vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the United States Merchant Marine
In 1859 , the `` Memphis and St. Louis Packet Line , '' which would later become the Anchor Line was formed , principally providing service to these two cities and points in between . The Anchor line was a steamboat company that operated a fleet of boats on the Mississippi River between St. Louis , Missouri , and New Orleans , Louisiana , between 1859 and 1898 , when it went out of business . It was one of the most well - known , if not successful , pools of steamboats formed on the lower Mississippi River in the decades following the American Civil War . The
List of volcanoes in the United States
N 122 ° 06 ′ 29 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.241 ° N 122.108 ° W ﻿ / 43.241 ; - 122.108 ﻿ ( Cinnamon Butte ) > 6845 years ago Columbia River Basalt Group - - - - Crater Lake or Mount Mazama 2,487 8,159 42 ° 56 ′ N 122 ° 07 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 42.93 ° N 122.12 ° W ﻿ / 42.93 ; - 122.12 ﻿ ( Crater Lake ) ~ 2290 BC Crooked River caldera - - - 29.5 Ma Diamond Craters 1,450 4,750 43 ° 06 ′ N 118 ° 42 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.1 ° N 118.7 ° W ﻿ / 43.1 ; - 118.7 ﻿ ( Diamond Craters ) Between 7320 and 7790 BC Diamond Peak 2,665 8,744 43 ° 31 ′ 14.5 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 58.5 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.520694 ° N 122.149583 ° W ﻿ / 43.520694 ; - 122.149583 > 11,000 years ago Fort Rock 1,716 5,628 43 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 121 ° 04 ′ 08 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 43.37417 ° N 121.06889 ° W ﻿ / 43.37417 ; - 121.06889 ﻿ ( Fort Rock ) - Gorda Ridge - 3,000 - 9,842 42 ° 40 ′ N 126 ° 47 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 42.67 ° N 126.78 ° W ﻿ / 42.67 ; - 126.78 ﻿ ( Gorda Ridge ) Gray Butte - - 44 ° 30 ′ N 121 ° 18 ′ W ﻿ / ﻿ 44.5 ° N 121.3 ° W ﻿ / 44.5 ; - 121.3 ﻿ ( Gray Butte ) - Mount Hood 3,426 11,237 45 ° 22 ′ 24.65 '' N 121 ° 41 ′ 45.31 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 45.3735139 ° N 121.6959194 ° W ﻿ / 45.3735139 ; - 121.6959194 ﻿ ( Mount Hood ) 1866 Jackies Butte 1,418 4,652 42 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 117 ° 35 ′ 20 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 42.606 ° N 117.589 ° W ﻿ /
Romanticism
Literary Romanticism had its counterpart in the American visual arts , most especially in the exaltation of an untamed American landscape found in the paintings of the Hudson River School . Painters like Thomas Cole , Albert Bierstadt and Frederic Edwin Church and others often expressed Romantic themes in their paintings . They sometimes depicted ancient ruins of the old world , such as in Fredric Edwin Church 's piece Sunrise in Syria . These works reflected the Gothic feelings of death and decay . They also show the Romantic ideal that Nature is powerful and will eventually overcome the transient creations of men . More often , they worked to distinguish themselves from their European counterparts by depicting uniquely American scenes and landscapes . This idea of an American identity in the art world is reflected in W.C. Bryant 's poem , To Cole , the Painter , Departing for Europe , where Bryant encourages Cole to remember the powerful scenes that can only be found in America .
