vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Lake Michigan
Lake Michigan , like the other Great Lakes , supplies drinking water to millions of people in bordering areas . The lakes are collectively administered by the state and provincial governments adjacent to them pursuant to the Great Lakes Compact .
Great Lakes
It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago , when two previously fused tectonic plates split apart and created the Midcontinent Rift , which crossed the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone . A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior . When a second fault line , the Saint Lawrence rift , formed approximately 570 million years ago , the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie were created , along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River .
Mississippi River
Some geologists have noted that the possibility for course change into the Atchafalaya also exists in the area immediately north of the Old River Control Structure . Army Corps of Engineers geologist Fred Smith once stated , `` The Mississippi wants to go west . 1973 was a forty - year flood . The big one lies out there somewhere -- when the structures ca n't release all the floodwaters and the levee is going to have to give way . That is when the river 's going to jump its banks and try to break through . ''
Sales taxes in the United States
The municipalities of Lake Delton , Wisconsin Dells , Bayfield , Stockholm ( passed by legislature in 2013 ) , Eagle River , and Rhinelander ( as of 2017 ) have also been authorized to adopt an additional `` Premier Resort Area Tax '' , due to their status as popular tourist destinations . Lake Delton and Wisconsin Dells impose , as of 2014 , a 1.25 % sales tax ( for a combined rate of 6.75 % ) while Bayfield , Stockholm , Eagle River , and Rhinelander ( as of 2017 ) impose an additional 0.5 % for a combined rate of 6.0 % .
Lake Michigan
Algoma Bay View Cudahy Fox Point Green Bay Kenosha Kewaunee Manitowoc Milwaukee Mequon Oconto Port Washington Racine Saint Francis Sheboygan Shorewood South Milwaukee Sturgeon Bay Two Rivers Whitefish Bay
Fur trade
From as early as the 10th century , merchants and boyars of Novgorod had exploited the fur resources `` beyond the portage '' , a watershed at the White Lake that represents the door to the entire northwestern part of Eurasia . They began by establishing trading posts along the Volga and Vychegda river networks and requiring the Komi people to give them furs as tribute . Novgorod , the chief fur - trade center prospered as the easternmost trading post of the Hanseatic League . Novgorodians expanded farther east and north , coming into contact with the Pechora people of the Pechora River valley and the Yugra people residing near the Urals . Both of these native tribes offered more resistance than the Komi , killing many Russian tribute - collectors throughout the tenth and eleventh centuries . As Muscovy gained more power in the 15th century and proceeded in the `` gathering of the Russian lands '' , the Muscovite state began to rival the Novgorodians in the North . During the 15th century Moscow began subjugating many native tribes . One strategy involved exploiting antagonisms between tribes , notably the Komi and Yugra , by recruiting men of one tribe to fight in an army against the other tribe . Campaigns against native tribes in Siberia remained insignificant until they began on a much larger scale in 1483 and 1499 .
Geography of West Bengal
The plain in the south of Jalpaiguri , Alipurduar and Cooch Behar district is also made of new alluvium deposited by numerous rivers like the Teesta , Torsa , Raidak , Jaldhaka , Sankosh , Balason , Punarbhaba , Atrai and several other small rivulets .
River Thames
There is evidence of human habitation living off the river along its length dating back to Neolithic times . The British Museum has a decorated bowl ( 3300 -- 2700 BC ) , found in the river at Hedsor , Buckinghamshire , and a considerable amount of material was discovered during the excavations of Dorney Lake . A number of Bronze Age sites and artefacts have been discovered along the banks of the river including settlements at Lechlade , Cookham and Sunbury - on - Thames .
Souris River
Long Creek Short Creek Moose Mountain Creek Des Lacs River Livingston Creek Wintering River Deep River Little Deep Creek Spring Coulee Cut Bank Creek ( Cut Bank Creek ( North Dakota ) ) North Lake Egg Creek Hay Coulee Buffalo Lodge Lake South Egg Creek Willow Creek Snake Creek ( North Dakota ) Oak Creek Ox Creek Wolf Creek Stoney Creek Jackson Creek Graham Creek Boundary Creek ( North Dakota ) Antler River Gainsborough Creek
Souris River
Location 1882 Peak Flow ( cfs ) ( Estimated ) 1976 Peak Flow ( cfs ) 2011 Peak Flow ( cfs ) Minot 22,813.3 9,350 26,900 Westhope 18,500 12,400 30,400 Melita 30,017.5 21,300 26,800 Souris N / A 24,800 28,200 Wawanesa 39,905.6 26,200 27,800
Mississippi River
The New Madrid Seismic Zone , along the Mississippi River near New Madrid , Missouri , between Memphis and St. Louis , is related to an aulacogen ( failed rift ) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico . This area is still quite active seismically . Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812 , estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale , had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area , and were felt in many other places in the midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river .
Mississippi River
In 1988 , the water level of the Mississippi fell to 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) below zero on the Memphis gauge . The remains of wooden - hulled water craft were exposed in an area of 4.5 acres ( 18,000 m ) on the bottom of the Mississippi River at West Memphis , Arkansas . They dated to the late 19th to early 20th centuries . The State of Arkansas , the Arkansas Archeological Survey , and the Arkansas Archeological Society responded with a two - month data recovery effort . The fieldwork received national media attention as good news in the middle of a drought .
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River .
Great Lakes
As the surfaces of Lakes Superior , Huron , Michigan , and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level , while Lake Ontario is significantly lower , and because the Niagara Escarpment precludes all natural navigation , the four upper lakes are commonly called the `` upper great lakes '' . This designation , however , is not universal . Those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as `` the lower lakes '' , because they are farther south . Sailors of bulk freighters transferring cargoes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to ports on Lake Erie or Ontario commonly refer to the latter as the lower lakes and Lakes Michigan , Huron , and Superior as the upper lakes . This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as `` down south '' and the others as `` up north '' . Vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered `` upbound '' even though they are sailing toward its effluent current .
Catawba River
Lake Wylie to Lake Wateree Interstate 77 between Rock Hill and Ft . Mill Cherry Road U.S. 21 between Rock Hill and Ft . Mill ( Future ) Dave Lyle Boulevard in Rock Hill Rock Hill Highway ( S.C. 5 ) in Catawba Lancaster - Chester Highway ( S.C. 9 ) Francis Avenue in Great Falls
Stone Mountain
The Riverboat offered a scenic cruise aboard a reproduction of a Mississippi riverboat on 363 - acre ( 147 ha ) Stone Mountain Lake . It has been retired .
Lake District
West listed `` stations '' , viewpoints where tourists could enjoy the best views of the landscape , being encouraged to appreciated the formal qualities of the landscape and to apply aesthetic values . At some of these stations , buildings were erected to help this process . The remains of Claife Station ( on the western shore Windermere below Claife Heights ) can be visited today .
Lake District
The Lake District is one of the most highly populated national parks . There are , however , only a handful of major settlements within this mountainous area , the towns of Keswick , Windermere , Ambleside , and Bowness - on - Windermere being the four largest . Significant towns immediately outside the boundary of the national park include Millom , Barrow - in - Furness , Kendal , Ulverston , Dalton - in - Furness , Cockermouth , Penrith , and Grange - over-Sands ; each of these has important economic links with the area . Villages such as Coniston , Threlkeld , Glenridding , Pooley Bridge , Broughton - in - Furness , Grasmere , Newby Bridge , Staveley , Lindale , Gosforth and Hawkshead are more local centres . The economies of almost all are intimately linked with tourism . Beyond these are a scattering of hamlets and many isolated farmsteads , some of which are still tied to agriculture ; others now function as part of the tourist economy .
Lake District
In 1724 , Daniel Defoe published the first volume of A Tour Thro ' the Whole Island of Great Britain . He commented on Westmorland that it was :
Nile
Below the Aswan High Dam , at the northern limit of Lake Nasser , the Nile resumes its historic course .
1960 Valdivia earthquake
As the San Pedro River was blocked , the water level of Riñihue Lake started to rise quickly . Each meter the water level rose was equivalent to 20 million cubic meters , which meant that 480 million cubic meters of water would release into the San Pedro River ( easily overpowering its flow capacity of 400 cubic metres ( 14,000 cu ft ) per second if it rose above the final , 24 - meter - high dam . This potential disaster would have violently flooded all the settlements along the course of the river in less than five hours , with more dire consequences if the dam suddenly broke .
Geography of West Bengal
The districts of Kolkata and North 24 Parganas form mature delta region . The rivers are slow and meandering and frequently shift their courses . Swamps , beels and oxbow lakes characterises the scenery . The district of South 24 Parganas is known to be the active delta of the Ganges , where the formation of delta is still an ongoing process .
Long Island Sound
The Long Island Sound basin existed before the glaciers came . It probably had been formed by stream flows . A relatively thick cover of sand and gravel ( termed outwash ) was left in the basin from glacial meltwater streams . On the west , a ridge rising to about 65 feet ( 20 m ) below the present sea level is called the Mattatuck Sill . Its lowest point is about 80 feet ( 25 m ) below sea level . Glacial meltwater formed `` Lake Connecticut '' , a freshwater lake in the basin , until about 8,000 years ago , when the sea level rose to about 80 feet ( 25 m ) below today 's level . Seawater then overflowed into the basin , transforming it from a nontidal , freshwater lake to a tidal , saline arm of the sea .
