vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Fire triangle
Without sufficient oxygen , a fire can not begin , and it can not continue . With a decreased oxygen concentration , the combustion process slows . Oxygen can be denied to a fire using a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher , a fire blanket or water .
Factor of safety
Appropriate design factors are based on several considerations , such as the accuracy of predictions on the imposed loads , strength , wear estimates , and the environmental effects to which the product will be exposed in service ; the consequences of engineering failure ; and the cost of over-engineering the component to achieve that factor of safety . For example , components whose failure could result in substantial financial loss , serious injury , or death may use a safety factor of four or higher ( often ten ) . Non-critical components generally might have a design factor of two . Risk analysis , failure mode and effects analysis , and other tools are commonly used . Design factors for specific applications are often mandated by law , policy , or industry standards .
Water fluoridation
Fluoride can occur naturally in water in concentrations well above recommended levels , which can have several long - term adverse effects , including severe dental fluorosis , skeletal fluorosis , and weakened bones ; water utilities in the developed world reduce fluoride levels to regulated maximum levels in regions where natural levels are high , and the WHO and other groups work with countries and regions in the developing world with naturally excessive fluoride levels to achieve safe levels . The World Health Organization recommends a guideline maximum fluoride value of 1.5 mg / L as a level at which fluorosis should be minimal .
Trafficking of children
The conditions in which begging takes place commonly expose children to further physical and verbal abuse , including sexual victimization and police brutality . Research completed by Human Rights Watch revealed that when begging hours are completed for the day children often do not have proper shelter , adequate food , or access to healthcare where they reside . Furthermore , many of the gangs which run networks of forced begging have heavy drug involvement , thus the children under their control are often turned into drug addicts in order for them to become further reliant on their exploiters . Long
River Thames
Another major consequence of John 's reign was the completion of the multi-piered London Bridge , which acted as a barricade and barrage on the river , affecting the tidal flow upstream and increasing the likelihood of the river freezing over . In Tudor and Stuart times , various kings and queens built magnificent riverside palaces at Hampton Court , Kew , Richmond on Thames , Whitehall and Greenwich .
Autophagy
Autophagy degrades damaged organelles , cell membranes and proteins , and the failure of autophagy is thought to be one of the main reasons for the accumulation of cell damage and aging .
Strappado
The proper strappado causes permanent visible damage . Pain and resistance are different from person to person , generally due to the weight of the person himself / herself or the weight attached . It is not , as Samuel Johnson erroneously entered in his dictionary , a `` chastisement by blows '' .
Copper in architecture
Properly designed copper roofs minimize movements due to thermal changes . Copper 's low thermal expansion , 40 % less than zinc and lead , helps to prevent deterioration and failure . Also , copper 's high melting point ensures that it will not creep or stretch as some other metals do .
Carburetor
To function correctly under all these conditions , most carburetors contain a complex set of mechanisms to support several different operating modes , called circuits .
Chernobyl disaster
The plant was not designed to safety standards in effect and incorporated unsafe features `` Inadequate safety analysis '' was performed There was `` insufficient attention to independent safety review '' `` Operating procedures not founded satisfactorily in safety analysis '' Safety information not adequately and effectively communicated between operators , and between operators and designers The operators did not adequately understand safety aspects of the plant Operators did not sufficiently respect formal requirements of operational and test procedures The regulatory regime was insufficient to effectively counter pressures for production There was a `` general lack of safety culture in nuclear matters at the national level as well as locally ''
Maya textiles
After European contact , treadle looms were introduced , although backstrap looms continue to be popular . There had to be specific bodily discipline , like stillness , balance and kneeling for a long time , in order to use the backstrap looms correctly which would end up defining , `` the proper physical comportment for women . '' Bone picks were used before contact and were unique in that they had different designs for most families and were usually passed on from generation to generation with the elite having the most expensive and beautiful .
Universal motor
Motor damage may occur from over-speeding ( running at a rotational speed in excess of design limits ) if the unit is operated with no significant mechanical load . On larger motors , sudden loss of load is to be avoided , and the possibility of such an occurrence is incorporated into the motor 's protection and control schemes . In some smaller applications , a fan blade attached to the shaft often acts as an artificial load to limit the motor speed to a safe level , as well as a means to circulate cooling airflow over the armature and field windings . If there were no mechanical limits placed on a universal motor it could theoretically speed out of control in the same way any series - wound DC motor can .
