vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Water fluoridation
Sodium fluoride ( NaF ) was the first compound used and is the reference standard . It is a white , odorless powder or crystal ; the crystalline form is preferred if manual handling is used , as it minimizes dust . It is more expensive than the other compounds , but is easily handled and is usually used by smaller utility companies . It is toxic in gram quantities by ingestion or inhalation . Fluorosilicic acid ( H SiF ) is the most commonly used additive for water fluoridation in the United States . It is an inexpensive liquid by - product of phosphate fertilizer manufacture . It comes in varying strengths , typically 23 -- 25 % ; because it contains so much water , shipping can be expensive . It is also known as hexafluorosilicic , hexafluosilicic , hydrofluosilicic , and silicofluoric acid . Sodium fluorosilicate ( Na SiF ) is the sodium salt of fluorosilicic acid . It is a powder or very fine crystal that is easier to ship than fluorosilicic acid . It is also known as sodium silicofluoride .
New Orleans Pelicans
On March 15 , 2018 , Tom Benson died from complications of the flu . Ownership of the Pelicans and the Saints were transferred to Benson 's widow , Gayle Benson .
Tooth decay
Calcium , as found in food such as milk and green vegetables , is often recommended to protect against dental caries . Fluoride helps prevent decay of a tooth by binding to the hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel . Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of tooth decay . Low concentration fluoride ions act as bacteriostatic therapeutic agent and high concentration fluoride ions are bactericidal . The incorporated fluorine makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and , thus , resistant to decay . Topical fluoride is more highly recommended than systemic intake such as by tablets or drops to protect the surface of the teeth . This may include a fluoride toothpaste or mouthwash or varnish . Standard fluoride toothpaste ( 1,000 -- 1,500 ppm ) is more effective than low fluoride toothpaste ( < 600ppm ) to prevent dental caries . After brushing with fluoride toothpaste , rinsing should be avoided and the excess spat out . Many dental professionals include application of topical fluoride solutions as part of routine visits and recommend the use of xylitol and amorphous calcium phosphate products . Silver diamine fluoride may work better than fluoride varnish to prevent cavities . Water fluoridation also lowers the risk of tooth decay .
Water fluoridation
Although fluoridation can cause dental fluorosis , which can alter the appearance of developing teeth or enamel fluorosis , the differences are mild and usually not considered to be of aesthetic or public health concern . There is no clear evidence of other adverse effects from water fluoridation . Fluoride 's effects depend on the total daily intake of fluoride from all sources . Drinking water is typically the largest source ; other methods of fluoride therapy include fluoridation of toothpaste , salt , and milk . The views on the most efficient method for community prevention of tooth decay are mixed . The Australian government states that water fluoridation is the most effective way to achieve fluoride exposure that is community - wide . The World Health Organization reports that water fluoridation , when feasible and culturally acceptable , has substantial advantages , especially for subgroups at high risk , while the European Commission finds no benefit to water fluoridation compared with topical use .
Planet of the Apes
Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards .
List of The Last Ship characters
LT Green received his third Bronze Star for his actions during the Red Flu crisis .
List of The Last Ship characters
Senior Chief Petty Officer Wolf Taylor is a member of the Royal Australian Navy 's CDT 3 ( Special Forces ) . He was stationed on an military exchange program in Norfolk , Virginia alongside Lt. Ravit Bivas of the IDF during the outbreak of the Red Flu . He later joins the team aboard the USS Nathan James ( DDG - 151 ) under the command of Commander Tom Chandler after the ship arrives in Norfolk . He is portrayed by Bren Foster .
