vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Malaysia
In the Second World War , the Japanese Army invaded and occupied Malaya , North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore for over three years . During this time , ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew . Popular support for independence increased after Malaya was reconquered by Allied forces . Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the `` Malayan Union '' met with strong opposition from the Malays , who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese . The Malayan Union , established in 1946 , and consisting of all the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula with the exception of Singapore , was quickly dissolved and replaced on 1 February 1948 by the Federation of Malaya , which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection . During this time , mostly Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya . The Malayan Emergency lasted from 1948 to 1960 , and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya . On 31 August 1957 , Malaya became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations . After this a plan was put in place to federate Malaya with the crown colonies of North Borneo ( which joined as Sabah ) , Sarawak , and Singapore . The date of federation was planned to be 31 August 1963 so as to coincide with the anniversary of Malayan independence ; however , federation was delayed until 16 September 1963 in order for a United Nations survey of support for federation in Sabah and Sarawak , called for by parties opposed to federation including Indonesia 's Sukarno and the Sarawak United Peoples ' Party , to be completed .
Soviet Union in World War II
On 16 August 1941 , in attempts to revive a disorganised Soviet defense system , Stalin issued Order No. 270 , demanding any commanders or commissars `` tearing away their insignia and deserting or surrendering '' to be considered malicious deserters . The order required superiors to shoot these deserters on the spot . Their family members were subjected to arrest . The second provision of the order directed all units fighting in encirclements to use every possibility to fight . The order also required division commanders to demote and , if necessary , even to shoot on the spot those commanders who failed to command the battle directly in the battlefield . Thereafter , Stalin also conducted a purge of several military commanders that were shot for `` cowardice '' without a trial .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Stalin controlled the foreign policy of the Soviet Union , with Vyacheslav Molotov as the foreign minister . Their policy was neutrality until August 1939 , followed by friendly relations with Germany in order to carve up Eastern Europe . The USSR helped supply oil and munitions to Germany as its armies rolled across Western Europe in May -- June 1940 . Despite repeated warnings , Stalin refused to believe that Hitler was planning an all - out war on the USSR . Stalin was stunned and temporarily helpless when Hitler invaded in June 1941 . Stalin quickly came to terms with Britain and the United States , cemented through a series of summit meetings . The U.S. and Britain supplied war materials in large quantity through Lend Lease . There was some coordination of military action , especially in summer 1944 . At war 's end the central issue was whether Stalin would allow free elections in eastern Europe .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
The USSR had close relations with the socialist states that were established in the territories its army occupied in the aftermath of the Second World War , forming both military and economic cooperation organizations . In 1948 , diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia disintegrated over mutual distrust between their leadership . A similar split happened with Albania in 1955 over changes in policy during the process of de-Stalinization .
Operation Barbarossa
On 2 July , the southern section of Army Group South -- the Romanian 3rd and 4th Armies , alongside the German 11th Army -- invaded Soviet Moldavia , which was defended by the Southern Front . Counterattacks by the Front 's 2nd Mechanized Corps and 9th Army were defeated , but on 9 July the Axis advance stalled along the defenses of the Soviet 18th Army between the Prut and Dniester Rivers .
Rough Riders Memorial
A fundraising campaign was undertaken to pay for the memorial . On June 10 , 1906 . Mrs. Capron had organized a party to raise money for a monument . During the event , a saber was raffled off , various donated items sold , and the United States Marine Band gave a two - hour concert . President Theodore Roosevelt donated a large number of American Beauty roses from the White House Rose Garden . Another fund - raiser was held on February 8 , 1907 , when members of the 13th Cavalry and the 4th Battery , U.S. Light Field Artillery , put on a display of horsemanship at Fort Myer , adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery . President Roosevelt and most of Washington society were expected to attend . The event drew a large crowd and raised a significant amount of money .
