vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Surrender of Japan
Around 21 : 30 on August 14 , Hatanaka 's rebels set their plan into motion . The Second Regiment of the First Imperial Guards had entered the palace grounds , doubling the strength of the battalion already stationed there , presumably to provide extra protection against Hatanaka 's rebellion . But Hatanaka , along with Lt. Col. Jirō Shiizaki , convinced the commander of the 2nd Regiment of the First Imperial Guards , Colonel Toyojirō Haga , of their cause , by telling him ( falsely ) that Generals Anami and Umezu , and the commanders of the Eastern District Army and Imperial Guards Divisions were all in on the plan . Hatanaka also went to the office of Shizuichi Tanaka , commander of the Eastern region of the army , to try to persuade him to join the coup . Tanaka refused , and ordered Hatanaka to go home . Hatanaka ignored the order .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Several thousand Japanese who were sent as colonizers to Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia were left behind in China . The majority of Japanese left behind in China were women , and these Japanese women mostly married Chinese men and became known as `` stranded war wives '' ( zanryu fujin ) . Because they had children fathered by Chinese men , the Japanese women were not allowed to bring their Chinese families back with them to Japan so most of them stayed . Japanese law only allowed children fathered by Japanese fathers to become Japanese citizens . Korean
Axis powers
When the Japanese seized control of French Indochina , they allowed Vichy French administrators to remain in nominal control . This French rule ended on 9 March 1945 , when the Japanese officially took control of the government . Soon after , Emperor Bảo Đại voided the 1884 treaty with France and Trần Trọng Kim , a historian , became prime minister .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff .
Philippines
From mid-1942 through mid-1944 , the Filipino guerrilla resistance had been supplied and encouraged by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops , so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural areas , jungles and mountains -- thus , the Japanese Empire only controlled 12 out of 48 provinces . While remaining loyal to the United States , many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already - promised independence .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Japanese invasion of Manchuria Part of the Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese troops marching into Mukden on 18 September 1931 Date 18 September 1931 -- 27 February 1932 ( 5 months , 1 week and 2 days ) Location Manchuria , Republic of China Result Japanese victory Tanggu Truce Territorial changes Establishment of Manchukuo Manchuria seized by the Kwantung Army Belligerents Empire of Japan Manchukuo ( from 1932 ) Republic of China Commanders and leaders Shigeru Honjō Jirō Tamon Hideki Tojo Senjuro Hayashi Zhang Haipeng Zhang Xueliang Ma Zhanshan Feng Zhanhai Ting Chao Strength 30,000 -- 60,450 men 160,000 men
Perry Expedition
In the meantime , the Japanese government was paralyzed due to the incapacitation by illness of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyoshi and by political indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the nation 's capital . On 11 July , senior rōjū Abe Masahiro temporized , deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty . The decision was conveyed to Uraga , and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to the beach at Kurihama ( in modern - day Yokosuka ) , where he was allowed to land on 14 July . Perry went ashore with considerable pomp , landing with 250 sailors and Marines in 15 ships 's boats after a 13 - gun salute from Susquehanna . Major Zuilin 's Marines presented arms , and a band played Hail Columbia . President Fillmore 's letter was formally received by hatamoto Toda `` Izu - no - kami '' Ujiyoshi and by Ido `` Iwami - no - kami '' Hiromichi . Perry 's squadron eventually departed on 17 July for the Chinese coast , promising to return for a reply .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
In 1918 Britain sent in money and some troops to support the anti-Bolshevik `` White '' counter-revolutionaries . France , Japan and the United States also sent forces to help decide the Russian Civil War . However , the Bolsheviks , operating a unified command from a central location , defeated all the opposition one by one and took full control of Russia , as well as breakaway provinces such as Ukraine , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan . Bainbridge Colby , the American Secretary of State , in 1920 announce an American policy of refusing to deal with the new regime . Colby stated :
Chernobyl disaster
The International Project on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident ( IPEHCA ) was created and received US $ 20 million , mainly from Japan , in hopes of discovering the main cause of health problems due to I radiation . These funds were divided among Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia , the three main affected countries , for further investigation of health effects . As there was significant corruption in former Soviet countries , most of the foreign aid was given to Russia , and no positive outcome from this money has been demonstrated .
