vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Oncogene
Most normal cells will undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death ( apoptosis ) when critical functions are altered and malfunctioning . Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead . Most oncogenes began as proto - oncogenes , normal genes involved in cell growth and proliferation or inhibition of apoptosis . If normal genes promoting cellular growth , through mutation , are up - regulated , ( gain of function mutation ) they will predispose the cell to cancer and are thus termed oncogenes . Usually multiple oncogenes , along with mutated apoptotic and / or tumor suppressor genes will all act in concert to cause cancer . Since the 1970s , dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer . Many cancer drugs target the proteins encoded by oncogenes .
Death on the Nile
The Scotsman of 11 November 1937 said , `` An Agatha Christie story , and especially one with Hercule Poirot applying his ' little grey cells , ' is always an event . It is a matter of opinion whether this author has a superior in giving an unexpected twist to concluding chapters , but it is arguable that she has none . In Death on the Nile , however , the solution of the mystery does not come with all that sudden shock of surprise to which Agatha Christie ' fans ' are accustomed . At least it should not , providing that one carefully reads a certain chapter and is willing to pursue to their ultimate implications certain hints dropped by Poirot . Whether or not the reader will succeed in naming the murderer , by which is meant discovering how the crime was committed , and not just guessing at one of the least likely persons , is another matter . In any case , here is a problem eminently worth trying to solve . '' The review finished by saying that , `` the author has again constructed the neatest of plots , wrapped it round with distracting circumstances , and presented it to what should be an appreciative public . ''
Agatha Christie
Her father was often ill , suffering from a series of heart attacks , and he died in November 1901 , aged 55 . His death left the family devastated and in an uncertain economic situation . Clara and Agatha continued to live together in their Torquay home , Madge had moved to Abney Hall in Cheadle , Cheshire , with her new husband , and Monty had joined the army and been sent to South Africa to fight in the Boer War . Agatha later claimed that her father 's death , occurring when she was eleven years old , marked the end of her childhood . In 1902 , Agatha was sent to receive a formal education at Miss Guyer 's Girls School in Torquay , but found it difficult to adjust to the disciplined atmosphere . In 1905 , she was sent to Paris where she was educated in three pensions -- Mademoiselle Cabernet 's , Les Marroniers , and then Miss Dryden 's -- the last of which served primarily as a finishing school .
Apollo
Apollo and his sister Artemis can bring death with their arrows . The conception that diseases and death come from invisible shots sent by supernatural beings , or magicians is common in Germanic and Norse mythology . In Greek mythology Artemis was the leader ( ἡγεμών , `` hegemon '' ) of the nymphs , who had similar functions with the Nordic Elves . The `` elf - shot '' originally indicated disease or death attributed to the elves , but it was later attested denoting stone arrow - heads which were used by witches to harm people , and also for healing rituals .
Bald eagle
Most non-human - related mortality involves nestlings or eggs . Around 50 % of eagles survive their first year . However , in the Chesapeake Bay area , 100 % of 39 radio - tagged nestlings survived to their first year . Occasionally , nestling or egg fatalities are due to nest collapses , starvation , sibling aggression or inclement weather . Another significant cause of egg and nestling mortality is predation . These have been verified to be preyed by large gulls , corvids ( including ravens , crows and magpies ) , wolverines ( Gulo gulo ) , hawks , owls , eagles , bobcats ( Lynx rufus ) , American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) and raccoons . If food access is low , parental attendance at the nest may be lower because both parents may have to forage thus resulting in less protection . Nestlings are usually exempt from predation by terrestrial carnivores that are poor tree - climbers , but Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) occasionally snatched nestlings from ground nests on Amchitka Island in Alaska before they were extirpated from the island . The bald eagle will defend its nest fiercely from all comers and has even repelled attacks from bears , having been recorded knocking a black bear out of a tree when the latter tried to climb a tree holding nestlings .
Catholic Church and capital punishment
Assuming that the guilty party 's identity and responsibility have been fully determined , the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor . If , however , non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people 's safety from the aggressor , authority will limit itself to such means , as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and more in conformity to the dignity of the human person .
The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)
In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children said that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' .
Statue of Liberty
`` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme .
Sociology
A subfield of the sociology of health and illness that overlaps with cultural sociology is the study of death , dying and bereavement , sometimes referred to broadly as the sociology of death . This topic is exemplifed by the work of Douglas Davies and Michael C. Kearl .