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party split into a majority `` Old Right '' ( based in the Midwest ) and a liberal - wing based in the Northeast that supported much of the New Deal . The Old Right sharply attacked the `` Second New Deal '' and said it represented class warfare and socialism . Roosevelt was reelected in a landslide in 1936 , but as his second term began the economy declined , strikes soared and he failed to take control of the Supreme Court or to purge the Southern conservatives in the Democratic Party . Republicans made a major comeback in the 1938 elections and had new rising stars such as Robert A. Taft of Ohio on the right and Thomas E. Dewey of New York on the left . Southern conservatives joined with most Republicans to form the conservative coalition , which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964 . Both parties split on foreign policy issues , with the anti-war isolationists dominant in the Republican Party and the interventionists who wanted to stop Hitler dominant in the Democratic Party . Roosevelt won a third and fourth term in 1940 and 1944 . Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war , but they did not attempt to reverse Social Security or the agencies that regulated business .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In 1942 , Roosevelt formed a new body , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which made the final decisions on American military strategy . Admiral Ernest J. King as Chief of Naval Operations commanded the Navy and Marines , while General George C. Marshall led the Army and was in nominal control of the Air Force , which in practice was commanded by General Hap Arnold . The Joint Chiefs were chaired by Admiral William D. Leahy , the most senior officer in the military . Roosevelt avoided micromanaging the war and let his top military officers make most decisions . Roosevelt 's civilian appointees handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment , but no civilians -- not even the secretaries of War or Navy , had a voice in strategy . Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high level diplomacy through his aides , especially Harry Hopkins , whose influence was bolstered by his control of the Lend Lease funds . Nuclear
World War I
At the outbreak of the war , the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention , avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace . When the German U-boat U-20 sank the British liner RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915 with 128 Americans among the dead , President Woodrow Wilson insisted that `` America is too proud to fight '' but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships . Germany complied . Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement . However , he also repeatedly warned that the United States would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare , in violation of international law . Former president Theodore Roosevelt denounced German acts as `` piracy '' . Wilson was narrowly reelected in 1916 after campaigning with the slogan `` he kept us out of war '' .
The Man in the High Castle
The Grasshopper Lies Heavy postulates that President Roosevelt survives an assassination attempt but forgoes re-election in 1940 , honoring George Washington 's two - term limit . The next president , Rexford Tugwell , removes the Pacific Fleet from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , saving it from Japanese attack , which ensures that the U.S. enters the conflict a well - equipped naval power . The United Kingdom retains most of its military - industrial strength , contributing more to the Allied war effort , leading to Rommel 's defeat in North Africa ; the British advance through the Caucasus to fight alongside the Soviets to victory in the Battle of Stalingrad ; Italy reneges on its membership in the Axis Powers and betrays them ; British tanks and the Red Army jointly conquer Berlin ; at the end of the war , the Nazi leaders -- including Adolf Hitler -- are tried for their war crimes , wherein the Führer 's last words are Deutsche , hier steh ' ich ( `` Germans , here I stand '' ) , in imitation of Martin Luther .
Allies of World War II
During December 1941 , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt devised the name `` United Nations '' for the Allies and proposed it to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . He referred to the Big Three and China as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , and then later the `` Four Policemen '' . The Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 was the basis of the modern United Nations ( UN ) . At the Potsdam Conference of July -- August 1945 , Roosevelt 's successor , Harry S. Truman , proposed that the foreign ministers of China , France , the Soviet Union , United Kingdom , and the United States `` should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe '' , which led to the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the `` Big Five '' , and soon thereafter the establishment of those states as the permanent members of the UNSC .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Though legislative sessions rarely lasted more than ten weeks , Roosevelt treated his new position as a full - time career . Taking his seat on January 1 , 1911 , Roosevelt immediately became the leader of a group of `` Insurgents '' who opposed the bossism of the Tammany Hall machine that dominated the state Democratic Party . In the 1911 U.S. Senate election , which was determined in a joint session of the New York state legislature , Roosevelt and nineteen other Democrats caused a prolonged deadlock by opposing a series of Tammany - backed candidates . Finally , Tammany threw its backing behind James A. O'Gorman , a highly regarded judge who Roosevelt found acceptable , and O'Gorman won the election in late March . Roosevelt soon became a popular figure among New York Democrats , though he had not yet become an eloquent speaker . News articles and cartoons began depicting `` the second coming of a Roosevelt '' that sent `` cold shivers down the spine of Tammany '' .
Great Depression in the United States
In 1938 , the Republicans made an unexpected comeback , and Roosevelt 's efforts to purge the Democratic Party of his political opponents backfired badly . The conservative coalition of Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats took control of Congress , outvoted the urban liberals , and halted the expansion of New Deal ideas . Roosevelt survived in 1940 thanks to his margin in the Solid South and in the cities . In the North the cities over 100,000 gave Roosevelt 60 % of their votes , while the rest of the North favored Willkie 52 % - 48 % .
