clinton , specifically to protect various artifacts in this area , as well as the habitat of local wildlife .
Written Chinese
The role of Chinese characters in Korean and Vietnamese is much more limited . At one time , many Chinese characters ( called hanja ) were introduced into Korean for their meaning , just as in Japanese . Today , Korean is written almost exclusively using the Hangul alphabet with a small number of Chinese characters . Each square block character contains Hangul symbols , or letters , that together represent a syllable . Similarly , the use of Chinese and Chinese - styled characters in the Vietnamese chữ nôm script has been almost entirely superseded by the Latin - based Vietnamese alphabet . Chinese characters are still actively used in South Korea today , mostly for signs , newspapers , books , and government documents .
Forbidden City
From 1933 , the threat of Japanese invasion forced the evacuation of the most important parts of the Museum 's collection . After the end of World War II , this collection was returned to Nanjing . However , with the Communists ' victory imminent in the Chinese Civil War , the Nationalist government decided to ship the pick of this collection to Taiwan . Of the 13,491 boxes of evacuated artefacts , 2,972 boxes are now housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei . More than 8,000 boxes were returned to Beijing , but 2,221 boxes remain today in storage under the charge of the Nanjing Museum .
Forbidden City
The Palace Museum holds close to 50,000 paintings . Of these , more than 400 date from before the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) . This is the largest such collection in China . The collection is based on the palace collection in the Ming and Qing dynasties . The personal interest of Emperors such as Qianlong meant that the palace held one of the most important collections of paintings in Chinese history . However , a significant portion of this collection was lost over the years . After his abdication , Puyi transferred paintings out of the palace , and many of these were subsequently lost or destroyed . In 1948 , many of the works were moved to Taiwan . The collection has subsequently been replenished , through donations , purchases , and transfers from other museums .
The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism
Similar to Europe , Chinese cities were founded as forts or leader 's residences and were the centers of trade and crafts . However , they never received political autonomy and in fact sometimes had fewer rights than villages . Likewise , its citizens had no special political rights or privileges ; the resident of Chinese cities never constituted a separate status class like the residents of European cities .
Migration in China
Much of the interprovincial migration was toward the neighboring wealthier provinces or municipalities if there was one . E.g. , over 90 % of the Guangxi migrants went to the nearby Guangdong , while over 60 % of Hebei migrants went to the Beijing and Tianjin municipalities ( which both are surrounded by Hebei 's territory ) . On the other hand , among the Hubei migrants about one half went to Guangdong , and the rest mostly to various other coastal destinations , from Beijing to Fujian .