The Lodge (TV series)
Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Dan Richardson as Gil , Ellie Taylor as Christina , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , Laila Rouass as Olivia , Emma Campbell - Jones as Ella 8 8 `` Wishful Thinking '' Dez McCarthy Bronagh Taggart 11 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 2016 0.15 0.78 Skye , Kaylee , Oz , Noah and Sean leave for a camping trip . Danielle and Ben meet up in the woods and try to find the campsite . Ben and Sean go into the woods and end up in an argument over Skye . Oz accidentally reveals to the group that Kaylee got into the City Music School and is leaving . Oz later tells Noah that if he wants the best for Kaylee , he should back off and let her leave . The girls think a wild animal is outside the tent , but it is really just Kyle and Aaron trying to get in and talk to Skye about S.J. Later on , Skye tells the group about a Japanese tradition that if you write your wish and make it into a boat , if you release it will come true , providing no - one reads it . Everybody sets their wishes into a river . In the evening , Kaylee and Skye find Noah 's wish boat . Kaylee opens it and finds out it says ' I wish Kaylee would stay and we could be together . ' She is shocked about the wish . Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron Absent : Joshua Sinclair - Evans as Josh 9 9 `` The Truth '' Dez McCarthy Lee Walters 18 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 18 November 2016 0.12 0.68 Guest stars : Marcus Garvey as Ed , Dominic Harrison as Oz , Dan Richardson as Gil , Tom Hudson as Kyle , Martin Anzor as Aaron , John Hopkins as SJ 10 10 `` The Choice '' Dez McCarthy Lee Walters 25 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 25 ) 25 November 2016 0.12 0.60 < Skye works hard to create the concert that will save the lodge . Ben asks Skye to chose between him and Sean . Josh shows up .
George Washington Bridge
Eastbound vehicles must pay a toll to cross the bridge ; as with all Hudson River crossings along the North River , westbound vehicles cross for free . As of December 6 , 2015 , the cash tolls going from New Jersey to New York are $15 for both cars and motorcycles . E-ZPass users are charged $10.50 for cars and $9.50 for motorcycles during off - peak hours , and $12.50 for cars and $11.50 for motorcycles during peak hours . Trucks are charged cash tolls of $20.00 per axle , with discounted peak , off - peak , and overnight E-ZPass tolls . A discounted carpool toll ( $6.50 ) is available at all times for cars with three or more passengers using NY or NJ E-ZPass , who proceed through a staffed toll lane ( provided they have registered with the free `` Carpool Plan '' ) . There is an off - peak toll of $7.00 for qualified low - emission passenger vehicles , which have received a Green E-ZPass based on registering for the Port Authority Green Pass Discount Plan .
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Twain initially conceived of the work as a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer that would follow Huckleberry Finn through adulthood . Beginning with a few pages he had removed from the earlier novel , Twain began work on a manuscript he originally titled Huckleberry Finn 's Autobiography . Twain worked on the manuscript off and on for the next several years , ultimately abandoning his original plan of following Huck 's development into adulthood . He appeared to have lost interest in the manuscript while it was in progress , and set it aside for several years . After making a trip down the Hudson River , Twain returned to his work on the novel . Upon completion , the novel 's title closely paralleled its predecessor 's : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( Tom Sawyer 's Comrade ) .
Catawba River
Lake James to Lake Norman Power House Road Watermill Glen Alpine Road Independence Blvd in Morganton N Green Street ( N.C. 181 ) in Morganton U.S. 64 in Morganton Huffman Bridge Castle Bridge near Rutherford College Rhodhiss Road in Rhodhiss U.S. 321 in Hickory N.C. 127 near Hickory N.C. 16 below Oxford Dam Interstate 40 Hudson Chapel Road in Catawba US 70 in Catawba Buffalo Shoals Road over Lake Norman N.C. 150 over Lake Norman Lake Norman to the SC border N.C. 73 bridge at Cowans Ford Dam Rozzelle Bridge on Brookshire Blvd ( N.C. 16 ) over Mountain Island Lake E. Charlotte Avenue in Mount Holly Interstate 85 Wilkinson Blvd U.S. 29 and U.S. 74 in Belmont Buster Boyd Bridge over Lake Wylie
Construction of the World Trade Center
Repairs to structural elements on the lower levels of 1 WTC were made following the 1993 bombing . The greatest damage occurred on levels B1 and B2 , with significant structural damage also on level B3 . Primary structural columns were not damaged , but secondary steel members experienced some damage . Floors that were blown out needed to be repaired to restore the structural support they provided to columns . The slurry wall was in peril following the bombing and loss of the floor slabs which provided lateral support to counteract pressure from Hudson River water on the other side . The refrigeration plant on sublevel B5 , which provided air conditioning to the entire World Trade Center complex , was heavily damaged and replaced with a temporary system for the summer of 1993 . The fire alarm system for the entire complex needed to be replaced , after critical wiring and signaling in the original system was destroyed in the 1993 bombing . Installation of the new system took years to complete , and replacement of some components was still underway in September 2001 .