Axis powers
On the date of Japanese surrender , a new government was proclaimed with Son Ngoc Thanh as prime minister . When the Allies occupied Phnom Penh in October , Son Ngoc Thanh was arrested for collaborating with the Japanese and was exiled to France . Some of his supporters went to northwestern Cambodia , which had been under Thai control since the French - Thai War of 1940 , where they banded together as one faction in the Khmer Issarak movement , originally formed with Thai encouragement in the 1940s . China
Boeing B-29 Superfortress
On 31 July 1944 Ramp Tramp ( serial number 42 - 6256 ) , of the United States Army Air Force 462nd ( Very Heavy ) Bomb Group was diverted to Vladivostok , Russia , after an engine failed and the propeller could not be feathered . This B - 29 was part of a 100 - aircraft raid against the Japanese Showa steel mill in Anshan , Manchuria . On 20 August 1944 , Cait Paomat ( 42 - 93829 ) , flying from Chengdu , was damaged by anti-aircraft gunfire during a raid on the Yawata Iron Works . Due to the damage sustained , the crew elected to divert to the Soviet Union . The aircraft crashed in the foothills of Sikhote Alin Range east of Khabarovsk after the crew bailed out .
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Tokyo was shocked by the news of the Army acting without orders from the central government . The Japanese civilian government was thrown into disarray by this act of `` gekokujō '' insubordination , but as reports of one quick victory after another began to arrive , it felt powerless to oppose the Army , and its decision was to immediately send three more infantry divisions from Japan , beginning with the 14th Mixed Brigade of the IJA 7th Division . During this era , the elected government could be held hostage by the Army and Navy , since Army and Navy members were constitutionally necessary for the formation of cabinets . Without their support , the government would collapse .
Mercury in fish
Regulation of these potential sources of pollution reduces the amount of mercury that ends up in fish and , through biomagnification , in humans . In addition to enacting legislation controlling the mercury levels in potential pollutants , Japan has directly influenced the environment by issuing regulations setting acceptable levels of environmental mercury pollution .
Operation Barbarossa
The German government now publicly predicted the imminent capture of Moscow and convinced foreign correspondents of a pending Soviet collapse . On 13 October , the 3rd Panzer Group penetrated to within 140 km ( 87 mi ) of the capital . Martial law was declared in Moscow . Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon , however , the weather worsened . Temperatures fell while there was continued rainfall . This turned the unpaved road network into mud and slowed the German advance on Moscow . Additional snows fell which were followed by more rain , creating a glutinous mud that German tanks had difficulty traversing , whereas the Soviet T - 34 , with its wider tread , was better suited to negotiate . At the same time , the supply situation for the Germans rapidly deteriorated . On 31 October , the German Army High Command ordered a halt to Operation Typhoon while the armies were reorganized . The pause gave the Soviets , far better supplied , time to consolidate their positions and organize formations of newly activated reservists . In little over a month , the Soviets organized eleven new armies that included 30 divisions of Siberian troops . These had been freed from the Soviet Far East after Soviet intelligence assured Stalin that there was no longer a threat from the Japanese . During October and November 1941 , over 1,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft arrived along with the Siberian forces to assist in defending the city .
Satellite
The United States tried in 1957 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1958 . Japan tried four times in 1966 -- 1969 to launch a satellite with its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970 . China tried in 1969 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before successfully completing a launch in 1970 . India , after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1975 , tried in 1979 to launch the first satellite using its own launcher before succeeding in 1980 . Iraq have claimed an orbital launch of a warhead in 1989 , but this claim was later disproved . Brazil , after launching its first national satellite using a foreign launcher in 1985 , tried to launch a satellite using its own VLS 1 launcher three times in 1997 , 1999 , and 2003 , but all attempts were unsuccessful . North Korea claimed a launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 1 and Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 2 satellites in 1998 and 2009 , but U.S. , Russian and other officials and weapons experts later reported that the rockets failed to send a satellite into orbit , if that was the goal . The United States , Japan and South Korea believe this was actually a ballistic missile test , which was a claim also made after North Korea 's 1998 satellite launch , and later rejected . The first ( April 2012 ) launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 was unsuccessful , a fact publicly recognized by the DPRK . However , the December 2012 launch of the `` second version '' of Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 3 was successful , putting the DPRK 's first confirmed satellite into orbit . South Korea ( Korea Aerospace Research Institute ) , after launching their first national satellite by foreign launcher in 1992 , unsuccessfully tried to launch its own launcher , the KSLV ( Naro ) - 1 , ( created with the assistance of Russia ) in 2009 and 2010 until success was achieved in 2013 by Naro - 3 . The First European multi-national state organization ELDO tried to make the orbital launches at Europa I and Europa II rockets in 1968 -- 1970 and 1971 but stopped operation after failures .
