vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
United States presidential primary
A customary ceremonial practice has been for the losing candidate ( s ) in the primary season to `` release '' their delegates at the convention and exhort them to vote for the winning nominee as a sign of party unity . Thus , the vote tallied on the convention floor is unanimous or nearly so . For example , during the 2008 Democratic National Convention , Hillary Clinton ( who only captured about 22 percent of delegates compared to Barack Obama 's approximate 72 percent ) moved to nominate Obama by acclamation , making it a unanimous vote .
Primary color
The subtractive color mixing model predicts the spectral power distributions of light filtered through overlaid partially absorbing materials on a reflecting or transparent surface . Each layer partially absorbs some wavelengths of light from the illumination spectrum while letting others pass through multiplicatively , resulting in a colored appearance . Overlapping layers of ink in printing mix subtractively over reflecting white paper in this way to generate photorealistic color images . The typical number of inks in such a printing process ranges from 3 to 6 ( e.g. , CMYK process , Pantone hexachrome ) . In general , using fewer inks as primaries results in more economical printing but using more may result in better color reproduction .
Chinese marriage
A somewhat different form of it is the so - called `` two primary wives '' ( 兩頭 大 ) . Traditionally , a married woman is expected to live with her husband 's family . When the husband has to live away from his family , however , she has to stay with her in - laws and take care of them . A man who thus suffers chronic separation from his wife , such as a traveling merchant , may `` marry '' another woman where he lives and set up a separate household with her . Due to the geographical separation , the second woman often regards herself as a full wife for all practical matters , yet legally this marriage is not recognized , and she is treated as a concubine . In China specifically , in cases where the primary wife fails to have sons to preserve the male lineage , i.e. family name , a secondary wife is allowed by law via the sing - song girls concept .
Primary color
Thus for trichromats like humans , we use three ( or more ) primaries for most general purposes . Two primaries would be unable to produce even some of the most common among the named colors . Adding a reasonable choice of third primary can drastically increase the available gamut , while adding a fourth or fifth may increase the gamut but typically not by as much .
Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy , and came to advance ideals like liberty , progress , tolerance , fraternity , constitutional government and separation of church and state . In France the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance , in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church . The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism , along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy -- an attitude captured by the phrase Sapere aude , `` Dare to know '' .
Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc became a semi-legendary figure for the four centuries after her death . The main sources of information about her were chronicles . Five original manuscripts of her condemnation trial surfaced in old archives during the 19th century . Soon , historians also located the complete records of her rehabilitation trial , which contained sworn testimony from 115 witnesses , and the original French notes for the Latin condemnation trial transcript . Various contemporary letters also emerged , three of which carry the signature Jehanne in the unsteady hand of a person learning to write . This unusual wealth of primary source material is one reason DeVries declares , `` No person of the Middle Ages , male or female , has been the subject of more study . ''
Primary color
The three axes of the psychological primaries were applied by Richard S. Hunter as the primaries for the colorspace ultimately known as CIELAB . The Natural Color System is also directly inspired by the psychological primaries .
Midwestern United States
The nomadic tribes of the Great Plains survived on hunting , some of their major hunts centered on deer and buffalo . Some tribes are described as part of the ' Buffalo Culture ' ( sometimes called , for the American Bison ) . Although the Plains Indians hunted other animals , such as elk or antelope , bison was their primary game food source . Bison flesh , hide , and bones from Bison hunting provided the chief source of raw materials for items that Plains Indians made , including food , cups , decorations , crafting tools , knives , and clothing .
United States presidential primary
While most states hold primary elections , a handful of states hold caucuses . Instead of going to a polling place , voters attend local private events run by the political parties , and cast their selections there . The advantage of caucuses is that the state party runs the process directly instead of having the state and local governments run them . The disadvantage is that most election laws do not normally apply to caucuses .
Primary color
The exact colors chosen for additive primaries are a technological compromise between the available phosphors ( including considerations such as cost and power usage ) and the need for large chromaticity gamut . The ITU - R BT. 709 - 5 / sRGB primaries are typical .
Primary election
With a view to the European elections , many European political parties consider organising a presidential primary .
United States presidential primary
One reform concept is the graduated random presidential primary system , variations of which have been referred to as the American Plan or the California Plan . This plan starts with small primaries , and gradually moves up to larger ones , in 10 steps , with states chosen at random . The idea is that fewer initial primaries , typically in smaller states , would allow grassroots campaigns to score early successes and pick up steam . However , since states are chosen at random , travel costs may still be significant .