Pure tone audiometry
Hearing impairment ( based on the audiogram ) and auditory handicap ( based on speech discrimination in noise ) data was reviewed by Reinier Plomp . This led to the formulation of equations , which described the consequences of a hearing loss on speech intelligibility . The results of this review indicated that there were two factors of a hearing loss , which were involved in the effect on speech intelligibility . These factors were named Factor A and Factor D. Factor A affected speech intelligibility by attenuating the speech , whereas Factor D affected speech intelligibility by distorting the speech .
Federal Reserve System
NOTE : The Fed balance sheet shown in this article has assets , liabilities and net equity that do not add up correctly . The Fed balance sheet is missing the item `` Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' which would make the figures balance .
Operating system
Cooperative memory management , used by many early operating systems , assumes that all programs make voluntary use of the kernel 's memory manager , and do not exceed their allocated memory . This system of memory management is almost never seen any more , since programs often contain bugs which can cause them to exceed their allocated memory . If a program fails , it may cause memory used by one or more other programs to be affected or overwritten . Malicious programs or viruses may purposefully alter another program 's memory , or may affect the operation of the operating system itself . With cooperative memory management , it takes only one misbehaved program to crash the system .
G20
The American magazine Foreign Policy has published articles condemning the G20 , in terms of its principal function as an alternative to the supposedly exclusive G8 . It questions the actions of some of the G20 members , and advances the notion that some nations should not have membership in the first place . Furthermore , with the effects of the Great Recession still ongoing , the magazine has criticized the G20 's efforts to implement reforms of the world 's financial institutions , branding such efforts as failed .
Eukaryotic DNA replication
DNA replication at the replication fork can be halted by a shortage of deoxynucleotide triphosphates ( dNTPs ) or by DNA damage , resulting in replication stress . This halting of replication is described as a stalled replication fork . A fork protection complex of proteins stabilizes the replication fork until DNA damage or other replication problems can be fixed . Prolonged replication fork stalling can lead to further DNA damage . Stalling signals are deactivated if the problems causing the replication fork are resolved .
Dust Bowl
Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of changing land use . A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit , caused by the high rate of failure of banks in the Plains states . Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region at a higher rate than elsewhere , farmers could not get the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop production . In addition , profit margins in either animals or hay were still minimal , and farmers had little incentive in the beginning to change their crops .
Corrosion
Similarly , corrosion of concrete - covered steel and iron can cause the concrete to spall , creating severe structural problems . It is one of the most common failure modes of reinforced concrete bridges . Measuring instruments based on the half - cell potential can detect the potential corrosion spots before total failure of the concrete structure is reached .
Friction
In most cases the applied load is carried by pressure generated within the fluid due to the frictional viscous resistance to motion of the lubricating fluid between the surfaces . Adequate lubrication allows smooth continuous operation of equipment , with only mild wear , and without excessive stresses or seizures at bearings . When lubrication breaks down , metal or other components can rub destructively over each other , causing heat and possibly damage or failure .
Truancy
In some schools , truancy may result in not being able to graduate or to receive credit for classes attended , until the time lost to truancy is made up through a combination of detention , fines , or summer school .
Mass production
The probability of human error and variation is also reduced , as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery ; error in operating such machinery , however , has more far - reaching consequences . A reduction in labour costs , as well as an increased rate of production , enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower cost than using traditional , non-linear methods .
Hyperinflation
Ludwig von Mises used the term `` crack - up boom '' ( German : Katastrophenhausse ) to describe the economic consequences of an unmitigated increasing in the base - money supply . As more and more money is provided , interest rates decline towards zero . Realizing that fiat money is losing value , investors will try to place money in assets such as real estate , stocks , even art ; as these appear to represent `` real '' value . Asset prices are thus becoming inflated . This potentially spiraling process will ultimately lead to the collapse of the monetary system . The Cantillon effect says that those institutions that receive the new money first are the beneficiaries of the policy .
