vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Latin America
Brazil 's President , Getúlio Vargas , wanted to industrialize Brazil , allowing it to be more competitive with other countries . He reached out to Germany , Italy , France , and the United States to act as trade allies . Many Italian and German people immigrated to Brazil many years before World War II began thus creating a Nazi influence . The immigrants held high positions in government and the armed forces . It was recently found that 9,000 war criminals escaped to South America , including Croats , Ukrainians , Russians and other western Europeans who aided the Nazi war machine . Most , perhaps as many as 5,000 , went to Argentina ; between 1,500 and 2,000 are thought to have made it to Brazil ; around 500 to 1,000 to Chile ; and the rest to Paraguay and Uruguay . It was not a secret that Vargas had an admiration for Hitler 's Nazi Germany and its Führer . He even let German Luftwaffe build secret air forces around Brazil . This alliance with Germany became Brazil 's second best trade alliance behind the United States . Brazilian
Causes of World War II
After the final fate of Czechoslovakia proved that the Führer 's word could not be trusted , Britain and France decided on a change of strategy . They decided any further unilateral German expansion would be met by force . The natural next target for the Third Reich 's further expansion was Poland , whose access to the Baltic sea had been carved out of West Prussia by the Versailles treaty , making East Prussia an exclave . The main port of the area , Danzig , had been made a free city - state under Polish influence guaranteed by the League of Nations , a stark reminder to German nationalists of the Napoleonic free city established after the French emperor 's crushing victory over Prussia in 1807 .
Treaty of Versailles
Barnett also claims that , in strategic terms , Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914 . Germany ′ s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria , who had both in the past balanced German power . Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer , because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller , weaker states , Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war , and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany . In the West , Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium , both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany . Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany , the treaty `` much enhanced '' German power . Britain and France should have ( according to Barnett ) `` divided and permanently weakened '' Germany by undoing Bismarck 's work and partitioning Germany into smaller , weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again . By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe , Britain `` had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War '' . American
Causes of World War II
The German colonies were taken during the war , and Italy took the southern half of Tyrol after an armistice had been agreed upon . The war in the east ended with the defeat and collapse of Russian Empire , and German troops occupied large parts of Eastern and Central Europe ( with varying degree of control ) , establishing various client states such as a kingdom of Poland and the United Baltic Duchy . After the destructive and indecisive battle of Jutland ( 1916 ) and the mutiny of its sailors in 1917 , the Kaiserliche Marine spent most of the war in port , only to be turned over to the allies and scuttled at surrender by its own officers . The lack of an obvious military defeat was one of the pillars that held together the Dolchstosslegende ( `` Stab - in - the - back myth '' ) and gave the Nazis another propaganda tool at their disposal .
Subhas Chandra Bose
Bose 's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Germany , via Afghanistan and the Soviet Union . A few days before his escape , he sought solitude and , on this pretext , avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard . Late night 16 January 1941 , the night of his escape , he dressed as a Pathan ( brown long coat , a black fez - type coat and broad pyjamas ) to avoid being identified . Bose escaped from under British surveillance from his Elgin Road house in Calcutta about 01 : 25AM on 17 January 1941 , accompanied by his nephew Sisir Kumar Bose in a German - made Wanderer W24 Sedan car , which would take him to Gomoh Railway Station in then state of Bihar , India . The car ( Registration No . BLA 7169 ) was bought by Subhash Chandra Bose 's elder brother Sarat Chandra Bose in 1937 . The car is now on display at his Elgin Road home in Calcutta , India .
Treaty of Versailles
Frank Russell wrote that , in regards to the Saar plebiscite , the inhabitants `` were not terrorized at the polls '' and the `` totalitarian ( Nazi ) German regime was not distasteful to most of the Saar inhabitants and that they preferred it even to an efficient , economical , and benevolent international rule . '' When the outcome of the vote became known , 4,100 ( including 800 refugees who had previously fled Germany ) residents fled over the border into France .
Lithuania
World War I rapidly reached the territory of Lithuania . Germany 's push to the east drove the forces of the Russian Empire to retreat . By the end of 1915 , Germany occupied the entire territory of Lithuania and Courland . A new administrative entity , Ober Ost ( short for Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten , which is German for `` Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East '' ) , was established . Lithuanians lost all political rights they had gained : personal freedom was restricted , and at the beginning the Lithuanian press was banned .
