vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Cell nucleus
The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins . Like all proteins , lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior , where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina . Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane , such as emerin and nesprin , bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support . Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure , known as the nucleoplasmic veil , that is visible using fluorescence microscopy . The actual function of the veil is not clear , although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase . Lamin structures that make up the veil , such as LEM3 , bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein - coding genes .
Epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal plate zone ( from epiphysis to diaphysis Description Zone of reserve Quiescent chondrocytes are found at the epiphyseal end Zone of proliferation Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone Zone of maturation and hypertrophy Chondrocytes stop mitosis , and begin to hypertrophy by accumulating glycogen , lipids , and alkaline phosphatase Zone of calcification Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis . Cartilagenous matrix begins to calcify . Zone of ossification Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the diaphyseal side break down the calcified cartilage and replace with mineralized bone tissue .
Rabbit
The middle ear is filled with three bones called ossicles and is separated by the outer eardrum in the back of the rabbit 's skull. The three ossicles are called hammer , anvil , and stirrup and act to decrease sound before it hits the inner ear . In general , the ossicles act as a barrier to the inner ear for sound energy .
The Lovely Bones (film)
The Lovely Bones was first released on December 26 , 2009 , in New Zealand , and then internationally in January 2010 . The film 's North American release date was changed multiple times , with a limited release on December 11 , 2009 , and a wider release on January 15 , 2010 . It was released to mainly mixed reviews from critics ; the story and its message were generally criticized , with praise mainly aimed at the visual effects , Peter Jackson 's direction , and the performances of Ronan and Tucci . In the film 's opening weekend , in limited release , it grossed $116,616 , despite only having been screened in three theaters , placing it at 30th place on the box office chart . The Lovely Bones grossed over $44 million in North America . The film also received numerous accolades , including Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , BAFTA and Academy Award nominations .
Glycogen
Glycogen is the analogue of starch , a glucose polymer that functions as energy storage in plants . It has a structure similar to amylopectin ( a component of starch ) , but is more extensively branched and compact than starch . Both are white powders in their dry state . Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol / cytoplasm in many cell types , and plays an important role in the glucose cycle . Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose , but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides ( lipids ) . As such it also found as storage reserve in many parasitic protozoa .
Sensory nervous system
Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain . This process , called nociception , usually causes the perception of pain . They are found in internal organs , as well as on the surface of the body . Nociceptors detect different kinds of damaging stimuli or actual damage . Those that only respond when tissues are damaged are known as `` sleeping '' or `` silent '' nociceptors .
Collagen
Collagen occurs in many places throughout the body . Over 90 % of the collagen in the human body , however , is type I .
Tyrannosaurus
In total , Brown found five Tyrannosaurus partial skeletons . In 1941 , Brown 's 1902 find was sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Brown 's fourth and largest find , also from Hell Creek , is on display in the American Museum of Natural History in New York .
The Lovely Bones (film)
The Lovely Bones is a 2009 supernatural drama film directed by Peter Jackson and starring Mark Wahlberg , Rachel Weisz , Susan Sarandon , Stanley Tucci , Michael Imperioli , and Saoirse Ronan . The screenplay by Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens and Jackson was based on the award - winning and bestselling 2002 novel of the same name by Alice Sebold . It follows a girl who is murdered and watches over her family from the in - between , and is torn between seeking vengeance on her killer and allowing her family to heal . An international co-production between the United States , the United Kingdom , and New Zealand , the film was produced by Carolynne Cunningham , Walsh , Jackson , and Aimee Peyronnet , with Steven Spielberg , Tessa Ross , Ken Kamins , and James Wilson as executive producers . Principal photography began in October 2007 in New Zealand and Pennsylvania , United States . The film 's score was composed by Brian Eno .
Ribosome
Ribosomes are organelles that synthesize proteins . Proteins are needed for many cellular functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes . Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum .
Transduction (physiology)
Going from inner ear outwards , the stapes is first , the incus is second , and the mallets is on the outermost part of these three bones . At the end of the stapes is the cochlea that is filled with fluid , and the middle ear acts as a mechanical amplifier to make sure the sound waves will be able to reach and be interpreted by the organ of Corti . Here is a very brief description of how this all works :
Ear
The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the bony labyrinth . A central area known as the vestibule contains two small fluid - filled recesses , the utricle and saccule . These connect to the semicircular canals and the cochlea . There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance . The cochlea is a spiral shell - shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing . These structures together create the membranous labyrinth .