Respiratory system
It is only as a result of accurately maintaining the composition of the 3 liters of alveolar air that with each breath some carbon dioxide is discharged into the atmosphere and some oxygen is taken up from the outside air . If more carbon dioxide than usual has been lost by a short period of hyperventilation , respiration will be slowed down or halted until the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide has returned to 5.3 kPa ( 40 mmHg ) . It is therefore strictly speaking untrue that the primary function of the respiratory system is to rid the body of carbon dioxide `` waste '' . The carbon dioxide that is breathed out with each breath could probably be more correctly be seen as a byproduct of the body 's extracellular fluid carbon dioxide and pH homeostats
Chernobyl disaster
At 23 : 04 , the Kiev grid controller allowed the reactor shutdown to resume . This delay had some serious consequences : the day shift had long since departed , the evening shift was also preparing to leave , and the night shift would not take over until midnight , well into the job . According to plan , the test should have been finished during the day shift , and the night shift would only have had to maintain decay heat cooling systems in an otherwise shut - down plant .
Normal distribution
where f ( x ) log ⁡ f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) \ log f ( x ) ) is understood to be zero whenever f ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = 0 ) . This functional can be maximized , subject to the constraints that the distribution is properly normalized and has a specified variance , by using variational calculus . A function with two Lagrange multipliers is defined :
Flag of the United States
To properly fly the flag at half - staff , one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff , then lower it to the half - staff position , halfway between the top and bottom of the staff . Similarly , when the flag is to be lowered from half - staff , it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff .
Pi
A consequence is that π can be obtained from the functional determinant of the harmonic oscillator . This functional determinant can be computed via a product expansion , and is equivalent to the Wallis product formula . The calculation can be recast in quantum mechanics , specifically the variational approach to the spectrum of the hydrogen atom .
Pi
The physical consequence , about the uncertainty in simultaneous position and momentum observations of a quantum mechanical system , is discussed below . The appearance of π in the formulae of Fourier analysis is ultimately a consequence of the Stone -- von Neumann theorem , asserting the uniqueness of the Schrödinger representation of the Heisenberg group .
Chernobyl disaster
Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a result of the radioactivity released . The results were criticized by M.I. Balonov of the Institute of Radiation Hygiene in St. Petersburg , who described them as biased , drawing from sources which were difficult to independently verify and lacking a proper scientific base . Balanov expressed his opinion that `` the authors unfortunately did not appropriately analyze the content of the Russian - language publications , for example , to separate them into those that contain scientific evidence and those based on hasty impressions and ignorant conclusions '' .
Fremont Street Experience
Perspective : The view of the parade from below made the concept unworkable -- to properly view the project would require that visitors stand at a raised elevation such as a third or fourth floor vantage point . Wind : The addition of the canopy over Fremont Street would create a wind tunnel causing a dangerous condition for people on the floats who would be trapped . Also the potential for harmonic motion as the floats swung back and forth in the wind potentially resulting in massive structural failure of the canopy and fatalities . Sand : The combination of desert sand and the mechanical systems of the sky parade would make the attraction difficult to maintain .
Treaty of Waitangi
HER MAJESTY VICTORIA Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland regarding with Her Royal Favor the Native Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand and anxious to protect their just Rights and Property and to secure to them the enjoyment of Peace and Good Order has deemed it necessary in consequence of the great number of Her Majesty 's Subjects who have already settled in New Zealand and the rapid extension of Emigration both from Europe and Australia which is still in progress to constitute and appoint a functionary properly authorised to treat with the Aborigines of New Zealand for the recognition of Her Majesty 's Sovereign authority over the whole or any part of those islands -- Her Majesty therefore being desirous to establish a settled form of Civil Government with a view to avert the evil consequences which must result from the absence of the necessary Laws and Institutions alike to the native population and to Her subjects has been graciously pleased to empower and to authorise me William Hobson a Captain in Her Majesty 's Royal Navy Consul and Lieutenant - Governor of such parts of New Zealand as may be or hereafter shall be ceded to her Majesty to invite the confederated and independent Chiefs of New Zealand to concur in the following Articles and Conditions .
Human musculoskeletal system
A ligament is a small band of dense , white , fibrous elastic tissue . Ligaments connect the ends of bones together in order to form a joint . Most ligaments limit dislocation , or prevent certain movements that may cause breaks . Since they are only elastic they increasingly lengthen when under pressure . When this occurs the ligament may be susceptible to break resulting in an unstable joint .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war .
Finger
Phalanges are commonly fractured . A damaged tendon can cause significant loss of function in fine motor control , such as with a mallet finger . They can be damaged by cold , including frostbite and non-freezing cold injury ( NFCI ) ; and heat , including burns .