World War I
At the outbreak of World War I , 80 % of the German army was deployed as seven field armies in the west according to the plan Aufmarsch II West . However , they were then assigned to execute the retired deployment plan Aufmarsch I West , also known as the Schlieffen Plan . This would march German armies through northern Belgium and into France , in an attempt to encircle the French army and then breach the ' second defensive area ' of the fortresses of Verdun and Paris and the Marne river .
Operation Barbarossa
Four weeks into the campaign , the Germans realized they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength . The German troops had used their initial supplies and General Bock quickly came to the conclusion that not only had the Red Army offered stiff opposition , but German difficulties were also due to the logistical problems with reinforcements and provisions . Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply ; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation . Hitler by now had lost faith in battles of encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers . He now believed he could defeat the Soviet state by economic means , depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war . That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov , the Donbass and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad , a major center of military production , in the north .
Nine Years' War
Many in Germany reacted negatively to the persecution of the Huguenots , disabusing the Protestant princes of the idea that Louis XIV was their ally against the intolerant practices of the Catholic Habsburgs . The Elector of Brandenburg answered the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by promulgating the Edict of Potsdam , and invited the fleeing Huguenots to Brandenburg . But there were motivations other than religious adherence that disabused him ( and other German Princes ) of his allegiance to France . Louis XIV had pretensions in the Palatinate in the name of his sister - in - law , Elizabeth Charlotte , threatening further annexations of the Rhineland . Thus Frederick - William , spurning his French subsidies , ended his alliance with France and reached agreements with William of Orange , the Emperor , and , temporarily putting aside his differences over Pomerania , with King Charles XI of Sweden .
Peninsular War
By the end of 1812 , the Grande Armée that had invaded the Russian Empire had ceased to exist . Unable to resist the oncoming Russians , the French had to evacuate East Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw . With both the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia joining his opponents , Napoleon withdrew more troops from Spain , including some foreign units and three battalions of sailors sent to assist with the Siege of Cádiz . 20,000 men were withdrawn ; the numbers were not overwhelming , but the occupying forces were left in a difficult position . In much of the area under French control -- the Basque provinces , Navarre , Aragon , Old Castile , La Mancha , the Levante , and parts of Catalonia and León -- their presence was a few scattered garrisons . Trying to hold a front line in an arc from Bilbao to Valencia , they were still vulnerable to assault , and had abandoned hopes of victory . According to Esdaile , the best policy would have been to have fallen back to the Ebro , but the political situation in 1813 made this impossible ; Napoleon wanted to avoid being seen as weak in the face of German princes watching the advancing Russians and wondering whether they should change sides . French prestige suffered another blow when on 17 March el rey intruso ( the Intrusive King , a nickname many Spanish had for King Joseph ) left Madrid in the company of another vast caravan of refugees .
World War II
On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives .
Erwin Rommel
Historian Richard J. Evans has stated that German soldiers in Tunisia raped Jewish women , and the success of Rommel 's forces in capturing or securing Allied , Italian and Vichy French territory in North Africa led to many Jews in these areas being killed by other German institutions as part of the Holocaust . Similarly , several German historians argued that while Rommel did not have strong racial views , if he had succeeded in his goal of invading the Middle East during 1942 large numbers of Jews in Palestine would have been murdered by an SS unit which had been deployed to North Africa in July 1942 to operate behind the lines of the Afrika Korps . According to Mallmann and Cüppers , on 20 July , Walther Rauff , who was responsible for the unit , was sent to Tobruk to report to Rommel , however Rommel was 500 km away from Tobruk conducting the First El Alamein , so Mallmann and Cüppers found that the chance for a meeting between Rommel and Rauff ( in which Rommel reportedly was disgusted after learning about the plan from Rauff and sent Rauff on his way ) , as described by a post-war CIA report , was hardly possible . On 29 July , Rauff 's unit was sent to Athens , expecting to enter Africa when Rommel crossed the Nile . However , in view of the Axis ' deteriorating situation in Africa , they returned to Germany in September . Historian Jean - Christoph Caron opines that there is no evidence that Rommel knew or would have supported Rauff 's mission , and he also believes Rommel bore no direct responsibility regarding the SS 's looting of gold in Tunisia . According to historian Haim Saadon , Director of the Center of Research on North African Jewry in WWII , there was no extermination plan : Rauff 's documents show that his foremost concern was helping the Wehrmacht to win , and he came up with idea of forced labour camps in the process . By the time these labour camps were in effect , according to Ben Shepherd , Rommel had already been retreating and there is no proof of his contact with the Einsatzkommando .