Hoover Dam
There were 112 deaths reported as associated with the construction of the dam . The first was J.G. Tierney , a surveyor who drowned on December 20 , 1922 , while looking for an ideal spot for the dam . The last death on the project 's official fatality list occurred on December 20 , 1935 , when an `` electrician 's helper '' , Patrick Tierney , the son of J.G. Tierney , fell from an intake tower . Included in the fatality list are three workers , one in 1932 and two in 1933 , who committed suicide onsite . Ninety - six of the deaths occurred during construction at the site . Of the 112 fatalities , 91 were Six Companies employees , three were BOR employees , and one was a visitor to the site , with the remainder employees of various contractors not part of Six Companies .
Sinking of the RMS Titanic
With a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , the water was lethally cold . Second Officer Lightoller described the feeling of `` a thousand knives '' being driven into his body as he entered the sea . Sudden immersion into freezing water typically causes death within minutes , either from cardiac arrest , uncontrollable breathing of water , or cold incapacitation ( not , as commonly believed , from hypothermia ) ; almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water within 15 -- 30 minutes . Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats even though these had room for almost 500 more people .
Bothrops asper
It is considered the most dangerous snake in Costa Rica , responsible for 46 % of all bites and 30 % of all hospitalized cases ; before 1947 , the fatality rate was 9 % , but this has since declined to almost 0 % ( Bolaños , 1984 ) , mostly due to the Clodomiro Picado Research Institute , responsible for the production of snake antiophidic sera ( which are also exported to other Latin American and African countries ) and scientific research on serpents and their venoms , as well as educational and extension programs in rural areas and hospitals .
Carbon monoxide poisoning
The true number of cases of carbon monoxide poisoning is unknown , since many non-lethal exposures go undetected . From the available data , carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common cause of injury and death due to poisoning worldwide . Poisoning is typically more common during the winter months . This is due to increased domestic use of gas furnaces , gas or kerosene space heaters , and kitchen stoves during the winter months , which if faulty and / or used without adequate ventilation , may produce excessive carbon monoxide . Carbon monoxide detection and poisoning also increases during power outages , when electric heating and cooking appliances become inoperative and residents may temporarily resort to fuel - burning space heaters , stoves , and grills ( some of which are safe only for outdoor use but nonetheless are errantly burned indoors ) .
Mount Everest
Lack of oxygen , exhaustion , extreme cold , and climbing hazards all contribute to the death toll . An injured person who can not walk is in serious trouble , since rescue by helicopter is generally impractical and carrying the person off the mountain is very risky . People who die during the climb are typically left behind . As of 2006 , about 150 bodies had never been recovered . It is not uncommon to find corpses near the standard climbing routes .
It (novel)
A morbidly obese widow , she has convinced herself that Eddie is seriously ill with multiple illnesses including asthma , despite repeatedly assurances from doctors and teachers that he is basically healthy . She uses her son 's health as a way of controlling him , refusing to let him participate in physical activities ( which Eddie enjoys ) and limiting his contact with friends . Eddie is terrified of upsetting her , but manages to stand up to her after she blames his friends for Henry Bowers breaking his arm . She dies in 1980 , by which point she weighs over 400 pounds . The Turtle This ancient turtle is said to have vomited out our Universe when he had a stomach ache . He is kind , wise , loving , gentle , compassionate and benevolent , having a very grandfather - like demeanor when speaking to humans . In 1958 , he communicates with Bill Denbrough for a minute while he is under an illusion created by IT . Bill pleads for help in defeating IT and the Turtle simply gives Bill advice that he must stand by his friends and perform the Ritual of Chüd . During the second Ritual of Chüd in 1985 , It tells Bill that the Turtle has since died by `` choking on a galaxy '' , but it is ambiguous as to whether or not this is true .
Monty Python's Life of Brian
One of the most controversial scenes was the film 's ending : Brian 's crucifixion . Many Christian protesters said that it was mocking Jesus ' suffering by turning it into a `` Jolly Boys Outing '' ( such as when Mr Cheeky turns to Brian and says : `` See , not so bad once you 're up ! '' ) , capped by Brian 's fellow sufferers suddenly bursting into song . This is also reinforced by the fact that several characters throughout the film claim crucifixion is not as bad as it seems , such as when Brian asks his cellmate in prison what will happen to him , and he replies : `` Oh , you 'll probably get away with crucifixion '' , and when Matthias , the old man who works with the PFJ , dismisses crucifixion as `` a doddle '' and says being stabbed would be worse . The director , Terry Jones , issued the following riposte to this criticism : `` Any religion that makes a form of torture into an icon that they worship seems to me a pretty sick sort of religion quite honestly . '' Religious figures later responded by saying that Jones did not seem to understand the meaning of the crucifix symbol or its significance to Christians as a reminder of the suffering and death Christ endured for their sake . The Pythons also argued that crucifixion was a standard form of execution in ancient times and not just one especially reserved for Jesus .