Dental anesthesia
Pulpal anaesthesia can only be achieved and effective when the local anaesthetic is able to diffuse through the cortical bone . Infiltrating into a highly inflamed area may increase the risk of spread of local infection . Anaesthetic effect of the tissues is only restricted to the area of injection .
Entamoeba histolytica
There are a number of effective medications . Generally several antibiotics are available to treat entamoeba histolytica . The infected individual will be treated with only one antibiotic if the E. histolytica infection has not made the person sick and most likely be prescribed with two antibiotics if the person has been feeling sick . Otherwise , below are other options for treatments .
Angular cheilitis
Thirdly , treatment of the infection and inflammation of the lesions themselves is addressed . This is usually with topical antifungal medication , such as clotrimazole , amphotericin B , ketoconazole , or nystatin cream . Some antifungal creams are combined with corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone or triamcinolone to reduce inflammation , and certain antifungals such as miconazole also have some antibacterial action . Diiodohydroxyquinoline is another topical therapy for angular cheilitis . If Staphylococcus aureus infection is demonstrated by microbiological culture to be responsible ( or suspected ) , the treatment may be changed to fusidic acid cream , an antibiotic which is effective against this type of bacteria . Aside from fusidic acid , neomycin , mupirocin , metronidazole , and chlorhexidine are alternative options in this scenario .
Iodine-131
Current regimens for treatment of thyrotoxicosis ( including Graves ' disease ) , when a patient is exposed to additional sources of iodine , commonly include 500 mg potassium perchlorate twice per day for 18 -- 40 days .
Diphtheria
In 1905 , Franklin Royer , from Philadelphia 's Municipal Hospital , published a paper urging timely treatment for diphtheria and adequate doses of antitoxin . In 1906 , Clemens Pirquet and Béla Schick described serum sickness in children receiving large quantities of horse - derived antitoxin .
Alex (A Clockwork Orange)
Over the next two years , Alex is a model prisoner , endearing himself to the prison chaplain by studying the Bible . He is especially fond of the passages in the Old Testament portraying torture and murder . Eventually , prison officials recommend him for the Ludovico Technique , an experimental treatment designed to eliminate criminal impulses . During the treatment , prison doctors inject him with nausea - inducing drugs and make him watch films portraying murder , torture and rape . The treatment conditions him to associate violent thoughts and feelings with sickness . Alex is particularly affected by watching footage of Nazi war crimes set to Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony , one of his favourite pieces of music , and he can no longer hear it without feeling sick .
Entamoeba histolytica
Liver abscess : In addition to targeting organisms in solid tissue , primarily with drugs like metronidazole and chloroquine , treatment of liver abscess must include agents that act in the lumen of the intestine ( as in the preceding paragraph ) to avoid re-invasion . Surgical drainage is usually not necessary except when rupture is imminent .
Seven Days Battles
Soon after 8 a.m. , June 25 , the Union brigades of Brig . Gens . Daniel E. Sickles ( the Excelsior Brigade ) , Cuvier Grover , both of Hooker 's division , and John C. Robinson stepped off . Although Robinson and Grover made good progress on the left and in the center , Sickles 's New Yorkers encountered difficulties moving through their abatis , then through the upper portions of the creek , and finally met stiff Confederate resistance , all of which threw the Federal line out of alignment . Huger took advantage of the confusion by launching a counterattack with the brigade of Brig. Gen. Ambrose R. Wright against Grover 's brigade . At a crucial moment in the battle , the 26th North Carolina of Brig. Gen. Robert Ransom 's brigade , in their first combat engagement , delivered a perfectly synchronized volley of rifle fire against Sickles 's brigade , breaking up its delayed attack and sending the 71st New York into a panicked retreat , which Sickles described as `` disgraceful confusion . ''
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
In the Roman Rite of the Latin Church , the priest anoints the sick person 's forehead and hands with oil ( usually in the form of a cross ) , saying : `` Through this holy anointing , may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit . May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up . '' He may also , in accordance with local culture and traditions , and the needs of the sick person , anoint other parts of the body , but without repeating the sacramental formula .
Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church
the uniting of the sick person to the passion of Christ , for his own good and that of the whole Church ; the strengthening , peace , and courage to endure in a Christian manner the sufferings of illness or old age ; the forgiveness of sins , if the sick person was not able to obtain it through the sacrament of penance ; the restoration of health , if it is conducive to the salvation of his soul ; the preparation for passing over to eternal life . ''