vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
War of the Austrian Succession
The Bavarian Emperor Charles VII , whose territories were overrun by the Austrians , asked him to create a diversion by invading Moravia . In December 1741 , therefore , the Prussian general field marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin crossed the border and captured Olmutz . Glatz also was invested , and the Prussian army was concentrated about Olomouc in January 1742 . A combined plan of operations was made by the French , Saxons and Prussians for the rescue of Linz . But Linz soon fell . Broglie on the Vltava , weakened by the departure of the Bavarians to oppose Khevenhüller , and of the Saxons to join forces with Frederick , was in no condition to take the offensive , and large forces under Prince Charles of Lorraine lay in his front from Budweis to Jihlava ( Iglau ) . Frederick 's march was made towards Iglau in the first place . Brno was invested about the same time ( February ) , but the direction of the march was changed , and instead of moving against Prince Charles , Frederick pushed on southwards by Znojmo and Mikulov . The extreme outposts of the Prussians appeared before Vienna . But Frederick 's advance was a mere foray , and Prince Charles , leaving a screen of troops in front of Broglie , marched to cut off the Prussians from Silesia , while the Hungarian levies poured into Upper Silesia by the Jablunkov Pass . The Saxons , discontented and demoralised , soon marched off to their own country , and Frederick with his Prussians fell back by Svitavy and Litomyšl to Kutná Hora in Bohemia , where he was in touch with Broglie on the one hand and ( Glatz having now surrendered ) with Silesia on the other . No defence of Olomouc was attempted , and the small Prussian corps remaining in Moravia fell back towards Upper Silesia .
Furious 7
In April 2013 , during post-production of the retitled Fast & Furious 6 , Lin announced that he would not return to direct a seventh film , as the studio wanted to produce the film on an accelerated schedule for release in summer 2014 . This would have required Lin to begin pre-production on the sequel while performing post-production on Fast & Furious 6 , which he considered would affect the quality of the final product . Despite the usual two - year gap between the previous installments , Universal chose to pursue a sequel quicker due to having fewer reliable franchises than its competitor studios . However , subsequent interviews with Lin have suggested that the sixth film was always intended to be the final installment under his direction .
Factory Acts
The Whigs were defeated in the 1841 general election , and Sir Robert Peel formed a Conservative government . Ashley let it be known that he had declined office under Peel because Peel would not commit himself not to oppose a ten - hour bill ; Ashley therefore wished to retain freedom of action on factory issues . In February 1842 , Peel indicated definite opposition to a ten - hour bill , and Sir James Graham , Peel 's Home Secretary , declared his intention to proceed with a bill prepared by Fox Maule , but with some alterations . In response to the findings of his Royal Commission , Ashley saw through Parliament a Mines And Collieries Act banning the employment of women and children underground ; the measure was welcomed by both front benches , with Graham assuring Ashley `` that her Majesty 's Government would render him every assistance in carrying on the measure '' . In July , it was announced that the Government did not intend any modification to the Factory Act in that session .
Algiers Motel incident
The Citywide Citizens ' Action Committee , organized by Dan Aldridge , was formed by a coalition of Detroit black leaders . They held a tribunal of their own , convicting August , Paille , Dismukes and Thomas for their roles in the murders and sentencing them to death . The jury included novelist John Killens and activist Rosa Parks . Without revealing himself , Dismukes attended the tribunal .
Matterhorn
Edward Whymper joined the efforts in August 1861 , but in his first 7 attempts with a variety of companions could only reach a maximum height of 4,100 m ( 13,500 ft ) . However , on July 14 , 1865 , in what is considered the last ascent of the golden age of alpinism , he was able to reach the summit by an ascent of the Hörnli ridge in Switzerland , guided by the famed French mountaineer Michel Croz and the Swiss father and son Peter Taugwalder Sr. and Jr. , and accompanied by the British gentlemen Charles Hudson , Lord Francis Douglas , Douglas Robert Hadow . Upon descent , Hadow , Croz , Hudson and Douglas fell to their deaths on the Matterhorn Glacier , and all but Douglas ( whose body was never found ) are buried in the Zermatt churchyard .
Munich Agreement
On 22 September , Chamberlain , about to board his plane to go to Germany for further talks , told the press who met him there that `` My objective is peace in Europe , I trust this trip is the way to that peace . '' Chamberlain arrived in Cologne , where he received a lavish grand welcome with a German band playing `` God Save the King '' and Germans giving Chamberlain flowers and gifts . Chamberlain had calculated that fully accepting German annexation of all of the Sudetenland with no reductions would force Hitler to accept the agreement . Upon being told of this , Hitler responded `` Does this mean that the Allies have agreed with Prague 's approval to the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany ? '' , Chamberlain responded `` Precisely '' , to which Hitler responded by shaking his head , saying that the Allied offer was insufficient . He told Chamberlain that he wanted Czechoslovakia to be completely dissolved and its territories redistributed to Germany , Poland , and Hungary , and told Chamberlain to take it or leave it . Chamberlain was shaken by this statement . Hitler went on to tell Chamberlain that since their last visit on the 15th , Czechoslovakia 's actions , which Hitler claimed included killings of Germans , had made the situation unbearable for Germany .
