vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Monty Python's Life of Brian
Richard Webster comments in A Brief History of Blasphemy ( 1990 ) that `` internalised censorship played a significant role in the handling '' of Monty Python 's Life of Brian . In his view , `` As a satire on religion , this film might well be considered a rather slight production . As blasphemy it was , even in its original version , extremely mild . Yet the film was surrounded from its inception by intense anxiety , in some quarters of the Establishment , about the offence it might cause . As a result it gained a certificate for general release only after some cuts had been made . Perhaps more importantly still , the film was shunned by the BBC and ITV , who declined to show it for fear of offending Christians in the UK . Once again a blasphemy was restrained -- or its circulation effectively curtailed -- not by the force of law but by the internalisation of this law . '' On its initial release in the UK , the film was banned by several town councils -- some of which had no cinemas within their boundaries , or had not even seen the film . A member of Harrogate council , one of those that banned the film , revealed during a television interview that the council had not seen the film , and had based their opinion on what they had been told by the Nationwide Festival of Light , a grouping with an evangelical Christian base , of which they knew nothing .
Indian Rebellion of 1857
On 27 January , Colonel Richard Birch , the Military Secretary , ordered that all cartridges issued from depots were to be free from grease , and that sepoys could grease them themselves using whatever mixture `` they may prefer '' . A modification was also made to the drill for loading so that the cartridge was torn with the hands and not bitten . This however , merely caused many sepoys to be convinced that the rumours were true and that their fears were justified . Additional rumours started that the paper in the new cartridges , which was glazed and stiffer than the previously used paper , was impregnated with grease . In February , a court of inquiry was held at Barrackpore to get to the bottom of these rumours . Native soldiers called as witnesses complained of the paper `` being stiff and like cloth in the mode of tearing '' , said that when the paper was burned it smelled of grease , and announced that the suspicion that the paper itself contained grease could not be removed from their minds .
National Convention
4 Prairial Year III is one of the crucial dates of the revolutionary period . The people had ceased to be a political force , participants in history . They were now no more than victims or spectators .
Hundred Years' War
Hundred Years ' War Clockwise , from top left : The Battle of La Rochelle , The Battle of Agincourt , The Battle of Patay , Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans Date 24 May 1337 -- 19 October 1453 Location France , the Low Countries , Great Britain , Iberian peninsula Result French victory House of Valois retains the French throne English and French monarchies remain separate England permanently loses almost all of its continental possessions English claims to the French throne de facto abandoned Strengthening of the French monarchy Problems in England lead to the Wars of the Roses Rise of nationalistic identities in England and France Decline of chivalry Decline of feudalism Territorial changes France acquired the English continental possessions England retained ownership of the Channel Islands and Calais Belligerents Kingdom of France County of Flanders Duchy of Burgundy Duchy of Brittany Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Lorraine Republic of Genoa Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Majorca Avignon Papacy Kingdom of England Principality of Wales Duchy of Aquitaine English Kingdom of France Duchy of Brittany Duchy of Burgundy County of Flanders County of Hainaut Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Navarre Papal States Commanders and leaders Philip VI ( 1337 -- 1350 ) John II ( 1350 -- 1364 ) Charles V ( 1364 -- 1380 ) Charles VI ( 1380 -- 1422 ) Charles VII ( 1422 -- 1453 ) Edward III ( 1337 -- 1377 ) Richard II ( 1377 -- 1399 ) Henry IV ( 1399 -- 1413 ) Henry V ( 1413 -- 1422 ) Henry VI ( 1422 -- 1453 )
Early world maps
The Hereford Mappa Mundi is a detailed mappa mundi based on the T and O map style , dating to c. 1300 . The map is signed by one `` Richard of Haldingham or Lafford '' . Drawn on a single sheet of vellum , it measures 158 by 133 cm ( 62 by 52 in ) . The writing is in black ink , with additional red and gold , and blue or green for water ( with the Red Sea coloured red ) . The captions demonstrate clearly the multiple functions of these large medieval maps , conveying a mass of information on Biblical subjects and general history , in addition to geography .
Robber baron (industrialist)
In 1958 Bridges reported that , `` The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the `` robber baron '' concept of the American businessman . '' Richard White , historian of the transcontinental railroads , stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept , which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler . He notes that , `` Much of the modern history of corporations is a reaction against the Robber Barons and fictions . ''
Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle continued to be favoured by monarchs in the 15th century , despite England beginning to slip into increasing political violence . Henry IV seized the castle during his coup in 1399 , although failing to catch Richard II , who had escaped to London . Under Henry V , the castle hosted a visit from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1417 , a massive diplomatic event that stretched the accommodation of the castle to its limits .