Samurai
In 1281 , a Yuan army of 140,000 men with 5,000 ships was mustered for another invasion of Japan . Northern Kyūshū was defended by a Japanese army of 40,000 men . The Mongol army was still on its ships preparing for the landing operation when a typhoon hit north Kyūshū island . The casualties and damage inflicted by the typhoon , followed by the Japanese defense of the Hakata Bay barrier , resulted in the Mongols again recalling their armies . Himeji
Spratly Islands dispute
At the San Francisco Conference on the peace treaty with Japan , the Soviet Union proposed that the Paracels and Spratlys be recognised as belonging to China . This proposal was rejected by an overwhelming majority of the delegates . On 7 July 1951 , Tran Van Huu , head of the Bảo Đại Government 's ( State of Vietnam ) delegation to the conference declared that the Paracels and Spratlys were part of Vietnamese territory . This declaration met with no challenge from the 51 representatives at the conference .
Soviet Union in World War II
In early 1942 , the Soviets began a series of offensives labelled `` Stalin 's First Strategic Offensives '' . The counteroffensive bogged down , in part due to mud from rain in the spring of 1942 . Stalin 's attempt to retake Kharkov in the Ukraine ended in the disastrous encirclement of Soviet forces , with over 200,000 Soviet casualties suffered . Stalin attacked the competence of the generals involved . General Georgy Zhukov and others subsequently revealed that some of those generals had wished to remain in a defensive posture in the region , but Stalin and others had pushed for the offensive . Some historians have doubted Zhukov 's account .
Vietnam War
Sino - Soviet relations soured after the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968 . In October , the Chinese demanded North Vietnam cut relations with Moscow , but Hanoi refused . The Chinese began to withdraw in November 1968 in preparation for a clash with the Soviets , which occurred at Zhenbao Island in March 1969 . The Chinese also began financing the Khmer Rouge as a counterweight to the Vietnamese communists at this time . Leonid
Soviet Union in World War II
After taking around 300,000 Polish prisoners in 1939 and early 1940 , NKVD officers conducted lengthy interrogations of the prisoners in camps that were , in effect , a selection process to determine who would be killed . On March 5 , 1940 , pursuant to a note to Stalin from Lavrenty Beria , the members of the Soviet Politburo ( including Stalin ) signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish PoWs , labelled `` nationalists and counterrevolutionaries '' , kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus . This became known as the Katyn massacre . Major - General Vasili M. Blokhin , chief executioner for the NKVD , personally shot 6,000 of the captured Polish officers in 28 consecutive nights , which remains one of the most organized and protracted mass murders by a single individual on record . During his 29 - year career Blokhin shot an estimated 50,000 people , making him ostensibly the most prolific official executioner in recorded world history .
Soviet Union in World War II
Estimating that the Russians were `` finished , '' the Germans began another southern operation in the autumn of 1942 , the Battle of Stalingrad . Hitler insisted upon splitting German southern forces in a simultaneous siege of Stalingrad and an offensive against Baku on the Caspian Sea . Stalin directed his generals to spare no effort to defend Stalingrad . Although the Soviets suffered in excess of more than 2 million casualties at Stalingrad , their victory over German forces , including the encirclement of 290,000 Axis troops , marked a turning point in the war .
Soviet Union in World War II
A pattern soon emerged where Stalin embraced the Red Army 's strategy of conducting multiple offensives , while the Germans overran each of the resulting small , newly gained grounds , dealing the Soviets severe casualties . The most notable example of this was the Battle of Kiev , where over 600,000 Soviet troops were quickly killed , captured or missing .
Soviet Union in World War II
In August 1939 , Stalin declared that he was going to `` solve the Baltic problem , and thereafter , forced Lithuania , Latvia and Estonia to sign treaties for `` mutual assistance . ''
Operation Barbarossa
The northern section of Army Group South faced the Southwestern Front , which had the largest concentration of Soviet forces , and the southern section faced the Southern Front . In addition , the Pripyat Marshes and the Carpathian Mountains posed a serious challenge to the army group 's northern and southern sections respectively . On 22 June , only the northern section of Army Group South attacked , but the terrain impeded their assault , giving the Soviet defenders ample time to react . The German 1st Panzer Group and 6th Army attacked and broke through the Soviet 5th Army . Starting on the night of 23 June , the Soviet 22nd and 15th Mechanized Corps attacked the flanks of the 1st Panzer Group from north and south respectively . Although intended to be concerted , Soviet tank units were sent in piecemeal due to poor coordination . The 22nd Mechanized Corp ran into the 1st Panzer Army 's III Motorized Corps and was decimated , and its commander killed . The 1st Panzer Group bypassed much of the 15th Mechanized Corps , which engaged the German 6th Army 's 297th Infantry Division , where it was defeated by antitank fire and Luftwaffe attacks . On 26 June , the Soviets launched another counterattack on the 1st Panzer Group from north and south simultaneously with the 9th , 19th and 8th Mechanized Corps , which altogether fielded 1649 tanks , and supported by the remnants of the 15th Mechanized Corps . The battle lasted for four days , ending in the defeat of the Soviet tank units . On 30 June Stavka ordered the remaining forces of the Southwestern Front to withdraw to the Stalin Line , where it would defend the approaches to Kiev .