Samurai
Torii Mototada ( 1539 -- 1600 ) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu . On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara , he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east . Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible . In an act of loyalty to his lord , Torii chose to remain behind , pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish . As was custom , Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive . In a dramatic last stand , the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari 's 40,000 warriors . In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa , he wrote :
Australia–Canada relations
What King lacked as a public speaker , he more than made up for in dogged persistence . No sooner had Lord Curzon introduced the question of imperial foreign policy than the Canadian prime minister rose in his place to declare his government 's intention to `` pursue a foreign policy of its own . '' The new Australian Prime Minister , Stanley Bruce , quickly confronted King . Bruce rejected the idea that each part of the Empire might shape a foreign policy of its own . `` If the discussion continues on the present basis , '' he exclaimed , `` we are going to achieve nothing at all with regard to consultation on foreign affairs . '' That , of course , was precisely King 's objective , and as the conference proceeded , he opposed every effort to reach agreed positions on individual questions of foreign and defence policy . In these detailed discussions , King and Bruce clashed once again . The Australian 's repeated efforts to secure Canadian support for a resolution endorsing Britain 's plans for the defence of Singapore and the Suez Canal were turned aside . By the end of the conference , King 's victory was complete . In a final burst of activity , he amended the meeting 's concluding resolution on foreign relations to reflect his conviction that imperial conferences were consultative not policy - making bodies . King 's success ended the experiment with a common foreign policy and signalled the emergence of the modern Commonwealth . It also added to the growing gulf separating Canada and Australia . King 's attitude towards the Empire was incomprehensible to many Australian observers . The young R.G. Casey , then serving as an Australian liaison officer in London , watched the Canadian prime minister with bewildered fascination :
History of the Church of England
Augustine sent a report of his success to Gregory with certain questions concerning his work . In 601 Mellitus , Justus and others brought the pope 's replies , with the pallium for Augustine and a present of sacred vessels , vestments , relics , books , and the like . Gregory directed the new archbishop to ordain as soon as possible twelve suffragan bishops and to send a bishop to York , who should also have twelve suffragans . Augustine did not carry out this papal plan , nor did he establish the primatial see at London ( in the Kingdom of the East Saxons ) as Gregory intended , as the Londoners remained heathen . Augustine did consecrate Mellitus as bishop of London and Justus as bishop of Rochester .
List of Death Note characters
Lind L. Tailor ( リンド ・ L ・ テイラー , Rindo Eru Teirā ) is a convicted criminal waiting on death row ; this information was kept secretly away from the public . L places Tailor as his decoy on television . The television states that the broadcast is worldwide and that Tailor 's statements are being translated into Japanese . After Tailor states that he is `` L '' , he reads a declaration stating that Kira is evil . Light , in a rage , kills Tailor with a heart attack . The real L announces that Tailor was a decoy , a criminal on death row , and discovers that Kira can not kill the real L without having seen his face , and that Kira is in Kanto , as that was the only area that the appearance was actually broadcast in . Yukitoshi Tokumoto ( Japanese ) and John Murphy ( English ) voice Tailor in the anime . Matt Lagan portrays Tailor in the film . Kiichiro Osoreda ( 恐 田 奇 一郎 , Osoreda Kiichirō ) is a drug addict and criminal used by Light to trick Raye into revealing his FBI badge to Light . Osoreda had failed in an attempt to rob a bank , shooting a teller and two customers as he escaped . Light writes Osoreda 's name in the Death Note , dictating his actions . Osoreda boards a bus and holds a gun to the driver 's head . Osoreda threatens Light as he unwittingly picks up a piece of the Death Note . Due to this , Ryuk appears solely to Osoreda , frightening the criminal . Osoreda empties his ammunition into Ryuk , who does not die . Osoreda forces the driver to stop the bus and then runs into the street , where an automobile hits Osoreda 's head , killing him ; the authorities mistakenly believe that Osoreda 's vision of Ryuk was a drug - induced hallucination . Katsuhisa Hōki ( Japanese ) and Brian Dobson ( English ) voice Osoreda in the anime . Osoreda also appears in the first film .
Elf (Middle-earth)
Oromë led the others over the Misty Mountains and Ered Lindon into Beleriand . There Elwë became lost , and the Teleri stayed behind looking for him . The Vanyar and the Noldor moved onto a floating island that was moved by Ulmo to Valinor .
