vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Armistice of 11 November 1918
Foch appeared only twice in the three days of negotiations : on the first day , to ask the German delegation what they wanted , and on the last day , to see to the signatures . The Germans were handed the list of Allied demands and given 72 hours to agree . The German delegation discussed the Allied terms not with Foch , but with other French and Allied officers . The Armistice amounted to complete German demilitarization ( see list below ) , with few promises made by the Allies in return . The naval blockade of Germany was not completely lifted until complete peace terms could be agreed upon .
Ottoman–German alliance
Austria - Hungary adhered to the Ottoman -- German treaty on 5 August . The Ottoman Empire did not enter the war until the Ottoman Navy bombarded Russian ports on the 29 October 1914 .
Congress of Vienna
The Congress 's principal results , apart from its confirmation of France 's loss of the territories annexed between 1795 -- 1810 , which had already been settled by the Treaty of Paris , were the enlargement of Russia , ( which gained most of the Duchy of Warsaw ) and Prussia , which acquired the district of Poznań , Swedish Pomerania , Westphalia and the northern Rhineland . The consolidation of Germany from the nearly 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire ( dissolved in 1806 ) into a much less complex system of thirty - nine states ( 4 of which were free cities ) was confirmed . These states formed a loose German Confederation under the leadership of Austria and Prussia .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The Armistice was the result of a hurried and desperate process . The German delegation headed by Matthias Erzberger crossed the front line in five cars and was escorted for ten hours across the devastated war zone of Northern France , arriving on the morning of 8 November . They were then entrained and taken to the secret destination , aboard Ferdinand Foch 's private train parked in a railway siding in the forest of Compiègne .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
In a hearing before the Committee on Inquiry of the National Assembly on November 18 , 1919 , a year after the war 's end , Hindenburg declared , `` As an English general has very truly said , the German Army was ' stabbed in the back ' . ''
Nine Years' War
The War of the Reunions was brief and devastating . With the fall of Courtrai in early November 1683 , followed by Dixmude in December and Luxembourg in June 1684 , Charles II was compelled to accept Louis XIV 's peace deal . The Truce of Ratisbon ( Regensburg ) signed on 15 August by France on one side and the Emperor and Spain on the other , rewarded the French with Strasbourg , Luxembourg and the Reunion gains ( Courtrai and Dixmude returned to Spain ) . The resolution was not a definitive peace , but only a truce for 20 years . Yet Louis had sound reasons to feel satisfied : the Emperor and German princes were fully occupied in Hungary -- while in the Dutch Republic , William of Orange remained isolated and powerless , largely because of the pro-French mood in Amsterdam .
Gold standard
In May 1931 a run on Austria 's largest commercial bank caused it to fail . The run spread to Germany , where the central bank also collapsed . International financial assistance was too late and in July 1931 Germany adopted exchange controls , followed by Austria in October . The Austrian and German experiences , as well as British budgetary and political difficulties , were among the factors that destroyed confidence in sterling , which occurred in mid-July 1931 . Runs ensued and the Bank of England lost much of its reserves .
World War I
After the war , the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war . The 1919 Treaty of Versailles dealt with Germany and , building on Wilson 's 14th point , brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919 .
Central Powers
Nation Entered WWI Austria - Hungary 28 July 1914 German Empire 1 August 1914 Ottoman Empire 2 August 1914 ( secret ) 29 October 1914 ( public ) Kingdom of Bulgaria 14 October 1915 Deaths
Codetermination in Germany
On 15 January 1972 the Act of 1952 was updated giving more powers for participation in personal and social affairs of company employees . Individual worker rights were strengthened in relation to unions .
History of Germany (1945–90)
Although not a party to the Potsdam conference where the policy of industrial disarmament had been set , as a member of the Allied Control Council France came to champion this policy since it ensured a weak Germany .
