vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sociological theory
Utilitarianism is often referred to as exchange theory or rational choice theory in the context of sociology . This tradition tends to privilege the agency of individual rational actors and assumes that within interactions individuals always seek to maximize their own self - interest . As argued by Josh Whitford , rational actors are assumed to have four basic elements , the individual has ( 1 ) `` a knowledge of alternatives , '' ( 2 ) `` a knowledge of , or beliefs about the consequences of the various alternatives , '' ( 3 ) `` an ordering of preferences over outcomes , '' ( 4 ) `` A decision rule , to select amongst the possible alternatives '' . Exchange theory is specifically attributed to the work of George C. Homans , Peter Blau and Richard Emerson . Organizational sociologists James G. March and Herbert A. Simon noted that an individual 's rationality is bounded by the context or organizational setting . The utilitarian perspective in sociology was , most notably , revitalized in the late 20th century by the work of former ASA president James Coleman .
Timeline of Hurricane Katrina
In a letter to the governors of Louisiana , Mississippi and Alabama , BNSF Railway ( headquartered in Fort Worth , Texas ) pledged a contribution of $ 1 Million , and offered rail transportation to aid in relief efforts for the areas affected by Hurricane Katrina . The monetary contribution came from the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Foundation as a donation to the American Red Cross relief efforts , while the transportation assistance was organized by the Association of American Railroads , the Federal Emergency Management Agency , the Federal Railroad Administration , as well as other railroads that serve the area . The letter also stated that repairs to the Bayou Boeuf bridge were now completed and BNSF 's mainline was reopened as originally planned at 6 : 00 PM CST on September 1 .
English contract law
Part of the process of construction includes the courts and statute implying terms into agreements . Courts imply terms , as a general rule , when the express terms of a contract leave a gap to be filled . Given their basic attachment to contractual freedom , the courts are reluctant to override express terms for contracting parties . Legislation can also be a source of implied terms , and may be overridden by agreement of the parties , or have a compulsory character . For contracts in general , individualised terms are implied ( terms `` implied in fact '' ) to reflect the `` reasonable expectations of the parties '' , and like the process of interpretation , implication of a term of a commercial contract must follow from its commercial setting . In Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman the House of Lords held ( in a notorious decision ) that `` guaranteed annuity rate '' policy holders of the life insurance company could not have their bonus rates lowered by the directors , when the company was in financial difficulty , if it would undermine all the policy holders ' `` reasonable expectations '' . Lord Steyn said that a term should be implied in the policy contract that the directors ' discretion was limited , as this term was `` strictly necessary ... essential to give effect to the reasonable expectations of the parties '' . This objective , contextual formulation of the test for individualised implied terms represents a shift from the older and subjective formulation of the implied term test , asking like an `` officious bystander '' what the parties `` would have contracted for '' if they had applied their minds to a gap in the contract . In AG of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd , Lord Hoffmann in the Privy Council added that the process of implication is to be seen as part of the overall process of interpretation : designed to fulfill the reasonable expectations of the parties in their context . The custom of the trade may also be a source of an implied term , if it is `` certain , notorious , reasonable , recognised as legally binding and consistent with the express terms '' . The
ISO 9000
An organization and its external providers ( suppliers , contractors , service providers ) are interdependent and a mutually beneficial relationship enhances the ability of both to create value .