History of Antarctica
Immediately after the war , American interest was rekindled with an explicitly geopolitical motive . Operation Highjump , from 1946 - 1947 was organized by Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd Jr. and included 4,700 men , 13 ships , and multiple aircraft . The primary mission of Operation Highjump was to establish the Antarctic research base Little America IV , for the purpose of training personnel and testing equipment in frigid conditions and amplifying existing stores of knowledge of hydrographic , geographic , geological , meteorological and electromagnetic propagation conditions in the area . The mission was also aimed at consolidating and extending United States sovereignty over the largest practicable area of the Antarctic continent , although this was publicly denied as a goal even before the expedition ended .
Nine Years' War
William III regarded the war as an opportunity to reduce the power of France and protect the Dutch Republic , while providing conditions that would encourage trade and commerce . Although there remained territorial anomalies , Dutch war aims did not involve substantial alterations to the frontier ; but William did aim to secure his new position in Britain . By seeking refuge in France and subsequently invading Ireland , James II had given William III the ideal instrument to convince the English parliament that entry into a major European war was unavoidable . With the support of Parliament , William III and Mary II declared war on 17 May 1689 ( O.S. ) . This Anglo - Dutch alignment was the basis for the Grand Alliance , ratified on 20 December by William III representing England , Anthonie Heinsius and Treasurer Jacob Hop representing the Dutch Republic , and Königsegg and Stratman representing Emperor Leopold I. Like the Dutch the English were not preoccupied with territorial gains on the Continent , but were deeply concerned with limiting the power of France to defend against a Jacobite restoration ( Louis XIV threatened to overthrow the Glorious Revolution and the precarious political settlement by supporting the old king over the new one ) . William III had secured his goal of mobilising Britain 's resources for the anti-French coalition , but the Jacobite threat in Scotland and Ireland meant only a small English expeditionary force could be committed to assist the Dutch States Army in the coalition in the Spanish Netherlands for the first three years of the war .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
The government was broke . It had borrowed heavily to construct and maintain a trans - island railway and to finance the country 's regiment in the World War . By 1933 , the public debt was over $100 million compared to a nominal national income of about $30 million . Interest payments on the debt absorbed 63 % of government revenue and the budget deficit was $3.5 million or over 10 percent of the island 's GDP . There was no more credit ; a short - lived plan to sell Labrador to Canada fell through . The Richard Squires government was ineffective and when Squires was arrested for bribery in 1932 he fell from power .
Philosophical skepticism
Because Richard Popkin was one of the founding fathers of study in this area , the account of the history of Skepticism in his books are accepted as the standard . However , recent scholars have been suggesting an addition to Popkin 's account . Instead of centering the history of Skepticism around specific figures who wrote key skeptical works , Skepticism is proposed to be a continuous engagement with works by ancients like Sextus Empiricus to modern thinkers like Hume . The engagement with previous works were probably due to unwanted doubts about accepted episteme instead of purely due to classical writings becoming available at any specific time .
List of Keeping Up Appearances characters
Roy Clarke , writer of the show , described Richard as a foil to show Hyacinth 's character to worst advantage . Although various characters in the series often express bemusement as to Richard 's tolerance for Hyacinth , the cast and crew observe that he simply loves her and that his sense of humour helps get him through .
Norman conquest of England
In 1002 English king Æthelred the Unready married Emma of Normandy , the sister of Richard II , Duke of Normandy . Their son Edward the Confessor , who spent many years in exile in Normandy , succeeded to the English throne in 1042 . This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics , as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support , bringing in Norman courtiers , soldiers , and clerics and appointing them to positions of power , particularly in the Church . Childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin , Earl of Wessex and his sons , Edward may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy 's ambitions for the English throne .
List of The Vampire Diaries characters
Richard Lockwood was Tyler Lockwood 's father , the mayor of Mystic Falls and the head of the Founders ' Council . He had a bad relationship with his son and acts very authoritative towards him . It seems that he thinks of Tyler as a disappointment and when Tyler gets into a fist - fight with Matt Donovan at a party , Richard tells him to never embarrass his family again . When Tyler gets into a fight with Jeremy , he takes them outside and tells them to fight rather than talk to solve their problems . He had an unhappy marriage with Carol Lockwood and they constantly fight ; he also flirts with Pearl . Although he seems kind and amicable to the outside world , he was actually quite selfish . In the season one finale , during Founders Day , he helps John Gilbert execute his plan to kill the tomb vampires . However , it backfires when he is affected by the device that neutralizes the vampires , due to carrying the werewolf gene . The deputies believe him to be a vampire and lock him in the basement , where he was killed by one of the tomb vampires .
