vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Primary election
Typically , in the months before an anticipated general election , local riding associations of political parties in each electoral district will schedule and announce a Nomination Meeting ( similar to a nominating caucus in the United States ) . Would - be candidates will then file nomination papers with the association , and usually will devote time to solicit existing party members , and to sign up new party members who will also support them at the nomination meeting . At the meeting , typically each candidate will speak , and then members in attendance will vote . The electoral system most often used is an exhaustive ballot system ; if no candidate has over 50 % of the votes , the candidate with the lowest number of votes will be dropped and another ballot will be held . Also , other candidates who recognize that they will probably not win may withdraw between ballots , and may `` throw their support '' to ( encourage their own supporters to vote for ) another candidate . After the nomination meeting , the candidate and the association will obtain approval from party headquarters , and file the candidate 's official nomination papers and necessary fees and deposits with Elections Canada or the provincial / territorial election commissions as appropriate .
Trinity Western University
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Ancient Greek cuisine
Cretan wine came to prominence later . A secondary wine made from water and pomace ( the residue from squeezed grapes ) , mixed with lees , was made by country people for their own use . The Greeks sometimes sweetened their wine with honey and made medicinal wines by adding thyme , pennyroyal and other herbs . By the first century , if not before , they were familiar with wine flavoured with pine resin ( modern retsina ) . Aelian also mentions a wine mixed with perfume . Cooked wine was known , as well as a sweet wine from Thásos , similar to port wine .
Plant development
Once the embryo germinates from its seed or parent plant , it begins to produce additional organs ( leaves , stems , and roots ) through the process of organogenesis . New roots grow from root meristems located at the tip of the root , and new stems and leaves grow from shoot meristems located at the tip of the shoot . Branching occurs when small clumps of cells left behind by the meristem , and which have not yet undergone cellular differentiation to form a specialized tissue , begin to grow as the tip of a new root or shoot . Growth from any such meristem at the tip of a root or shoot is termed primary growth and results in the lengthening of that root or shoot . Secondary growth results in widening of a root or shoot from divisions of cells in a cambium .
Boötes
Epsilon Boötis , also known as Izar or Pulcherrima , is a close triple star popular with amateur astronomers and the most prominent binary star in Boötes . The primary is a yellow - or orange - hued magnitude 2.5 giant star , the secondary is a magnitude 4.6 blue - hued main - sequence star , and the tertiary is a magnitude 12.0 star . The system is 210 light - years away . The name `` Izar '' comes from the Arabic word for `` girdle '' or `` loincloth '' , referring to its location in the constellation . The name `` Pulcherrima '' comes from the Latin phrase for `` most beautiful '' , referring to its contrasting colors in a telescope . The primary and secondary stars are separated by 2.9 arcseconds at an angle of 341 degrees ; the primary 's spectral class is K0 and it has a luminosity of 200 L. To the naked eye , Izar has a magnitude of 2.37 .
Rush equipment
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Tooth decay
Recurrent caries , also described as secondary , are caries that appear at a location with a previous history of caries . This is frequently found on the margins of fillings and other dental restorations . On the other hand , incipient caries describes decay at a location that has not experienced previous decay . Arrested caries describes a lesion on a tooth that was previously demineralized but was remineralized before causing a cavitation . Fluoride treatment can help recalcification of tooth enamel as well as the use of amorphous calcium phosphate .
Protein folding
Formation of a secondary structure is the first step in the folding process that a protein takes to assume its native structure . Characteristic of secondary structure are the structures known as alpha helices and beta sheets that fold rapidly because they are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds , as was first characterized by Linus Pauling . Formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds provides another important contribution to protein stability . α - helices are formed by hydrogen bonding of the backbone to form a spiral shape ( refer to figure on the right ) . The β pleated sheet is a structure that forms with the backbone bending over itself to form the hydrogen bonds ( as displayed in the figure to the left ) . The hydrogen bonds are between the amide hydrogen and carbonyl oxygen of the peptide bond . There exists anti-parallel β pleated sheets and parallel β pleated sheets where the stability of the hydrogen bonds is stronger in the anti-parallel β sheet as it hydrogen bonds with the ideal 180 degree angle compared to the slanted hydrogen bonds formed by parallel sheets .
