vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Solar cell
Global PV cell / module production increased by 10 % in 2012 despite a 9 % decline in solar energy investments according to the annual `` PV Status Report '' released by the European Commission 's Joint Research Centre . Between 2009 and 2013 cell production has quadrupled .
Income inequality in the United States
The household income Gini index for the United States was 0.468 in 2009 , according to the US Census Bureau , though it varied significantly between states . The states of Utah , Alaska and Wyoming have a pre-tax income inequality Gini coefficient that is 10 % lower than the average , while Washington D.C. and Puerto Rico 10 % higher . After including the effects of federal and state taxes , the U.S. Federal Reserve estimates 34 states in the USA have a Gini coefficient between 0.30 and 0.35 , with the state of Maine the lowest . At the county and municipality levels , the pre-tax Gini index ranged from 0.21 to 0.65 in 2010 across the United States , according to Census Bureau estimates .
Kenya
Kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government 's African Growth and Opportunity Act ( AGOA ) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years . Since AGOA took effect in 2000 , Kenya 's clothing sales to the United States increased from US $44 million to US $270 million ( 2006 ) . Other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government 's favourable tax measures , including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials .
Hyperinflation
In Roman Egypt , where the best documentation on pricing has survived , the price of a measure of wheat was 200 drachmae in 276 AD , and increased to more than 2,000,000 drachmae in 334 AD , roughly 1,000,000 % inflation in a span of 58 years .
Health care in the United States
A report published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in April 2008 found that economic downturns place a significant strain on state Medicaid and SCHIP programs . The authors estimated that a 1 % increase in the unemployment rate would increase Medicaid and SCHIP enrollment by 1 million , and increase the number uninsured by 1.1 million . State spending on Medicaid and SCHIP would increase by $1.4 billion ( total spending on these programs would increase by $3.4 billion ) . This increased spending would occur at the same time state government revenues were declining . During the last downturn , the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 ( JGTRRA ) included federal assistance to states , which helped states avoid tightening their Medicaid and SCHIP eligibility rules . The authors conclude that Congress should consider similar relief for the current economic downturn . Variations
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
A February 4 , 2009 , report by the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) said that while the stimulus would increase economic output and employment in the short run , the GDP would , by 2019 , have an estimated net decrease between 0.1 % and 0.3 % ( as compared to the CBO estimated baseline ) .
Cranberry
Prices and production increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s . Prices peaked at about $65.00 per barrel ( 29 ¢ / kg -- a cranberry barrel equals 100 pounds or 45.4 kg . ) in 1996 then fell to $18.00 per barrel ( 8.2 ¢ / kg ) in 2001 . The cause for the precipitous drop was classic oversupply . Production had outpaced consumption leading to substantial inventory in freezers or as concentrate .
Economy of Mexico
GDP per capita PPP US $16,900 ( 2012 -- 15 ) GNI per capita PPP US $16,500 ( 2012 -- 15 ) Inflation ( CPI ) 2.21 % ( November 2015 ) Gini index 47.0 ( World Bank 2012 ) Unemployment 5.5 % ( April 2010 ) HDI 0.770 ( 2011 ) Labor force 78.4 million ( 2011 ) Pop. in poverty 13.8 %
Wind turbine
Reliance on rare earth minerals for components has risked expense and price volatility as China has been main producer of rare earth minerals ( 96 % in 2009 ) and had been reducing its export quotas of these materials . In recent years , however , other producers have increased production of rare earth minerals and China has removed its reduced export quota on rare earths leading to an increased supply and decreased cost of rare earth minerals , increasing the viability of the implementation of variable speed generators in wind turbines on a large scale .