Lightning in a Bottle
Flume , Odesza , RL Grime , Thomas Jack , Tycho , Griz , John Digweed , Panda Bear , Lucent Dossier Experience , Alunageorge , The Opiuo Band , Poliça , Âme , Snakehips , Bakermat , Sohn , Zion I , William Close , The Earth Harp , Mano Le Tough , Koan Sound , Goldroom , Phutureprimitive , Les Sins , Rising Appalachia , Shiba San , OTT. , Jason Bentley , STWO , SNBRN , Random Rab , Wolf + Lamb , Active Child , Danny Howells , Bob Moses , Made In Heights , Fur Coat , Hermitude , Pumpkin , Big Wild , Shaun Reeves , Little People , Lee Curtiss , FKJ , Pillowtalk , G Jones , Govinda , Slow Hands , Stylust Beats , Gladkill , Ambassadeurs , The Human Experience , D.V.S * , Lindsay Lowend , Jacklndn , Atish , Tastytreat , Dance Spirit , Mortar and Pestle , KMLN , Mikey Lion , Sammy Bliss , Jesse Wright , Lapa , Morillo , Yaяrohs , Ellie Herring , Soulular , Isaiah Martin , Hunterleggitt , Wu Wei , Everyman , Pyrotec
Water fluoridation
Fluoride naturally occurring in water can be above , at , or below recommended levels . Rivers and lakes generally contain fluoride levels less than 0.5 mg / L , but groundwater , particularly in volcanic or mountainous areas , can contain as much as 50 mg / L. Higher concentrations of fluorine are found in alkaline volcanic , hydrothermal , sedimentary , and other rocks derived from highly evolved magmas and hydrothermal solutions , and this fluorine dissolves into nearby water as fluoride . In most drinking waters , over 95 % of total fluoride is the F ion , with the magnesium -- fluoride complex ( MgF ) being the next most common . Because fluoride levels in water are usually controlled by the solubility of fluorite ( CaF ) , high natural fluoride levels are associated with calcium - deficient , alkaline , and soft waters . Defluoridation is needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level exceeds recommended limits . It can be accomplished by percolating water through granular beds of activated alumina , bone meal , bone char , or tricalcium phosphate ; by coagulation with alum ; or by precipitation with lime .
Computer keyboard
Some keyboards were found to contain five times more potentially harmful germs than a toilet seat . This can be a concern when using shared keyboards ; the keyboards can serve as vectors for pathogens that cause the cold , flu , and other communicable diseases easily spread by indirect contact .
List of The Last Ship characters
CAPT Slattery received the Silver Star and the Purple Heart for his actions during the Red Flu crisis .
Homonym
A further example of a homonym , which is both a homophone and a homograph , is fluke . Fluke can mean :
Water fluoridation
In the first half of the 19th century , investigators established that fluoride occurs with varying concentrations in teeth , bone , and drinking water . In the second half they speculated that fluoride would protect against tooth decay , proposed supplementing the diet with fluoride , and observed mottled enamel ( now called severe dental fluorosis ) without knowing the cause . In 1874 , the German public health officer Carl Wilhelm Eugen Erhardt recommended potassium fluoride supplements to preserve teeth . In 1892 the British physician James Crichton - Browne noted in an address that fluoride 's absence from diets had resulted in teeth that were `` peculiarly liable to decay '' , and who proposed `` the reintroduction into our diet ... of fluorine in some suitable natural form ... to fortify the teeth of the next generation '' .
Water fluoridation
Previous recommendations were based on evaluations from 1962 , when the U.S. specified the optimal level of fluoride to range from 0.7 to 1.2 mg / L ( milligrams per liter , equivalent to parts per million ) , depending on the average maximum daily air temperature ; the optimal level is lower in warmer climates , where people drink more water , and is higher in cooler climates .
Water fluoridation
In the 1930s and early 1940s , H. Trendley Dean and colleagues at the newly created U.S. National Institutes of Health published several epidemiological studies suggesting that a fluoride concentration of about 1 mg / L was associated with substantially fewer cavities in temperate climates , and that it increased fluorosis but only to a level that was of no medical or aesthetic concern . Other studies found no other significant adverse effects even in areas with fluoride levels as high as 8 mg / L. To test the hypothesis that adding fluoride would prevent cavities , Dean and his colleagues conducted a controlled experiment by fluoridating the water in Grand Rapids , Michigan , starting January 25 , 1945 . The results , published in 1950 , showed significant reduction of cavities . Significant reductions in tooth decay were also reported by important early studies outside the U.S. , including the Brantford -- Sarnia -- Stratford study in Canada ( 1945 -- 1962 ) , the Tiel -- Culemborg study in the Netherlands ( 1953 -- 1969 ) , the Hastings study in New Zealand ( 1954 -- 1970 ) , and the Department of Health study in the U.K. ( 1955 -- 1960 ) . By present - day standards these and other pioneering studies were crude , but the large reductions in cavities convinced public health professionals of the benefits of fluoridation .
List of The Last Ship characters
ENS Rios received the Bronze Star for his actions during the Red Flu crisis . Others
G20
In a forum such as the G20 , it is particularly important for the number of countries involved to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity . There are no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained unchanged since it was established . In view of the objectives of the G20 , it was considered important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial system be included . Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also played a major part .
