vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Battle of Bunker Hill
It took six hours for the British to organize an infantry force and to gather up and inspect the men on parade . General Howe was to lead the major assault , drive around the colonial left flank , and take them from the rear . Brigadier General Robert Pigot on the British left flank would lead the direct assault on the redoubt , and Major John Pitcairn led the flank or reserve force . It took several trips in longboats to transport Howe 's initial forces ( consisting of about 1,500 men ) to the eastern corner of the peninsula , known as Moulton 's Point . By 2 p.m. , Howe 's chosen force had landed . However , while crossing the river , Howe noted the large number of colonial troops on top of Bunker Hill . Believing these to be reinforcements , he immediately sent a message to Gage , requesting additional troops . He then ordered some of the light infantry to take a forward position along the eastern side of the peninsula , alerting the colonists to his intended course of action . The troops then sat down to eat while they waited for the reinforcements . The
Peninsular War
It took ten days for all of Junot 's infantry to arrive and even longer for his artillery to show up , their cartridges soaked and their uniforms in tatters . As one of Junot 's first acts , the property of those who had fled to Brazil was sequestrated and a 100 - million - franc indemnity imposed . The army formed into a Portuguese Legion , and went to northern Germany to perform garrison duty . Junot did his best to calm the situation by trying to keep his troops under control . While the Portuguese civil authorities were generally subservient toward their occupiers , the common people were angry . Nevertheless , the harsh taxes caused bitter resentment among the population . By January 1808 , there were executions of persons who resisted the exactions of the French . The situation was dangerous , but it would need a trigger from outside to transform unrest into revolt .
United States in World War I
Wilson 's decision touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the provincial politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement , that was , that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( such as J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( such as Bethlehem Steel , which made armour , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These selfish special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many .
Trent Affair
The benign intentions of the United States were also argued by John Bright and Richard Cobden , strong supporters of the United States and leaders of the Anti-Corn Law League in Britain . Both had expressed strong reservations about the legality of American actions , but argued strongly that the United States had no aggressive designs against Great Britain . Bright publicly disputed that the confrontation had been intentionally engineered by Washington . In an early December speech to his constituents , he condemned the British military preparations `` before we have made a representation to the American Government , before we have heard a word from it in reply , ( we ) should be all up in arms , every sword leaping from its scabbard and every man looking about for his pistols and blunderbusses ? '' Cobden joined with Bright by speaking at public meetings and by writing letters to newspapers , organizers of meetings that he could not attend , and influential people in and out of Britain . As time passed and voices opposing war were heard more and more , the Cabinet also began considering alternatives to war , including arbitration .
English Reformation
This contributed to a state of hostility between his young contemporaries and the Lord Chancellor , Cardinal Thomas Wolsey . As long as Wolsey had his ear , Henry 's Roman Catholicism was secure : in 1521 , he had defended the Roman Catholic Church from Martin Luther 's accusations of heresy in a book he wrote -- probably with considerable help from the conservative Bishop of Rochester John Fisher -- entitled The Defence of the Seven Sacraments , for which he was awarded the title `` Defender of the Faith '' ( Fidei Defensor ) by Pope Leo X . ( Successive English and British monarchs have retained this title to the present , even after the Anglican Church broke away from Roman Catholicism , in part because the title was re-conferred by Parliament in 1544 , after the split . ) Wolsey 's enemies at court included those who had been influenced by Lutheran ideas , among whom was the attractive , charismatic Anne Boleyn .
Jenny Lind
In 1850 , Lind went to America at the invitation of the showman P.T. Barnum . She gave 93 large - scale concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management . She earned more than $350,000 from these concerts , donating the proceeds to charities , principally the endowment of free schools in Sweden . With her new husband , Otto Goldschmidt , she returned to Europe in 1852 where she had three children and gave occasional concerts over the next two decades , settling in England in 1855 . From 1882 , for some years , she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London .