Causes of World War II
Hitler and his Nazis took full control of Germany in 1933 -- 34 ( Machtergreifung ) , turning it into a dictatorship with a highly hostile outlook toward the Treaty of Versailles and Jews . It solved its unemployment crisis by heavy military spending .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
On 3 October , the liberal Prince Maximilian of Baden was appointed Chancellor of Germany ( prime minister ) , replacing Georg von Hertling in order to negotiate an armistice . After long conversations with the Kaiser and evaluations of the political and military situations in the Reich , by 5 October 1918 , the German government sent a message to President Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared `` Fourteen Points '' . In the subsequent two exchanges , Wilson 's allusions `` failed to convey the idea that the Kaiser 's abdication was an essential condition for peace . The leading statesmen of the Reich were not yet ready to contemplate such a monstrous possibility . '' As a precondition for negotiations , Wilson demanded the retreat of Germany from all occupied territories , the cessation of submarine activities and the Kaiser 's abdication , writing on 23 October : `` If the Government of the United States must deal with the military masters and the monarchical autocrats of Germany now , or if it is likely to have to deal with them later in regard to the international obligations of the German Empire , it must demand not peace negotiations but surrender . ''
Central Powers
In August 1914 , Germany waged war on Russia , the German government justified military action against Russia as necessary because of Russian aggression as demonstrated by the mobilization of the Russian army that had resulted in Germany mobilizing in response .
Ottoman–German alliance
A secret treaty was concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on August 2 , 1914 . The Ottoman Empire was to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers one day after the German Empire declared war on Russia . The alliance was ratified on 2 August by many high - ranking Ottoman officials , including Grand Vizier Said Halim Pasha , the Minister of War Enver Pasha , the Interior Minister Talat Pasha , and Head of Parliament Halil Bey .
Central Powers
Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies on 29 September 1918 , following a successful Allied advance in Macedonia . The Ottoman Empire followed suit on 30 October 1918 in the face of British and Arab gains in Palestine and Syria . Austria and Hungary concluded ceasefires separately during the first week of November following the disintegration of the Habsburg Empire and the Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto ; Germany signed the armistice ending the war on the morning of 11 November 1918 after the Hundred Days Offensive , and a succession of advances by New Zealand , Australian , Canadian , Belgian , British , French and US forces in north - eastern France and Belgium . There was no unified treaty ending the war ; the Central Powers were dealt with in separate treaties .
World War II
In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland .
History of Germany (1945–90)
The first plan , from 29 March 1946 , stated that German heavy industry was to be lowered to 50 % of its 1938 levels by the destruction of 1,500 listed manufacturing plants . In January 1946 the Allied Control Council set the foundation of the future German economy by putting a cap on German steel production -- the maximum allowed was set at about 5,800,000 tons of steel a year , equivalent to 25 % of the prewar production level . The UK , in whose occupation zone most of the steel production was located , had argued for a more limited capacity reduction by placing the production ceiling at 12 million tons of steel per year , but had to submit to the will of the U.S. , France and the Soviet Union ( which had argued for a 3 million ton limit ) . Germany was to be reduced to the standard of life it had known at the height of the Great Depression ( 1932 ) . Car production was set to 10 % of pre-war levels , etc .
Western Front (World War I)
The inexorable advance of the Allied armies during the second half of 1918 caused a sudden collapse of the German armies and persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable . The German government surrendered in the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , and the terms of peace were settled by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
There was no question of negotiation . The Germans were able to correct a few impossible demands ( for example , the decommissioning of more submarines than their fleet possessed ) , extended the schedule for the withdrawal and registered their formal protest at the harshness of Allied terms . But they were in no position to refuse to sign . On Sunday 10 November , they were shown newspapers from Paris to inform them that the Kaiser had abdicated . That same day , Erzberger was instructed to sign by Ebert . The cabinet had earlier received a message from Hindenburg , requesting that the armistice be signed even if the Allied conditions could not be improved on .