Dutch East India Company
The restored conference room of the Heeren XVII ( the VOC 's board of directors ) in the East Indies House / Oost - Indisch Huis , Amsterdam . Duyfken replica under sail . A replica of the VOC vessel Batavia ( 1620 -- 29 ) . 19th - century illustration Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) in the Hudson River in 1609 . Anonymous painting with Table Mountain in the background , 1762 . Dutch church at Batavia , Dutch East Indies , 1682 . Factory in Hugli - Chuchura , Dutch Bengal , Dutch India , by Hendrik van Schuylenburgh ( 1665 ) . Ground - plan of the Dutch trade - post on the island Dejima at Nagasaki . An imagined bird 's - eye view of Dejima 's layout and structures ( copied from a woodblock print by Toshimaya Bunjiemon of 1780 ) . A naval cannon ( Dejima , Nagasaki , Japan ) . The letters `` VOC '' are the monogram of the `` Vereenigde Oost - Indische Compagnie '' and the letter `` A '' represents the `` Amsterdam '' Chamber of the company . Kraak porcelain in a museum in Malacca . Portrait of Abel Tasman , his wife and daughter . Attributed to Jacob Gerritsz Cuyp , 1637 . Wall of Fort Zeelandia / Fort Anping , Tainan ( Taiwan ) . The Dutch Square , Dutch Malacca . Northern view from the Castle of Good Hope , Cape Town ( Dutch Cape Colony ) . The Castle of Good Hope ( Kasteel de Goede Hoop in Dutch ) , Cape Town , South Africa .
Dutch East India Company
Upon returning to the Netherlands , Hudson reported that he had found a fertile land and an amicable people willing to engage his crew in small - scale bartering of furs , trinkets , clothes , and small manufactured goods . His report was first published in 1611 by Emanuel Van Meteren , an Antwerp émigré and the Dutch Consul at London . This stimulated interest in exploiting this new trade resource , and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant - traders to fund more expeditions .
Nile
As the Nile was such an important factor in Egyptian life , the ancient calendar was even based on the 3 cycles of the Nile . These seasons , each consisting of four months of thirty days each , were called Akhet , Peret , and Shemu . Akhet , which means inundation , was the time of the year when the Nile flooded , leaving several layers of fertile soil behind , aiding in agricultural growth . Peret was the growing season , and Shemu , the last season , was the harvest season when there were no rains .
Great Basin
European exploration of the Great Basin occurred during the 18th century Spanish colonization of the Americas . The first immigrant American to cross the Great Basin from the Sierra Nevada was Jedediah Strong Smith in 1827 . Peter Skene Ogden of the British Hudson 's Bay Company explored the Great Salt Lake and Humboldt River regions in the late 1820s , following the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to the Gulf of California . Benjamin Bonneville explored the northeast portion during an 1832 expedition . The United States had acquired control of the area north of the 42nd parallel via the 1819 Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain and 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain . The US gained control of most of the rest of the Great Basin via the 1848 Mexican Cession . The first non-indigenous settlement was in 1847 in the Great Salt Lake Valley , leading to first American religious settlement effort of the Mormon provisional State of Deseret in 1849 in present - day Utah and northern Nevada . Later settlements were connected with the eastern regions of the 1848 California Gold Rush , with its immigrants crossing the Great Basin on the California Trail along Nevada 's Humboldt River to Carson Pass in the Sierras . The Oregon Territory was established in 1848 and the Utah Territory in 1850 .
George Washington Bridge
George Washington Bridge The bridge , looking east from Fort Lee toward Upper Manhattan . 40 ° 51 ′ 06 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 09 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 40.851589 ° N 73.952483 ° W ﻿ / 40.851589 ; - 73.952483 ﻿ ( George Washington Bridge ) Carries 14 lanes ( 8 upper deck , 6 lower deck ) of I ‐ 95 ( entire span ) / US 1 - 9 ( entire span ) / US 46 ( NJ side ) Upper deck sidewalk ( south side ) : pedestrians and bicycles Crosses Hudson River Locale Connecting Fort Lee , New Jersey and Washington Heights , Manhattan in New York City , United States Other name ( s ) The GWB , The GW , The GW Bridge , & The George Maintained by Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Characteristics Design Double - decked suspension bridge Material Steel Total length 4,760 ft ( 1,450 m ) Width 119 ft ( 36 m ) Height 604 ft ( 184 m ) Longest span 3,500 ft ( 1,067 m ) Clearance above 14 ft ( 4.3 m ) ( upper level ) , 13.5 ft ( 4.1 m ) ( lower level ) Clearance below 212 ft ( 65 m ) at mid-span History Designer Othmar Ammann , Cass Gilbert Construction start October 1927 Opened October 24 , 1931 ; 85 years ago ( 1931 - 10 - 24 ) ( upper level ) August 29 , 1962 ; 55 years ago ( 1962 - 08 - 29 ) ( lower level ) Statistics Daily traffic 312,377 ( 2014 ) Toll eastbound only : cars ( $15.00 for cash , $12.50 peak with E-ZPass , $10.50 off - peak with E-ZPass ; $6.50 when carpooling with 3 people or more with NY and NJ E-ZPass only ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all
Battles of Saratoga
Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left , and the need to control the heights there . After the morning fog lifted around 10 am , Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns . Baron Riedesel led the left column , consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot , on the river road , bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river . General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column , consisting of the 9th , 20th , 21st , and 62nd regiments , which would attack the heights , and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies , to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights .
Hudson Valley
Part of a series on Regions of New York Downstate New York ( hide ) New York City Long Island Hudson Valley ( Lower and Middle ) Upstate New York ( hide ) Hudson Valley ( Middle and Upper ) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York Administrative divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census - designated places Places ( including hamlets ) Timelines of town creation ( show ) Downstate New York Hudson Valley Capital District North Country Central New York Southern Tier Western New York
Hurricane Gloria
Along Long Island , the high storm surge flooded hundreds of streets and caused heavy beach erosion . High winds downed thousands of trees and damaged hundreds of homes , causing widespread power outages . About 1.5 million people in the state lost power , including two - thirds of the Long Island Lighting Company customers , making it one of the worst power outages in the state . There were four deaths on Long Island , two of whom related to heart attacks and the other two related to fallen trees . There were also 14 injuries in the region , many of them due to downed tree branches . In the New York mainland , heavy rainfall flooded rivers and alleviated drought conditions . Rough waves damaged boats and docks along the Hudson River . Unsettled weather contributed to a traffic fatality and an airplane crash that killed one in the New York mainland .
Little Red Riding Hood
A Big Bad Wolf wants to eat the girl and the food in the basket . He secretly stalks her behind trees , bushes , shrubs , and patches of little and tall grass . He approaches Little Red Riding Hood , and she naively tells him where she is going . He suggests that the girl pick some flowers , which she does . In the meantime , he goes to the grandmother 's house and gains entry by pretending to be the girl . He swallows the grandmother whole ( in some stories , he locks her in the closet ) and waits for the girl , disguised as the grandma . Gustave
Jughead Jones
Many stories revolve around other characters making comments about Jughead 's appetite . One story has Dilton Doiley making calculations to scientifically prove that it 's impossible for Jughead to eat the way that he does , and even convinces Pop Tate to cook everything Jughead ate earlier to prove it . When the entire gang is n't paying attention , Jughead ate all the food and ended the story by saying that if they did n't believe it they could make the food and he 'd eat it again . Another story has Jughead going against a guy from another group in an eating contest . The rival gang sends a girl to feed Jughead to fill him up the night before in an effort to cheat but he manages to win anyway . In still another , Archie expresses concern over Jughead 's eating and lack of exercise , which prompts Reggie to show off lifting a single crate of Pop 's bottles over his head . Jughead helps Pop by effortlessly lifting three crates at once and carrying them to the back room , stunning Archie and Reggie . Unnerving them even more , he rips out a stool that Pop said he could take for a souvenir ( he was replacing his counter stools later that day ) with one hand again with no effort . In that story , he says he eats to get strong , cracking up Archie and Reggie , but they change their mind when they see he 's very strong , and even take up eating in an effort to get strong , with no success .
Hawaiian crow
The omnivorous Hawaiian crow is a generalist species , eating various foods as they become available . The main portion of their diet , and 50 % of their feeding activity is spent foraging on trunks , branches , and foliage for invertebrates such as isopods , land snails , and arachnids . They feed in a woodpecker fashion , flaking bark and moss from trunks or branches to expose hidden insects , foraging mostly on ohia and koa , the tallest and most dominant trees in their habitats . Fruits are the second most dominant component in the Hawaiian crow 's diet . The crows often collect kepau and olapa fruit clusters . Although hoawa and alani fruits have hard outer coverings , crows continue to exert energy prying them open . Passerine nestlings and eggs are consumed most frequently in April and May , during their breeding season . Other prey include red - billed leiothrix , Japanese white - eye , Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi , ʻIʻiwi , ' elepaio , and ʻapapane . The ʻalalā also commonly forages on flowers , especially from February through May . Nectar to feed the young are obtained from the ohia flower , oha kepau , and purple poka during the nestling period . Crows also foraged various plant parts , including the flower petals of kolea , koa , and mamane . The palila is the only other Hawaiian bird known to eat flower petals . The ʻalalā only occasionally forages on the ground , but only for a limited amount of time for risk of predators .
Christmas traditions
The evening meal typically includes pork with sauerkraut or Estonian sauerkraut ( mulgikapsad ) , baked potatoes , white and blood sausage , potato salad with red beet , and pāté . For dessert , Estonians eat gingerbread ( piparkoogid ) and marzipan . The most highly regarded drinks during this time have been beer and mulled wine or glögi and hõõgvein ( `` glowing wine '' ) . Estonians leave the leftover food from Christmas dinner on the table overnight , in hopes that the spirits of family , friends , and loved ones will visit and also have something to eat . It is also customary to visit graveyards and leave candles for the deceased .
Puerto Rican cuisine
Lechón -- Pork is central to Puerto Rican holiday cooking , especially the lechón ( spit - roasted piglet ) . Holiday feasts might include several pork dishes , such as pernil ( a baked fresh pork shoulder seasoned in adobo mojado ) , morcilla ( a black blood sausage ) , and jamón con piña ( ham and pineapple ) . Ensaladas -- Most Puerto Rican tables on the holidays have one or two salads . A topical salad would be potato salad with peppers , onions , mayonnaise and with or without chorizo . Macaroni salad with peppers , onions , tomatoes and can tuna or spam . The macaroni is tossed usually in mayonnaise or vinegar and olive oil . Octopus with a citrus vinaigrette and tropical fruits . Puerto
Christmas dinner
Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom is usually eaten in the afternoon on 25 December . The dinner usually consists of turkey served with stuffing , gravy , sometimes pigs in blankets or devils on horseback , cranberry sauce or redcurrant jelly ; bread sauce ; yorkshire pudding , roast potatoes ( sometimes also boiled or mashed ) ; vegetables ( usually boiled or steamed ) , particularly brussels sprouts and parsnips ; with dessert of Christmas pudding ( or plum pudding ) , sometimes mince pies or trifle , with brandy butter and / or cream . Christmas
Northern cardinal
The diet of the northern cardinal consists mainly ( up to 90 % ) of weed seeds , grains , and fruits . It is a ground feeder and finds food while hopping on the ground through trees or shrubbery . It will also consume insects , including beetles , cicadas , grasshoppers , and snails ; it feeds its young almost exclusively on insects . Other common items include corn ( maize ) and oats , sunflower seeds , the blossoms and bark of elm trees , and drinks maple sap from holes made by sapsuckers , an example of commensalism . During the summer months it shows preference for seeds that are easily husked , but is less selective when food is scarce during winter . Putting safflower seed in a feeder is a strong strategy for attracting them .
Little Red Riding Hood
A Taiwanese story from the 16th Century , known as Grandaunt Tiger bears several striking similarities . When the girl 's mother goes out , the tiger comes to the girl 's house and pretends to be their aunt , asking to come in . The girl says that her voice does not sound right , so the tiger attempts to disguise her voice . Then , the girl says that her hands feel too coarse , so the tiger attempts to make them smoother . When finally , the tiger gains entry , she eats the girl 's sister 's hand . The girl comes up with a ruse to go outside and fetch some food for her aunt . Grandaunt Tiger , suspicious of the girl , ties a rope to her leg . The girl ties a bucket to the rope to fool her , but Grandaunt Tiger realises this and chases after her , whereupon she climbs into a tree . The girl tells the tiger that she will let her eat her , but first she would like to feed her some fruit from the tree . The tiger comes closer to eat the food , whereupon , the girl pours boiling hot oil down her throat , killing her .