vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Ship
The size of the world 's fishing fleet is more difficult to estimate . The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels , but the smallest are legion . Fishing vessels can be found in most seaside villages in the world . As of 2004 , the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide . The same study estimated that the world 's 29 million fishermen caught 85,800,000 tonnes ( 84,400,000 long tons ; 94,600,000 short tons ) of fish and shellfish that year .
History of rail transport in the United States
The B&O established its Mount Clare Shops in Baltimore in 1829 . This was the first railroad manufacturing facility in the U.S. , and the company built locomotives , railroad cars , iron bridges and other equipment there . Following the B&O example , U.S. railroad companies soon became self - sufficient , as thousands of domestic machine shops turned out products and thousands of inventors and tinkerers improved the equipment .
Chernobyl disaster
In 1999 a contract was signed for construction of a radioactive waste management facility to store 25,000 used fuel assemblies from units 1 -- 3 and other operational wastes , as well as material from decommissioning units 1 -- 3 ( which will be the first RBMK units decommissioned anywhere ) . The contract included a processing facility able to cut the RBMK fuel assemblies and to put the material in canisters , which were to be filled with inert gas and welded shut .
United Nations
The first meetings of the General Assembly , with 51 nations represented , and the Security Council took place in London beginning 10 January 1946 . The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN , and the facility was completed in 1952 . Its site -- like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva , Vienna , and Nairobi -- is designated as international territory . The Norwegian Foreign Minister , Trygve Lie , was elected as the first UN Secretary - General .
History of electric power transmission
The world 's first 380 kV power line was built in Sweden , the 952 km Harsprånget -- Hallsberg line in 1952 . In 1965 , the first extra-high - voltage transmission at 735 kV took place on a Hydro - Québec transmission line . In 1982 the first transmission at 1200 kV was in the Soviet Union .
It (novel)
King has stated that he first conceived the story in 1978 , and began writing it in 1981 . He also stated that he originally wanted the title character to be a troll like the one in the children 's story Three Billy Goats Gruff , but who inhabited the local sewer system rather than just the area beneath one bridge . He also wanted the story to interweave the stories of children and the adults they later become .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast - to - coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon . In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a `` Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean '' , seeking a congressional charter to support his idea .
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
When little - known Playmates Toys , Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line , they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first . On December 28 , 1987 , the TMNT 's first cartoon series began , starting as a five - part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday - morning syndicated series on October 1 , 1988 , with 13 more episodes . The series was produced by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson Film Productions , Inc. ( later Fred Wolf Films ) . Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series . The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do . Here , the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise - cracking , pizza - obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout , and they make their first appearance in masks color - coded to each turtle , where previously they had all worn red .
Ellis Island
Edward Lippincott Tilton and William A. Boring won the 1897 competition to design the first phase , including the Main Building ( 1897 -- 1900 ) , Kitchen and Laundry Building ( 1900 -- 01 ) , Main Powerhouse ( 1900 -- 01 ) , and the Main Hospital Building ( 1900 -- 01 ) .
Carburetor
Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham , England , experimented with the wick carburetor in cars . In 1896 , Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline - driven car in England , a single cylinder 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) internal combustion engine with chain drive . Unhappy with the car 's performance and power , they re-designed the engine the following year using two horizontally - opposed cylinders and a newly designed wick carburetor .
First Transcontinental Railroad
First Transcontinental Railroad The ceremony for the driving of the `` Last Spike '' at Promontory Summit , Utah , May 10 , 1869 Overview Locale United States Termini Omaha , Nebraska ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) Oakland Long Wharf ( San Francisco Bay ) Operation Opened May 10 , 1869 ; 148 years ago ( 1869 - 05 - 10 ) Owner U.S. Government Operator ( s ) Central Pacific Union Pacific Technical Line length 1,912 km ( 1,188 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Map of the line Transcontinental
Las Vegas Strip
The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair - o - Dice Club in 1931 , but the first on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas , opening on April 3 , 1941 , with 63 rooms . That casino stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960 . Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip , the Hotel Last Frontier , in 1942 . Organized crime figures such as New York 's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo , which opened in 1946 , and the Desert Inn , which opened in 1950 . The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company , which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston , Texas . The
Monte Carlo
In 1856 Charles III of Monaco granted a concession to Napoleon Langlois and Albert Aubert to establish a sea - bathing facility for the treatment of various diseases , and to build a German - style casino in Monaco . The initial casino was opened in La Condamine in 1862 , but was not a success ; its present location in the area called `` Les Spélugues '' ( The Caves ) of Monte Carlo , came only after several relocations in the years that followed . The success of the casino grew slowly , largely due to the area 's inaccessibility from much of Europe . The installation of the railway in 1868 , however , brought with it an influx of people into Monte Carlo and saw it grow in wealth .