New Deal
The dollar was allowed to float freely on foreign exchange markets with no guaranteed price in gold . With the passage of the Gold Reserve Act in 1934 , the nominal price of gold was changed from $20.67 per troy ounce to $35 . These measures enabled the Federal Reserve to increase the amount of money in circulation to the level the economy needed . Markets immediately responded well to the suspension in the hope that the decline in prices would finally end . In her essay `` What ended the Great Depression ? '' ( 1992 ) , Christina Romer argued that this policy raised industrial production by 25 % until 1937 and by 50 % until 1942 . Securities
Economic history of Argentina
In April 2016 , monthly inflation in the country rose to 6.7 % , the highest since 2002 , according to the indicator disseminated by Congress based on reports from economic consultants for the suspension of INDEC indices , decreed in December In interannual terms , inflation reached 41.7 % , one of the highest in the world . By 2016 , it is estimated that inflation reached 37.4 % , the fiscal deficit 4.8 % and GDP will fall by 1.9 % . In December 2015 , in fiscal year 2015 , it announced the elimination of export retentions for wheat , maize and meat , while reducing withholding taxes on soybean to 30 % , with a fiscal cost of 23,604 million pesos . This led to strong increases in staple products , including oil which increased by 51 % , flour 110 % , chicken 90 % , and noodles 78 % among others , and a 50 % increase in the price of meat in two weeks . Because of the new prices of cereals , which increased by about 150 % , many producing pigs are in crisis . The removal of the retentions has caused the cost of corn to increase by 150 % and soybean by 180 % . It is estimated that in the province of Buenos Aires alone 40 thousand pork producers would be in crisis .
Coffee
Coffee production attracted immigrants in search of better economic opportunities in the early 1900s . Mainly , these were Portuguese , Italian , Spanish , German , and Japanese nationals . For instance , São Paulo received approximately 733,000 immigrants in the decade preceding 1900 , whilst only receiving approximately 201,000 immigrants in the six years to 1890 . The production yield of coffee increases . In 1880 , São Paulo produced 1.2 million bags ( 25 % of total production ) , in 1888 2.6 million ( 40 % ) , in 1902 8 million bags ( 60 % ) . Coffee is then 63 % of the country 's exports . The gains made by this trade allow sustained economic growth in the country .
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Home energy credit House -- $4.3 billion to provide an expanded credit to homeowners who make their homes more energy - efficient in 2009 and 2010 . Homeowners could recoup 30 percent of the cost up to $1,500 of numerous projects , such as installing energy - efficient windows , doors , furnaces and air conditioners . Senate -- Same . Conference -- Same . Unemployment House -- No similar provision . Senate -- $4.7 billion to exclude from taxation the first $2,400 a person receives in unemployment compensation benefits in 2009 . Conference -- Same as Senate Bonus depreciation House -- $5 billion to extend a provision allowing businesses buying equipment such as computers to speed up its depreciation through 2009 . Senate -- Similar . Money - losing companies House -- $15 billion to allow companies to use current losses to offset profits made in the previous five years , instead of two , making them eligible for tax refunds . Senate -- Allows companies to use more of their losses to offset previous profits , increasing the cost to $19.5 billion . Conference -- Limits the carry - back to small companies , revenue under $5 million Government contractors House -- Repeal a law that takes effect in 2011 , requiring government agencies to withhold three percent of payments to contractors to help ensure they pay their tax bills . Repealing the law would cost $11 billion over 10 years , in part because the government could not earn interest by holding the money throughout the year . Senate -- Delays the law from taking effect until 2012 , reducing the cost to $291 million . Energy production House -- $13 billion to extend tax credits for renewable energy production . Senate -- Same . Conference -- Extension is to 2014 . Repeal bank credit House -- Repeal a Treasury provision that allowed firms that buy money - losing banks to use more of the losses as tax credits to offset the profits of the merged banks for tax purposes . The change would increase taxes on the merged banks by $7 billion over 10 years . Senate -- Same . House -- $36 billion to subsidize locally issued bonds for school construction , teacher training , economic development and infrastructure improvements .
Gold standard
World production for 2011 was circa 2,700 tonnes . Since the 1950s , annual gold output growth has approximately kept pace with world population growth ( i.e. a doubling in this period ) although it has lagged behind world economic growth ( approximately 8-fold increase since the 1950s , and 4x since 1980 ) .