Nine Years' War
Louis XIV had considered William 's invasion as a declaration of war between France and the Dutch Republic ( officially declared on 26 November ) ; but he did little to stop the invasion -- his main concern was the Rhineland . Moreover , French diplomats had calculated that William 's action would plunge England into a protracted civil war that would either absorb Dutch resources or draw England closer to France . However , after landing his forces unhindered at Torbay on 5 November ( O.S ) 1688 , many welcomed William with open arms , and the subsequent Glorious Revolution brought a rapid end to James II 's reign . On 13 February 1689 ( O.S. ) William of Orange became King William III of England -- reigning jointly with his wife Mary -- and bound together the fortunes of England and the Dutch Republic . Yet few people in England suspected that William had sought the crown for himself or that his aim was to bring England into the war against France on the Dutch side . The Convention Parliament did not see that the offer of joint monarchy carried with it the corollary of a declaration of war , but the subsequent actions of the deposed king finally swung Parliament behind William 's war policy .
National Convention
The Assembly began harmoniously , but within a few days the Girondins launched a bitter attack on their Montagnard opponents . Conflict continued without interruption until the expulsion of the Girondin leaders from the Convention on 2 June 1793 . The Girondins had relied on votes from the majority of the deputies , many of whom were alarmed as well as scandalized by the September massacres , but their insistence on monopolizing all positions of authority during the Convention , and their attacks on the Montagnard leaders , soon irritated them , causing them to regard the party as a faction . One by one , able deputies such as Couthon , Cambon , Carnot , Lindet and Barere began to gravitate towards the Montagnards , while the majority -- the Plain , as it was called -- held itself aloof from both sides .
Iliad
Some scholars believe that the gods may have intervened in the mortal world because of quarrels they may have had among each other . Homer interprets the world at this time by using the passion and emotion of the gods to be determining factors of what happens on the human level . An example of one of these relationships in the Iliad occurs between Athena , Hera , and Aphrodite . In the final book of the poem Homer writes , `` He offended Athena and Hera -- both goddesses . '' Athena and Hera are envious of Aphrodite because of a beauty pageant on Mount Olympus in which Paris chose Aphrodite to be the most beautiful goddess over both Hera and Athena . Wolfgang Kullmann further goes on to say , `` Hera 's and Athena 's disappointment over the victory of Aphrodite in the Judgement of Paris determines the whole conduct of both goddesses in The Iliad and is the cause of their hatred for Paris , the Judge , and his town Troy . '' Hera and Athena then continue to support the Achaean forces throughout the poem because Paris is part of the Trojans , while Aphrodite aids Paris and the Trojans . The emotions between the goddesses often translate to actions they take in the mortal world . For example , in Book 3 of The Iliad , Paris challenges any of the Achaeans to a single combat and Menelaus steps forward . Menelaus was dominating the battle and was on the verge of killing Paris . `` Now he 'd have hauled him off and won undying glory but Aphrodite , Zeus 's daughter was quick to the mark , snapped the rawhide strap . '' Aphrodite intervened out of her own self - interest to save Paris from the wrath of Menelaus because Paris had helped her to win the beauty pageant . The partisanship of Aphrodite towards Paris induces constant intervention by all of the gods , especially to give motivational speeches to their respective proteges , while often appearing in the shape of a human being they are familiar with . This connection of emotions to actions is just one example out of many that occur throughout the poem .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Realizing the importance of some type of consideration , on November 9 , 1789 , Lord Dorchester , the governor of Quebec , declared that it was his wish to `` put the mark of Honour upon the Families who had adhered to the Unity of the Empire . '' As a result of Dorchester 's statement , the printed militia rolls carried the notation :
Hundred Years' War
Although the Castilians had agreed to fund the Black Prince , they failed to do so . The Prince was suffering from ill health and returned with his army to Aquitaine . To pay off debts incurred during the Castille campaign , the prince instituted a hearth tax . Arnaud - Amanieu VIII , Lord of Albret had fought on the Black Prince 's side during the war . Albret , who already had become discontented by the influx of English administrators into the enlarged Aquitaine , refused to allow the tax to be collected in his fief . He then joined a group of Gascon lords who appealed to Charles V for support in their refusal to pay the tax . Charles V summoned one Gascon lord and the Black Prince to hear the case in his High Court in Paris . The Black Prince answered that he would go to Paris with sixty thousand men behind him . War broke out again and Edward III resumed the title of King of France . Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited , and before the end of 1369 all of Aquitaine was in full revolt .