Death in Paradise (TV series)
British detective Richard Poole ( Ben Miller ) is assigned to investigate the murder of a British police officer on the fictional Caribbean island of Saint Marie . After he successfully finds the murderer , he is reluctantly required by his supervisors to replace the victim and stay on as the detective inspector ( DI ) of the island , solving new cases as they appear , and being the object of many fish - out - of - water jokes . At the start of Series 3 , Poole is killed and maladroit London detective Humphrey Goodman ( Kris Marshall ) arrives to investigate the death of his strait - laced predecessor . He then stays in the job as chief investigator on the island . In the second half of Series 6 , he resigns so he can stay in London with his new girlfriend Martha Lloyd . His replacement on Saint Marie is DI Jack Mooney , played by Ardal O'Hanlon .
History of United States prison systems
Sir John Popham 's colonial venture in present - day Maine was stocked , a contemporary critic complained , `` out of all the gaols ( jails ) of England . '' The Virginia Company , the corporate entity responsible for settling Jamestown , authorized its colonists to seize Native American children wherever they could `` for conversion ... to the knowledge and worship of the true God and their redeemer , Christ Jesus . '' The colonists themselves lived , in effect , as prisoners of the Company 's governor and his agents . Men caught trying to escape were tortured to death ; seamstresses who erred in their sewing were subject to whipping . One Richard Barnes , accused of uttering `` base and detracting words '' against the governor , was ordered to be `` disarmed and have his arms broken and his tongue bored through with an awl '' before being banished from the settlement entirely .
Influence of the French Revolution
In Sweden , King Gustav III ( reigned 1771 -- 92 ) was an enlightened despot , who weakened the nobility and promoted numerous major social reforms . He felt the Swedish monarchy could survive and flourish by achieving a coalition with the newly emerged middle classes against the nobility . He was close to King Louis XVI so he was disgusted with French radicalism . Nevertheless , he decided to promote additional antifeudal reforms to strengthen his hand among the middle classes . When the king was assassinated in 1792 his brother Charles became regent , but real power was with Gustaf Adolf Reuterholm , who bitterly opposed the French Revolution and all its supporters . Under King Gustav IV Adolf , Sweden joined various coalitions against Napoleon , but was badly defeated and lost much of its territory , especially Finland and Pomerania . The king was overthrown by the army , which in 1810 decided to bring in one of Napoleon 's marshals , Bernadotte , as the heir apparent and army commander . He had a Jacobin background and was well - grounded in revolutionary principles , but put Sweden in the coalition that opposed Napoleon . Bernadotte served as a quite conservative king Charles XIV John of Sweden ( 1818 -- 44 ) .
Colonial history of the United States
However , the Massachusetts charter had been revoked in 1684 , and a new one was issued in 1691 that combined Massachusetts and Plymouth into the Province of Massachusetts Bay . King William III sought to unite the New England colonies militarily by appointing the Earl of Bellomont to three simultaneous governorships and military command over Connecticut and Rhode Island . However , these attempts failed at unified control .
France–United Kingdom relations
Such cross-Channel relations as England had were directed toward Normandy , a quasi-independent fief owing homage to the French king ; Emma , daughter of Normandy 's Duke Richard , became queen to two English kings in succession ; two of her sons , Harthacnut and Edward the Confessor later became kings of England . Edward spent much of his early life ( 1013 -- 1041 ) in Normandy and , as king , favored certain Normans with high office , such as Robert of Jumièges , who became Archbishop of Canterbury .
Greco-Persian Wars
Some later ancient historians , starting with Thucydides , criticised Herodotus and his methods . Nevertheless , Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off ( at the Siege of Sestos ) and felt Herodotus 's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting . Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay `` On The Malignity of Herodotus '' , describing Herodotus as `` Philobarbaros '' ( barbarian - lover ) for not being pro-Greek enough , which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even - handed . A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe , though he remained well read . However , since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds that have repeatedly confirmed his version of events . The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus did a remarkable job in his Historia , but that some of his specific details ( particularly troop numbers and dates ) should be viewed with skepticism . Nevertheless , there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story .
History of Newfoundland and Labrador
In 1919 , the FPU joined with the Liberal Party of Newfoundland led by Richard Squires to form the Liberal Reform Party . The Liberal - Union coalition won 24 of 36 seats in the 1919 general election with half of the coalition 's seats being won by Union candidates .