United Nations
Organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations No . Acronym Agency Headquarters Head Established in FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Rome , Italy José Graziano da Silva 1945 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna , Austria Yukiya Amano 1957 ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal , Quebec , Canada Fang Liu 1947 IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome , Italy Kanayo F. Nwanze 1977 5 ILO International Labour Organization Geneva , Switzerland Guy Ryder 1946 ( 1919 ) 6 IMO International Maritime Organization London , United Kingdom Kitack Lim 1948 7 IMF International Monetary Fund Washington , D.C. , United States Christine Lagarde 1945 ( 1944 ) 8 ITU International Telecommunication Union Geneva , Switzerland Houlin Zhao 1947 ( 1865 ) 9 UNESCO United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris , France Audrey Azoulay 1946 10 UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna , Austria Li Yong 1967 11 UNWTO World Tourism Organization Madrid , Spain Taleb Rifai 12 UPU Universal Postal Union Bern , Switzerland Bishar Abdirahman Hussein 1947 ( 1874 ) 13 WBG World Bank Group Washington , D.C. , United States Jim Y. Kim 1945 ( 1944 ) 14 WFP World Food Programme Rome , Italy Ertharin Cousin 1963 15 WHO World Health Organization Geneva , Switzerland Tedros Adhanom 1948 16 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva , Switzerland Francis Gurry 17 WMO World Meteorological Organization Geneva , Switzerland Petteri Taalas ( Secretary - General ) Michel Jarraud ( President ) 1950 ( 1873 )
Amazon Web Services
On March 14 , 2006 , Amazon said in a press release : `` More than 150,000 developers have signed up to use Amazon Web Services since its inception . '' In November 2012 , AWS hosted its first customer event in Las Vegas . On May 13 , 2013 , AWS was awarded an Agency Authority to Operate ( ATO ) from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program . In October 2013 , it was revealed that AWS was awarded a $600 M contract with the CIA . During August 2014 , AWS received Department of Defense - Wide provisional authorization for all U.S. Regions . During the 2015 re : Invent keynote , AWS disclosed that they have more than a million active customers every month in 190 countries , including nearly 2,000 government agencies , 5,000 education institutions and more than 17,500 nonprofits . On April 5 , 2017 , AWS and DXC Technology ( formed from a merger of CSC and HPE ) announced an expanded alliance to increase access of AWS features for enterprise clients in existing data centers .
English contract law
It will then be up to the recipient of the property to rebut the presumption . This takes on greatest significance in cases involving banks typically lending money to a husband for his business , and securing a mortgage over the husband and wife 's jointly owned home . Significant problems arose , particularly after the early 1990s housing , stock market and currency crashes , where the husband 's business failed , the bank attempted to repossess the house , and the wife claimed she never understood the implications of the mortgage or was pressured into it . Even though a bank may have played no illegitimate role , if it had `` constructive notice '' of undue influence ( i.e. if it was aware that something was potentially wrong ) the bank would lose its security and could not repossess the house . In Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge the House of Lords decided that in such situations a bank should ensure that the spouse has been independently advised by a solicitor , who in turn confirms in writing there is no question of undue influence , before giving out a loan .
LeBron James
James became an unrestricted free agent at 12 : 01 am EDT on July 1 , 2010 . During his free agency , he was contacted by several teams , including the Bulls , Los Angeles Clippers , Miami Heat , New York Knicks , New Jersey Nets , and Cavaliers . On July 8 , he announced that he would sign with the Heat on a live ESPN special titled The Decision . The telecast , broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich , Connecticut , raised $2.5 million for the charity and an additional $3.5 million from advertisement revenue that was donated to other charities . The day before the special , fellow free agents Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade had also announced that they would sign with Miami ; reports later arose that the trio had discussed their 2010 free agencies together in 2006 . James decided to join with Bosh and Wade in part so that he could shoulder less of the load offensively , thinking that his improved teammates would give him a better chance of winning a championship than had he stayed in Cleveland . Heat president Pat Riley played a major role in selling James on the idea of playing with Bosh and Wade . Relieved of the burden of scoring , James thought he could be the first player to average a triple - double in a season since Oscar Robertson .
Law
The fundamental constitutional principle , inspired by John Locke , holds that the individual can do anything except that which is forbidden by law , and the state may do nothing except that which is authorised by law . Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account . People can sue an agency , local council , public service , or government ministry for judicial review of actions or decisions , to ensure that they comply with the law , and that the government entity observed required procedure . The first specialist administrative court was the Conseil d'État set up in 1799 , as Napoleon assumed power in France .
Law firm
Law firms are organized in a variety of ways , depending on the jurisdiction in which the firm practices . Common arrangements include :
Caenorhabditis elegans
Sperm entry into the oocyte commences formation of an anterior - posterior axis . The sperm microtubule organizing center directs the movement of the sperm pronucleus to the future posterior pole of the embryo , while also inciting the movement of PAR proteins , a group of cytoplasmic determination factors , to their proper respective locations . As a result of the difference in PAR protein distribution , the first cell division is highly asymmetric. C. elegans embryogenesis is among the best understood examples of asymmetric cell division .
Accord and satisfaction
In an accord contract it is typical that the consideration supplied is less than bargained for in the original contract . In accord contracts that require an amount of consideration that is less than the original , the consideration must be of a different type , i.e. instead of money , debtor offers a car or a boat .