Central Intelligence Agency
The CIA had different demands placed on it by the different bodies overseeing it . Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him , the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action , and the State Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US . Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence . One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union , which had also been a priority of the CIA 's predecessors .
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Gladstone went beyond image by appealing directly to the people . In his Midlothian campaign -- so called because he stood as a candidate for that county -- Gladstone spoke in fields , halls and railway stations to hundreds , sometimes thousands , of students , farmers , labourers and middle class workers . Although not the first leader to speak directly to voters -- both he and Disraeli had spoken directly to party loyalists before on special occasions -- he was the first to canvass an entire constituency , delivering his message to anyone who would listen , encouraging his supporters and trying to convert his opponents . Publicised nationwide , Gladstone 's message became that of the party . Noting its significance , Lord Shaftesbury said , `` It is a new thing and a very serious thing to see the Prime Minister on the stump . ''
St Paul's Cathedral
Bede records that in AD 604 St Augustine consecrated Mellitus as the first bishop to the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of the East Saxons and their king , Sæberht . Sæberht 's uncle and overlord , Æthelberht , king of Kent , built a church dedicated to St Paul in London , as the seat of the new bishop .
History of the Isle of Wight
Bede describes the invasion of the island in 686 ( noting that Bede was writing fifty years later , and some of his dates are considered approximate ) by Caedwalla , a Wessex King . He writes : `` After Caedwalla had obtained possession of the kingdom of the Gewissae , he took also the Isle of Wight , which till then was entirely given over to idolatry , and by merciless slaughter , endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants thereof , and to place in their stead people from his own province ; binding himself by a vow , though it is said that he was not yet regenerated in Christ , to give the fourth part of the land and of the spoil to the Lord , if he took the Island . He fulfilled this vow by giving the same for the service of the Lord to Bishop Wilfrid ... '' . Arwald died in action , and his nephews were betrayed to Caedwalla and executed . Bede adds that 300 `` hides '' ( each being the land that could support a family ) were given to the Church .
Jenny Lind
In July 1847 , she starred in the world première of Verdi 's opera I masnadieri at Her Majesty 's Theatre , under the baton of the composer . During her two years on the operatic stage in London , Lind appeared in most of the standard opera repertory . In early 1849 , still in her twenties , Lind announced her permanent retirement from opera . Her last opera performance was on 10 May 1849 in Robert le diable ; Queen Victoria and other members of the Royal Family were present . Lind 's biographer Francis Rogers wrote , `` The reasons for her early retirement have been much discussed for nearly a century , but remain today a matter of mystery . Many possible explanations have been advanced , but not one of them has been verified '' .
History of Vietnam
At the same time , in present - day Central Vietnam , there was a successful revolt of Cham nations in 192 . Chinese dynasties called it Lin - Yi ( Lin village ; Vietnamese : Lâm Ấp ) . It later became a powerful kingdom , Champa , stretching from Quảng Bình to Phan Thiết ( Bình Thuận ) .
Central Intelligence Agency
The Taylor Board was commissioned to determine what went wrong in Cuba . The Board came to the same conclusion that the Jan ' 61 President 's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities had concluded , and many other reviews prior , and to come , that Covert Action had to be completely isolated from intelligence and analysis . The Inspector General of the CIA investigated the Bay of Pigs . His conclusion was that there was a need to drastically improve the organization and management of the CIA . The Special Group ( Later renamed the 303 committee ) was convened in an oversight role .
Jenny Lind
At the Royal Swedish Opera , Lind had been friends with the tenor Julius Günther . They sang together both in opera and on the concert stage and became romantically linked by 1844 . Their schedules separated them , however , as Günther remained in Stockholm and then became a student of Garcia 's in Paris in 1846 -- 1847 . After reuniting in Sweden , according to Lind 's 1891 Memoir , they became engaged to marry in the spring of 1848 , just before Lind returned to England . However , the two broke off the engagement in October of the same year .