Soviet Union in World War II
Some of the most desperate Soviet citizens turned to crime as a way to support themselves in trying times . Most common was the theft of food and of ration cards , which could prove fatal for a malnourished person if their card was stolen more than a day or two before a new card was issued . For these reasons , the stealing of food was severely punished and a person could be shot for as little as stealing a loaf of bread . More serious crimes , such as murder and cannibalism , also occurred , and special police squads were set up to combat these crimes , though by the end of the siege , roughly 1,500 had been arrested for cannibalism .
Jorah Mormont
Jorah encounters Tyrion Lannister in Volantis and kidnaps him with the intention of delivering him to Daenerys . Sailing through the ruins of Valyria , the duo is assaulted by `` stone men '' -- humans turned insane by the disease greyscale -- and Jorah is infected in the struggle . As they make their way to Meereen on foot , Jorah learns from Tyrion that Jeor was killed in a mutiny beyond the Wall . Jorah and Tyrion are captured by slavers , who are convinced by Tyrion to sell them to the fighting pits in Meereen . At a demonstration of pit fighters , Jorah encounters Daenerys , who orders him freed but refuses to let him return to her service ; with nowhere else left to go , Jorah returns to the fighting pits . At the reopening of the fighting pits , Jorah foils an assassination attempt on Daenerys , and protects her from the insurgent Sons of the Harpy in the resulting confrontation . After Daenerys flies away on Drogon , Jorah and Daario Naharis depart Meereen to look for her . Season
Elk
A recent necropsy study of captive elk in Pennsylvania attributed the cause of death in 33 of 65 cases to either gastrointestinal parasites ( 21 cases , primarily Eimeria sp. and Ostertagia sp . ) or bacterial infections ( 12 cases , mostly pneumonia ) .
Bothrops asper
Bite symptoms include pain , oozing from the puncture wounds , local swelling that may increase for up to 36 hours , bruising that spreads from the bite site , blisters , numbness , mild fever , headache , bleeding from the nose and gums , hemoptysis , gastrointestinal bleeding , hematuria , hypotension , nausea , vomiting , impaired consciousness and tenderness of the spleen . In untreated cases , local necrosis frequently occurs and may cause gangrene which often requires amputation . In 12 fatal cases , the cause of death was sepsis ( 5 ) , intracranial hemorrhage ( 3 ) , acute renal failure with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis ( 2 ) and hemorrhagic shock ( 1 ) .
Jamestown, Virginia
Among the colonists who survived the Third Supply was John Rolfe , who carried with him a cache of untested new tobacco seeds from Bermuda , which had grown wild there after being planted by shipwrecked Spaniards years before . In 1614 , Rolfe began to successfully harvest tobacco . Prosperous and wealthy , he married Pocahontas , daughter of Chief Powhatan , bringing several years of peace between the English and natives . However , at the end of a public relations trip to England , Pocahontas became sick and died on March 21 , 1617 . The following year , her father also died . Powhatan 's brother , a fierce warrior named Opchanacanough , became head of the Powhatan Confederacy . As the English continued to appropriate more land for tobacco farming , relations with the natives worsened .
Apoptosis
The initiation of apoptosis is tightly regulated by activation mechanisms , because once apoptosis has begun , it inevitably leads to the death of the cell . The two best - understood activation mechanisms are the intrinsic pathway ( also called the mitochondrial pathway ) and the extrinsic pathway . The intrinsic pathway is activated by intracellular signals generated when cells are stressed and depends on the release of proteins from the intermembrane space of mitochondria . The extrinsic pathway is activated by extracellular ligands binding to cell - surface death receptors , which leads to the formation of the death - inducing signaling complex ( DISC ) .
North Carolina
In the 1700s , a series of smallpox epidemics swept the South , causing high fatalities among the Native Americans , who had no immunity to the new disease ( it had become endemic in Europe ) . According to the historian Russell Thornton , `` The 1738 epidemic was said to have killed one - half of the Cherokee , with other tribes of the area suffering equally . ''
Hurricane Irma
Waves in Puerto Rico reached 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) in height ; a 111 miles ( 179 km ) per hour gust was measured on Culebra . Two people died due to rainstorms ahead of the hurricane : one man died in Orocovis after falling off his ladder while repairing his roof ; another man on the coast in Capitanejo died after being struck by lightning . Three nearby fishermen were burned by the same lightning strike , but survived . Two other people died during the hurricane : a woman died while being evacuated from her house in a wheelchair and fell from the same hitting her head ; another person died in a car accident in Canóvanas . In rural Loíza , 79 homes were destroyed . More than a million residents lost power due to damages caused by the storm , according to former Puerto Rican Governor Alejandro García Padilla . Governor Ricardo Rosselló declared the islands of Culebra and Vieques to be disaster areas .