Lucky Spencer
Lucky is introduced to the canvas within the much garnered return of his parents , famed General Hospital adventurers and popular supercouple of the 1970 -- 80s , Luke and Laura Spencer . Luke and Laura had been last seen in Texas in December 1984 , when Laura announces her pregnancy , and reveal off - screen in August 1985 that they had a son . The series SORAS - aged the child when he is introduced as a ten - year - old in 1993 , played by Jackson . Anthony Geary ( Luke ) and writer Irene Suver helped to create the storyline of the family 's return , and the network fired most the General Hospital writing team in August 1993 to bring on new head writer , Emmy Award winner Claire Labine . The original introduction story for Lucky was planned to have the child in need of a bone marrow transplant , a story later used on Lucky 's younger sister Lulu . Instead , the story included high - budget action sequences reminiscent of the couple 's previous adventures , including explosions , car chases and parachutes . Lucky had spent his life on the run with his parents , and is independent , street - smart and quick - witted . The character is shown to be a product of his parents , exhibiting qualities of both . Jackson later explained to Entertainment Weekly in 2009 :
Dodo
Worldwide , 26 museums have significant holdings of dodo material , almost all found in the Mare aux Songes . The Natural History Museum , American Museum of Natural History , Cambridge University Museum of Zoology , the Senckenberg Museum , and others have almost complete skeletons , assembled from the dissociated subfossil remains of several individuals . In 2011 , a wooden box containing dodo bones from the Edwardian era was rediscovered at the Grant Museum at University College London during preparations for a move . They had been stored with crocodile bones until then .
Tyrannosaurus
Another Tyrannosaurus , nicknamed Stan , in honor of amateur paleontologist Stan Sacrison , was found in the Hell Creek Formation near Buffalo , South Dakota , in the spring of 1987 . It was not collected until 1992 , as it was mistakenly thought to be a Triceratops skeleton . Stan is 63 % complete and is on display in the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research in Hill City , South Dakota , after an extensive world tour during 1995 and 1996 . This tyrannosaur , too , was found to have many bone pathologies , including broken and healed ribs , a broken ( and healed ) neck and a spectacular hole in the back of its head , about the size of a Tyrannosaurus tooth .
Shark tooth
Fossilized shark teeth can often be found in or near river bed banks , sand pits , and beaches . These teeth are typically worn , because they were frequently moved and redeposited in different areas repeatedly before settling down . Other locations , however , yield perfect teeth that were hardly moved during the ages . These teeth are typically fragile , and great care should be taken while excavating them . Phosphate pits , containing mostly fossil bones and teeth , or kaolin pits , are ideal places to look for fossil shark teeth . One of the most notable phosphate mines is in Central Florida , Polk County , and is known as Bone Valley . Most of the teeth found here range from 3 to 10 million years old . Near New Caledonia , up until the practice was banned , fishermen and commercial vessels used to dredge the sea floor for megalodon teeth . In the state of Georgia , shark teeth are found so often that they decided to make shark teeth the official state fossil in 1976 .
Cremation
In East Asian countries such as Japan , China , or Taiwan , the bones are not pulverised , unless requested beforehand . When not pulverised , the bones are collected by the family and stored as one might do with ashes .
Neuron
A neuron is a specialized type of cell found in the bodies of all eumetozoans . Only sponges and a few other simpler animals lack neurons . The features that define a neuron are electrical excitability and the presence of synapses , which are complex membrane junctions that transmit signals to other cells . The body 's neurons , plus the glial cells that give them structural and metabolic support , together constitute the nervous system . In vertebrates , the majority of neurons belong to the central nervous system , but some reside in peripheral ganglia , and many sensory neurons are situated in sensory organs such as the retina and cochlea .
Dodo
Louis Etienne Thirioux , an amateur naturalist at Port Louis , also found many dodo remains around 1900 from several locations . They included the first articulated specimen , which is the first subfossil dodo skeleton found outside the Mare aux Songes , and the only remains of a juvenile specimen , a now lost tarsometatarsus . The former specimen was found in 1904 in a cave near Le Pouce mountain , and is the only known complete skeleton of an individual dodo . Thirioux donated the specimen to the Museum Desjardins ( now Natural History Museum at Mauritius Institute ) . Thrioux 's heirs sold a second mounted composite skeleton ( composed of at least two skeletons , with a mainly reconstructed skull ) to the Durban Museum of Natural Science in South Africa in 1918 . Together , these two skeletons represent the most completely known dodo remains , including bone elements previously unrecorded ( such as knee - caps and various wing bones ) . Though some contemporary writers noted the importance of Thrioux 's specimens , they were not scientifically studied , and were largely forgotten until 2011 , when sought out by a group of researchers . The mounted skeletons were laser scanned , from which 3 - D models were reconstructed , which became the basis of a 2016 monograph about the osteology of the dodo . In 2006 , explorers discovered a complete skeleton of a dodo in a lava cave in Mauritius . This was only the second associated skeleton of an individual specimen everfound , and the only one in recent times .
