vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party originally championed classical liberal ideas , including anti-slavery and economic reforms . The party was usually dominant over the Democrats during the Third Party System and Fourth Party System . In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran as a candidate . He called for many social reforms , some of which were later championed by New Deal Democrats in the 1930s . He lost the election and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP -- they were at odds with the new conservative economic stance , leading to them leaving for the Democratic Party and an ideological shift to the right in the Republican Party . The liberal New Deal Democrats dominated the Fifth Party System at the national level . The weak liberal Republican element was overwhelmed by a conservative surge begun by Barry Goldwater in 1964 and fulfilled during the Reagan Era .
Great Depression
Since economic mainstream turned to the new neoclassical synthesis , expectations are a central element of macroeconomic models . According to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer , the key to recovery and to ending the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations . The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive in March 1933 when Franklin D. Roosevelt took office . Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation , industrial production bottomed out in March 1933 , and investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933 . There were no monetary forces to explain that turn around . Money supply was still falling and short term interest rates remained close to zero . Before March 1933 people expected further deflation and a recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment . But when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion . With these positive expectations , interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued , the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933 , and output would have been 30 % lower in 1937 than in 1933 .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Britain 's Old Age Insurance Act ( 1908 ) and National Insurance Act ( 1911 ) were precursors for America 's social security laws . James Q. Whitman said that in its day - to - day operations the NRA only had limited resemblance to fascist corporatism . American corporatism was of an indigenous nature that traced back to nineteenth century German theorists of corporatism . It was also built on the United States ' World War I experience , which used corporatism to manage the economy . European corporatism was an ideology of political economy , built on conflicts between labor and capital . It appealed to `` thuggish anti-parliamentarians who were the fascists '' . The United States ' corporatism was only an economic ideology as Americans viewed Congress as a `` place full of incompetents , not rogues '' . Whitman said that there were two main differences between the NRA 's corporatism and European fascism . One was that in the United States class warfare never reached the level of intensity that it did in Europe . The other reason was that unlike Italy and Germany , the United States had a long tradition of representative government . Shlaes wrote that Roosevelt 's policies were often inspired by socialist or fascist models abroad . She acknowledges that Hoover and Roosevelt may not have had better alternative as their policies may have spared America some facsimile of Mussolini 's fascism or Joseph Stalin 's Communism . Shales states : `` The argument that democracy would have failed in the United States without the New Deal stood for seven decades , and has been made anew , by scholars of considerable quality , quite recently '' .
Great Depression in the United States
The Democrats won easy landslide victories in 1932 and 1934 , and an even bigger one in 1936 ; the hapless Republican Party seemed doomed . The Democrats capitalized on the magnetic appeal of Roosevelt to urban America . The key groups were low skilled ethnics , especially Catholic , Jewish , and black people . The Democrats promised and delivered in terms of political recognition , labor union membership , and relief jobs . The cities ' political machines were stronger than ever , for they mobilized their precinct workers to help families who needed help the most navigate the bureaucracy and get on relief . FDR won the vote of practically every demographic in 1936 , including taxpayers , small business and the middle class . However , the Protestant middle class voters turned sharply against him after the recession of 1937 - 38 undermined repeated promises that recovery was at hand . Historically , local political machines were primarily interested in controlling their wards and citywide elections ; the smaller the turnout on election day , the easier it was to control the system . However , for Roosevelt to win the presidency in 1936 and 1940 , he needed to carry the electoral college and that meant he needed the largest possible majorities in the cities to overwhelm rural voters . The machines came through for him . The 3.5 million voters on relief payrolls during the 1936 election cast 82 % percent of their ballots for Roosevelt . The rapidly growing , energetic labor unions , chiefly based in the cities , turned out 80 % for FDR , as did Irish , Italian and Jewish communities . In all , the nation 's 106 cities over 100,000 population voted 70 % for FDR in 1936 , compared to his 59 % elsewhere . Roosevelt worked very well with the big city machines , with the one exception of his old nemesis , Tammany Hall in Manhattan . There he supported the complicated coalition built around the nominal Republican Fiorello La Guardia , and based on Jewish and Italian voters mobilized by labor unions .