Cold War
In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support .
Operation Barbarossa
In the opening hours of the invasion , the Luftwaffe destroyed the Western Front 's air force on the ground , and with the aid of Abwehr and their supporting anti-communist fifth columns operating in the Soviet rear paralyzed the Front 's communication lines , which particularly cut off the Soviet 4th Army headquarters from headquarters above and below it . On the same day , the 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Bug River , broke through the 4th Army , bypassed Brest Fortress , and pressed on towards Minsk , while the 3rd Panzer Group bypassed most of the 3rd Army and pressed on towards Vilnius . Simultaneously , the German 4th and 9th Armies engaged the Western Front forces in the environs of Białystok . On the order of Dmitry Pavlov , the commander of the Western Front , the 6th and 11th Mechanized Corps and the 6th Cavalry Corps launched a strong counterstrike towards Grodno on 24 -- 25 June in hopes of destroying the 3rd Panzer Group . However , the 3rd Panzer Group had already moved on , with its forward units reaching Vilnius on the evening of 23 June , and the Western Front 's armoured counterattack instead ran into infantry and antitank fire from the V Army Corps of the German 9th Army , supported by Luftwaffe air attacks . By the night of 25 June , the Soviet counterattack was defeated , and the commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps was captured . The same night , Pavlov ordered all the remnants of the Western Front to withdraw to Slonim towards Minsk . Subsequent counterattacks to buy time for the withdrawal were launched against the German forces , but all of them failed . On 27 June , the 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups met near Minsk and captured the city the next day , completing the encirclement of almost all of the Western Front in two pockets : one around Białystok and another west of Minsk . The Germans destroyed the Soviet 3rd and 10th Armies while inflicting serious losses on the 4th , 11th and 13th Armies , and reported to have captured 324,000 Soviet troops , 3,300 tanks , 1,800 artillery pieces .
World War II
The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured .
Second Sino-Japanese War
Building on the hard - won victory in Shanghai , the IJA captured the KMT capital city of Nanking ( Nanjing ) ( December 1937 ) and Northern Shanxi ( September -- November 1937 ) . These campaigns involved approximately 350,000 Japanese soldiers , and considerably more Chinese . Historians estimate that between December 13 , 1937 , and late January 1938 , Japanese forces tortured and murdered up to 300,000 Chinese ( mostly civilians and surrendered soldiers ) and raped tens of thousands of women during the Nanking Massacre ( also known as the `` Rape of Nanking '' ) , after its fall .
World War I
Clockwise from the top : The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme , Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line , HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles , a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme , Albatros D. III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11 Date 28 July 1914 -- 11 November 1918 ( 1914 - 07 - 28 -- 1918 - 11 - 11 ) ( 4 years , 3 months and 2 weeks ) Peace treaties ( show ) Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 ( 4 years and 11 months ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Signed 10 September 1919 ( 5 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Signed 27 November 1919 ( 4 years , 1 month , 1 week and 6 days ) Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 ( 5 years , 10 months and 1 week ) Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 ( 6 years , 1 week and 6 days ) United States -- Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 2 weeks and 3 days ) United States -- Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 ( 4 years , 4 months , 2 weeks and 5 days ) United States -- Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 ( 3 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 ( 8 years , 8 months , 3 weeks and 4 days ) Location Europe , Africa , the Middle East , the Pacific Islands , China , Indian Ocean , and off the coast of South and North America Result Allied victory Central Powers ' victory on the Eastern Front nullified by defeat on the Western Front Fall of the German , Russian , Ottoman , and Austro - Hungarian empires Russian Civil War and foundation of Soviet Union Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers Establishment of the League of Nations . ( more ... ) Belligerents Allied Powers France British Empire Russia ( until 1917 ) Serbia Belgium Montenegro Japan Italy ( 1915 -- 18 ) Romania ( 1916 -- 18 ) Portugal ( 1916 -- 18 ) Hejaz ( 1916 -- 18 ) United States ( 1917 -- 18 ) Greece ( 1917 -- 18 ) Siam ( 1917 -- 18 ) ...
World War II
By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . Western