Cole Turner
Cole tries to give up the Source to the Wizard after his human side becomes strong and Phoebe learns through a premonition that he is a demon again . But before the ritual is complete , the Seer , who has manipulated Phoebe , interrupts and vanquishes the Wizard . Cole is crowned the new Source with Phoebe as his Queen . Cole faces a coup in `` Long Live the Queen '' when Phoebe stops the killing of an innocent . Cole demands she make a choice . Phoebe later learns from the Seer and Cole that the tonic they were giving her was turning her evil . Phoebe eventually sides with her sisters and before Cole can destroy them she traps him in a crystal cage which allows the Charmed Ones to vanquish him .
Spinal cord
From above T1 , proprioceptive primary axons enter the spinal cord and ascend ipsilaterally until reaching the accessory cuneate nucleus , where they synapse . The secondary axons pass into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle where again , these axons synapse on cerebellar deep nuclei . This tract is known as the cuneocerebellar tract .
Spinal cord
The anterolateral system works somewhat differently . Its primary neurons axons enter the spinal cord and then ascend one to two levels before synapsing in the substantia gelatinosa . The tract that ascends before synapsing is known as Lissauer 's tract . After synapsing , secondary axons decussate and ascend in the anterior lateral portion of the spinal cord as the spinothalamic tract . This tract ascends all the way to the VPLN , where it synapses on tertiary neurons . Tertiary neuronal axons then travel to the primary sensory cortex via the posterior limb of the internal capsule .
Common source
The gain g ( r R ) is large for large R , so even a small parasitic capacitance C can become a large influence in the frequency response of the amplifier , and many circuit tricks are used to counteract this effect . One trick is to add a common-gate ( current - follower ) stage to make a cascode circuit . The current - follower stage presents a load to the common - source stage that is very small , namely the input resistance of the current follower ( R ≈ 1 / g ≈ V / ( 2I ) ; see common gate ) . Small R reduces C. The article on the common - emitter amplifier discusses other solutions to this problem .
Distributor
Around the 1970s the primary breaker points were largely replaced with a Hall effect sensor or optical sensor . As this is a non-contacting device and the ignition coil is controlled by solid state electronics , a great amount of maintenance in point adjustment and replacement was eliminated . This also eliminates any problem with breaker follower or cam wear , and by eliminating a side load it extends distributor shaft bearing life . The remaining secondary ( high voltage ) circuit stayed essentially the same , using an ignition coil and a rotary distributor .
Kenya
Under the presidency of Mwai Kibaki , the new ruling coalition promised to focus its efforts on generating economic growth , combating corruption , improving education , and rewriting its constitution . A few of these promises have been met . There is free primary education . In 2007 , the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008 , secondary education would be heavily subsidised , with the government footing all tuition fees .
Hard disk drive
Introduced by IBM in 1956 , HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general - purpose computers by the early 1960s . Continuously improved , HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers . More than 200 companies have produced HDDs historically , though after extensive industry consolidation most current units are manufactured by Seagate , Toshiba , and Western Digital . HDD unit shipments and sales revenues are declining , though production ( exabytes per year ) is growing . Flash memory has a growing share of the market for secondary storage , in the form of solid - state drives ( SSDs ) . SSDs have higher data - transfer rates , higher areal storage density , better reliability , and much lower latency and access times . Though SSDs have higher cost per bit , they are replacing HDDs where speed , power consumption , small size , and durability are important .
Methanogen
The thermal breakdown of water and water radiolysis are other possible sources of hydrogen .
LL Cool J
He also guest starred on 30 Rock in the 2007 episode `` The Source Awards '' as the hip - hop producer Ridikulous , whom Tracy Jordan fears is going to kill him .
Stress (linguistics)
An example of a natural prosodic stress pattern is that described for French above ; stress is placed on the final syllable of a string of words ( or if that is a schwa , the next - to - final syllable ) . A similar pattern has been claimed for English ( see § Levels of stress above ) : the traditional distinction between ( lexical ) primary and secondary stress is replaced partly by a prosodic rule stating that the final stressed syllable in a phrase is given additional stress . ( A word spoken alone becomes such a phrase , hence such prosodic stress may appear to be lexical if the pronunciation of words is analyzed in a standalone context rather than within phrases . )
SS Great Britain
In considering the gearing arrangement , Brunel had no precedent to serve as a guide . The gearing for the Archimedes , of the spur - and - pinion type , had proven almost unbearably noisy , and would not be suitable for a passenger ship . Brunel 's solution was to install a chain drive . On the crankshaft between Great Britain 's two engines , he installed a 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) diameter primary gearwheel , which , by means of a set of four massive inverted - tooth or `` silent '' chains , operated the smaller secondary gear near the keel , which turned the propeller shaft . This was the first commercial use of silent chain technology , and the individual silent chains installed in Great Britain are thought to have been the largest ever constructed .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . Strike
Smith & Wesson
In October 2002 , Smith & Wesson announced it had entered into a licensing agreement with Cycle Source Group to produce a line of bicycles designed by and for law enforcement . These bicycles feature custom configurations and silent hubs .