Polycrystalline silicon
The polysilicon manufacturing market is growing rapidly . According to Digitimes , in July 2011 , the total polysilicon production in 2010 was 209,000 tons . First - tier suppliers account for 64 % of the market while China - based polysilicon firms have 30 % of market share . The total production is likely to increase 37.4 % to 281,000 tons by end of 2011 . For 2012 , EETimes Asia predicts 328,000 tons production with only 196,000 tons of demand , with spot prices expected to fall 56 % . While good for renewable energy prospects , the subsequent drop in price could be brutal for manufacturers . As of late 2012 , SolarIndustryMag reports a capacity of 385,000 tons will be reached by yearend 2012 .
Oil reserves in Canada
Up until 2010 Canada was the only major oil producer in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) to have an increase in oil production in recent years . Production in the other major OECD producers ( the United States , United Kingdom , Norway and Mexico ) at that time have been declining , as was conventional oil production in Canada . Total crude oil production in Canada was projected to increase by an average of 8.6 percent per year from 2008 to 2011 as a result of new non-conventional oil projects .
Hyperinflation
Although the price increased by a factor of 10,000 over 58 years , the annual rate of inflation was only 17.2 % ( 1.4 % monthly ) compounded .
Coal
In 2006 , China was the top producer of coal with 38 % share followed by the United States and India , according to the British Geological Survey . As of 2012 coal production in the United States was falling at the rate of 7 % annually with many power plants using coal shut down or converted to natural gas ; however , some of the reduced domestic demand was taken up by increased exports with five coal export terminals being proposed in the Pacific Northwest to export coal from the Powder River Basin to China and other Asian markets ; however , as of 2013 , environmental opposition was increasing . High - sulfur coal mined in Illinois which was unsaleable in the United States found a ready market in Asia as exports reached 13 million tons in 2012 .
Marshall Plan
The years 1948 to 1952 saw the fastest period of growth in European history . Industrial production increased by 35 % . Agricultural production substantially surpassed pre-war levels . The poverty and starvation of the immediate postwar years disappeared , and Western Europe embarked upon an unprecedented two decades of growth that saw standards of living increase dramatically . There is some debate among historians over how much this should be credited to the Marshall Plan . Most reject the idea that it alone miraculously revived Europe , as evidence shows that a general recovery was already underway . Most believe that the Marshall Plan sped this recovery , but did not initiate it . Many argue that the structural adjustments that it forced were of great importance . Economic historians J. Bradford DeLong and Barry Eichengreen call it `` history 's most successful structural adjustment program . '' One effect of the plan was that it subtly `` Americanized '' European countries , especially Austria , through new exposure to American popular culture , including the growth in influence of Hollywood movies and rock n ' roll .
Treaty of Versailles
The Weimar Government also funded domestic rearmament programs , which were covertly funded with the money camouflaged in `` X-budgets '' , worth up to an additional 10 % of the disclosed military budget . By 1925 , German companies had begun to design tanks and modern artillery . During the year , over half of Chinese arms imports were German and worth 13 million Reichsmarks . In January 1927 , following the withdrawal of the Allied disarmament committee , Krupps ramped up production of armor plate and artillery . Production increased so that by 1937 , military exports had increased to 82,788,604 Reichsmarks . Production was not the only violation : `` Volunteers '' were rapidly passed through the army to make a pool of trained reserves , and paramilitary organizations were encouraged with the illegally militarized police . Non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) were not limited by the treaty , thus this loophole was exploited and as such the number of NCOs were vastly in excess to the number needed by the Reichswehr .
Federal Housing Administration
The creation of the Federal Housing Administration successfully increased the size of the housing market . Home ownership increased from 40 % in the 1930s to 61 % and 65 % in 1995 . Homeownership peaked at nearly 69 % in 2005 , near the peak of the US housing bubble . By 1938 only four years after the beginning of the Federal Housing Association , a house could be purchased for a down payment of only ten percent of the purchase price . The remaining ninety percent was financed by 25 - year , self - amortizing , FHA - insured mortgage loan . After World War II , the FHA helped finance homes for returning veterans and families of soldiers . It has helped with purchases of both single family and multifamily homes . In the 1950s , 1960s , and 1970s , the FHA helped to spark the production of millions of units of privately owned apartments for elderly , handicapped , and lower - income Americans . When the soaring inflation and energy costs threatened the survival of thousands of private apartment buildings in the 1970s , FHA 's emergency financing kept cash - strapped properties afloat . In the 1980s , when the economy did not support an increase in homeowners , the FHA helped to steady falling prices , making it possible for potential homeowners to finance when private mortgage insurers pulled out of oil - producing states .