List of The Last Ship characters
CMC Jeter received the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart for his actions during the Red Flu crisis .
Xenon
Three fluorides are known : XeF 2 , XeF 4 , and XeF 6 . XeF is theorized to be unstable . These are the starting points for the synthesis of almost all xenon compounds .
List of The Last Ship characters
CDR Garnett received the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart for her actions during the Red Flu crisis . Rios
Sadness
People deal with sadness in different ways , and it is an important emotion because it helps to motivate people to deal with their situation . Some coping mechanisms include : getting social support and / or spending time with a pet , creating a list , or engaging in some activity to express sadness . Some individuals , when feeling sad , may exclude themselves from a social setting , so as to take the time to recover from the feeling .
Classical period (music)
While vocal music such as comic opera was popular , great importance was given to instrumental music . The main kinds of instrumental music were the sonata , trio , string quartet , symphony , concerto ( usually for a virtuoso solo instrument accompanied by orchestra ) , and light pieces such as serenades and divertimentos . Sonata form developed and became the most important form . It was used to build up the first movement of most large - scale works in symphonies and string quartets . Sonata form was also used in other movements and in single , standalone pieces such as overtures .
Cnidaria
Jellyfish stings killed about 1,500 people in the 20th century , and cubozoans are particularly dangerous . On the other hand , some large jellyfish are considered a delicacy in East and Southeast Asia . Coral reefs have long been economically important as providers of fishing grounds , protectors of shore buildings against currents and tides , and more recently as centers of tourism . However , they are vulnerable to over-fishing , mining for construction materials , pollution , and damage caused by tourism .
Geography of Illinois
Fluorite , calcium fluoride , is the state mineral . It is mined in the southeastern portion of the state , around Metropolis . Fluorine gas is produced from fluorite . This is used in the production of uranium hexafluoride in Metropolis , Illinois for use at the gaseous diffusion plant in Paducah , Kentucky .
Neuroscience of multilingualism
Most studies involving neuroimaging investigations of language production in bilinguals employ tasks that require single word processing -- predominantly in the form of word generation ( fluency ) tasks . Fluency tasks show substantial activation of the left dorsolateral frontal cortex . Phonemic verbal fluency ( initial letter fluency ) activates the left inferior frontal gyrus , and the posterior frontal operculum ( Ba 44 ) . Semantic fluency , however , engages discrete activation of anterior frontal regions ( Brodmann areas 45 and 46 ) .
Water fluoridation
In 2011 , the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) lowered the recommended level of fluoride to 0.7 mg / L. In 2015 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , based on the recommendation of the U.S. Public Health Service ( PHS ) for fluoridation of community water systems , recommended that bottled water manufacturers limit fluoride in bottled water to no more than 0.7 milligrams per liter ( mg / L ) ( milligrams per liter , equivalent to parts per million ) .
Protein folding
Fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to characterize the equilibrium unfolding of proteins by measuring the variation in the intensity of fluorescence emission or in the wavelength of maximal emission as functions of a denaturant value . The denaturant can be a chemical molecule ( urea , guanidinium hydrochloride ) , temperature , pH , pressure , etc . The equilibrium between the different but discrete protein states , i.e. native state , intermediate states , unfolded state , depends on the denaturant value ; therefore , the global fluorescence signal of their equilibrium mixture also depends on this value . One thus obtains a profile relating the global protein signal to the denaturant value . The profile of equilibrium unfolding may enable one to detect and identify intermediates of unfolding . General equations have been developed by Hugues Bedouelle to obtain the thermodynamic parameters that characterize the unfolding equilibria for homomeric or heteromeric proteins , up to trimers and potentially tetramers , from such profiles . Fluorescence spectroscopy can be combined with fast - mixing devices such as stopped flow , to measure protein folding kinetics , generate a chevron plot and derive a Phi value analysis .
Water fluoridation
U.S. data from 1974 to 1992 indicate that when water fluoridation is introduced into a community , there are significant decreases in the number of employees per dental firm and the number of dental firms . The data suggest that some dentists respond to the demand shock by moving to non-fluoridated areas and by retraining as specialists .
Water fluoridation
Milk fluoridation is practiced by the Borrow Foundation in some parts of Bulgaria , Chile , Peru , Russia , Macedonia , Thailand and the UK . Depending on location , the fluoride is added to milk , to powdered milk , or to yogurt . For example , milk powder fluoridation is used in rural Chilean areas where water fluoridation is not technically feasible . These programs are aimed at children , and have neither targeted nor been evaluated for adults . A systematic review found low - quality evidence to support the practice , but also concluded that further studies were needed .