Cell nucleus
Between 1877 and 1878 , Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs , showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus . This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell . This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel 's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development , including generation of the first nucleated cell from a `` monerula '' , a structureless mass of primordial mucus ( `` Urschleim '' ) . Therefore , the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time . However , Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups , including amphibians and molluscs . Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884 . This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity . In 1873 , August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity . The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later , after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century ; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed .
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
UNICEF appealed for donations , as close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open , and were in desperate need of drinking water , psychological counsel , temporary shelters , sanitation and protection from disease outbreak . It distributed water , tents , hygiene kits , water purification tablets and buckets . Numerous other organizations provided similar support .
Local government in the United States
The city of Lakewood pioneered the Lakewood Plan , a contract under which a city reimburses a county for performing services which are more efficiently performed on a countywide basis . Such contracts have become very popular throughout California and many other states , as they enable city governments to concentrate on particular local concerns like zoning . A city which contracts out most of its services , particularly law enforcement , is known as a contract city .
Carnegie Corporation of New York
By 1911 Andrew Carnegie had endowed five organizations in the United States and three in the United Kingdom , and had given away more than $43 million for public library buildings and almost $110 million for other purposes . Nevertheless , ten years after the sale of the Carnegie Steel Company , he still had more than $150 million and , at the age of 76 , was tiring of philanthropic decision making . On the advice of Elihu Root , a long - time friend , he decided to establish a trust to which he could transfer the bulk of his remaining fortune and , ultimately , the responsibility for distributing his wealth after his lifetime . Having already used the conventional formats for his previously endowed institutions , he selected `` corporation '' for this last and largest . It was chartered by the State of New York as Carnegie Corporation of New York . The Corporation 's capital fund , originally donated as a value of about $135 million , had a market value of $1.55 billion on March 31 , 1999 .
Human rights and development
The ILO Conventions include Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention 1948 and the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention , 1949 . In 1998 the organization issued a declaration of four core labour rights 1 ) freedom of association and the effective right of collective bargaining 2 ) the prohibition of forced compulsory labour 3 ) the effective abolition of child labour 4 ) the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment or occupation . Collective bargaining may be viewed as an individual right to combine with other individual workers in a position to achieve wage justice , safe working conditions , fair disciplinary treatment and comradery . It is also a practice that counterbalances and overcomes inequalities in market forces .
Oyster
Oysters usually reach maturity in one year . They are protandric ; during their first year , they spawn as males by releasing sperm into the water . As they grow over the next two or three years and develop greater energy reserves , they spawn as females by releasing eggs . Bay oysters usually spawn from the end of June until mid-August . An increase in water temperature prompts a few oysters to spawn . This triggers spawning in the rest , clouding the water with millions of eggs and sperm . A single female oyster can produce up to 100 million eggs annually . The eggs become fertilized in the water and develop into larvae , which eventually find suitable sites , such as another oyster 's shell , on which to settle . Attached oyster larvae are called spat . Spat are oysters less than 25 mm ( 1 in ) long . Many species of bivalves , oysters included , seem to be stimulated to settle near adult conspecifics . Pacific
Survivor (U.S. TV series)
Probst claimed the choice came from the criticism that Survivor was `` not ethnically diverse enough '' , but several long - term sponsors , including Campbell 's Soup , Procter & Gamble , Home Depot , and Coca - Cola dropped their support of the show shortly after this announcement , leading to speculation that the decisions were in response to the controversy . Each company has either denied the link to the controversy or declined to comment . The selection process for the 14th season came under fire when it was revealed that , of the entire Survivor : Fiji cast , only Gary Stritesky had gone through the application process for the show ; the rest of the contestants were recruited . Probst defended the process , citing finding diversity of cast as a reason . At the Survivor : China reunion show , Denise Martin told producers and the audience that she had been demoted to a janitor from a lunch lady due to the distraction she was to students from her appearance on the show . Because of her misfortune , Burnett awarded Martin $50,000 . But Martin would later recant her story after the school district she worked for publicly stated that she had taken the custodial position before appearing on the show . Martin then decided to donate the $50,000 to charity . A brief uncensored shot of Marcus Lehman 's genitals during the premiere episode of Survivor : Gabon led to the show and network being asked to apologize for the incident . Jim Early ( aka Missyae ) , who was a user on one of the fan forums for Survivor , was sued by Burnett , his production company , and CBS in August 2010 , for allegedly releasing detailed spoiler information for Survivor : Samoa and Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains . Early revealed that he was getting his information from Russell Hantz , a contestant on both seasons , through both phone calls and emails . Early complied in the lawsuit by providing such evidence , eventually leading to its dismissal in January 2011 . Although legal action has yet to be taken against Hantz , the contract for a player in Survivor includes a liability of up to $5 million for the premature revealing of a season 's results . Hantz has stated that the claim is false . Contestants that did not make the jury in Survivor : Caramoan were not allowed on stage for the reunion show .