Hip hop
Artists now use brands as a means of supplemental income to their music or are creating and expanding their own brands that become their primary source of income . As Harry Elam explains , there has been a movement `` from the incorporation and redefinition of existing trends to actually designing and marketing products as hip hop fashion '' .
San Jose, California
Sales taxes were a chief source of revenue . Hamann would determine where major shopping areas would be , and then annex narrow bands of land along major roadways leading to those locations , pushing tentacles across the Santa Clara Valley and , in turn , walling off the expansion of adjacent communities .
Mexico City
The city 's main source of fresh produce is the Central de Abasto . This in itself is a self - contained mini-city in Iztapalapa borough covering an area equivalent to several dozen city blocks . The wholesale market supplies most of the city 's `` mercados '' , supermarkets and restaurants , as well as people who come to buy the produce for themselves . Tons of fresh produce are trucked in from all over Mexico every day .
Primary election
Whereas closed primaries are rather common within many European countries , few political parties in Europe already opted for open primaries . Parties generally organise primaries to nominate the party leader ( leadership election ) . The underlying reason for that is that most European countries are parliamentary democracies . National governments are derived from the majority in the Parliament , which means that the head of the government is generally the leader of the winning party . France is one exception to this rule .
United States presidential primary
During the convention , there is generally a roll call of the votes . Each delegation announces its vote tallies , usually accompanied with some boosterism of their state or territory . The delegation may pass , nominally to retally their delegates ' preferences , but often to allow a different delegation to give the leading candidate the honor of casting the majority - making vote .
Law
Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into legal history , philosophy , economic analysis and sociology . Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality , fairness , and justice .
United States presidential primary
Both major political parties of the U.S. -- the Democratic Party and the Republican Party -- officially nominate their candidate for President at their respective national conventions . Each of these conventions is attended by a number of delegates selected in accordance with the given party 's bylaws . The results of the presidential primaries and caucuses bind many of these delegates , known as pledged delegates , to vote for a particular candidate .
Emperor of Japan
The five Fujiwara families , Ichijō , Kujō , Nijō , Konoe , and Takatsukasa , were the primary source of imperial brides from the 8th century to the 19th century , even more often than daughters of the imperial clan itself . Fujiwara daughters were thus the usual empresses and mothers of Emperors .
United States presidential primary
A handful of states practice non-binding `` beauty contests '' , which are public opinion surveys for use by caucus delegates to select candidates to a state convention , which then in turn selects delegates to the national convention .
Rainbow
Light of primary rainbow arc is 96 % polarised tangential to the arch . Light of second arc is 90 % polarised .
United States presidential primary
The term `` superdelegate '' itself was used originally as a criticism of unpledged delegates . Political commentator Susan Estrich argued in 1981 that these delegates , who at the time were predominantly white and male , had more power than other delegates because of their greater freedom to vote as they wish . The Democratic Party in particular has faced accusations that it conducts its nominating process in an undemocratic way , because superdelegates are generally chosen without regard to their preferences in the presidential race and are not obligated to support the candidate chosen by the voters .
Primary election
A criticism of the current presidential primary election schedule is that it gives undue weight to the few states with early primaries , as those states often build momentum for leading candidates and rule out trailing candidates long before the rest of the country has even had a chance to weigh in , leaving the last states with virtually no actual input on the process . The counterargument to this criticism , however , is that , by subjecting candidates to the scrutiny of a few early states , the parties can weed out candidates who are unfit for office .
Book of Revelation
Steve Moyise uses the index of the United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament to show that `` Revelation contains more Old Testament allusions than any other New Testament book , but it does not record a single quotation . '' Perhaps significantly , Revelation chooses different sources than other New Testament books . Revelation concentrates on Isaiah , Psalms , and Ezekiel , while neglecting , comparatively speaking , the books of the Pentateuch that are the dominant sources for other New Testament writers . Methodological objections have been made to this course as each allusion may not have an equal significance . To counter this , G.K. Beale sought to develop a system that distinguished ' clear ' , ' probable ' , and ' possible ' allusions . A clear allusion is one with almost the same wording as its source , the same general meaning , and which could not reasonably have been drawn from elsewhere . A probable allusion contains an idea which is uniquely traceable to its source . Possible allusions are described as mere echoes of their putative sources .