Water fluoridation
Fluoride 's adverse effects depend on total fluoride dosage from all sources . At the commonly recommended dosage , the only clear adverse effect is dental fluorosis , which can alter the appearance of children 's teeth during tooth development ; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health . In April 2015 , recommended fluoride levels in the United States were changed to 0.7 ppm from 0.7 -- 1.2 ppm to reduce the risk of dental fluorosis . The 2015 Cochrane review estimated that for a fluoride level of 0.7 ppm the percentage of participants with fluorosis of aesthetic concern was approximately 12 % . This increases to 40 % when considering fluorosis of any level not of aesthetic concern . In the US mild or very mild dental fluorosis has been reported in 20 % of the population , moderate fluorosis in 2 % and severe fluorosis in less than 1 % .
History of Arsenal F.C. (1966–present)
The second League Cup loss was an infamous upset -- Arsenal lost 3 -- 1 to Third Division side Swindon Town . Eight of the team had been struck by flu that had led to the postponement of Arsenal 's previous League fixture , and Arsenal had only reached extra time thanks to a late goalkeeping error that had allowed Bobby Gould to score . In extra time , Don Rogers scored twice as Arsenal searched for a winner . However , that season was not a total disaster for Arsenal ; they had also finished fourth , which won them a place in Europe for the 1969 -- 70 season .
Water fluoridation
Existing evidence suggests that water fluoridation reduces tooth decay . Consistent evidence also suggests that it causes dental fluorosis , most of which is mild and not usually of aesthetic concern . No clear evidence of other adverse effects exists , though almost all research thereof has been of poor quality .
Water fluoridation
Reviews have shown that water fluoridation reduces cavities in children . A conclusion for the efficacy in adults is less clear with some reviews finding benefit and others not . Studies in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s showed that water fluoridation reduced childhood cavities by fifty to sixty percent , while studies in 1989 and 1990 showed lower reductions ( 40 % and 18 % respectively ) , likely due to increasing use of fluoride from other sources , notably toothpaste , and also the ' halo effect ' of food and drink that is made in fluoridated areas and consumed in unfluoridated ones .
West African Ebola virus epidemic
Contact tracing is an essential method of preventing the spread of the disease . This requires effective community surveillance so that a possible case of Ebola can be registered and accurately diagnosed as soon as possible , and subsequently finding everyone who has had close contact with the case and tracking them for 21 days . However , this requires careful record - keeping by properly trained and equipped staff . WHO Assistant Director - General for Global Health Security , Keiji Fukuda , said on 3 September 2014 , `` We do n't have enough health workers , doctors , nurses , drivers , and contact tracers to handle the increasing number of cases . '' There was a massive effort to train volunteers and health workers , sponsored by United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) . According to WHO reports , 25,926 contacts from Guinea , 35,183 from Liberia and 104,454 from Sierra Leone were listed and traced as of 23 November 2014 . According to one study , it is important to have a public awareness campaign to inform the affected community about the importance of contact tracing , so that true information can be obtained from the community .
List of The Last Ship characters
The regional leader of the Pacific Southwest , based out of California . He is the only Hispanic member of the regional leaders , and previously worked in the luxury car business before the Red Flu outbreak . When the United States government is dissolved , he becomes Commander - in - chief of the ' California United Forces ' , consisting of members of the United States Military stationed in his jurisdiction . His relationship with the other regional leaders becomes soured when he demands that he also be given control over the Pacific Northwest , which has been ungoverned since they orchestrated the death of William Beatty . He is later captured and arrested by Captain Chandler and the crew of the USS Nathan James at Naval Base San Diego , with the soldiers under his command reaffirming their allegiance to President Howard Oliver . He is portrayed by Al Coronel . Roberta
Water fluoridation
McKay 's work had established that fluorosis occurred before tooth eruption . Dean and his colleagues assumed that fluoride 's protection against cavities was also pre-eruptive , and this incorrect assumption was accepted for years . By 2000 , however , the topical effects of fluoride ( in both water and toothpaste ) were well understood , and it had become known that a constant low level of fluoride in the mouth works best to prevent cavities .
Red fox
While the popular consensus is that olfaction is very important for hunting , two studies that experimentally investigated the role of olfactory , auditory , and visual cues found that visual cues are the most important ones for hunting in red foxes and coyotes .