Vermont
The first European to see Vermont is thought to have been Jacques Cartier in 1535 . On July 30 , 1609 , French explorer Samuel de Champlain claimed Vermont as part of New France . In 1666 , French settlers erected Fort Sainte Anne on Isle La Motte , the first European settlement in Vermont .
History of New Mexico
The top secret remote Los Alamos Research Center was developed in the mountains of New Mexico as a research facility , opening in 1943 for the purpose of developing the world 's first atomic bomb . Teams of scientists and engineers were recruited to work on this project . The first test at Trinity Site in the desert of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range , now known as White Sands Missile Range , 28 miles southeast of San Antonio , New Mexico , on July 16 , 1945 ushered in the atomic age . New Mexico had become a center of world - class science . High - altitude balloon experiments from Holloman Air Force Base caused debris found near Roswell , New Mexico ( The Roswell Incident ) in 1947 . This reputedly led to the persistent ( but unproven ) claims by a few individuals that the government had captured and concealed extraterrestrial corpses and equipment .
Hammersmith & City line
The first line built by the Metropolitan Railway ( Met ) was from Paddington to near Smithfield , near London 's financial heart in the City ; with gas - lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives opened on 10 January 1863 it was the world 's first underground railway . The line was built mostly under the New Road using the `` cut - and - cover '' method between Paddington and King 's Cross and then in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road . Supported by the Met and the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) , the Hammersmith & City Railway ( H&CR ) was built from the GWR 's main line a mile west of Paddington station to the developing suburbs of Shepherd 's Bush and Hammersmith . Built on viaduct largely across open fields , the line opened on 13 June 1864 with a GWR service from Farringdon to Hammersmith , services to Addison Road ( now Kensington ( Olympia ) ) on the West London Railway via a link at Latimer Road starting a few weeks later . From 1865 the Met ran trains to Hammersmith and the GWR trains to Addison Road . In 1867 the line became jointly owned by the two companies . In 1871 two additional tracks parallel to the GWR between Westbourne Park and Paddington were brought into use for the H&CR , and in 1878 the flat crossing at Westbourne Park was replaced by a dive - under . A year earlier some services had been extended via London & South Western Railway 's Hammersmith ( Grove Road ) railway station and their line to Richmond .
Florence Cathedral
Work started on the dome in 1420 and was completed in 1436 . The cathedral was consecrated by Pope Eugene IV on March 25 , 1436 , ( the first day of the year according to the Florentine calendar ) . It was the first ' octagonal ' dome in history to be built without a temporary wooden supporting frame . It was one of the most impressive projects of the Renaissance . During the consecration in 1436 , Guillaume Dufay 's motet Nuper rosarum flores was performed . The structure of this motet was strongly influenced by the structure of the dome . The
Jamestown, Virginia
In 1932 , George Craghead Gregory of Richmond was credited with discovering the foundation of the first brick statehouse ( capitol ) building , circa 1646 , at Jamestown on the land owned by Preservation Virginia . Around 1936 , Gregory , who was active with the Virginia Historical Society , founded the Jamestowne Society for descendants of stockholders in the Virginia Company of London and the descendants of those who owned land or who had domiciles in Jamestown or on Jamestown Island prior to 1700 .
History of coal mining
In 1575 , Sir George Bruce of Carnock of Culross , Scotland , opened the first coal mine to extract coal from a `` moat pit '' under the sea on the Firth of Forth . He constructed an artificial loading island into which he sank a 40 ft shaft that connected to another two shafts for drainage and improved ventilation . The technology was far in advance of any coal mining method in the late medieval period and was considered one of the industrial wonders of the age .
Pendulum
In 1656 the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens built the first pendulum clock . This was a great improvement over existing mechanical clocks ; their best accuracy was improved from around 15 minutes deviation a day to around 15 seconds a day . Pendulums spread over Europe as existing clocks were retrofitted with them .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
During the 1930s the Pennsylvania Turnpike was designed to improve automobile transportation across the mountains of Pennsylvania , using seven tunnels built for the abandoned South Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1880s . The road opened on October 1 , 1940 between Irwin and Carlisle as the first long - distance limited - access highway in the United States , leading to the construction of other limited - access toll roads and the Interstate Highway System .