Health care in the United States
Primary care doctors are often the point of entry for most patients needing care , but in the fragmented health care system of the U.S. , many patients and their providers experience problems with care coordination . For example , a Harris Interactive survey of California physicians found that :
Whiskey Rebellion
A source of government revenue was needed to pay the respectable amount due to the previous bondholders to whom the debt was owed . By December 1790 , Hamilton believed that import duties , which were the government 's primary source of revenue , had been raised as high as feasible . He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits . This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product . Whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in late 18th - century America , so the excise became known as the `` whiskey tax . '' Taxes were politically unpopular , and Hamilton believed that the whiskey excise was a luxury tax and would be the least objectionable tax that the government could levy . In this , he had the support of some social reformers , who hoped that a `` sin tax '' would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol . The whiskey excise act , sometimes known as the `` Whiskey Act '' , became law in March 1791 . George Washington defined the revenue districts , appointed the revenue supervisors and inspectors , and set their pay in November 1791 .
Vaishnavism
The Vedas , the Upanishads , the Bhagavad Gita and the Agamas are the scriptural sources of Vaishnavism , while the Bhagavata Purana is a revered and celebrated popular text , parts of which a few scholars such as Dominic Goodall include as a scripture . Other important texts in the tradition include the Mahabharata and the Ramayana , as well as texts by various sampradayas ( denominations within Vaishnavism ) . In many Vaishnava traditions , Krishna is accepted as a teacher , whose teachings are in the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana .
United States presidential primary
A major reason states try to increase their influence , and vie for earlier primaries , is that in recent years the races have usually been decided before the primary season has ended in June . For example , John McCain officially clinched the 2008 Republican presidential nomination in March , while during that same month Barack Obama held a substantial lead in pledged delegates in the Democratic Party primaries . In 2012 , Obama faced no major challenger in the Democratic Party primaries since he had the advantage of incumbency ( see below ) , while Mitt Romney gained enough delegates to be declared the presumptive Republican nominee by late April .
Euphrates
The inundation of large parts of the Euphrates valley , especially in Turkey and Syria , has led to the flooding of many archaeological sites and other places of cultural significance . Although concerted efforts have been made to record or save as much of the endangered cultural heritage as possible , many sites are probably lost forever . The combined GAP projects on the Turkish Euphrates have led to major international efforts to document the archaeological and cultural heritage of the endangered parts of the valley . Especially the flooding of Zeugma with its unique Roman mosaics by the reservoir of the Birecik Dam has generated much controversy in both the Turkish and international press . The construction of the Tabqa Dam in Syria led to a large international campaign coordinated by UNESCO to document the heritage that would disappear under the waters of Lake Assad . Archaeologists from numerous countries excavated sites ranging in date from the Natufian to the Abbasid period , and two minarets were dismantled and rebuilt outside the flood zone . Important sites that have been flooded or affected by the rising waters of Lake Assad include Mureybet , Emar and Abu Hureyra . A similar international effort was made when the Tishrin Dam was constructed , which led , among others , to the flooding of the important Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of Jerf el - Ahmar . An archaeological survey and rescue excavations were also carried out in the area flooded by Lake Qadisiya in Iraq . Parts of the flooded area have recently become accessible again due to the drying up of the lake , resulting not only in new possibilities for archaeologists to do more research , but also providing opportunities for looting , which has been rampant elsewhere in Iraq in the wake of the 2003 invasion .
High-voltage direct current
Voltage - source converters , on the other hand , can either produce or consume reactive power on demand , with the result that usually no separate shunt capacitors are needed ( other than those required purely for filtering ) .
Institution
The term `` institution '' commonly applies to both informal institutions such as customs , or behavior patterns important to a society , and to particular formal institutions created by entities such as the government and public services . Primary or meta - institutions are institutions such as the family that are broad enough to encompass other institutions .
Relationship between religion and science
The concepts of `` science '' and `` religion '' are a recent invention : `` religion '' emerged in the 17th century in the midst of colonization and globalization and the Protestant Reformation , `` science '' emerged in the 19th century in the midst of attempts to narrowly define those who studied nature , and the phrase `` religion and science '' emerged in the 19th century due to the reification of both concepts . It was in the 19th century that the terms `` Buddhism '' , `` Hinduism '' , `` Taoism '' , and `` Confucianism '' first emerged . In the ancient and medieval world , the etymological Latin roots of both science ( scientia ) and religion ( religio ) were understood as inner qualities of the individual or virtues , never as doctrines , practices , or actual sources of knowledge .