Vietnam War
East German authorities had also begun providing material and technical aid to help develop and modernise the North Vietnamese economy and military . Alongside providing military and economic aid , East Germany had also vigorously denounced the US war effort , and had reaped significant international and diplomatic standing as a result of its anti-war campaigns . Poland
Operation Barbarossa
The failure of Operation Barbarossa proved a turning point in the fortunes of the Third Reich . Most importantly , the operation opened up the Eastern Front , in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in world history . The Eastern Front became the site of some of the largest battles , most horrific atrocities , and highest casualties for Soviet and Axis units alike , all of which influenced the course of both World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century . The German armies captured 5,000,000 Red Army troops , who were denied the protection guaranteed by the Hague Conventions and the 1929 Geneva Convention . A majority of Red Army POWs never returned alive . The Nazis deliberately starved to death , or otherwise killed , 3.3 million prisoners , as well as a huge number of civilians through the `` Hunger Plan '' that aimed at largely replacing the Slavic population with German settlers . Einsatzgruppen death squads and gassing operations murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust .
Treaty of Versailles
To ensure compliance , the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years . If Germany had not committed aggression , a staged withdrawal would take place ; after five years , the Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated . After ten years , the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn . If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations , the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately .
World War I
In East Africa , Iyasu V of Ethiopia was supporting the Dervish state who were at war with the British in the Somaliland Campaign . Von Syburg , the German envoy in Addis Ababa , said , `` now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home , to restore the Empire to its ancient size . '' The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu 's overthrow due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy .
Great Depression
Despite all of this , The Great Depression caused mass immigration to the Soviet Union , mostly from Finland and Germany . Soviet Russia was at first happy to help these immigrants settle , because they believed they were victims of capitalism who had come to help the Soviet cause . However , when the Soviet Union entered the war in 1941 , most of these Germans and Finns were arrested and sent to Siberia , while their Russian - born children were placed in orphanages . Their fate is unknown .
History of Germany (1945–90)
A study done in 1953 showed that of the 42,000 people who had survived the Buchenwald concentration camp , only 700 were entitled to compensation under the 1953 law . The German historian Alf Lüdtke wrote that the decision to deny that the Roma and the Sinti had been victims of National Socialist racism and to exclude the Roma and Sinti from compensation under the grounds that they were all `` criminals '' reflected the same anti-Gypsy racism that made them the target of persecution and genocide during the National Socialist era . The cause of the Roma and Sinti excited so little public interest that it was not until 1979 that a group was founded to lobby for compensation for the Roma and the Sinti survivors . Communist concentration camp survivors were excluded from compensation under the grounds that in 1933 the KPD had been seeking `` violent domination '' by working for a Communist revolution , and thus the banning of the KPD and the subsequent repression of the Communists were justified . In 1956 , the law was amended to allow Communist concentration camp survivors to collect compensation provided that they had not been associated with Communist causes after 1945 , but as almost all the surviving Communists belonged to the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime , which had been banned in 1951 by the Hamburg government as a Communist front organisation , the new law did not help many of the KPD survivors . Compensation started to be paid to most Communist survivors regardless if they had belonged to the VVN or not following a 1967 court ruling , through the same court ruling had excluded those Communists who had `` actively '' fought the constitutional order after the banning of the KPD again in 1956 . Only in the 1980s were demands made mostly from members of the SPD , FDP and above all the Green parties that the Federal Republic pay compensation to the Roma , Sinti , gay , homeless and Asoziale survivors of the concentration camps .
Military history of Italy during World War II
After the German invasion , deportations of Italian Jews to Nazi death camps began . However , by the time the German advance reached the Campagna concentration camp , all the inmates had already fled to the mountains with the help of the local inhabitants . Rev. Aldo Brunacci of Assisi , under the direction of his bishop , Giuseppe Nicolini , saved all the Jews who sought refuge in Assisi . In October 1943 Nazis raided the Jewish ghetto in Rome . In November 1943 Jews of Genoa and Florence were deported to Auschwitz . It is estimated that 7,500 Italian Jews became victims of the Holocaust .