David Ramsey
Year Title Role Notes Scared Stiff George Masterson The Nutty Professor Student A Very Brady Sequel Brent , the Lifeguard Con Air Londell 1998 A Short Wait Between Trains Jenkins 1999 Three to Tango Bill 2000 Pay It Forward Sidney Parker 2001 Mr. Bones Vince Lee Hair Show Cliff 2005 Resurrection : The J.R. Richard Story J.R. Richard Produced by Benjamin O. Jimerson - Phillips Bathsheba King David 2006 `` Hello Sister , Goodbye Life '' Dennis 2007 The Death and Life of Bobby Z Wayne 2008 The Coverup Bill Daily 2009 The Rub Cam Stewart Mother and Child Joseph 2014 Draft Day Thompson 2015 Accidental Love Rep. Bill Harshtone
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Modern scholars have argued over the possible role of Alexander III `` the Great '' and his mother Olympias in the assassination of Philip II , noting the latter 's choice to exclude Alexander from his planned invasion of Asia , choosing instead for him to act as regent of Greece and deputy hegemon of the League of Corinth , and the potential bearing of another male heir between Philip II and his new wife , Cleopatra Eurydice . Alexander III ( r . 336 -- 323 BC ) was immediately proclaimed king by an assembly of the army and leading aristocrats , chief among them being Antipater and Parmenion . By the end of his reign and military career in 323 BC , Alexander would rule over an empire consisting of mainland Greece , Asia Minor , the Levant , ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Persia , and much of Central and South Asia ( i.e. modern Pakistan ) . Among his first acts was the burial of his father at Aigai . The members of the League of Corinth revolted at the news of Philip II 's death , but were soon quelled by military force alongside persuasive diplomacy , electing Alexander as hegemon of the league to carry out the planned invasion of Achaemenid Persia .
Great Chicago Fire
Amateur historian Richard Bales has suggested the fire started when Daniel `` Pegleg '' Sullivan , who first reported the fire , ignited hay in the barn while trying to steal milk . Part of Bales ' evidence includes an account by Sullivan who claimed in an inquiry before the Fire Department of Chicago on November 25 , 1871 that he saw the fire coming through the side of the barn and ran across DeKoven Street to free the animals from the barn , one of which included a cow owned by Sullivan 's mother . Bales ' account does not have consensus . The Chicago Public Library staff criticized his account in their web page on the fire . Despite this , the Chicago city council was convinced of Bales ' argument and stated that the actions of Sullivan on that day should be scrutinized after the O'Learys were exonerated in 1997 .
History of hip-hop dance
Jump up ^ Crazy Legs invented the continuous back spin , commonly called the windmill . Jump up ^ The Mighty Zulu Kings were founded by Afrika Bambaataa in 1973 . Jump up ^ Wayne `` Frosty Freeze '' Frost died on April 3 , 2008 . He invented the suicide , a move in which a b - boy does a front flip and lands on their back . Jump up ^ Richard `` Crazy Legs '' Colón was one of Jennifer Beals ' body doubles in Flashdance . Jump up ^ B - boy Crazy Legs invented the windmill ( continuous back spin ) and 1990 ( continuous hand spin ) b - boy moves by accident . Jump up ^ Paula Adbul also choreographed the 1987 film The Running Man .
Nile
With time on his hands and at the urging of a friend , Bruce composed this account of his travels on the African continent , including comments on the history and religion of Egypt , an account of Indian trade , a history of Abyssinia , and other material . Although Bruce would not be confused with `` a great scholar or a judicious critic , few books of equal compass are equally entertaining ; and few such monuments exist of the energy and enterprise of a single traveller '' ( DNB ) . `` The result of his travels was a very great enrichment of the knowledge of geography and ethnography '' ( Cox II , p. 389 . ) Bruce was one of the earliest westerners to search for the source of the Nile . In November 1770 he reached the source of the Blue Nile , and though he acknowledged that the White Nile was the larger stream , he claimed that the Blue Nile was the Nile of the ancients and that he was thus the discoverer of its source . The account of his travels was written twelve years after his journey and without reference to his journals , which gave critics grounds for disbelief , but the substantial accuracy of the book has since been amply demonstrated .
Wales
The best of the few Welsh artists of the 16th -- 18th centuries tended to leave the country to work , many of them moving to London or Italy . Richard Wilson ( 1714 -- 82 ) is arguably the first major British landscapist . Although more notable for his Italian scenes , he painted several Welsh scenes on visits from London . By the late 18th century , the popularity of landscape art grew and clients were found in the larger Welsh towns , allowing more Welsh artists to stay in their homeland . Artists from outside Wales were also drawn to paint Welsh scenery , at first because of the Celtic Revival . Then in the early 19th century , the Napoleonic Wars preventing the Grand Tour to continental Europe , travel through Wales came to be considered more accessible . The