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds . Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency 's requirements imposed under section 602 , and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law , judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act ( 5 U.S.C. § 1009 ) . The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10 . The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10 , section 10 itself has an exception for action `` committed to agency discretion , '' which might otherwise be carried over into section 603 . It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603 , however , otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10 ( e ) of the Administrative Procedure Act .
Serial killer
Organized serial killers often plan their crimes methodically , usually abducting victims , killing them in one place and disposing of them in another . They often lure the victims with ploys appealing to their sense of sympathy . Others specifically target prostitutes , who are likely to go voluntarily with a stranger . These killers maintain a high degree of control over the crime scene and usually have a solid knowledge of forensic science that enables them to cover their tracks , such as burying the body or weighing it down and sinking it in a river . They follow their crimes in the news media carefully and often take pride in their actions , as if it were all a grand project . Often , organized killers have social and other interpersonal skills sufficient to enable them to develop both personal and romantic relationships , friends and lovers and sometimes even attract and maintain a spouse and sustain a family including children . Among serial killers , those of this type are in the event of their capture most likely to be described by acquaintances as kind and unlikely to hurt anyone . Bundy and John Wayne Gacy are examples of organized serial killers . In general , the IQs of organized serial killers tend to be near normal range , with a mean of 94.7 . Organized nonsocial offenders tend to be on the higher end of the average , with a mean IQ of 99.2 .
Space Shuttle retirement
In March 1992 , Russian and US space officials discussed the possibility of cooperation in manned space program , including ACRV . On June 18 , 1992 , after three months of negotiations , NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin and Director General of the Russian Space Agency Yuri Nikolayevich Koptev , `` ratified '' a contract between NASA and NPO - Energia to study possible application of the Soyuz spacecraft and Russian docking port in the Freedom project --
Zimbabwe
The famous soapstone bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe , built , it is believed , sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries by ancestors of the Shona . The ruins , which gave their name to modern Zimbabwe , cover some 1,800 acres ( 7.3 km ) and are the largest ancient stone construction in Zimbabwe .
East China Sea
Possibly , East China Sea ( Donghai in Chinese ) is represented with the star Eta Serpentis in asterism Left Wall , Heavenly Market enclosure ( see Chinese constellation ) .
Great Chicago Fire
`` Chicago had a weakness for `` big things , '' and liked to think that it was outbuilding New York . It did a great deal of commercial advertising in its house - tops . The faults of construction as well as of art in its great showy buildings must have been numerous . Their walls were thin , and were overweighted with gross and coarse misornamentation . '' Chicago
Japanese invasion of Manchuria
Second Sino - Japanese War Major engagements in bold Begun in 1931 -- 37 Mukden Manchuria Jiangqiao Nenjiang Bridge Jinzhou Harbin Shanghai ( 1932 ) Pacification of Manchukuo Rehe Great Wall Inner Mongolia Suiyuan Begun in 1937 -- 39 Marco Polo Bridge Beiping -- Tianjin Chahar Shanghai ( 1937 ) Sihang Warehouse Beiping -- Hankou Railway Tianjin -- Pukou Railway Taiyuan Pingxingguan Xinkou Nanjing Xuzhou Taierzhuang N. - E. Henan Lanfeng Amoy Chongqing Wuhan Wanjialing Canton Hainan Nanchang Suixian -- Zaoyang Swatow 1st Changsha S. Guangxi Kunlun Pass Winter Offensive West Suiyuan Wuyuan Begun in 1940 -- 42 Zaoyang -- Yichang Hundred Regiments N. Vietnam C. Hubei S. Henan W. Hebei Shanggao S. Shanxi 2nd Changsha 3rd Changsha Yunnan - Burma Road Tachiao Oktwin Toungoo Yenangyaung Zhejiang -- Jiangxi Sichuan invasion Begun in 1943 -- 45 W. Hubei N. Burma - W. Yunnan Changde Ichi - Go C. Henan 4th Changsha Hengyang Guilin -- Liuzhou Mt . Song W. Henan -- N. Hubei W. Hunan 2nd Guangxi Others Aerial engagements