Jordan River
The Jordan River , due primarily to its rich spiritual importance , has provided inspiration for countless songs , hymns , and stories , including the traditional African - American spiritual / folk songs `` Michael Row the Boat Ashore '' , `` Deep River '' , and `` Roll , Jordan , Roll '' . It is mentioned in the songs `` Eve of Destruction '' , `` Will You Be There '' , and `` The Wayfaring Stranger '' and in `` Ol ' Man River '' from the musical Show Boat . `` The Far Side Banks of Jordan '' by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash on June 's Grammy Award - winning studio album , Press On , mentions the Jordan River as well as the Promised Land . Jordan River is also the subject of roots reggae artist Burning Spear 's song of the same title .
River Thames
The Air Line aerial cable system over the Thames from the Greenwich Peninsula to the Royal Docks has been in operation since the 2012 Summer Olympics .
Waikato River
The river was of military importance in the land wars between New Zealand settler and Kingitanga forces during 1863 -- 64 and significant battles were fought . Three shallow draft gunboats were designed in New Zealand and built in Sydney in kitset form . In addition locally sourced barges were rebuilt with steel plating to carry troops and supplies . In support of these invasions , New Zealand developed its first `` navy '' , the Waikato Flotilla , run by an Australian Francis Cadell who was recognised for his spendid service by the presentation by the New Zealand government of a gold watch and diamonds . A cemetery containing the graves of the British military dead can be found at Rangiriri opposite the hotel , shops and cafe .
Narmada River
It provided priority to irrigation over power ; irrigation of 2,630 square kilometres ( 1,020 sq mi ) in MP , 400 square kilometres ( 150 sq mi ) in Maharashtra , 460 square kilometres ( 180 sq mi ) in Gujarat and 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) in Rajasthan . The storages it recommended in MP involved Bargi , Tawa and Narmadasagar ( Punasa ) while its proposed Navagam high dam would submerge the hydelpower project sites of Jalasindhi ( in Maharashtra ) and Harinphal ( MP ) but without any more submergence than would be caused by the three dams if separately constructed . Gujarat endorsed the proposal , but Maharashtra was not willing to go by it . After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem , the GOI decided to set up the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal ( NWDT ) in 1969 under the Interstate River Water Disputes Act 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley .
Austin, Texas
In the 1920s and 1930s , Austin launched a series of civic development and beautification projects that created much of the city 's infrastructure and many of its parks . In addition , the state legislature established the Lower Colorado River Authority ( LCRA ) that , along with the city of Austin , created the system of dams along the Colorado River to form the Highland Lakes . These projects were enabled in large part because the Public Works Administration provided Austin with greater funding for municipal construction projects than other Texas cities . Bob
Apothecaries' system
Between 1803 and 1815 all German regions west of the River Rhine were French , organised in the départements Roer , Sarre , Rhin - et - Moselle , and Mont - Tonnerre . As a result of the Congress of Vienna these became part of various German states . A large part of the Palatinate fell to Bavaria , but having the metric system it was excepted from the Bavarian reform of weights and measures .
Chinese Tributary System
The tributary system remained as the primary instrument of diplomatic exchange throughout the Imperial era until the final Qing dynasty fell and China became a republic in 1912 .
River Welland
Spalding had been a port from before any of the river improvements were made . The townspeople had refused to repair the river during the reign of Henry III , as they claimed it was part of the sea here . Its importance as a port increased with the river improvements and the Stamford Canal , and although it did not have a customs house , by 1695 it had various officials who acted as customs officers for goods arriving at the quays and warehouses . Exports included oats , coleseed , rape oil , hides and wool , with a much greater variety of imports , including stone , timber , coal , groceries , glass and beeswax . More exotic imports included French and Spanish wines , and some of the first imports of tea , coffee and chocolate .
Indus River
In other languages of the region , the river is known as सिन्धु ( Sindhu ) in Hindi and Nepali , سنڌو ( Sindhu ) in Sindhi , سندھ ‬ ( Sindh ) in Shahmukhi Punjabi , ਸਿੰਧ ਨਦੀ ( Sindh Nadī ) in Gurmukhī Punjabi , اباسين ( Abāsin lit . `` Father of Rivers '' ) in Pashto , نهر السند ( Nahar al - Sind ) in Arabic , སེང ་ གེ ་ གཙང ་ པོ ། ( seng ge gtsang po lit . `` Lion River '' or Lion Spring ) in Tibetan , 印度 ( Yìndù ) in Chinese , and Nilab in Turki .