1000 Ways to Die (season 1)
They eventually expose themselves to huge amounts of radiation after repeated applications ( mostly using the radioactive paint as glow - in - the - dark body paint for their lovers during sex ) . While most of them died from bone cancer , the survivors filed one of the first successful workers ' rights lawsuits against the company and won , leading to increased safety standards in American workplaces . 638 Oz Holed August 18 , 2001 Bonelli Park San Dimas , CA Two teenagers obsessed with rock legend Ozzy Osbourne snort fire ants in celebration of Ozzfest , believing an urban legend that Osbourne had supposedly done the same with fellow rocker Nikki Sixx . The ants immediately latch onto their nasal passages and trachea and proceed to bite and sting them repeatedly , causing swelling and eventual suffocation . ( This features the first , and only , time one of the interviewees actually makes an appearance in the segment itself , with animal trainer Jules Sylvester coming out and chastising the two dead teenagers about what led to their death . ) 710 Tanked Girl December 21 , 1978 ( Note : this is the fourth death on this date ) Decompression Chamber St. Augustine , FL A female scuba diver waits in a decompression chamber after making an emergency swim back to the surface . A maintenance worker , not knowing the diver is in the room , releases the pressure of the room , causing her body to instantly explode .
Neuron
The cell body of a neuron is supported by a complex mesh of structural proteins called neurofilaments , which are assembled into larger neurofibrils . Some neurons also contain pigment granules , such as neuromelanin ( a brownish - black pigment that is byproduct of synthesis of catecholamines ) , and lipofuscin ( a yellowish - brown pigment ) , both of which accumulate with age . Other structural proteins that are important for neuronal function are actin and the tubulin of microtubules . Actin is predominately found at the tips of axons and dendrites during neuronal development . There the actin dynamics can be modulated via an interplay with microtubule .
Angela Montenegro
Angela Pearly - Gates Montenegro - Hodgins ( born Pookie Noodlin Pearly - Gates Gibbons ) is a fictional character in the television series Bones ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , portrayed by Michaela Conlin . She is a classically trained artist involved in forensic reconstructions .
Amniotic fluid
Recent studies show that amniotic fluid contains a considerable quantity of stem cells . These amniotic stem cells are pluripotent and able to differentiate into various tissues , which may be useful for future human application . Some researchers have found that amniotic fluid is also a plentiful source of non-embryonic stem cells . These cells have demonstrated the ability to differentiate into a number of different cell - types , including brain , liver and bone .
Cell nucleus
The nucleolus is a discrete densely stained structure found in the nucleus . It is not surrounded by a membrane , and is sometimes called a suborganelle . It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA , DNA coding for ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions ( NOR ) . The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes . The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity , as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components , facilitating further ribosomal assembly , and hence further association . This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures .
Cell membrane
In animal cells cholesterol is normally found dispersed in varying degrees throughout cell membranes , in the irregular spaces between the hydrophobic tails of the membrane lipids , where it confers a stiffening and strengthening effect on the membrane .
Transduction (physiology)
At the end of the stapes , there is a footplate that is supposed to be translating vibrations into pressure waves . But the tympanic membrane ( ear drum ) is almost three times the size of this footplate . This is why it is important that all three bones in the ossicles work together . The incus acts as a lever and transmits force onto the stapes so that the vibrational energy is concentrated . This concentrated energy is what allows the middle ear to actually amplify the pressure waves so much ( twenty - two times more than the air that initially entered the pinna ) .
Telangiectasia
These dilated blood vessels can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose , cheeks , and chin . Dilated blood vessels can also develop on the legs , although when they occur on the legs , they often have underlying venous reflux or `` hidden varicose veins '' ( see `` Venous reflux '' below ) . When found on the legs , they are found specifically on the upper thigh , below the knee joint , and around the ankles .