Ellis Island
During and immediately following World War II , Ellis Island was used to hold German merchant mariners and `` enemy aliens '' -- Axis nationals detained for fear of spying , sabotage , and other fifth column activity . In December 1941 , Ellis Island held 279 Japanese , 248 Germans , and 81 Italians removed from the East Coast . Unlike other wartime immigration detention stations , Ellis Island was designated as a permanent holding facility and was used to hold foreign nationals throughout the war . A total of 7,000 Germans , Italians and Japanese would be ultimately detained at Ellis Island . It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers , and a Coast Guard training base . Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants a year during this time , but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands a year who arrived before the war . After the war , immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels .
World War I
While the Western Front had reached stalemate , the war continued in East Europe . Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia . Although Russia 's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful , it was driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914 . Russia 's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership were instrumental in the events that unfolded . By the spring of 1915 , the Russians had retreated to Galicia , and , in May , the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland 's southern frontiers . On 5 August , they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland . Russian
Peninsular War
In the west , a Spanish wing escaped when Lefebvre failed to encircle the Army of Galicia after a premature and indecisive attack at the Battle of Pancorbo ; Blake withdrew his artillery to safety and the bloodied Spanish infantry followed . Lefebvre and Marshal Claude Victor - Perrin offered a careless chase that ended in humiliation at the Battle of Valmaseda , where their scattered troops were handled by La Romana 's repatriated Spanish veterans and escaped to safety . The campaign in the south , where Napoleon 's main army overran the unprotected Spanish centre in a devastating attack near Burgos , ended quickly . The Spanish militias -- untrained and unable to form infantry squares -- scattered in the face of massed French cavalry , while the Spanish Royal Guard and Walloon Guards stood their ground in vain and were overcome by Antoine Charles Louis Lasalle and his sabreurs . Marshal Jean Lannes with a powerful force smashed through the Spanish right wing at the Battle of Tudela on 23 November , routing Castaños and prompting a new inscription on the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . Blake 's isolated army reversed direction on 17 November and dug in at the Battle of Espinosa . His lines repelled French attacks over a day and night of vicious fighting , before giving up the next day . Blake again outmarched Marshal Nicolas Jean - de-Dieu Soult and escaped with a rump army to Santander , but the Spanish front had been fragmented and the Imperial armies raced forward over undefended provinces . Napoleon sent 45,000 men south into the Sierra de Guadarrama , which shielded Madrid .
American Revolutionary War
During the Philadelphia campaign , Howe failed to pursue and destroy the defeated Americans on two occasions ; once after the Battle of Brandywine , and again after the Battle of Germantown . At the Battle of White Marsh , Howe failed to even attempt to exploit the vulnerable American rear , and then inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia after only minor skirmishes , astonishing both sides . While the Americans wintered only twenty miles away , Howe made no effort to attack their camp , which critics argue could have ended the war . Following the conclusion of the campaign , Howe resigned his commission , and was replaced by Henry Clinton on May 24 , 1778 .
American Revolutionary War
Howe outflanked and defeated Washington on September 11 , though he failed to follow - up on the victory and destroy his army . A British victory at Willistown left Philadelphia defenceless , and Howe captured the city unopposed on September 26 . Howe then moved 9,000 men to Germantown , north of Philadelphia . Washington launched a surprise attack on Howe 's garrison on October 4 , which was eventually repulsed . Again , Howe did not follow - up on his victory , leaving the American army intact and able to fight . Later , after several days of probing American defences at White Marsh , Howe inexplicably ordered a retreat to Philadelphia , astonishing both sides . Howe ignored the vulnerable American rear , where an attack could have deprived Washington of his baggage and supplies . On December 19 , Washington 's army entered winter quarters at Valley Forge . Poor conditions and supply problems resulted in the deaths of some 2,500 troops . Howe , only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , made no effort to attack , which critics observed could have ended the war .
Eastern Orthodox Church
After the October revolution of 1917 , part of the clergy of the Russian Church escaped the Bolshevik persecutions by fleeing abroad , where they founded an independent church in exile , reunified with the Russian one in 2007 . The Orthodox Church clergy in Russia were seen as sympathetic with the cause of the White Army in the Civil War after the Revolution , and occasionally collaborated with it ; Patriarch Tikhon 's declared position was vehemently anti-Bolshevik in 1918 . This may have further strengthened the Bolshevik animus against the church . The Soviet government confiscated church property , ridiculed religion , harassed believers , and propagated atheism in schools . Actions toward particular religions , however , were determined by State interests , and most organized religions were never outlawed . Some actions against Orthodox priests and believers along with execution included torture , being sent to prison camps , labour camps or mental hospitals . In the first five years after the Bolshevik revolution , 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed .