vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kent State shootings
President Nixon and his administration 's public reaction to the shootings was perceived by many in the anti-war movement as callous . Then National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger said the President was `` pretending indifference '' . Stanley Karnow noted in his Vietnam : A History that `` The ( Nixon ) administration initially reacted to this event with wanton insensitivity . Nixon 's press secretary , Ron Ziegler , whose statements were carefully programmed , referred to the deaths as a reminder that ' when dissent turns to violence , it invites tragedy . ' '' Three days before the shootings , Nixon had talked of `` bums '' who were antiwar protestors on United States campuses , to which the father of Allison Krause stated on national TV `` My child was not a bum . ''
History of Texas
Within the Republican Party the Lily - white movement emerged , a movement to wrest control of the party by whites and eliminate black influence altogether . The movement had its origins in Texas but spread across the nation . This in addition to wider efforts to restrict the influence of non-whites rapidly reversed the fortunes of the black population .
Cold War
The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 .
Secession in the United States
Scotland and Quebec have both used the threat of secession to get large subsidies and concessions from their respective national governments . We could use our leverage for liberty . '' Oregon : Following the 2016 U.S Elections , Protests began in the State , particularly in Portland . The Oregon Secession Act was sent to the ballot for 2018 , however , a day later it was withdrawn . The leaders of the Oregon Org. Said they would possibly put it back in once it was all calm . South Carolina : In May 2010 a group formed that called itself the Third Palmetto Republic , a reference to the fact that the state claimed to be an independent republic twice before : once in 1776 and again in 1860 . The group models itself after the Second Vermont Republic , and says its aims are for a free and independent South Carolina , and to abstain from any further federations . Texas Secession Movement : The group Republic of Texas generated national publicity for its controversial actions in the late 1990s . A small group still meets . In April 2009 , Rick Perry , the Governor of Texas , raised the issue of secession in disputed comments during a speech at a Tea Party protest saying `` Texas is a unique place . When we came into the union in 1845 , one of the issues was that we would be able to leave if we decided to do that ... My hope is that America and Washington in particular pays attention . We 've got a great union . There 's absolutely no reason to dissolve it . But if Washington continues to thumb their nose at the American people , who knows what may come of that . '' Vermont : The Second Vermont Republic , founded in 2003 , is a loose network of several groups that describes itself as `` a nonviolent citizens ' network and think tank opposed to the tyranny of Corporate America and the U.S. government , and committed to the peaceful return of Vermont to its status as an independent republic and more broadly the dissolution of the Union . '' Its `` primary objective is to extricate Vermont peacefully from the United States as soon as possible . '' They have worked closely with the Middlebury Institute created from a meeting sponsored in Vermont in 2004 .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Among important SNCC leaders attending the conference were Stokely Carmichael from Howard University ; Charles F. McDew , who led student protests at South Carolina State University ; J. Charles Jones , who organized 200 students to participate in sit - ins at department stores throughout Charlotte , North Carolina ; Julian Bond from Atlanta , Diane Nash from Fisk University ; James Lawson ; and John Lewis , Bernard Lafayette , James Bevel , and Marion Barry from the Nashville Student Movement .
History of the Church of England
The Plymouth Brethren seceded from the established church in the 1820s . The church in this period was affected by the Evangelical revival and the growth of industrial towns in the Industrial Revolution . There was an expansion of the various Nonconformist churches , notably Methodism . From the 1830s the Oxford Movement became influential and occasioned the revival of Anglo - Catholicism . From 1801 the Church of England and the Church of Ireland were unified and this situation lasted until the disestablishment of the Irish church in 1871 ( by the Irish Church Act , 1869 ) .
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
Elsewhere the Soviet Union had concluded friendship and cooperation treaties with a number of states in the non-communist world , especially among Third World and Non-Aligned Movement states . Notwithstanding some ideological obstacles , Moscow advanced state interests by gaining military footholds in strategically important areas throughout the Third World . Furthermore , the USSR continued to provide military aid for revolutionary movements in the Third World . For all these reasons , Soviet foreign policy was of major importance to the non-communist world and helped determine the tenor of international relations .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
SNCC 's experience with the COFO and Mississippi Freedom Summer solidified their estrangement from white liberals . During several points in the Mississippi project , a team of Democratic Party operatives led by Allard Lowenstein and Barney Frank tried to take over its management . They sought to move decision - making power away from grassroots activists in the South , and purge Communist - linked organizations ( such as the National Lawyers Guild ) from SNCC 's network , in spite of those organizations having made crucial contributions to the movement . Dorothy Zellner ( a white radical SNCC staffer ) remarked that , `` What they ( Lowenstein and Frank ) want is to let the Negro into the existing society , not to change it . ''
History of the United States (1945–64)
Students and seminarians in both the South and the North played key roles in every phase of the movement . Church and student - led movements , such as the Nashville Student Movement , developed their own organizational and sustaining structures . The Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) , founded in 1957 , coordinated and raised funds , mostly from northern sources , for local protests and for the training of black leaders . The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , or SNCC , founded in 1957 , developed the `` jail - no - bail '' strategy . SNCC 's role was to develop and link sit - in campaigns and to help organize freedom rides , voter registration drives , and other protest activities . These three new groups often joined forces with existing organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) , founded in 1909 , the Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) , founded in 1942 , and the National Urban League . The NAACP and its Director , Roy Wilkins , provided legal counsel for jailed demonstrators , helped raise bail , and continued to test segregation and discrimination in the courts as it had been doing for half a century . CORE initiated the 1961 Freedom Rides which involved many SNCC members , and CORE 's leader James Farmer later became executive secretary of SNCC . The administration of President John F. Kennedy supported enforcement of desegregation in schools and public facilities . Attorney General Robert Kennedy brought more than 50 lawsuits in four states to secure black Americans ' right to vote . However , FBI director J. Edgar Hoover , concerned about possible communist influence in the civil rights movement and personally antagonistic to King , used the FBI to discredit King and other civil rights leaders .
Swadeshi movement
All this produced a storm of indignation in the country and the Indian - owned Press denounced the circulars in the strongest language . The people of Bengal took up the challenge . The students of some colleges in Rangpur defied the Government orders and when they were fined , the guardians refused to pay the fine and stabled a national school for the boys who were expelled . Teachers were also asked to resign for not whipping the boys .
Precedent
By the end of the eighteenth century , the common law courts had absorbed most of the business of their nonroyal competitors , although there was still internal competition among the different common law courts themselves . During the nineteenth century , legal reform movements in both England and the United States brought this to an end as well by merging the various common law courts into a unified system of courts with a formal hierarchical structure . This and the advent of reliable private case reporters made adherence to the doctrine of stare decisis practical and the practice soon evolved of holding judges to be bound by the decisions of courts of superior or equal status in their jurisdiction .
Great Depression in Canada
Numerous strikes and protests were led by the Communists , many of which culminated in violent clashes with the police . Some notable ones include a coal miners strike that resulted in the Estevan Riot in Estevan , Saskatchewan that left three strikers dead by RCMP bullets in 1931 , a waterfront strike in Vancouver that culminated with the `` Battle of Ballantyne Pier '' in 1935 , and numerous unemployed demonstrations up to and including the On - to - Ottawa Trek that left one Regina police constable and one protester dead in the `` Regina Riot . '' Although the actual number of Communist Party militants remained small , their impact was far disproportionate to their numbers , in large part because of the anticommunist reaction of the government , especially the policies of Prime Minister R.B. Bennett who vowed to crush Communism in Canada with an `` iron heel of ruthlessness . ''
Baptism
Newer movements of Protestant Evangelical churches , particularly non-denominational , allow laypeople to baptize .
Treaty of Waitangi
The growing discontent over sovereignty of the country led to several minor skirmishes and disputes through the 1840s , in which the government cracked down on dissidents . The Māori King Movement ( Kīngitanga ) began in the 1850s partly as a means of focusing Māori power in a manner which would allow them to negotiate with the Governor and Queen on equal footing . Chiefs justified the King 's role by the Treaty 's guarantee of rangatiratanga ( chieftainship ) . Tensions continued to escalate in the early 1860s , when the government used the Maori King movement as an excuse to invade lands in the eastern parts of the North Island , culminating in the Crown 's confiscation of large parts of the Waikato and Taranaki from the Māori there . These armed conflicts eventually became known as the New Zealand Wars . The Treaty was used to justify the idea that the chiefs of Waikato and Taranaki were rebels against the Crown .
Vaishnavism
This was followed by a merger with the cult of Gopala - Krsna of the cowherd community of the Abhıras at the 4th century CE . The character of Gopala Krishna is often considered to be non-Vedic . According to Dandekar , such mergers consolidated the position of Krishnaism between the heterodox sramana movement and the orthodox Vedic religion . The `` Greater Krsnaism '' , states Dandekar , then merged with the Rigvedic Vishnu .
The Passion of the Christ
The film has been controversial and received mixed reviews , with some critics finding the extreme violence distracting and excessive , as well as claiming that the film subliminally promoted antisemitism . The film grossed $612 million during its theatrical release . It received three Academy Award nominations in 2005 . It remains the highest grossing non-English language film of all time .
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
Through organizations like SNCC , women of both races were becoming more politically active than at any time in American history since the Women 's suffrage movement . A group of women in SNCC , later identified as Mary King and Casey Hayden , openly challenged the way women were treated when they issued the `` SNCC Position Paper ( Women in the Movement ) , or adapted an earlier paper submitted at Waveland Meeting by Elaine DeLott Baker . '' The paper was published anonymously , helping King and Hayden to avoid unwanted attention . The paper listed 11 events in which women were treated as subordinate to men . According to the paper , women in SNCC did not have a chance to become the face of the organization , the top leaders , because they were assigned to clerical and housekeeping duties , whereas men were involved in decision - making . The degree and significance of male - domination and women 's subordination was hotly debated within SNCC ; many of SNCC 's black women disputed the premise that women were denied leadership roles . Ruby Doris Smith was often falsely attributed as author of paper , yet Smith was looking towards black nationalism at this time rather than interracial feminism . The following year , King and Hayden produced another document entitled `` Sex and Caste : A Kind of Memo '' . The document was published in 1966 by Liberation , the magazine of the War Resisters League . `` Sex and Caste '' has since been credited as one of the generative documents that launched second - wave feminism .
History of the United Kingdom
Coal was a sick industry ; the best seams were being exhausted , raising the cost . Demand fell as oil began replacing coal for fuel . The 1926 general strike was a nine - day nationwide walkout of 1.3 million railwaymen , transport workers , printers , dockers , iron workers and steelworkers supporting the 1.2 million coal miners who had been locked out by the owners . The miners had rejected the owners ' demands for longer hours and reduced pay in the face of falling prices . The Conservative government had provided a nine - month subsidy in 1925 but that was not enough to turn around a sick industry . To support the miners the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) , an umbrella organization of all trades unions , called out certain critical unions . The hope was the government would intervene to reorganize and rationalize the industry , and raise the subsidy . The Conservative government had stockpiled supplies and essential services continued with middle class volunteers . All three major parties opposed the strike . The Labour Party leaders did not approve and feared it would tar the party with the image of radicalism , for the Cominterm in Moscow had sent instructions for Communists to aggressively promote the strike . The general strike itself was largely non-violent , but the miners ' lockout continued and there was violence in Scotland . It was the only general strike in British history , for TUC leaders such as Ernest Bevin considered it a mistake . Most historians treat it as a singular event with few long - term consequences , but Martin Pugh says it accelerated the movement of working - class voters to the Labour Party , which led to future gains . The Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 made general strikes illegal and ended the automatic payment of union members to the Labour Party . That act was largely repealed in 1946 . The coal industry , used up the more accessible coal as costs rose output fell from 2567 million tons in 1924 to 183 million in 1945 . The Labour government nationalised the mines in 1947 .
Environmental policy of the United States
The precursor of the modern environmental movement in the United States was the early 20th century conservation movement , associated with President Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot . During this period , the U.S. Forest Service was formed and public concern for consumer protection began , epitomized by the publication of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair . The origins of the modern environmental movement were in the publication of Rachel Carson 's controversial Silent Spring , which pointed out the perils of pesticide use and rallied concern for the environment in general . Carson argued that nature deserved human protection and referred to pesticides as the atomic bomb for insects . She stated that these pesticides would cycle through the environment hurting humans and nature and thought they should be used wisely . Carson played a big role in environment activism that was later to come . Along with critiques of the misuse of technology from figures such as William Ophuls , Barry Commoner and Garrett Hardin , the ineffectiveness and criticism of the 1960s Clean Air and Clean Water acts gave a burgeoning momentum to the environmental movement .
Welsh language
The decade around 1840 was a period of great social upheaval in Wales , manifested in the Chartist movement . In 1839 , 20,000 people marched on Newport , resulting in a riot when 20 people were killed by soldiers defending the Westgate Hotel , and the Rebecca Riots where tollbooths on turnpikes were systematically destroyed .
Axis powers
The platform of the Ustaše movement proclaimed that Croatians had been oppressed by the Serb - dominated Kingdom of Yugoslavia , and that Croatians deserved to have an independent nation after years of domination by foreign empires . The Ustaše perceived Serbs to be racially inferior to Croats and saw them as infiltrators who were occupying Croatian lands . They saw the extermination of Serbs as necessary to racially purify Croatia . While part of Yugoslavia , many Croatian nationalists violently opposed the Serb - dominated Yugoslav monarchy , and assassinated Alexander I of Yugoslavia , together with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization . The regime enjoyed support amongst radical Croatian nationalists . Ustashe forces fought against communist Yugoslav Partisan guerrilla throughout the war .
Catholic Church and capital punishment
The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops states that `` Our fundamental respect for every human life and for God , who created each person in his image , requires that we choose not to end a human life in response to violent crimes if non-lethal options are available . ''
Zapatista Army of National Liberation
Making a strong position against the February 9 actions against Peace , Moctezuma , defender of a political solution , submitted his resignation to President Zedillo , but the Zedillo refused to accept it . Moved by Moctezuma 's protest , President Zedillo abandoned the military offensive in favor of the improbable task of restoring the conditions for dialog to reach a negotiation . For these foregoing reasons the Mexican army eased its operation in Chiapas , giving an opportunity that Marcos needed to escape the military perimeter in the Lacandon jungle . Faced with this situation , Max Appedole , Rafael Guillén , childhood friend and colleague , at the Jesuits College Instituto Cultural Tampico asked for help from Edén Pastora the legendary Nicaraguan `` Commander Zero '' to prepare a report for under - Secretary of the Interior Luis Maldonado Venegas ; the Secretary of the Interior Esteban Moctezuma and the President Zedillo about Marcos natural pacifist vocation and the terrible consequences of a tragic outcome . The document concluded that the marginalized groups and the radical left that exist in México , have been vented with the Zapatistas movement , while Marcos maintains an open negotiating track . Eliminate Marcos , and his social containment work will not only cease , but will give opportunity to the radical groups to take control of the movement . They will respond to violence with violence . They would begin terrorist bombings , kidnappings and belligerent activities . The country would be in a very dangerous spiral , which could lead to very serious situations , because there is discontent not only in Chiapas , but also in many other places in Mexico .
Cinema of the Philippines
In 1962 , the board lifted the ban on mouth - to - mouth kissing , so long as it was deemed non-lascivious . In 1963 and after a long - pleaded appeal from the public , the board bans films that heavily play up violence and crime . Ang Manananggol Ni Ruben ( Dir . Eddie Garcia ) was a 1963 film heavily based on the story of Ruben Ablaza , who was convicted for the rape of Annabelle Huggins . The film was initially approved and quickly banned in September , but was screened again in December after being renamed to Ang Manananggol .
Grunge
In 2011 , John Calvert stated that `` timing '' is the reason why a grunge revival did not happen ; he says that the cultural mood of the late 1980s and early 1990s , which inspired the movement , were no longer present . Seattle songwriter Jeff Stetson states that people from the 2010s who are listening to grunge should learn about the `` ... context and history of how it all came to be '' and `` ... respect for what a truly amazing thing it was that happened here ( in Seattle , ) because you probably wo n't see anything like it again . '' Paste magazine 's Michael Danaher states that the grunge `` ... movement changed the course of rock ' n ' roll , bringing ... tales of abuse and depression '' and socially conscious issues '' into pop culture . This
United States in World War I
By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania aroused furious denunciations of German brutality . By 1915 , in Eastern cities a new `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . It argued that the United States needed to build up immediately strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . The driving forces behind Preparedness were all Republicans , notably General Leonard Wood , ex-president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson ; they enlisted many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism .
Apartheid
In the 1980s , the anti-apartheid movements in the United States and Europe were gaining support for boycotts against South Africa , for the withdrawal of US firms from South Africa and for the release of Mandela . South Africa was becoming an outlaw in the world community of nations . Investing in South Africa by Americans and others was coming to an end and an active policy of disinvestment ensued .