Peninsular War
Fearing a new French assault on Portugal , Wellington created a powerful defensive position near Lisbon , to which he could fall back if necessary . To protect the city , he ordered the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras -- three strong lines of mutually supporting forts , blockhouses , redoubts , and ravelins with fortified artillery positions -- under the supervision of Sir Richard Fletcher . The various parts of the lines communicated with each other by semaphore , allowing immediate response to any threat . The work began in the autumn of 1809 and the main defences were finished just in time one year later . To further hamper the enemy , the areas in front of the lines were subjected to a scorched earth policy : they were denuded of food , forage and shelter . 200,000 inhabitants of neighbouring districts were relocated inside the lines . Though not without its problems , Wellington exploited the facts that the French could conquer Portugal only by conquering Lisbon , and that they could in practice reach Lisbon only from the north . He exploited Lisbon 's geographical situation and the harshness of the Portuguese countryside . In consequence , despite serious worries about his army , Wellington was confident . He wrote to Lord Liverpool on 14 November 1809 :
War of the Austrian Succession
The last year of the war saw two significant actions in the Caribbean . A second British assault on Santiago de Cuba which also ended in failure and a naval action which arose from an accidental encounter between two convoys . The action unfolded in a confused way with each side at once anxious to cover its own trade and to intercept that of the other . Capture was rendered particularly desirable for the British by the fact that the Spanish homeward - bound fleet would be laden with bullion from the American mines . The advantage lay with the British when one Spanish warship ran aground and another was captured but the British commander failed to capitalise and the Spanish fleet took shelter in Havana .
Samurai
It is said that both men cried when they parted ways , because they knew they would never see each other again . Torii 's father and grandfather had served the Tokugawa before him and his own brother had already been killed in battle . Torii 's actions changed the course of Japanese history . Ieyasu Tokugawa would successfully raise an army and win at Sekigahara .
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
Gollum leads Frodo and Sam through the Dead Marshes while evading the Nazgûl . They reach the Black Gate to Mordor but Gollum stops them , saying it 's too risky and that there is another entrance , finding himself becoming loyal to Frodo for his kindness . The trio later are captured by the Rangers of Ithilien , led by Faramir , brother of the late Boromir . When Faramir discovers Frodo has the Ring , he intends on taking him to Gondor , capturing Gollum when Frodo exposes him . Aragorn , Gandalf , Legolas , and Gimli travel to Rohan 's capital Edoras where Gandalf releases Théoden from Saruman 's power and Wormtongue is banished . Learning Saruman plans on wiping out Rohan with an army of Uruk - hai , Théoden decides to move his citizens to the protection of Helm 's Deep , but Gandalf departs to find the Rohirrim who are led by Théoden 's nephew Éomer . Aragorn strikes up a friendship with Théoden 's niece Éowyn who quickly becomes infatuated with him . During a Warg attack , Aragorn falls off a cliff into a river , but is found by his horse and taken to Helm 's Deep .
End of the Han dynasty
Liu Zhang of Yi Province became worried of possible attacks from Zhang Lu and Cao Cao , so he sent Fa Zheng to invite Liu Bei into his domain to help him defend against Zhang Lu and Cao Cao . Fa Zheng was unimpressed with Liu Zhang 's governorship and wanted Liu Bei to replace his lord , so he urged Liu Bei to use the opportunity to take control of Yi Province . Liu Bei heeded Fa Zheng 's suggestion and led his army into Yi Province , where he received a warm welcome from Liu Zhang . Liu Zhang sent Liu Bei to station at Jiameng Pass in northern Yi Province to resist Zhang Lu .
National Convention
Deputies sent as `` representatives on mission '' by the Committee of Public Safety , armed with full powers , reacted according to both the local situation and their own temperaments : Lindet pacified the Girondin west in July without a single death sentence ; in Lyon , some months later , Collot d'Herbois and Joseph Fouche relied on frequent summary executions by shooting because the guillotine was not working swiftly enough .
Letter from Birmingham Jail
The clergymen also disapproved of the timing of public actions . In response , King said that recent decisions by the SCLC to delay its efforts for tactical reasons showed they were behaving responsibly . He also referred to the broader scope of history , when `` ' Wait ' has almost always meant ' Never . ' '' Declaring that African Americans had waited for these God - given and constitutional rights long enough , King quoted Chief Justice Earl Warren , who said in 1958 that `` justice too long delayed is justice denied . '' Listing numerous ongoing injustices toward black people , including himself , King said , `` Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say , ' Wait . ' '' Along similar lines , King also lamented the `` myth concerning time , '' by which white moderates assumed that progress toward equal rights was inevitable , so assertive activism was unnecessary . King called it a `` tragic misconception of time '' to assume that its mere passage `` will inevitably cure all ills . '' Progress takes time as well as the `` tireless efforts '' of dedicated people of good will .