Child labour
A 2003 Human Rights Watch report claimed children as young as five years old were employed and worked for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days a week in silk industry . These children , HRW claimed , were bonded child labour in India , easy to find in Karnataka , Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu .
Indian Railways
Indian Railways Indian Railways headquarters , Delhi Native name Bhāratīya Rail Type Public sector Industry Railways Founded 8 May 1845 ( 172 years ago ) ( 1845 - 05 - 08 ) Headquarters New Delhi , India Area served India Key people Piyush Goyal ( Minister of Railways ) Services Passenger railways Freight services Parcel carrier Catering and Tourism Services Parking lot operations Other related services Revenue ₹ 1.683 trillion ( US $26 billion ) ( 2015 -- 16 ) Net income ₹ 105.05 billion ( US $1.6 billion ) ( 2015 -- 16 ) Owner Government of India Number of employees 1.331 million ( March 2016 ) Parent Ministry of Railways through Railway Board Divisions 17 Railways Zones Subsidiaries IRCTC RailTel Website www.indianrail.gov.in indianrailways.gov.in
Automotive industry in India
AMW Eicher Motors Force Hindustan Motors Mahindra & Mahindra Premier Tata Motors Hero Motocorp Bajaj Auto TVS Motor
Automotive industry in India
Rank Country Value ( US $ ) Share United States 1.2 billion 8.4 % Mexico $1 billion 6.9 % South Africa $888.8 million 6.1 % United Kingdom $637.4 million 4.4 % 5 Sri Lanka $596.9 million 4.1 % 6 Bangladesh $592.1 million 4.1 % 7 Turkey $580.4 million 4 % 8 Nigeria $546.8 million 3.8 % 9 United Arab Emirates $433.6 million 3 % 10 Colombia $428.9 million 3 %
Karnataka
Recently Karnataka has emerged as a hot spot for health care tourism . Karnataka has the highest number of approved health systems and alternative therapies in India . Along with some ISO certified government - owned hospitals , private institutions which provide international - quality services have caused the health care industry to grow by 30 % during 2004 -- 05 . Hospitals in Karnataka treat around 8,000 health tourists every year .
Dutch East India Company
By 1669 , the VOC was the richest private company the world had ever seen , with over 150 merchant ships , 40 warships , 50,000 employees , a private army of 10,000 soldiers , and a dividend payment of 40 % on the original investment .
Dutch East India Company
The VOC was a transcontinental employer and an early pioneer of outward foreign direct investment at the dawn of modern capitalism . In his book The Ecology of Money : Debt , Growth , and Sustainability ( 2013 ) , Adrian Kuzminski notes , `` The Dutch , it seems , more than anyone in the West since the palmy days of ancient Rome , had more money than they knew what to do with . They discovered , unlike the Romans , that the best use of money was to make more money . They invested it , mostly in overseas ventures , utilizing the innovation of the joint - stock company in which private investors could purchase shares , the most famous being the Dutch East India Company . '' Wherever Dutch capital went , there urban features were developed , economic activities expanded , new industries established , new jobs created , trading companies operated , swamps drained , mines opened , forests exploited , canals constructed , mills turned , and ships were built . In the early modern period , the Dutch were pioneering capitalists who raised the commercial and industrial potential of underdeveloped lands whose resources they exploited . This paved the way to the Dutch Republic 's prosperity , as it could awaken socio - economic dynamism elsewhere .
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
Chartered Accountants enjoy a statutory monopoly in audit of financial statements under the Companies Act , 2013 , Income Tax Act , 1961 and various other statutes in India . Financial statements audited by a chartered accountant are presumed to have been prepared according to GAAP in India ( otherwise the audit report should be modified ) . However , not all Chartered Accountants work in audit . Firms of accountants provide varied business services , and many accountants are employed in commerce and industry . Their areas of expertise include Financial Reporting , Auditing and Assurance , Corporate Finance , Investment Banking , Financial Modelling , Equity Research . Fund Management , Credit Analysis , Capital Markets , Arbitration , Risk Management , Economics , Strategic / Management Consultancy , Management Accounting , Information Systems Audit , Corporate Law , Direct Tax , Indirect Tax and valuation of businesses ... Apart from the field of professional practice , many CAs work in the industry and commerce in financial and general management positions such as CFO and CEO .
Labour in India
Union membership is concentrated in the organised sector , and in the early 1990s total membership was about 9 million . Many unions are affiliated with regional or national federations , the most important of which are the Indian National Trade Union Congress , the All India Trade Union Congress , the Centre of Indian Trade Unions , the Hind Mazdoor Sabha , and the Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh . Politicians have often been union leaders , and some analysts believe that strikes and other labour protests are called primarily to further the interests of political parties rather than to promote the interests of the work force .
Automotive industry in India
The OPEC oil crisis saw increase need to installing or redesign some vehicle to fit diesel engines on medium commercial vehicle . Until the early 1970s Mahindra Jeeps were on Petrol and Premier commercial vehicles had Petrol model options . The Defence sector too had most trucks on Pertol engines .
ICICI Lombard
ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited is one of the leading private sector general insurance companies in India . It is engaged in general insurance , reinsurance , insurance claims management and investment management . The company has a Gross Written Premium ( GWP ) of Rs 109.60 billion ( FY 2017 ) . The firm offers policy insurance and renewal through its intermediaries and website . It markets assurance products including Car Insurance , Health Insurance , International Travel Insurance , Overseas Student Travel Insurance , Two Wheeler Insurance , Home Insurance and Weather insurance . ICICI Lombard has 249 branches spread across the nation .
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
University rankings General -- India NIRF ( Overall ) ( 2017 ) 23 NIRF ( Universities ) ( 2017 ) 15
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
What remained of the institute at the original location was downgraded to an agricultural research station until 1970 , when the Government of Bihar established the Rajendra Agricultural University at the location .
Federalism in India
Concurrent List consists of 52 ( earlier 47 ) items . Uniformity is desirable but not essential on items in this list : Marriage and divorce , transfer of property other than agricultural land , education , contracts , bankruptcy and insolvency , trustees and trusts , civil procedure , contempt of court , adulteration of foodstuffs , drugs and poisons , economic and social planning , trade unions , labour welfare , electricity , newspapers , books and printing press , stamp duties .
Forestry in India
India must pursue rural development and animal husbandry policies to address local communities need to find affordable cattle fodder and grazing . To avoid destruction of local forest cover , fodder must reach these communities on reliable roads and other infrastructure , in all seasons year round . The Forest Rights Bill is likely to be harmful to forest conservation and ecological security . The Forest Rights Bill became a law since 2007 . The government should work closely with mining companies . Revenue generated from lease of mines must be pooled into a dedicated fund to conserve and improve the quality of forests in the region where the mines are located . Power to declare ecologically sensitive areas must be with each Indian state . The mandate of State Forest Corporations and government owned monopolies must be changed . Government should reform regulations and laws that ban felling of trees and transit of wood within India . Sustainable agro-forestry and farm forestry must be encouraged through financial and regulatory reforms , particularly on privately owned lands .
Forestry in India
An FAO report claims it was believed in colonial times that the forest is a national resource which should be utilised for the interests of the government . Like coal and gold mines , it was believed that forests belonged to the state for exploitation . Forest areas became a source of revenue . For example , teak was extensively exploited by the British colonial government for ship construction , sal and pine in India for railway sleepers and so on . Forest contracts , such as that of biri pata ( leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon ) , earned so much revenue that it was often used by the people involved in this business as a leverage for political power . These contracts also created forest zamindars ( government recognised forest landowners ) . Additionally , as in Africa , some forests in India were earmarked by the government officials and the rulers with the sole purpose of using them for hunting and sport for the royalty and the colonial officials .
Indian general election, 2014
The BJP released its manifesto on 7 April 2014 . The party promised to set up a Price Stabilization Fund and to evolve a single ' National Agriculture Market ' to check price rise and go for e-Governance , policy - driven governance and simplification of the tax regime to prevent corruption . It wanted to encourage labour - intensive manufacturing , focus on traditional employment bases of agriculture , the upgrade of infrastructure and housing and self - employment opportunities for job creation . Harnessing satellite technology ; setting up National Optical - Fibre Network up to the village level ; Diamond Quadrilateral project -- of High Speed Train network were among several other things that the party promised . The Himachal Pradesh BJP attacked the UPA 's `` one rank , one pension '' scheme as an `` election stunt , '' according to the convenor of the BJP 's ex-servicemen cell , Brigadier ( Retired ) Lal Chand Jaswal . The move followed the BJP raising the issue in the previous years and Modi 's announcement at an ex-servicemen's rally at Rewari on 15 September 2013 and at Sujanpur on 17 February . Modi also criticised the INC and Rahul Gandhi for giving a ticket to former Maharashtra Chief Minister Ashok Chavan despite his indictment in the Adarsh Housing Society scam in Mumbai . He further criticised Gandhi 's comments about his governance of Gujarat at rally in Bijapur . At a rally in Gurgaon , Haryana , part of the wider National Capital Region , Modi said : `` People gave ruling Congress 60 years , I just need 60 months to prove that the BJP is the best option for India '' and alleged that the INC was protecting Robert Vadra , the son - in - law of Sonia Gandhi , after he was said to have `` sold farmers land '' and made money . `` Robert Vadra 's empty bank account was credited with $8.30 m ( Rs 500 million ) in just three months . BJP want answers '' . He also criticised the INC 's Nandan Nilekani as he had `` squandered crores of rupees in giving a unique identity ( Aadhaar ) to millions of people , which even the Supreme Court questioned , as it did not address the security concerns '' .
Fundamental rights in India
The liberalisation of the economy and the government 's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL
Forestry in India
According to a WWF - India published report , trapping and trading of some 300 species of birds continues in India , representing 25 % of known species in the country . Tens of thousands of birds are trapped from the forests of India , and traded every month to serve the demand for bird pets . Another market driver for bird trapping and trade is the segment of Indians who on certain religious occasions , buy birds in captivity and free them as an act of kindness to all living beings of the world . Trappers and traders know of the need for piety in these people , and ensure a reliable supply of wild birds so that they can satisfy their urge to do good .
Forestry in India
In 1969 , forestry in India underwent a major change with the passage of the Forest Rights Act , a new legislation that sought to address the needs of forest dwelling communities that resulted from the failure to record their rights over forest land and resources . It also sought to bring in new forms of community conservation .
Preamble to the Constitution of India
In Berubari Case ( 1960 ) , The amendability & the Significance of the same came to the force . An important & very interesting question was raised relating to the powers of the Parliament to cede Indian territory to a foreign country , as an interpretation of the Article 3 . Supreme Court had held that the power of Parliament to diminish the area of a state as guaranteed in article 3 of the Constitution does not cover cession of the Indian territory to a foreign country . Hence , Indian territory can be ceded to a foreign country only by means of amendment of the Constitution under the Article 368 . Consequently , the 9th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1960 was enacted to transfer the Berubari Union to Bangladesh ( erstwhile East Pakistan ) . Supreme Court also held the view that Preamble can not be a part of the constitution but later in Kesavananda Bharati Case ( 1973 ) , the Supreme Court gave a comprehensive verdict . It said that Preamble is Part of Constitution and is subject to the amending power of the parliament as any other provisions of the Constitution , provided the basic structure of the constitution is not destroyed .
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
School of Crop Improvement School of Plant Protection School of Basic Sciences School of Natural Resource Management School of Social Sciences School of Horticultural Science
Forestry in India
A 1999 publication claimed that protected forest areas in several parts of India , such as Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka and Jharkhand , were vulnerable to illegal logging by timber mafias that have coopted or intimidated forestry officials , local politicians , businesses and citizenry .
Forestry in India
Indian forests types include tropical evergreens , tropical deciduous , swamps , mangroves , sub-tropical , montane , scrub , sub-alpine and alpine forests . These forests support a variety of ecosystems with diverse flora and fauna .
Forestry in India
In 1991 , India passed a law that banned all trade and trapping of indigenous birds in the country . The passage of the law stopped the legal exports , but illegal trafficking has continued . In 2001 , for example , an attempt to smuggle some 10,000 wild birds was discovered , and these birds were confiscated at the Mumbai international airport .
Forestry in India
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