Income inequality in the United States
The gini rating ( after taxes and government income transfers ) of the United States is sufficiently high , however , to put it among less developed countries . The US ranks above ( more unequal than ) South American countries such Guyana , Nicaragua , and Venezuela , and roughly on par with Uruguay , Nicaragua , and Venezuela , according to the CIA .
Balkans
Currently all of the states are republics , but until World War II all countries were monarchies . Most of the republics are parliamentary , excluding Romania and Bosnia which are semi-presidential . All the states have open market economies , most of which are in the upper - middle income range ( $4,000 -- $12,000 p.c. ) , however , Greece and Romania have high income economies ( over $12,000 p.c. ) , and is also classified with very high HDI in contrast to the remaining states which are classified with high HDI . The states from the former Eastern Bloc that formerly had planned economy system and Turkey mark gradual economic growth each year , only the economy of Greece drops for 2012 and meanwhile it was expected to grow in 2013 . The Gross domestic product ( Purchasing power parity ) per capita is highest in Slovenia ( over $34,000 ) and Greece ( over $25,000 ) , followed by Romania and Croatia ( $24,000 ) and then Turkey , Bulgaria , Montenegro , Serbia , Macedonia ( $10,000 -- $15,000 ) , Bosnia , Albania and Kosovo ( below $10,000 ) . The Gini coefficient , which indicates the level of difference by monetary welfare of the layers , is on the second level at the highest monetary equality in Albania , Bulgaria and Serbia , on the third level in Greece , Montenegro and Romania , on the fourth level in Macedonia , on the fifth level in Turkey , and the most unequal by Gini coefficient is Bosnia at the eighth level which is the penultimate level and one of the highest in the world . The unemployment is lowest in Romania ( below 10 % ) , followed by Bulgaria , Turkey , Albania ( 10 -- 15 % ) , Greece ( 15 -- 20 % ) , Montenegro , Serbia , Bosnia ( 20 -- 30 % ) , Macedonia ( over 30 % ) and Kosovo ( over 40 % ) .
Hard disk drive
Worldwide revenue for disk storage declined 4 % per year , from a peak of $38 billion in 2012 to $27 billion in 2016 . Production of HDDs grew 16 % per year , from 335 exabytes in 2011 to 693 exabytes in 2016 . Shipments declined 7 % per year during this time period , from 620 million units to 425 million . Seagate and Western Digital each have 40 -- 45 % of unit shipments , while Toshiba has 13 -- 17 % . The average sales price for the two largest manufacturers was $60 per unit in 2015 .
History of Wells Fargo
In 1973 , a tighter monetary policy made this arrangement less profitable , but Wells Fargo saw an opportunity in the new interest limits on passbook savings . When the allowable rate increased to 5 % , Wells Fargo was the first to begin paying the higher rate . The bank attracted many new customers as a result , and within two years its market share of the retail savings trade increased more than two points , a substantial increase in California 's competitive banking climate . With its increased deposits , Wells Fargo was able to reduce its borrowings from the Federal Reserve , and the 0.5 % premium it paid for deposits was more than made up for by the savings in interest payments . In 1975 , the rest of the California banks instituted a 5 % passbook savings rate , but they failed to recapture their market share .
The Emergency (India)
Indira Gandhi devised a ' 20 - point ' economic programme to increase agricultural and industrial production , improve public services and fight poverty and illiteracy , through `` the discipline of the graveyard '' . In addition to the official twenty points , Sanjay Gandhi declared his own five - point programme promoting literacy , family planning , tree planting , the eradication of casteism and the abolition of dowry . Later during the Emergency , the two projects merged into a twenty - five point programme .