Solar cell
In 1888 Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov built the first cell based on the outer photoelectric effect discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 .
Computer
The Manchester Small - Scale Experimental Machine , nicknamed Baby , was the world 's first stored - program computer . It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams , Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill , and ran its first program on 21 June 1948 . It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube , the first random - access digital storage device . Although the computer was considered `` small and primitive '' by the standards of its time , it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer . As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design , a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer , the Manchester Mark 1 .
First Transcontinental Railroad
On June 4 , 1876 , an express train called the Transcontinental Express arrived in San Francisco via the First Transcontinental Railroad only 83 hours and 39 minutes after it had left New York City . Only ten years before , the same journey would have taken months over land or weeks on ship , possibly all the way around South America .
Early skyscrapers
The early years of the 20th century saw a range of technically sophisticated , architecturally confident skyscrapers built in New York ; academics Sarah Landau and Carl Condit term this `` the first great age '' of skyscraper building . Some were relatively conservative buildings in a classical style , such as the Mutual Life , Atlantic Mutual , and Broad Exchange Buildings , all designed by Clinton and Russell . Others broke new ground , including the Flatiron Building which opened in 1903 near Madison Square . The Chicago firm of Daniel Hudsdon Burnham designed the 307 feet ( 94 m ) high , 21 story structure ; the unusually shaped , narrow building needed particularly strong wind bracing , while the facade was richly textured and incorporated stylistic features more common in Chicago . A critical and popular success , the Flatiron was likened to the Parthenon of Ancient Greece and became a New York icon .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The First Transcontinental Railroad ( also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad , known originally as the `` Pacific Railroad '' and later as the `` Overland Route '' ) was a 1,912 - mile ( 3,077 km ) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha , Nebraska / Council Bluffs , Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay . The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants . Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds . The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 mi ( 212 km ) of track from Oakland / Alameda to Sacramento , California . The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California ( CPRR ) constructed 690 mi ( 1,110 km ) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit , Utah Territory ( U.T. ) . The Union Pacific built 1,085 mi ( 1,746 km ) from the road 's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha , Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit .
First Transcontinental Railroad
In 1866 they put in a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) vertical shaft in the center of the summit tunnel and started work towards the east and west tunnel faces , giving four working faces on the summit tunnel to speed up progress . A steam engine off an old locomotive was brought up with much effort over the wagon road and used as a winch driver to help remove loosened rock from the vertical shaft and two working faces . By the winter of 1866 -- 67 , work had progressed sufficiently and a camp had been built for workers on the summit tunnel which allowed work to continue . The cross section of a tunnel face was a 16 - foot - wide ( 4.9 m ) , 16 - foot - high ( 4.9 m ) oval with an 11 - foot ( 3.4 m ) vertical wall . Progress on the tunnel sped up to over 1.5 feet ( 0.46 m ) per day per face when they started using the newly invented nitroglycerin -- manufactured near the tunnel . They used nitroglycerin to deepen the summit tunnel to the required 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) height after the four tunnel faces met , and made even faster progress . Nearly all other tunnels were worked on both tunnel faces and met in the middle . Depending on the material the tunnels penetrated , they were left unlined or lined with brick , rock walls or timber and post . Some tunnels were designed to bend in the middle to align with the track bed curvature . Despite this potential complication , nearly all the different tunnel center lines met within 2 inches ( 5.1 cm ) or so . The detailed survey work that made these tunnel digs as precise as required were nearly all done by the Canadian born and trained Lewis Clement , the CPRR 's Chief Assistant Engineer and Superintendent of Track , and his assistants .
Nairobi
Three years prior in 1972 , the World Bank approved funds for further expansion of the then Nairobi Airport ( now Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ) , including a new international and domestic passenger terminal building , the airport 's first dedicated cargo and freight terminal , new taxiways , associated aprons , internal roads , car parks , police and fire stations , a State Pavilion , airfield and roadway lighting , fire hydrant system , water , electrical , telecommunications and sewage systems , a dual carriageway passenger access road , security , drainage and the building of the main access road to the airport ( Airport South Road ) . The total cost of the project was more than US $29 million ( US $111.8 million in 2013 dollars ) . On 14 March 1978 , construction of the current terminal building was completed on the other side of the airport 's single runway and opened by President Jomo Kenyatta less than five months before his death . The airport was renamed Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in memory of its First President .
New Jersey
Motion picture technology was developed by Thomas Edison , with much of his early work done at his West Orange laboratory . Edison 's Black Maria was the first motion picture studio . America 's first motion picture industry started in 1907 in Fort Lee and the first studio was constructed there in 1909 . DuMont Laboratories in Passaic developed early sets and made the first broadcast to the private home .
First Transcontinental Railroad
In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill :
History of mobile phones
Prior to 1973 , mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles . Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone . On April 3 , 1973 , Martin Cooper , a Motorola researcher and executive , made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment , placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs , his rival . The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kilograms ( 2.4 lb ) and measured 23 by 13 by 4.5 centimetres ( 9.1 by 5.1 by 1.8 in ) . The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge .
Indian Railways
On 3 February 1925 , first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria terminus and Kurla . It ran on 1500V DC overhead traction . Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik companies provided the locomotives for the same . In the same year VT - Bandra section was also electrified and electric services began there , with an elevated platform at Sandhurst Road . In the same year , the Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway was merged with EIR . The first railway budget was also presented in 1925 . East Indian Railway Company and Great Indian Peninsular Railway were taken over by the state in the same year . In 1926 , Kurla - Kalyan section was electrified with 1500 V DC . Electrification to Poona and Igatpuri ( both 1500V DC ) over the Bhore and Thal Ghats was also completed in the same year . Charbagh railway station in Lucknow was built in the same year . On Jan 1928 , Bandra - Virar section was electrified with 1500V DC . In the same year , the Frontier Mail made its inaugural run between Bombay VT and Peshawar. and first automatic colour - light signals became operational in India , on GIPR 's lines between Bombay VT and Byculla . In the same year , Kanpur Central and Lucknow stations were inaugurated . In 1929 , the Grand Trunk Express began running between Peshawar and Mangalore , Punjab Limited Express began running between Mumbai and Lahore . Automatic colour - light signalling was extended to the Byculla - Kurla section in the same year . On 1 June 1930 , the Deccan Queen began running , hauled by a WCP - 1 ( No. 20024 , old number EA / 1 4006 ) and with 7 coaches , on the GIPR 's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona ( Pune ) . In the same year , Hyderabad Godavary Valley Rly . was merged into Nizam 's State Rly . In the same year , the route of the Grand Trunk Exp . was changed to Delhi - Madras .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
The Pennsylvania Turnpike opened at midnight on October 1 , 1940 , between Irwin and Carlisle ; the day before the opening , motorists lined up at the Irwin and Carlisle interchanges . Homer D. Romberger , a feed and tallow driver from Carlisle , became the first motorist to enter the turnpike at Carlisle , and Carl A. Boe of McKeesport became the first motorist to enter at Irwin . Boe was flagged down by Frank Lorey and Dick Gangle , the first hitchhikers along the turnpike . On October 6 ( the first Sunday after the turnpike 's opening ) traffic was heavy , with congestion at toll plazas , tunnels and service plazas .
Paul Revere
By 1795 , a growing percentage of his foundry 's business came from a new product , copper bolts , spikes , and other fittings that he sold to merchants and the Boston naval yard for ship construction . In 1801 , Revere became a pioneer in the production of rolled copper , opening North America 's first copper mill south of Boston in Canton . Copper from the Revere Copper Company was used to cover the original wooden dome of the Massachusetts State House in 1802 . His copper and brass works eventually grew , through sale and corporate merger , into a large corporation , Revere Copper and Brass , Inc .
Satellite
While Canada was the third country to build a satellite which was launched into space , it was launched aboard an American rocket from an American spaceport . The same goes for Australia , who launched first satellite involved a donated U.S. Redstone rocket and American support staff as well as a joint launch facility with the United Kingdom . The first Italian satellite San Marco 1 launched on 15 December 1964 on a U.S. Scout rocket from Wallops Island ( Virginia , United States ) with an Italian launch team trained by NASA . By similar occasions , almost all further first national satellites was launched by foreign rockets .
Horseshoe
In 1835 , the first U.S. patent for a horseshoe manufacturing machine capable of making up to 60 horseshoes per hour was issued to Henry Burden . In the mid 19th century Canada , marsh horseshoes kept horses from sinking into the soft intertidal mud during dike - building . In a common design , a metal horseshoe holds a flat wooden shoe in place .