Battle of Gettysburg
In addition to being the deadliest battle of the war in terms of total casualties , Gettysburg also had the highest number of Generals killed in action of any battle in the war . The Confederacy lost generals Paul Jones Semmes , William Barksdale , Richard Garnett , and Lewis Armistead , as well as J. Johnston Pettigrew during the retreat after the battle . The Union lost Generals John Reynolds , Samuel K. Zook , Stephen H. Weed , and Elon J. Farnsworth , as well as Strong Vincent , who after being mortally wounded was given a deathbed promotion to brigadier general . Additional senior officer casualties included the wounding of Union Generals Dan Sickles ( lost a leg ) , Francis C. Barlow , and Winfield Scott Hancock . For the Confederacy , Major General John Bell Hood lost the use of his left arm , while Major General Henry Heth received a shot to the head on the first day of battle ( though incapacitated for the rest of the battle , he remarkably survived without long term injuries , credited in part due to his hat stuffed full of paper dispatches ) . Confederate Generals James Kemper and Isaac R. Trimble were severely wounded during Pickett 's charge and captured during the Confederate retreat . General James J. Archer , in command of a brigade that most likely was responsible for killing Reynolds , was taken prisoner shortly after Reynolds ' death .
Beth Greene
Beth becomes more self - assured and becomes a contributing member to Rick 's group . She sings to help boost morale and spreads optimism among her survivors upon finding a place to live at the prison in the third - season premiere `` Seed '' . When Hershel 's leg is amputated after a walker bite in the episode `` Sick '' , Beth chides Maggie for being pessimistic about his chances of survival . Beth devotes much of her time to assisting Hershel throughout his recovery , and also becomes a caretaker for Judith after Lori Grimes ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) 's death in the episode `` Killer Within '' .
Human brain
In culture , the philosophy of mind has for centuries attempted to address the question of the nature of consciousness and the mind - body problem . The pseudoscience of phrenology attempted to localise personality attributes to regions of the cortex in the 19th century . In science fiction , brain transplants are imagined in tales such as the 1942 Donovan 's Brain .
Bacterial conjugation
If the F - plasmid that is transferred has previously been integrated into the donor 's genome ( producing an Hfr strain ( `` High Frequency of Recombination '' ) ) some of the donor 's chromosomal DNA may also be transferred with the plasmid DNA . The amount of chromosomal DNA that is transferred depends on how long the two conjugating bacteria remain in contact . In common laboratory strains of E. coli the transfer of the entire bacterial chromosome takes about 100 minutes . The transferred DNA can then be integrated into the recipient genome via homologous recombination .
Amelia Shepherd
Several weeks later after being confronted by Sheldon , Amelia admits that she is 20 weeks pregnant with her deceased fiancé 's baby . At the moment , she is struggling on whether or not she should keep the baby and therefore , is heavily depending on Sheldon for advice . In the end she decides to keep the baby , but then she finds out her baby boy will be born with no brain , resulting in her shutting down emotionally and pushing her friends away . She eventually decides to continue the pregnancy to term and donate her baby 's organs when he dies , after a father of a patient she pronounced brain dead decides to donate his daughter 's organs so that something good can come from her death . In the season finale , she ultimately gives birth to her anencephalic son with the help of Addison and Jake . During her labor , she wishes to be left alone , fearing that if anyone was with her , she would break down and show her emotions . At one point while going through a painful contraction , she asks Jake to leave her alone , and when he refuses , she breaks down crying , letting all of her fears out in the open . Additionally while she is in labor , Jake finally tells the practice of her plans for organ donation which divides the doctors . Some believe it was a courageous act , while others believe it was murder . Sam is against the organ donation and refuses to do the harvesting , but after a talk with Amelia , he ultimately changes his mind . When it comes time for her to push , Addison hears her cries from outside the room and walks in . Amelia initially refuses Addison , but later allows Addie to coach her . When her son is born , she initially does not want to see nor hold him and wishes that his head be covered . Before taking him away for the donation , she decides to hold her baby , where she lifts the cap from his head . When the baby goes into respiratory distress in her arms , she momentarily breaks down , wishing for more time , but , then hands the baby over to Addison for the donation . Her last words to her son are `` Your daddy is waiting for you in heaven . His name is Ryan . ''