vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sawing a woman in half
Modern magic inventor and historian Jim Steinmeyer has concluded that there was probably no real Torrini and the story was merely a way for Robert - Houdin to play with ideas . It was suggested during a court case in 1922 that the trick can be traced back to ancient Egypt , however this claim has not been substantiated . Wherever the idea originated , until the 1920s it remained just an idea for an effect , rather than a practical application of a method .
List of Good Witch episodes
Good Witch is an American / Canadian fantasy comedy - drama television series , based on the made - for - TV movie series of the same name , that airs on the Hallmark Channel . The series centers around the spirited life of newly widowed Cassie Nightingale ( Catherine Bell ) , her teenage daughter Grace ( Bailee Madison ) and their neighbors , the Radfords -- Sam ( James Denton ) and his teenage son , Nick ( Rhys Matthew Bond ) , as well as the various residents of Middleton USA , some of whom believe Cassie is a witch .
Relationship between religion and science
Earlier attempts at reconciliation of Christianity with Newtonian mechanics appear quite different from later attempts at reconciliation with the newer scientific ideas of evolution or relativity . Many early interpretations of evolution polarized themselves around a struggle for existence . These ideas were significantly countered by later findings of universal patterns of biological cooperation . According to John Habgood , all man really knows here is that the universe seems to be a mix of good and evil , beauty and pain , and that suffering may somehow be part of the process of creation . Habgood holds that Christians should not be surprised that suffering may be used creatively by God , given their faith in the symbol of the Cross . Robert John Russell has examined consonance and dissonance between modern physics , evolutionary biology , and Christian theology .
Great Expectations
In an 8 August 1860 letter to Thomas Carlyle , Dickens reported his agitation whenever he prepared a new book . A month later , in a letter to John Forster , Dickens announced that he just had a new idea .
John C. Calhoun
Calhoun died soon afterwards , and although the compromise measures did eventually pass , Calhoun 's ideas about states ' rights attracted increasing attention across the South . Historian William Barney argues that Calhoun 's ideas proved `` appealing to Southerners concerned with preserving slavery ... Southern radicals known as ' fire - eaters ' pushed the doctrine of states rights to its logical extreme by upholding the constitutional right of the state to secede . ''
Civil–military relations
The topics of research in Civil - Military Relations are varied as evidenced by recent scholarship in such topics as :
Apollo
In classical Greece , Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason ( mind ) gave order to the seeds of the universe , and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ( ideai , `` ideas '' ) . The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas . The Greek words oida ( οἶδα , `` ( I ) know '' ) and eidos ( εἶδος , `` species '' ) , a thing seen , have the same root as the word idea ( ἰδέα ) , a thing ἰδείν to see . indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses , to the principles beyond the senses . The artists in Plato 's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization . The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important , and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual .
A Good Year
Russell Crowe as Max Skinner Albert Finney as Uncle Henry Marion Cotillard as Fanny Chenal Abbie Cornish as Christie Roberts Didier Bourdon as Francis Duflot Isabelle Candelier as Ludivine Duflot Freddie Highmore as Young Max Skinner Tom Hollander as Charlie Willis Rafe Spall as Kenny Richard Coyle as Amis Archie Panjabi as Gemma Kenneth Cranham as Sir Nigel Daniel Mays as Bert , the doorman Valeria Bruni Tedeschi as notaire Natalie Auzet Giannina Facio as Maitre D '
Round Table Conferences (India)
The idea of an All - India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion by Tej Bahadur Sapru . All the groups attending the conference supported this concept . The princely states agreed to the proposed federation provided that their internal sovereignty was guaranteed . The Muslim League also supported the federation as it had always been opposed to a strong Centre . The British agreed that representative government should be introduced on provincial level .
Andrew Carnegie
On the subject of charity Andrew Carnegie 's actions diverged in the most significant and complex manner from Herbert Spencer 's philosophies . In his 1854 essay `` Manners and Fashion '' , Spencer referred to public education as `` Old schemes '' . He went on to declare that public schools and colleges fill the heads of students with inept , useless knowledge and exclude useful knowledge . Spencer stated that he trusted no organization of any kind , `` political , religious , literary , philanthropic '' , and believed that as they expanded in influence so too did their regulations expand . In addition , Spencer thought that as all institutions grow they become evermore corrupted by the influence of power and money . The institution eventually loses its `` original spirit , and sinks into a lifeless mechanism '' . Spencer insisted that all forms of philanthropy that uplift the poor and downtrodden were reckless and incompetent . Spencer thought any attempt to prevent `` the really salutary sufferings '' of the less fortunate `` bequeath to posterity a continually increasing curse '' . Carnegie , a self - proclaimed devotee of Spencer , testified to Congress on February 5 , 1915 : `` My business is to do as much good in the world as I can ; I have retired from all other business . ''
First Nations
As Canadian ideas of progress evolved around the start of the 20th century , the federal Indian policy was directed at removing Indigenous people from their communal lands and encouraging assimilation . Amendments to the Indian Act in 1905 and 1911 made it easier for the government to expropriate reserve lands from First Nations . The government sold nearly half of the Blackfoot reserve in Alberta to settlers .
List of Good Witch episodes
As Brandon and Tara come to an impasse after their pregnancy false alarm , Martha is forced to go silent to cure her laryngitis , which may be a gift unto itself . Abigail charms her way into a surprising solo business plan , as Stephanie is angry until she discovers the truth behind Abigail 's betrayal . Lastly , just as Sam stands up to Linda to keep Cassie in his life , Cassie 's rekindled friendship with John appears to head down a romantic path . 12 `` Out of the Past '' Cal Coons Sue Tenney & Jed Seidel May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 2003 1.97 Cassie is unnerved when John looks in her past , just as Ryan returns to Middleton with unfinished business . While Cassie attempts to keep both men from hindering her friendship with Sam , he still contends with Linda about what 's best for Nick , who starts to see cracks in his parents ' forced truce . Meanwhile , Grace postpones her driving test before her last road lesson , prompting Sam to question her motives . Abigail 's new flower shop flourishes , despite her noticeable hands - off approach . When Abigail 's overworked assistant becomes exasperated , Cassie senses her cousin is about to get her first real business lesson just as the town 's number - one customer , Martha , is relying on her . At the bistro , Stephanie gets a surprise visit from her overbearing mother Betty ( Sherry Miller ) , but decides to keep her new romance with Ben a secret , against Cassie 's advice , which quickly unravels . At the same time , Martha is visited by her son , Michael . Cassie later meets with Ryan to put the past behind them , but suddenly finds herself questioning if she is ready for a new romance with anyone . 13 `` The Trouble With Love '' Cal Coons Amy Palmer Robertson & Jed Seidel May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 1.92 Cassie feels helpless when Grace admits to spending time with Sam because she 's hurting from the loss of her father . Cassie turns to Sam for support , but John asks her to attend a university gala as his date . Meanwhile , Linda officially moves into Sam 's house and quickly makes Nick miserable with her controlling ways .
Chennai
As of 2013 , eight mobile phone service companies operate seven GSM networks including Airtel , Aircel , BSNL , Vodafone , Tata Docomo GSM , Idea , Reliance GSM and three CDMA networks including MTS , Relaince CDMA , Tata Docomo CDMA in the city . 2G Mobile internet connections are provided by all the operators and 4G , 3G mobile broadband are provided by few operators in the city . There are four land line companies providing Commercial and domestic broadband Internet services . Chennai was the first Indian city to deploy Wi - Fi internet access in a widespread manner . As of 2010 , there were 9.8 million mobile phone users in Chennai . In 2010 , Chennai had the fourth highest number of active Internet users in India , with 2.2 million users .
Vaishnavism
The Narayaniya section of the Mahabharata describes the ideas of the Pāñcarātras . Characteristic is the description of the manifestation of the Absolute through a series of manifestations , from the vyuha manifestations of Vasudeva and pure creation , through the tattvas of mixed creation into impure or material creation .
Criticism of democracy
Moreover , in many countries , democratic participation is less than 50 % at times , and it can be argued that election of individual ( s ) instead of ideas disrupts democracy . Potential
Smokey and the Bandit
Jackie Gleason was given free rein to ad - lib dialogue and make suggestions . It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout . In particular , the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in the `` choke and puke '' ( a roadside diner ) was n't in the original story , but rather was Gleason 's idea .
Culture
In 1860 , Adolf Bastian ( 1826 -- 1905 ) argued for `` the psychic unity of mankind . '' He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements . According to Bastian , all human societies share a set of `` elementary ideas '' ( Elementargedanken ) ; different cultures , or different `` folk ideas '' ( Völkergedanken ) , are local modifications of the elementary ideas . This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture . Franz Boas ( 1858 -- 1942 ) was trained in this tradition , and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States .
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
The thought suggested itself ( to which of us I do not recollect ) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts . In the one , incidents and agents were to be , in part at least , supernatural , and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions , as would naturally accompany such situations , supposing them real . And real in this sense they have been to every human being who , from whatever source of delusion , has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency . For the second class , subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life ... In this idea originated the plan of the ' Lyrical Ballads ' ; in which it was agreed , that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural , or at least Romantic ; yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment , which constitutes poetic faith ... With this view I wrote the ' Ancient Mariner ' .
A Beautiful Mind (film)
Nash is under extreme pressure to publish , but he wants to publish his own original idea . His inspiration comes when he and his fellow graduate students discuss how to approach a group of women at a bar . Hansen quotes Adam Smith and advocates `` every man for himself , '' but Nash argues that a cooperative approach would lead to better chances of success . Nash develops a new concept of governing dynamics and publishes an article on this . On the strength of this , he is offered an appointment at MIT where Sol and Bender join him .
American Sign Language
However , other word orders may also occur , as ASL allows the topic of a sentence to be moved to sentence - initial position , a phenomenon known as topicalization . In object - subject - verb ( OSV ) sentences , the object is topicalized , marked by a forward head - tilt and a pause :
Missouri
The Progressive Era ( 1890s to 1920s ) saw numerous prominent leaders from Missouri trying to end corruption and modernize politics , government and society . Joseph `` Holy Joe '' Folk was a key leader who made a strong appeal to middle class and rural evangelical Protestants . Folk was elected governor as a progressive reformer and Democrat in the 1904 election . He promoted what he called `` the Missouri Idea '' , the concept of Missouri as a leader in public morality through popular control of law and strict enforcement . He successfully conducted antitrust prosecutions , ended free railroad passes for state officials , extended bribery statutes , improved election laws , required formal registration for lobbyists , made racetrack gambling illegal , and enforced the Sunday - closing law . He helped enact Progressive legislation , including an initiative and referendum provision , regulation of elections , education , employment and child labor , railroads , food , business , and public utilities . A number of efficiency - oriented examiner boards and commissions were established during Folk 's administration , including many agricultural boards and the Missouri library commission .
Yorick
Alternative suggestions include the ideas that it may be derived from the Viking name of the city of York ( Jórvík ) , or that it is an near - anagram of the Greek word ' Kyrios ' and thus a reference to the Catholic martyr Edmund Campion . Alas
Republic (Plato)
The idea of writing treatises on systems of government was followed some decades later by Plato 's most prominent pupil Aristotle , whose Politika systematises many of Plato 's concepts , in some cases differing from his conclusions .
Evolution of fish
Two ideas about the homology of arms , hands and digits have existed in the past 130 years . First that digits are unique to tetrapods and second that antecedents were present in the fins of early sarcopterygian fish . Until recently it was believed that `` genetic and fossil data support the hypothesis that digits are evolutionary novelties '' . However new research that created a three - dimensional reconstruction of Panderichthys , a coastal fish from the Devonian period 385 million years ago , shows that these animals already had many of the homologous bones present in the forelimbs of limbed vertebrates . For example , they had radial bones similar to rudimentary fingers but positioned in the arm - like base of their fins . Thus there was in the evolution of tetrapods a shift such that the outermost part of the fins were lost and eventually replaced by early digits . This change is consistent with additional evidence from the study of actinopterygians , sharks and lungfish that the digits of tetrapods arose from pre-existing distal radials present in more primitive fish . Controversy still exists since Tiktaalik , a vertebrate often considered the missing link between fishes and land - living animals , had stubby leg - like limbs that lacked the finger - like radial bones found in the Panderichthys . The researchers of the paper commented that it `` is difficult to say whether this character distribution implies that Tiktaalik is autapomorphic , that Panderichthys and tetrapods are convergent , or that Panderichthys is closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik . At any rate , it demonstrates that the fish -- tetrapod transition was accompanied by significant character incongruence in functionally important structures . '' .
Article Three of the United States Constitution
The Constitution provides that judges `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior . '' The term `` good behavior '' is interpreted to mean that judges may serve for the remainder of their lives , although they may resign or retire voluntarily . A judge may also be removed by impeachment and conviction by congressional vote ( hence the term good behavior ) ; this has occurred fourteen times . Three other judges , Mark W. Delahay , George W. English , and Samuel B. Kent , chose to resign rather than go through the impeachment process .
Angela Martin
Angela ruled ( in seasons 1 - 4 ) the Party Planning Committee ( PPC ) with an iron fist . Usually when a committee member suggests an idea , Angela immediately shoots it down with a mean comment or sharp rebuke . The PPC normally consists of Angela , Pam , Phyllis , and Meredith , although Meredith was naturally not present when the committee planned her surprise birthday party . Karen became a regular member of the PPC when she was transferred to Scranton , but was expelled by Angela for her `` unsuitable '' ideas during `` A Benihana Christmas '' . Ryan joined the committee to help plan the Christmas Party , and Oscar joined it to help plan his own `` Welcome Back '' party ( `` The Return '' ) . Angela was particularly hard on Phyllis during `` Launch Party '' and was left with a huge burden when Phyllis got fed up and quit the PPC .
Republic
Pocock argued that this was an ideology with a history and principles distinct from liberalism . These ideas were embraced by a number of different writers , including Quentin Skinner , Philip Pettit and Cass Sunstein . These subsequent writers have further explored the history of the idea , and also outlined how a modern republic should function .
American Revolution
The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity . Liberalism
United States non-interventionism
President Thomas Jefferson extended Washington 's ideas about foreign policy in his March 4 , 1801 inaugural address . Jefferson said that one of the `` essential principles of our government '' is that of `` peace , commerce , and honest friendship with all nations , entangling alliances with none . ''
Akbar
When he was at Fatehpur Sikri , he held discussions as he loved to know about others ' religious beliefs . On one such day he got to know that the religious people of other religions were often bigots ( intolerant of others religious beliefs ) . This led him to form the idea of the new religion , Sulh - e-kul meaning universal peace . His idea of this religion did not discriminate other religions and focused on the ideas of peace , unity and tolerance .
Wicked (musical)
While the draft followed Maguire 's idea of retelling the story of the 1939 film from the perspective of its main villain , the storyline of the stage adaptation `` goes far afield '' from the novel . As Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill , `` It was ( Maguire 's ) brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view , and to have the two witches be roommates in college , but the way in which their friendship develops -- and really the whole plot -- is different onstage . '' Schwartz justified the deviation , saying `` Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda -- who becomes Glinda -- and Elphaba ... the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies . '' In addition to this change in focus , other major plot modifications include Fiyero 's appearance as the scarecrow , Elphaba 's survival at the end , Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms , Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda - and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper , the complete cutting of Elphaba 's years in the Vinkus , the deletion of Liir 's birth , Fiyero not having a wife and children , and Doctor Dillamond not being murdered .
List of The League of Gentlemen characters
In the 2017 specials , the trio are re-united when Geoff , now working part - time at the local garden centre , pitches a Dragon 's Den style idea to Mike and Brian , the latter having escaped the circus elephant . While Brian rejects the idea , Mike offers Geoff the money to kill his wife Cheryl instead in a mercy killing , Cheryl having since become morbidly obese and unable to leave her bed . Though suffering some false starts , Geoff goes up the stairs and appears to succeed . He phones Mike to deliver the news , only to discover to Mike 's horror that he has gone to the wrong house , Mike and Cheryl having moved to a bungalow four years earlier . It is revealed that the unwitting victim is Pauline , though it is possible Geoff may have bungled the operation since Pauline 's body is never shown .
Bert and Ernie
Bert and Ernie were built by Don Sahlin from a simple design scribbled by Jim Henson , creator of The Muppets . Initially , Henson performed Bert and Oz performed Ernie , but after just one day of rehearsal , they switched characters . The original idea was to show that even though two people can have totally different characteristics , they can still be good friends . According to writer Jon Stone , the relationship between Bert and Ernie reflected the real - life friendship between Henson and Oz .
Age of Enlightenment
A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment , including deism and talk of atheism . According to Thomas Paine , deism is the simple belief in God the Creator , with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source . Instead , the deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed , which was eminently agreeable to many thinkers of the time . Atheism was much discussed , but there were few proponents . Wilson and Reill note : `` In fact , very few enlightened intellectuals , even when they were vocal critics of Christianity , were true atheists . Rather , they were critics of orthodox belief , wedded rather to skepticism , deism , vitalism , or perhaps pantheism '' . Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men . Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil , the moral order of society was undermined . That is , since atheists gave themselves to no Supreme Authority and no law and had no fear of eternal consequences , they were far more likely to disrupt society . Bayle ( 1647 -- 1706 ) observed that in his day that `` prudent persons will always maintain an appearance of ( religion ) '' and he believed that even atheists could hold concepts of honor and go beyond their own self - interest to create and interact in society . Locke said that if there were no God and no divine law , the result would be moral anarchy : every individual `` could have no law but his own will , no end but himself . He would be a god to himself , and the satisfaction of his own will the sole measure and end of all his actions '' .
Precedent
The idea that a judge is bound by ( or at least should respect ) decisions of earlier judges of similar or coordinate level is called horizontal stare decisis .