Kentucky Wildcats football
Name Position Mark Stoops Head Coach Eddie Gran Offensive Coordinator / Associate Head Coach , RB Coach Matt House Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers Coach Vince Marrow Tight Ends Coach / Recruiting Coordinator Steve Clinkscale Secondary Coach Lamar Thomas Wide Receivers Coach Darin Hinshaw Co-Offensive Coordinator , Quarterbacks Coach John Schlarman Offensive Line Coach Derrick LeBlanc Defensive Line Coach Dean Hood LB Coach / Special Teams Coordinator
Finger
A finger is a limb of the human body and a type of digit , an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates . Normally humans have five digits , the bones of which are termed phalanges , on each hand , although some people have more or fewer than five due to congenital disorders such as polydactyly or oligodactyly , or accidental or medical amputations . The first digit is the thumb , followed by index finger , middle finger , ring finger , and little finger or pinky . According to different definitions , the thumb can be called a finger , or not .
Finger
The palm has five bones known as metacarpal bones , one to each of the five digits . Human hands contain fourteen digital bones , also called phalanges , or phalanx bones : two in the thumb ( the thumb has no middle phalanx ) and three in each of the four fingers . These are the distal phalanx , carrying the nail , the middle phalanx , and the proximal phalanx .
Femur
The femur is the only bone in the thigh . The two femurs converge medially toward the knees , where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae . The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral - tibial angle . Human females have wider pelvic bones , causing their femora to converge more than in males . In the condition genu valgum ( knock knee ) the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another . The opposite extreme is genu varum ( bow - leggedness ) . In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum , the femoral - tibial angle is about 175 degrees .
The Lovely Bones (film)
Susie 's afterlife begins expanding into a larger heaven , and she is greeted by Harvey 's other victims -- now showing nine , including Susie . She resists Holly 's urging to enter Heaven along with the others , claiming she has one final thing to do . Meanwhile , Susie 's classmates Ruth and Ray are present when Harvey drives up to dispose of the safe at a sinkhole dump site . Susie returns to Earth and enters Ruth 's body , causing Ruth to faint . Ray rushes to Ruth 's aid only to realize she has become Susie . They kiss , completing Susie 's last wish , and she returns to Heaven . Meanwhile Harvey dumps the safe in a sinkhole , leaving it to disappear in the muddy water as he drives away .
The Lovely Bones (film)
In July 2003 , the studio DreamWorks negotiated a first look deal with producer Peyronnet , after DreamWorks co-founder Steven Spielberg expressed interest in the project . DreamWorks did not acquire the rights to the novel , and Ramsay was eventually detached from the project as , she says , FilmFour wanted a version more faithful to the novel . In April 2004 , producers Peter Jackson , Fran Walsh , and Philippa Boyens entered negotiations to develop the project . Jackson described the book as `` a wonderfully emotional and powerful story . Like all the best fantasy , it has a solid grounding in the real world . '' By January 2005 , Jackson and Walsh planned to independently purchase film rights and to seek studio financing after a script had been developed . The producers sought to begin adapting a spec script for The Lovely Bones in January 2006 , with the goal of script completion and budget estimation by the following May .
Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system , and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system . The brain consists of the cerebrum , the brainstem and the cerebellum . It controls most of the activities of the body , processing , integrating , and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs , and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body . The brain is contained in , and protected by , the skull bones of the head . The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain . It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres . The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter , covering the core of white matter . The cortex is split into the neocortex and the much smaller allocortex . The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers , while the allocortex has three or four . Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes -- the frontal , temporal , parietal , and occipital lobes . The frontal lobe is associated with executive functions including self - control , planning , reasoning , and abstract thought , while the occipital lobe is dedicated to vision . Within each lobe , cortical areas are associated with specific functions , such as the sensory , motor and association regions . Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and function , some functions are associated with one side , such as language in the left and visual - spatial ability in the right . The hemispheres are connected by nerve tracts , the largest being the corpus callosum .
The Lovely Bones (film)
In May 2000 , Film4 Productions acquired feature film rights to Alice Sebold 's novel The Lovely Bones , when it was a half - written manuscript . Producer Aimee Peyronnet had sought to attract studio interest to the manuscript , and an insider informed Film4 's deputy head of production , Jim Wilson , of the project . The company attached Luc Besson and Peyronnet 's production company Seaside to the project , two years before the novel 's release . By February 2001 , Lynne Ramsay was hired to direct and write the film adaptation of the novel . In July 2002 , Channel 4 shut down Film4 , causing Hollywood studios and producers to pursue acquisition of feature film rights to The Lovely Bones , which had spent multiple weeks at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list . The film adaptation , which had been estimated at a budget of $15 million , remained with Channel 4 under its newly developed inhouse film unit , with Ramsay still contracted to write and direct . By October 2002 , Ramsay was writing the script with fellow screenwriter Liana Dognini , with filming planned for summer 2003 . Author Sebold was invited by the producers to provide input on the project .