Military history of the United States during World War II
In 1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt set up a new command structure to provide leadership in the US Armed Forces while retaining authority as Commander - in - Chief as assisted by Secretary of War Henry Stimson with Admiral Ernest J. King as Chief of Naval Operations in complete control of the Navy and on the Marine Corps through its Commandant , then Lt. General Thomas Holcomb and his successor as Commandant of the Marine Corps , Lt. General Alexander Vandegrift , General George C. Marshall in charge of the Army , and in nominal control of the Air Force , which in practice was commanded by General Hap Arnold on Marshall 's behalf . King was also in control for wartime being of the US Coast Guard under its Commandant , Admiral Russell R. Waesche . Roosevelt formed a new body , the Joint Chiefs of Staff , which made the final decisions on American military strategy and as the chief policy - making body for the armed forces . The Joint Chiefs was a White House agency chaired by Admiral William D. Leahy , who became FDR 's chief military advisor and the highest military officer of the US at that time . As the war progressed Marshall became the dominant voice in the JCS in the shaping of strategy . When dealing with Europe , the Joint Chiefs met with their British counterparts and formed the Combined Chiefs of Staff . Unlike the political leaders of the other major powers , Roosevelt rarely overrode his military advisors . The civilians handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment , but no civilians -- not even the secretaries of War or Navy , had a voice in strategy . Roosevelt avoided the State Department and conducted high level diplomacy through his aides , especially Harry Hopkins . Since Hopkins also controlled $50 billion in Lend Lease funds given to the Allies , they paid attention to him .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
In 1925 , Smith appointed Roosevelt to the Taconic State Park Commission , and his fellow commissioners chose him as chairman . In this role , he came into conflict with Robert Moses , a Smith protégé , who was the primary force behind the Long Island State Park Commission and the New York State Council of Parks . Roosevelt accused Moses of using the name recognition of prominent individuals including Roosevelt to win political support for state parks , but then diverting funds to the ones Moses favored on Long Island , while Moses worked to block the appointment of Howe to a salaried position as the Taconic commission 's secretary . Roosevelt served on the commission until the end of 1928 , and his contentious relationship with Moses continued as their careers progressed .
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
President Franklin D. Roosevelt , upon seeing Joe Rosenthal 's flag - raising photograph , realized the image would make an excellent symbol for the upcoming Seventh War Loan Drive to help pay for the war , and ordered the flag - raisers identified and sent to Washington , D.C. after the fighting on the island ended ( March 26 , 1945 ) . Using a photographic enlargement , Rene Gagnon identified four other flag - raisers in the photograph besides himself , but refused to identify Ira Hayes as the sixth flag - raiser because Hayes warned him not to . Gagnon revealed Hayes ' name only after being brought to Marine Corps headquarters and informed that he was being ordered by the President to reveal the information and that refusing would be a serious crime .
Cold War
The Western Allies were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . Post-war
New Deal
In a measure that garnered substantial popular support for his New Deal , Roosevelt moved to put to rest one of the most divisive cultural issues of the 1920s . He signed the bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of alcohol , an interim measure pending the repeal of prohibition , for which a constitutional amendment of repeal ( the 21st ) was already in process . The repeal amendment was ratified later in 1933 . States and cities gained additional new revenue and Roosevelt secured his popularity especially in the cities and ethnic areas by helping the beer start flowing .
New Deal
Roosevelt initially favored balancing the budget , but soon found himself running spending deficits to fund his numerous programs . However , Douglas -- rejecting the distinction between a regular and emergency budget -- resigned in 1934 and became an outspoken critic of the New Deal . Roosevelt strenuously opposed the Bonus Bill that would give World War I veterans a cash bonus . Congress finally passed it over his veto in 1936 and the Treasury distributed $1.5 billion in cash as bonus welfare benefits to 4 million veterans just before the 1936 election .
New Deal
When the Supreme Court started abolishing New Deal programs as unconstitutional , Roosevelt launched a surprise counter-attack in early 1937 . He proposed adding five new justices , but conservative Democrats revolted , led by the Vice President . The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 failed -- it never reached a vote . Momentum in Congress and public opinion shifted to the right and very little new legislation was passed expanding the New Deal . However , retirements allowed Roosevelt to put supporters on the Court and it stopped killing New Deal programs .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt expected that his party would lose several races in the 1934 Congressional elections , as the president 's party had done in most previous midterm elections , but the Democrats picked up seats in both houses of Congress . Empowered by the public 's apparent vote of confidence in his administration , the first item on Roosevelt 's agenda in the 74th Congress was the creation of a social insurance program . The Social Security Act established Social Security and promised economic security for the elderly , the poor and the sick . Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund , saying , `` We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal , moral , and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits . With those taxes in there , no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program . '' Compared with the social security systems in western European countries , the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative . But for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged , the temporarily unemployed , dependent children , and the handicapped . Against Roosevelt 's original intention for universal coverage , the act only applied to roughly sixty percent of the labor force , as farmers , domestic workers , and other groups were excluded .
Habeas corpus
Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses Grant suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War and Reconstruction for some places or types of cases . During World War II , President Franklin D. Roosevelt suspended habeas corpus . Following the September 11 attacks , President George W. Bush attempted to place Guantanamo Bay detainees outside of the jurisdiction of habeas corpus , but the Supreme Court of the United States overturned this action in Boumediene v. Bush .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Like most of his Groton classmates , Roosevelt went to Harvard College in nearby Cambridge , Massachusetts . Roosevelt was an average student academically , and he later declared , `` I took economics courses in college for four years , and everything I was taught was wrong . '' He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and the Fly Club . Roosevelt was undistinguished as a student or athlete , but he became editor - in - chief of The Harvard Crimson daily newspaper , a position that required great ambition , energy , and the ability to manage others .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Biographer James M. Burns suggests that Roosevelt 's policy decisions were guided more by pragmatism than ideology , and that he `` was like the general of a guerrilla army whose columns , fighting blindly in the mountains through dense ravines and thickets , suddenly converge , half by plan and half by coincidence , and debouch into the plain below . '' Roosevelt argued that such apparently haphazard methodology was necessary . `` The country needs and , unless I mistake its temper , the country demands bold , persistent experimentation , '' he wrote . `` It is common sense to take a method and try it ; if it fails , admit it frankly and try another . But above all , try something . '' Landslide
Allies of World War II
President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving `` the final destruction of Nazi tyranny '' . Signing the Atlantic Charter , and thereby joining the `` United Nations '' was the way a nation joined the Allies , and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945 .
Great Depression in the United States
Another response to the 1937 deepening of the Great Depression had more tangible results . Ignoring the pleas of the Treasury Department , Roosevelt embarked on an antidote to the depression , reluctantly abandoning his efforts to balance the budget and launching a $5 billion spending program in the spring of 1938 in an effort to increase mass purchasing power . Total
Conscription in the United States
The World War I system served as a model for that of World War II . The 1940 law instituted conscription in peacetime , requiring the registration of all men between 21 and 35 , with selection for one year 's service by a national lottery . President Roosevelt 's signing of the Selective Training and Service Act on September 16 , 1940 , began the first peacetime draft in the United States . It also reestablished the Selective Service System as an independent agency responsible for identifying young men and facilitating their military service . Roosevelt named Lewis B. Hershey to head the System on July 31 , 1941 , where he remained until 1969 . This act came when other preparations , such as increased training and equipment production , had not yet been approved . Nevertheless , it served as the basis for the conscription programs that would continue to the present .
New Deal
In 1935 , Roosevelt called for a tax program called the Wealth Tax Act ( Revenue Act of 1935 ) to redistribute wealth . The bill imposed an income tax of 79 % on incomes over $5 million . Since that was an extraordinary high income in the 1930s , the highest tax rate actually covered just one individual -- John D. Rockefeller . The bill was expected to raise only about $250 million in additional funds , so revenue was not the primary goal . Morgenthau called it `` more or less a campaign document '' . In a private conversation with Raymond Moley , Roosevelt admitted that the purpose of the bill was `` stealing Huey Long 's thunder '' by making Long 's supporters his own . At the same time , it raised the bitterness of the rich who called Roosevelt `` a traitor to his class '' and the wealth tax act a `` soak the rich tax '' .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt 's 1944 State of the Union Address advocated that Americans should think of basic economic rights as a Second Bill of Rights . In the most ambitious domestic proposal of his third term , Roosevelt proposed the G.I. Bill , which would create a massive benefits program for returning soldiers . Benefits included post-secondary education , medical care , unemployment insurance , job counseling , and low - cost loans for homes and businesses . The G.I. Bill passed unanimously in both houses of Congress and was signed into law in June 1944 . Of the fifteen million Americans who served in World War II , more than half would benefit from the educational opportunities provided for in the G.I. Bill . Declining