Medicare (United States)
Both House Republicans and President Obama proposed increasing the additional premiums paid by the wealthiest people with Medicare , compounding several reforms in the ACA that would increase the number of wealthier individuals paying higher , income - related Part B and Part D premiums . Such proposals are projected to save $20 billion over the course of a decade , and would ultimately result in more than a quarter of Medicare enrollees paying between 35 and 90 percent of their Part B costs by 2035 , rather than the typical 25 percent . If the brackets mandated for 2035 were implemented today , it would mean that anyone earning more than $47,000 ( as an individual ) or $94,000 ( as a couple ) would be affected . Under the Republican proposals , affected individuals would pay 40 percent of the total Part B and Part D premiums , which would be equivalent of $2,500 today .
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean region has seen a significant increase in human activity since the colonization period . The sea is one of the largest oil production areas in the world , producing approximately 170 million tons per year . The area also generates a large fishing industry for the surrounding countries , accounting for 500,000 tonnes ( 490,000 long tons ; 550,000 short tons ) of fish a year .
Olive oil extraction
Depending on the olives and processing , the Decanter or Tricanter can extract between 85 and 90 % of the olive oil in the 1st extraction . The yield from olive oil manufacture can be increased even further with a 2nd extraction . The olive oil yield increases to as much as 96 % by combining the 1st and 2nd extractions .
California Smog Check Program
Climate change may also affect California 's diverse agricultural sector , since it is likely to change precipitation , temperature averages , pest and weed ranges , and the length of the growing season ( this affecting crop productivity ) . In one study , researchers looked at the possible effects on the agricultural sector in the US and identified some possible effects . Results suggested that climate change will decrease annual crop yields in the long - term , especially for cotton .
Rice production in Thailand
While all of these advances helped improve overall production of rice in Thailand , many low - income farmers in Thailand were left worse off . Many peasants were unable to hold on to their land and became tenants . The UN estimates that Thai farmers who owned their own land declined from 44 percent in 2004 to just 15 percent in 2011 . The government demanded tax revenues , even during bad years , and this pushed many low - income farmers even closer to the margin . Farmers have accumulated 338 billion baht in debt . In 2013 , the average household debt in Thailand 's northeast was 78,648 baht , slightly lower than the national average of 82,572 baht , according to Thailand 's Office of Agricultural Economics ( OAE ) . But the region 's average monthly household income , at 19,181 baht , was also lower than the national average , 25,194 baht , according to the National Statistics Office . New technologies have also pushed up the entry cost of rice farming and made it harder for farmers to own their land and produce rice . Many farmers have turned to loan sharks to sustain their operations . In 2015 , nearly 150,000 farmers borrowed 21.59 billion baht from these lenders , according to the Provincial Administration Department .
Medicare (United States)
Over the long - term , Medicare faces significant financial challenges because of rising overall health care costs , increasing enrollment as the population ages , and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollees . Total Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to around $900 billion by 2020 . From 2010 to 2030 , Medicare enrollment is projected to increase from 47 million to 79 million , and the ratio of workers to enrollees is expected to decrease from 3.7 to 2.4 . However , the ratio of workers to retirees has declined steadily for decades , and social insurance systems have remained sustainable due to rising worker productivity . There is some evidence that productivity gains will continue to offset demographic trends in the near future .
Pennsylvania Turnpike
A three - percent toll increase went into effect January 3 , 2010 , bringing the rate to 7.7 cents per mile ( 4.8 ¢ / km ) or 8 ¢ / mi ( 5.0 ¢ / km ) in 2016 . The cash toll increased 10 percent on January 2 , 2011 , and E-ZPass tolls increased three percent . The new toll rate was 8.5 cents per mile ( 5.3 ¢ / km ) or 9 ¢ / mi ( 5.6 ¢ / km ) in 2016 using cash , and 7.9 cents per mile ( 4.9 ¢ / km ) or 8 ¢ / mi ( 5.0 ¢ / km ) in 2016 using E-ZPass . As part of this toll hike the turnpike commission initially planned to omit the toll amount from new tickets , and Pennsylvania Auditor Jack Wagner wondered if the commission was trying to hide the increase . The commission later decided to include the tolls on new tickets .