Medicare (United States)
In 2003 Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which President George W. Bush signed into law on December 8 , 2003 . Part of this legislation included filling gaps in prescription - drug coverage left by the Medicare Secondary Payer Act that was enacted in 1980 . The 2003 bill strengthened the Workers ' Compensation Medicare Set - Aside Program ( WCMSA ) that is monitored and administered by CMS .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
1 . A secondary power supply ( battery backup ) must operate all carbon monoxide notification appliances for at least 12 hours , 2 . Detectors must be on the ceiling in the same room as permanently installed fuel - burning appliances , and 3 . Detectors must be located on every habitable level and in every HVAC zone of the building .
Bird nest
Species which use natural cavities or old woodpecker nests sometimes line the cavity with soft material such as grass , moss , lichen , feathers or fur . Though a number of studies have attempted to determine whether secondary cavity nesters preferentially choose cavities with entrance holes facing certain directions , the results remain inconclusive . While some species appear to preferentially choose holes with certain orientations , studies ( to date ) have not shown consistent differences in fledging rates between nests oriented in different directions .
Grunge
Grunge 's sound partly resulted from Seattle 's isolation from other music scenes . As Sub Pop 's Jonathan Poneman noted , `` Seattle was a perfect example of a secondary city with an active music scene that was completely ignored by an American media fixated on Los Angeles and New York ( City ) . '' Mark Arm claimed that the isolation meant , `` this one corner of the map was being really inbred and ripping off each other 's ideas '' . Seattle `` ... was a remote and provincial city '' in the 1980s ; Bruce Pavitt states that the city was `` ... very working class '' , a place of `` deprivation '' , and so the scene 's `` ... whole aesthetic -- work clothes , thriftstore truckers ' hats , pawnshop guitars '' was not just a style , it was done because Seattle `` ... was very poor . '' Indeed , when `` ... Nevermind reached number one in the US charts , Cobain was living in a car . ''
Cole Turner
As part of his storyline , the character later returns to evil after unwillingly becoming the new Source . As the Source , Cole is eventually vanquished by the Charmed Ones , only to come back from death itself in his attempts to win Phoebe back . By this point he is one of the most powerful beings to ever exist . Driven insane , Cole is , through his own doing , once again killed by the sisters in the fifth season . When the character returns for a guest appearance in the seventh season , it is unclear what kind of being he is , but he states that he is caught somewhere between life and death , atoning for his sins .
SS Great Britain
Like other steamships of the era , Great Britain was provided with secondary sail power , consisting of one square - rigged and five schooner - rigged masts -- a relatively simple sail plan designed to reduce the number of crew required . The masts were of iron , fastened to the spar deck with iron joints , and with one exception , hinged to allow their lowering to reduce wind resistance in the event of a strong headwind . The rigging was of iron cable instead of the traditional hemp , again with a view to reducing wind resistance . Another innovative feature was the lack of traditional heavy bulwarks around the main deck ; a light iron railing both reduced weight and allowed water shipped in heavy weather to run unimpeded back to sea .