Woodrow Wilson
From 1914 until early 1917 , Wilson 's primary objective was to keep America out of the war in Europe , and his policy was , `` the true spirit of neutrality , which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned . '' The president insisted that all government actions be neutral , and that the belligerents must respect that neutrality according to the norms of international law . Wilson told the Senate in August 1914 when the war began that the United States , `` must be impartial in thought as well as in action , must put a curb upon our sentiments as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another . '' He was ambiguous whether he meant the United States as a nation or meant all Americans as individuals . Wilson has been accused of violating his own rule of neutrality . Later that month he explained himself privately to his top foreign policy advisor Colonel House , who recalled the episode later :
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
Within a short time Prussia was being attacked on four fronts , by Austria from the south , France from the west , Russia from the east , and Sweden from the north . Frederick fought defensive actions trying to blunt the invaders , losing thousands of men and precious resources in the process . He began to send more urgent appeals to London for material help on the continent .
War of the Austrian Succession
After the failure of the British invasions and a Spanish counter invasion of Georgia in 1742 , belligerent naval actions in the Caribbean were left to the privateers of both sides . Fearing great financial and economic losses should a treasure fleet be captured , the Spanish reduced the risk by increasing the number of convoys , thereby reducing their value . They also increased the number of ports they visited and reduced the predictability of their voyages .
Edward O'Hare
Thach calculated that O'Hare had used only sixty rounds of ammunition for each bomber he destroyed ; an impressive feat of marksmanship . In the opinion of Admiral Brown and of Captain Frederick C. Sherman , commanding the Lexington , Lieutenant O'Hare's actions may have saved the carrier from serious damage or even loss . By 19 : 00 all Lexington planes had been recovered except for two F4F - 3 Wildcats shot down while attacking enemy bombers ; both were lost while making steady , no - deflection runs from astern of their targets . The pilot of one fighter was rescued , the other went down with his aircraft .
Korean War
As a war undeclared by all participants , the conflict helped bring the term `` police action '' into common use . It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations , where Resolution 377 -- passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement -- led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN .
List of Black Cat characters
Lin Shaolee ( リン シャオリー , Rin Shaorī ) , known as Number X , is a master of disguise nicknamed the `` Magician '' ( 魔術 師 < マジシャン > , Majutsushi ( Majishan ) ) that can change his appearance in seconds . He is a new member to the Chronos Numbers , added after Train left the group as the replacement of Ash . His weapon Seiren ( セイレーン , Seirēn ) , is a mantle that is made of Orichalcum . This allows it to block attacks , such as bullets , or cut through metal with its edges . He disguises himself as `` Glin '' ( グリン , Gurin ) in order to form the Sweeper Alliance ( 掃除屋 同盟 , Sōjiya Dōmei ) to attack the Apostles as a decoy for Chronos .
War of 1812
The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon .
Jenny Lind
In London , Lind 's close friendship with Mendelssohn continued . There has been strong speculation that their relationship was more than friendship . Papers confirming that were alleged to exist , but their contents had not been made public . However , in 2013 , George Biddlecombe confirmed in the Journal of the Royal Musical Association that `` The Committee of the Mendelssohn Scholarship Foundation possesses material indicating that Mendelssohn wrote passionate love letters to Jenny Lind entreating her to join him in an adulterous relationship and threatening suicide as a means of exerting pressure upon her , and that these letters were destroyed on being discovered after her death '' .
Samurai
Similarly , the feudal lord Takeda Nobushige ( 1525 -- 1561 ) stated : `` In matters both great and small , one should not turn his back on his master 's commands ... One should not ask for gifts or enfiefments from the master ... No matter how unreasonably the master may treat a man , he should not feel disgruntled ... An underling does not pass judgments on a superior . ''
History of Vietnam
Ngô Quyền 's untimely death after a short reign resulted in a power struggle for the throne , resulting in the country 's first major civil war , the upheaval of Twelfth Warlords ( Loạn Thập Nhị Sứ Quân ) . The war lasted from 944 to 968 until the clan led by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh defeated the other warlords , unifying the country . Đinh Bộ Lĩnh founded the Đinh dynasty and proclaimed himself Đinh Tiên Hoàng ( Đinh the Majestic Emperor ) and renamed the country from Tĩnh Hải quân to Đại Cồ Việt ( literally `` Great Viet Land '' ) , with its capital in Hoa Lư ( modern - day Ninh Bình Province ) . The new emperor introduced strict penal codes to prevent chaos from happening again . He then tried to form alliances by granting the title of Queen to five women from the five most influential families .