United States presidential primary
The impetus for national adoption of the binding primary election was the chaotic 1968 Democratic National Convention . Vice President Hubert Humphrey secured the Presidential nomination despite not winning a single primary under his own name . After this , a Democratic National Committee - commissioned panel led by Senator George McGovern -- the McGovern -- Fraser Commission -- recommended that states adopt new rules to assure wider participation . A large number of states , faced with the need to conform to more detailed rules for the selection of national delegates , chose a presidential primary as an easier way to come into compliance with the new national Democratic Party rules . The result was that many more future delegates would be selected by a state presidential primary . The Republicans also adopted many more state presidential primaries . By 1992 , Democrats had primaries in 40 states and Republicans in 39 .
Alternative energy
Renewable energy is generated from natural resources -- such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides and geothermal heat -- which are renewable ( naturally replenished ) . When comparing the processes for producing energy , there remain several fundamental differences between renewable energy and fossil fuels . The process of producing oil , coal , or natural gas fuel is a difficult and demanding process that requires a great deal of complex equipment , physical and chemical processes . On the other hand , alternative energy can be widely produced with basic equipment and natural processes . Wood , the most renewable and available alternative fuel , emits the same amount of carbon when burned as would be emitted if it degraded naturally . Nuclear power is an alternative to fossil fuels that is non-renewable , like fossil fuels , nuclear ones are a finite resource .
Federalist Era
Despite the additional import duties imposed by the Tariff of 1790 , a substantial federal deficit remained -- chiefly due to the federal assumption of stated debts . By December 1790 , Hamilton believed import duties , which were the government 's primary source of revenue , had been raised as high as was feasible . He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically distilled spirits . This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product . Although taxes were politically unpopular , Hamilton believed the whiskey excise was a luxury tax that would be the least objectionable tax the government could levy . The tax also had the support of some social reformers , who hoped a `` sin tax '' would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol . The Distilled Spirits Duties Act , commonly known as the `` Whiskey Act '' went into effect on June 1791 .
Book of Revelation
Much of Revelation employs ancient sources , primarily but not exclusively the Old Testament . For example , Howard - Brook and Gwyther regard the Book of Enoch ( 1 Enoch ) as an equally significant but contextually different source . `` Enoch 's journey has no close parallel in the Hebrew scriptures . '' Revelation , in one section , forms an inverted parallel ( chiasmus ) with the book of Enoch in which 1 En 100 : 1 -- 3 has a river of blood deep enough to submerge a chariot and in Rev 14 : 20 has a river of blood up to the horse 's bridle . There is an angel ascending in both accounts ( 1 En 100 : 4 ; Rev 14 : 14 -- 19 ) and both accounts have three messages ( 1 En 100 : 7 -- 9 ; Rev 14 : 6 -- 12 ) .
Android (operating system)
Only the base Android operating system ( including some applications ) is open - source software , whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software , such as Google Mobile Services , which includes applications such as Google Play Store , Google Search , and Google Play Services -- a software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Google - provided services , among others . These applications must be licensed from Google by device makers , and can only be shipped on devices which meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements . Custom , certified distributions of Android produced by manufacturers ( such as TouchWiz and HTC Sense ) may also replace certain stock Android apps with their own proprietary variants and add additional software not included in the stock Android operating system . There may also be `` binary blob '' drivers required for certain hardware components in the device .
Natural gas
Natural gas is a major source of electricity generation through the use of cogeneration , gas turbines and steam turbines . Natural gas is also well suited for a combined use in association with renewable energy sources such as wind or solar and for alimenting peak - load power stations functioning in tandem with hydroelectric plants . Most grid peaking power plants and some off - grid engine - generators use natural gas . Particularly high efficiencies can be achieved through combining gas turbines with a steam turbine in combined cycle mode . Natural gas burns more cleanly than other fuels , such as oil and coal . Because burning natural gas produces both water and carbon dioxide , it produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released than coal , which produces mostly carbon dioxide . Burning natural gas produces only about half the carbon dioxide per kilowatt - hour ( kWh ) that coal does . For transportation , burning natural gas produces about 30 % less carbon dioxide than burning petroleum . The US Energy Information Administration reports the following emissions in million metric tons of carbon dioxide in the world for 2012 :
Primary election
One of the more recent developments is organizing primaries on the European level . European parties that organized primaries so far were the European Green Party ( EGP ) and the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) .