Common source
Definition Expression Current gain A i ≜ i out i in ( \ displaystyle A_ ( \ text ( i ) ) \ triangleq ( \ frac ( i_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ( i_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ) \ , ) ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ infty \ , ) Voltage gain A v ≜ v out v in ( \ displaystyle A_ ( \ text ( v ) ) \ triangleq ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ( v_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ) \ , ) − g m R D 1 + g m R S ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( matrix ) - ( \ frac ( g_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) R_ ( \ text ( D ) ) ) ( 1 + g_ ( \ mathrm ( m ) ) R_ ( \ text ( S ) ) ) ) \ end ( matrix ) ) \ , ) Input impedance r in ≜ v in i in ( \ displaystyle r_ ( \ text ( in ) ) \ triangleq ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ( i_ ( \ text ( in ) ) ) ) \ , ) ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ infty \ , ) Output impedance r out ≜ v out i out ( \ displaystyle r_ ( \ text ( out ) ) \ triangleq ( \ frac ( v_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ( i_ ( \ text ( out ) ) ) ) ) R D ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ text ( D ) ) \ , )
Medicare (United States)
1960 -- PL 86 - 778 Social Security Amendments of 1960 ( Kerr - Mills aid ) 1965 -- PL 89 - 97 Social Security Act of 1965 , Establishing Medicare Benefits 1980 -- Medicare Secondary Payer Act of 1980 , prescription drugs coverage added 1988 -- PL 100 - 360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 1989 -- Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Repeal Act of 1989 1997 -- PL 105 - 33 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 2003 -- PL 108 - 173 Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act 2010 -- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2013 -- Sequestration effects on Medicare due to Budget Control Act of 2011 2015 -- Extensive changes to Medicare , primarily to the SGR provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act ( MACRA ) 2016 -- Changes to the Social Security `` hold harmless '' laws as they affect Part B premiums based on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015
Rainbow
In addition to the common primary and secondary rainbows , it is also possible for rainbows of higher orders to form . The order of a rainbow is determined by the number of light reflections inside the water droplets that create it : One reflection results in the first - order or primary rainbow ; two reflections create the second - order or secondary rainbow . More internal reflections cause bows of higher orders -- theoretically unto infinity . As more and more light is lost with each internal reflection , however , each subsequent bow becomes progressively dimmer and therefore increasingly harder to spot . An additional challenge in observing the third - order ( or tertiary ) and fourth - order ( quaternary ) rainbows is their location in the direction of the sun ( about 40 ° and 45 ° from the sun , respectively ) , causing them to become drowned in its glare .
Common source
The bandwidth ( also called the 3 dB frequency ) is the frequency where the signal drops to 1 / √ 2 of its low - frequency value . ( In decibels , dB ( √ 2 ) = 3.01 dB ) . A reduction to 1 / √ 2 occurs when ωC R = 1 , making the input signal at this value of ω ( call this value ω , say ) v = V / ( 1 + j ) . The magnitude of ( 1 + j ) = √ 2 . As a result , the 3 dB frequency f = ω / ( 2π ) is :
British Hong Kong
The Executive Council determined administrative policy changes and considered primary legislation before passing it to the Legislative Council for approval . This advisory body also itself issued secondary legislation under a limited set of colonial ordinances . The Legislative Council debated proposed legislation and was responsible for the appropriation of public funds . This chamber was reformed in the last years of colonial rule to introduce more democratic representation . Indirectly elected functional constituency seats were introduced in 1985 and popularly elected geographical constituency seats in 1991 . Further electoral reform in 1994 effectively made the legislature broadly representative . The administrative Civil Service was led by the Colonial Secretary ( later Chief Secretary ) , who was deputy to the Governor . Government
Quasar
So far , the clumsily long name ' quasi-stellar radio sources ' is used to describe these objects . Because the nature of these objects is entirely unknown , it is hard to prepare a short , appropriate nomenclature for them so that their essential properties are obvious from their name . For convenience , the abbreviated form ' quasar ' will be used throughout this paper .
Membrane transport protein
Active transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient . This is usually to accumulate high concentrations of molecules that a cell needs , such as glucose or amino acids . If the process uses chemical energy , such as adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , it is called primary active transport . Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient , and does not use energy produced in the cell . Unlike channel proteins which only transport substances through membranes passively , carrier proteins can transport ions and molecules either passively through facilitated diffusion , or via secondary active transport . A carrier protein is required to move particles from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration . These carrier proteins have receptors that bind to a specific molecule ( substrate ) needing transport . The molecule or ion to be transported ( the substrate ) must first bind at a binding site at the carrier molecule , with a certain binding affinity . Following binding , and while the binding site is facing the same way , the carrier will capture or occlude ( take in and retain ) the substrate within its molecular structure and cause an internal translocation so that the opening in the protein now faces the other side of the plasma membrane . The carrier protein substrate is released at that site , according to its binding affinity there .
Spinal cord
From the levels of L2 to T1 , proprioceptive information enters the spinal cord and ascends ipsilaterally , where it synapses in Clarke 's nucleus . The secondary neuronal axons continue to ascend ipsilaterally and then pass into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle . This tract is known as the dorsal spinocerebellar tract .