Vedaranyam March
On 25 April , the marchers reached Tiruthuraipoondi and had planned to stay at a choultry which was managed by Ramachandra Naidu , a close associate of Pillai . Despite the collector 's warning , Naidu provided accommodation to the marchers at his choultry . His actions led to him being arrested by the police the following day . The arrest of Iyer and Naidu created fear among the people . Pillai , however , convinced the people that they could provide food without getting caught by the police . As a result , food packets were found tied to the branches of roadside trees , and when the group rested on the banks of Kaveri there were indicators where huge food containers were buried . The British policemen , who were deployed to suppress the marchers , suffered from starvation when local residents refused them food and water . The Indian staff who were employed by the British stopped performing their daily activities , while barbers and washermen refused to serve the government employees .
War of the Austrian Succession
In Bohemia the month of December was occupied in mere skirmishes . On the Danube , Khevenhüller , the best general in the Austrian service , advanced on 27 December , swiftly drove back the allies , shut them up in Linz , and pressed on into Bavaria . Munich itself surrendered to the Austrians on the coronation day of Charles VII .
Siege of Yorktown
After the British surrender , Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress . After a difficult journey , he arrived in Philadelphia , which celebrated for several days . The British Prime Minister , Lord North , is reported to have exclaimed `` Oh God , it 's all over '' when told of the defeat . Washington moved his army to New Windsor , New York where they remained stationed until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3 , 1783 , formally ending the war .
Cinema of the Philippines
The Philippines ' most political filmmaker was Lino Brocka ( 1939 - 1991 ) . His works such as Maynila : Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag ( 1975 ) and Orapronobis ( 1989 ) were considered as the opening and the end of the golden age of film in the country . Brocka 's works were committed to an anti-Marcos , anti-authoritarian type of politics and highly valued the freedom of artistic expression . He contributed in the building of a post-Marcos Philippines and was able to help topple the Marcos dictatorship through his active participation in cultural and social activities . His films told the story of the underclass ' struggle , the dark side of a sprawling metropolis and featured poverty - stricken locations which were able to make a statement with regards to the Marcos ' autocratic rule and human rights violations . He was also notably part of the group of filmmakers , artists and cultural workers that formed the Free Artist Movement which eventually became the Concerned Artists of the Philippines . This group challenged the censorship practice that the Marcoses imposed on all artistic media .
Sherman's March to the Sea
Sherman 's scorched earth policies have always been highly controversial , and Sherman 's memory has long been reviled by many Southerners . Slaves ' opinions varied concerning the actions of Sherman and his army . Some who welcomed him as a liberator chose to follow his armies . Jacqueline Campbell has written , on the other hand , that some slaves looked upon the Union army 's ransacking and invasive actions with disdain . They often felt betrayed , as they `` suffered along with their owners , complicating their decision of whether to flee with or from Union troops . '' A Confederate officer estimated that 10,000 liberated slaves followed Sherman 's army , and hundreds died of `` hunger , disease , or exposure '' along the way .
Death on the Nile
While visiting an ancient temple , Linnet narrowly avoids being crushed by a falling rock . Jacqueline is initially suspected , but she is found to have been aboard the steamer at the time of the incident . During the return voyage , Poirot finds his friend Colonel Race has joined the steamer . He reveals to him that he seeks a murderer amongst the passengers . Later that night in the steamer 's lounge , Jacqueline 's resentment of Linnet boils over , leading her to shoot Simon in the leg with a pistol she possesses . She is taken back to her cabin by those who witness this , where she is confined , while Simon is treated for his injury ; in that time , Jacqueline 's pistol , which she dropped , disappears . The following morning , Linnet is found dead , having been shot in the head , while her valuable string of pearls has disappeared . No one in the cabins on the opposite side heard or saw anything . Poirot notes two bottles of nail polish in the victim 's room , one of which intrigues him . Jacqueline 's pistol is later recovered from the Nile ; it is found wrapped in a stole belonging to Miss Van Schuyler , which was stolen the previous day , and which had been fired through .
Jenny Lind
In 1849 , Lind was approached by the American showman P.T. Barnum with a proposal to tour throughout the United States for more than a year . Realising that it would yield large sums for her favoured charities , particularly the endowment of free schools in her native Sweden , Lind agreed . Her financial demands were stringent , but Barnum met them , and in 1850 , they reached agreement .
Modern history
Laws were instituted that required every able - bodied male Japanese citizen , regardless of class , to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves . This action , the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyōs , initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike . The peasant class interpreted the term for military service , ketsu - eki ( `` blood tax '' ) literally , and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary . The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military . The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers . Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto , and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks .
Battles of Saratoga
At this point , the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant . General Arnold , who was `` betraying great agitation and wrath '' in the American camp , and may have been drinking , rode out to join the action . Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return ; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over . ( A letter , written by a witness to proceedings in the camp , suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action . )