Indus River
The Indus Basin Project consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams , the Mangla Dam built on the Jhelum River and the Tarbela Dam constructed on the Indus River , together with their subsidiary dams . The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma - Jhelum link canal -- linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers -- extending water supplies to the regions of Bahawalpur and Multan . Pakistan constructed the Tarbela Dam near Rawalpindi -- standing 2,743 metres ( 9,000 ft ) long and 143 metres ( 470 ft ) high , with an 80 - kilometre ( 50 mi ) long reservoir . The Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad is 915 metres ( 3,000 ft ) long and provides additional supplies for Karachi . It support the Chashma barrage near Dera Ismail Khan use for irrigation and flood control . for The Taunsa Barrage near Dera Ghazi Khan produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity . The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of Peshawar , in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan 's large production of crops such as cotton , sugarcane and wheat . The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres .
Yellowstone River
The Wyoming company from True Companies ' Poplar pipeline system involved in this incident has a history of nine oil spills in 2006 -- 14 leaking an amount of 11,000 US gallons ( 42,000 l ; 9,200 imp gal ) of crude . Also , their sister company Belle Fourche Pipeline owned by Tad True and their family , recorded twenty - one incidents in the same period leaking 272,832 US gallons ( 1,032,780 l ; 227,180 imp gal ) of oil , both companies had federal fines levied against them and appear in governments records . The oil cleanup on Yellowstone River was put on hold for one month or more on February 3 , 2015 until the ice melts . Montana Department of Environmental Quality was monitoring an area spanning a ninety - mile ( 144.8 km ) stretch of the Yellowstone , from the spill site downstream to a bridge just across the North Dakota border .
Chola dynasty
There was tremendous agrarian expansion during the rule of the imperial Chola Dynasty ( c. 900 - 1270 AD ) all over Tamil Nadu and particularly in the Kaveri Basin . Most of the canals of the Kaveri River belongs to this period e.g. , Uyyakondan canal , Rajendran vaykkal , Sembian Mahadegvi vaykkal . There was a well - developed and highly efficient system of water management from the village level upwards . The increase in the royal patronage and also the number of devadana and bramadeya lands which increased the role of the temples and village assemblies in the field . Committees like eri - variyam ( tank - committee ) and totta - variam ( garden committees ) were active as also the temples with their vast resources in land , men and money . The water tanks that came up during the Chola period are too many to be listed here . But a few most outstanding may be briefly mentioned . Rajendra Chola built a huge tank named Solagangam in his capital city Gangaikonda Solapuram and was described as the liquid pillar of victory . About 16 miles long , it was provided with sluices and canals for irrigating the lands in the neighbouring areas . Another very large lake of this period , which even today seems an important source of irrigation was the Viranameri near Kattumannarkoil in South Arcot district founded by Parantaka Chola . Other famous lakes of this period are Madurantakam , Sundra - cholapereri , Kundavai - Pereri ( after a Chola queen ) .
Confederate States of America
One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system . Roads were impassable or nonexistent , and bridges were destroyed or washed away . The important river traffic was at a standstill : levees were broken , channels were blocked , the few steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair , wharves had decayed or were missing , and trained personnel were dead or dispersed . Horses , mules , oxen , carriages , wagons , and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or another to the contending armies . The railroads were paralyzed , with most of the companies bankrupt . These lines had been the special target of the enemy . On one stretch of 114 miles in Alabama , every bridge and trestle was destroyed , cross-ties rotten , buildings burned , water - tanks gone , ditches filled up , and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes ... Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins ; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair . Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront , and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration .
Narmada River
The overall plan for development ultimately conceived involves 30 major dams including Sardar Sarovar ( 21 irrigation , 5 hydropower , and 4 multipurpose ) , some 135 medium dams , and over three minor dams in M.P along the main stem of the river and its 41 tributaries to utilise its allocated share of 18,250,000 acre feet ( 22.51 km ) before 2025 ( within 45 years of the NWDT award ) . In addition to power generation and irrigation within the basin , water was allocated for domestic and industrial water uses and for multipurpose transbasin diversions to Son River and Tons River basins in eastern MP , drought prone areas of Saurashtra , Kutch , northern mainland in Gujarat , and southern Rajasthan . Irrigation benefits to the extent of about 40,000 square kilometres ( 15,000 sq mi ) to 50,000 square kilometres ( 19,000 sq mi ) ( of drought prone and scarcity areas ) and power generation of 2,600 MW were also envisaged . Thus , the Narmada River development is envisaged as a multi state program for development of hydropower and irrigation dams and their associated irrigation networks . In 1961 , the original project envisaged irrigation of almost 2 million acres ( 8,100 km ) in West India at a cost of $100 million . By 2011 , it had escalated to $3 billion . Layout
St. Johns River
When steamboats were superseded by the railroad , the river lost much of its significance to the state . The influx of immigrants to Florida settled primarily south of Orlando , adversely affecting the natural order of wetlands there . Within the past 50 years , however , urban areas in the northern and central parts of the state have grown considerably . In the upper basin , population increased by 700 percent between 1950 and 2000 , and is expected to rise another 1.5 million by 2020 .