World War I
On 29 July , Russia , in support of Serbia , declared partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary . On the 30th , Russia ordered general mobilization . German Chancellor Bethmann - Hollweg waited until the 31st for an appropriate response , when Germany declared a `` state of danger of war '' . Kaiser Wilhelm II asked his cousin , Tsar Nicolas II , to suspend the Russian general mobilization . When he refused , Germany issued an ultimatum demanding its mobilization be stopped , and a commitment not to support Serbia . Another was sent to France , asking her not to support Russia if it were to come to the defence of Serbia . On 1 August , after the Russian response , Germany mobilized and declared war on Russia . This also led to the general mobilization in Austria - Hungary on 4 August .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The myth that the German Army was stabbed in the back , by the Social Democratic government that was formed in November 1918 , was created by reviews in the German press that grossly misrepresented British Major - General Frederick Maurice 's book , The Last Four Months . `` Ludendorff made use of the reviews to convince Hindenburg . ''
Council of Trent
On 15 March 1517 , the Fifth Council of the Lateran closed its activities with a number of reform proposals ( on the selection of bishops , taxation , censorship and preaching ) but not on the major problems that confronted the Church in Germany and other parts of Europe . A few months later , on 31 October 1517 , Martin Luther issued his 95 Theses in Wittenberg .
Triple Alliance (1882)
The Triple Alliance was a secret agreement between Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy . It was formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during World War I. Germany and Austria - Hungary had been closely allied since 1879 . Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French . Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power . The treaty provided that Germany and Austria - Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation . In turn , Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France . In the event of a war between Austria - Hungary and Russia , Italy promised to remain neutral .
Western Front (World War I)
From 19 October until 22 November , the German forces made their final breakthrough attempt of 1914 during the First Battle of Ypres , which ended in a mutually - costly stalemate . After the battle , Erich von Falkenhayn judged that it was no longer possible for Germany to win the war by purely military means and on 18 November 1914 he called for a diplomatic solution . The Chancellor , Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg , Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg , commanding Ober Ost ( Eastern Front high command ) , and Hindenburg 's deputy , Erich Ludendorff , continued to believe that victory was achievable through decisive battles . During the Lodz offensive in Poland ( 11 -- 25 November ) , Falkenhayn hoped that the Russians would be made amenable to peace overtures . In his discussions with Bethmann - Hollweg , Falkenhayn viewed Germany and Russia as having no insoluble conflict and that the real enemies of Germany were France and Britain . A peace with only a few annexations of territory also seemed possible with France and that with Russia and France out of the war by negotiated settlements , Germany could concentrate on Britain and fight a long war with the resources of Europe at its disposal . Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to believe that Russia could be defeated by a series of battles which cumulatively would have a decisive effect , after which Germany could finish off France and Britain .
Industrial Revolution
Germany 's political disunity -- with three dozen states -- and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s . However , by the 1840s , trunk lines linked the major cities ; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders . Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . Observers found that even as late as 1890 , their engineering was inferior to Britain 's . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and pulled ahead of France Sweden
Reichstag fire
In July 1933 , Marinus van der Lubbe , Ernst Torgler , Georgi Dimitrov , Blagoi Popov , and Vasil Tanev were indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire . From 21 September to 23 December 1933 , the Leipzig Trial took place and was presided over by judges from the German Supreme Court , the Reichsgericht . This was Germany 's highest court . The presiding judge was Judge Dr. Wilhelm Bürger of the Fourth Criminal Court of the Fourth Penal Chamber of the Supreme Court . The accused were charged with arson and with attempting to overthrow the government . The
World War II
To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year .
Napoleon
Dieter Langewiesche described the code as a `` revolutionary project '' which spurred the development of bourgeois society in Germany by the extension of the right to own property and an acceleration towards the end of feudalism . Napoleon reorganised what had been the Holy Roman Empire , made up of more than a thousand entities , into a more streamlined forty - state Confederation of the Rhine ; this provided the basis for the German Confederation and the unification of Germany in 1871 .
Codetermination in Germany
After threats of massive strikes by unions the Gesetz über die Mitbestimmung der Arbeitnehmer in den Aufsichtsräten und Vorständen der Unternehmen des Bergbaus und der Eisen - und Stahlerzeugenden Industrie vom 21 . Mai 1951 was passed on 7 June 1951 . It provided for equal representation on the supervisory board of directors for workers and employers .
Modern history
The Franco - Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia , while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation , of which it was a member , and the South German states of Baden , Württemberg and Bavaria . The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia . It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire , which was replaced by the Third Republic . As part of the settlement , almost all of the territory of Alsace - Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany , which it would retain until the end of World War I .
World War I
In nearly four weeks of fighting beginning on 8 August , over 100,000 German prisoners were taken . As of `` The Black Day of the German Army '' , the German High Command realised that the war was lost and made attempts to reach a satisfactory end . The day after that battle , Ludendorff said : `` We can not win the war any more , but we must not lose it either . '' On 11 August he offered his resignation to the Kaiser , who refused it , replying , `` I see that we must strike a balance . We have nearly reached the limit of our powers of resistance . The war must be ended . '' On 13 August , at Spa , Hindenburg , Ludendorff , the Chancellor , and Foreign Minister Hintz agreed that the war could not be ended militarily and , on the following day , the German Crown Council decided that victory in the field was now most improbable . Austria and Hungary warned that they could only continue the war until December , and Ludendorff recommended immediate peace negotiations . Prince Rupprecht warned Prince Max of Baden : `` Our military situation has deteriorated so rapidly that I no longer believe we can hold out over the winter ; it is even possible that a catastrophe will come earlier . '' On 10 September Hindenburg urged peace moves to Emperor Charles of Austria , and Germany appealed to the Netherlands for mediation . On 14 September Austria sent a note to all belligerents and neutrals suggesting a meeting for peace talks on neutral soil , and on 15 September Germany made a peace offer to Belgium . Both peace offers were rejected , and on 24 September Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice talks were inevitable .
Axis powers
Since the 1920s Italy had identified the year 1935 as a crucial date for preparing for a war against France , as 1935 was the year when Germany 's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were scheduled to expire .
Codetermination in Germany
On 18 May 2004 the Drittelbeteiligungsgesetz replaced , and made minor amendments to the Betriebsverfassungsgesetz .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
In 1938 -- 39 , the Soviet Union attempted to form strong military alliances with Germany 's enemies , including Poland , France , and Great Britain . The effort failed , and the last stage unfolded to the astonishment of the world : Stalin and Hitler came to terms . Historian François Furet says , `` The pact signed in Moscow by Ribbentrop and Molotov on 23 August 1939 inaugurated the alliance between the USSR and Nazi Germany . It was presented as an alliance and not just a nonaggression pact . '' The secret covenants agreed on a mutual division of Poland , and split up Eastern Europe , with the USSR taking over the Baltic states and other nearby territories .
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces ( the Reichswehr ) . The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament . Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions . The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units , and the General Staff was to be dissolved . Military schools for officer training were limited to three , one school per arm , and conscription was abolished . Private soldiers and non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years , with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises . To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men , the number of men allowed to leave early was limited . Workmen
Armistice of 11 November 1918
The Armistice was agreed at 5 : 00 a.m. on 11 November , to come into effect at 11 : 00 a.m. Paris time ( noon German time ) , for which reason the occasion is sometimes referred to as `` the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '' . Signatures were made between 5 : 12 a.m. and 5 : 20 a.m. , Paris time .
Armistice of 11 November 1918
Many artillery units continued to fire on German targets to avoid having to haul away their spare ammunition . The Allies also wished to ensure that , should fighting restart , they would be in the most favourable position . Consequently , there were 10,944 casualties of which 2,738 men died on the last day of the war .
Military history of the United States during World War II
By early 1945 , events favored the Allied forces in Europe . On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the Battle of Aachen in October 1944 and by January had turned back the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge . The failure of this last major German offensive exhausted much of Germany 's remaining combat strength , leaving it ill - prepared to resist the final Allied campaigns in Europe . Additional losses in the Rhineland further weakened the German Army , leaving shattered remnants of units to defend the east bank of the Rhine . On 7 March , the Allies seized the last remaining intact bridge across the Rhine at Remagen , and had established a large bridgehead on the river 's east bank . During Operation Lumberjack and Operation Plunder in February -- March 1945 , German casualties are estimated at 400,000 men , including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war .
Western Front (World War I)
In August 1916 the German leadership along the western front had changed as Falkenhayn resigned and was replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff . The new leaders soon recognised that the battles of Verdun and the Somme had depleted the offensive capabilities of the German Army . They decided that the German Army in the west would go over to the strategic defensive for most of 1917 , while the Central powers would attack elsewhere .