vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The war continued for another six years under the slogans ` War , War until Victory , ` and ` The Road to Jerusalem Goes through Baghdad , ` but other countries , particularly the Soviet Union gave crucial aid to Iraq . As the costs mounted and Iranian morale waned , Khomeini finally accepted a truce called for by UN Security Council Resolution 598 . By 1988 , Iran was nearly bankrupted by the ruinous costs of the war and its manpower pool also exhausted . The Iranian Army in desperation began resorting to using boys as young as 14 in human wave attacks against Iraqi machine gun emplacements . Khomeini remarked that agreeing to peace with Iraq was `` like drinking hemlock '' , but there was no other choice . Although neither borders nor regimes were changed the war helped to ` awaken the people and to fight the problems that threaten the revolution , ` according to future president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani . An estimated 200,000 Iranians were killed and the war is estimated to have cost Iran $627 billion in total direct and indirect charges ( in 1990 dollars ) .
War of the Worlds (2005 film)
War of the Worlds is an 2005 American science fiction thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Josh Friedman and David Koepp , loosely based on the novel of the same title by H.G. Wells . It stars Tom Cruise , Dakota Fanning , Justin Chatwin , Miranda Otto and Tim Robbins , with narration by Morgan Freeman . In the film , an American dock worker is forced to look after his children , from whom he lives separately , as he struggles to protect them and reunite them with their mother when extraterrestrials invade the Earth and devastate cities with towering war machines .
Latin America
The Mexican -- American War , another instance of U.S. involvement in Latin America , was a war between the United States and Mexico that started in April 1846 and lasted until February 1848 . The main cause of the war was the United States ' annexation of Texas in 1845 and a dispute afterwards about whether the border between Mexico and the United States ended where Mexico claimed , at the Nueces River , or ended where the United States claimed , at the Rio Grande . Peace was negotiated between the United States and Mexico with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which stated that Mexico was to cede land which would later become part of California and New Mexico as well as give up all claims to Texas , for which the United States would pay $15,000,000 . However , tensions between the two countries were still high and over the next six years things only got worse with raids along the border and attacks by Native Americans against Mexican citizens . To defuse the situation , the United States agreed to purchase 29,670 squares miles of land from Mexico for $10,000,000 so a southern railroad could be built to connect the Pacific and Atlantic coasts . This would become known as the Gadsden Purchase . A critical component of U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs took form in the Spanish -- American War , which drastically affected the futures of Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Americas , as well as Guam and the Philippines , by dismantling some of the last remaining Spanish colonial possessions throughout the world .
French and Indian War
British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War .
American Indian Wars
In the late 1870s another series of armed conflicts occurred in Oregon and Idaho , spreading east into Wyoming and Montana . The Nez Perce War of 1877 is known particularly for Chief Joseph and the four - month , 1,200 - mile fighting retreat of a band of about 800 Nez Perce , including women and children . As with the other wars in the Pacific Northwest , the Nez Perce War was caused by a large influx of settlers , the appropriation of Indian lands , and a gold rush -- this time in Idaho . The Nez Perce engaged 2,000 American soldiers of different military units , as well as their Indian auxiliaries . The Nez Perce fought `` eighteen engagements , including four major battles and at least four fiercely contested skirmishes '' . Although finally defeated and captured , Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce were much admired for their conduct in the war and their fighting ability .
War of the Austrian Succession
The Prince of Orange William IV and the Duke of Cumberland suffered a severe defeat at Lauffeld ( Lawfeld , also called Val ) near Maastricht on 2 July 1747 , and Saxe , after his victory , promptly and secretly despatched a corps under Marshal Lowendahl to besiege Bergen op Zoom in northern Brabant . On 18 September the French stormed Bergen op Zoom , and in the last year of the war Maastricht , attacked by the entire forces of Saxe and Lowendahl , surrendered on 7 May 1748 . A large Russian army arrived to join the allies , but too late to be of use . Russia and Sweden had settled their differences in the Peace of Åbo in 1743 , and in 1746 Russia had allied itself with Austria . Eventually , 30,000 Russians ( ru ) marched from Livonia to the Rhine , an event not without military significance , and in a manner prefiguring the great invasions of 1813 -- 1814 and 1945 . The major powers signed the general Peace of Aix - la - Chapelle ( Aachen ) on 18 October 1748 .
Hundred Years' War
Although the Battle of Castillon is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years ' War , England and France remained formally at war for another 20 years , but the English were in no position to carry on the war as they faced unrest at home . Following defeat in the Hundred Years ' War , English landowners complained vociferously about the financial losses resulting from the loss of their continental holdings ; this is often considered a major cause of the Wars of the Roses , that started in 1455 .
United States
On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region .
Bangladesh Liberation War
On 16 December 2002 , the George Washington University 's National Security Archive published a collection of declassified documents , consisting mostly of communications between US embassy officials and United States Information Service centres in Dacca and India , and officials in Washington , D.C. These documents show that US officials working in diplomatic institutions within Bangladesh used the terms `` selective genocide '' and `` genocide '' ( see The Blood Telegram ) for information on events they had knowledge of at the time . Genocide is the term that is still used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper in Bangladesh , although in Pakistan , the accusations against Pakistani forces continue to be disputed .
War of the Austrian Succession
First Silesian War ( 1740 -- 1742 ) -- Prussian invasion and ensuing Central European theatre of the war Second Silesian War ( 1744 -- 1745 ) -- Renewed Prussian invasion and continuation of First Silesian War First Carnatic War -- Anglo - French rivalry in India often seen as a theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession . Russo - Swedish War ( 1741 -- 43 ) -- Swedish and Russian participation in the War of the Austrian Succession . King George 's War -- American participation in the War of the Austrian Succession . War of Jenkins ' Ear -- Anglo - Spanish war which merged into the War of the Austrian Succession . Jacobite rising of 1745 -- France provided limited support to Charles Edward Stuart 's invasion of Great Britain .
English Civil War
From the 1990s , a number of historians discarded and replaced the historical title `` English Civil War '' with the titles the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the `` British Civil Wars '' , positing that the civil war in England can not be understood isolated from events in other parts of Great Britain and Ireland ; King Charles I remains crucial , not just as King of England , but also because of his relationship with the peoples of his other realms . For example , the wars began when King Charles I tried imposing an Anglican Prayer Book upon Scotland , and when this was met with resistance from the Covenanters , he needed an army to impose his will . However , this forced him to call an English Parliament to raise new taxes to pay for the army . The English Parliaments were not willing to grant Charles the revenue he needed to pay for the Scottish expeditionary army unless he addressed their grievances . By the early 1640s , Charles was left in a state of near permanent crisis management ; often he was not willing to concede enough ground to any one faction to neutralise the threat , and in some circumstances to do so would only antagonise another faction . For example , Charles finally agreed upon terms with the Covenanters in August 1641 , but although this might have weakened the position of the English Parliament , the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out in October 1641 , largely negating the political advantage he had obtained by relieving himself of the cost of the Scottish invasion .
War Powers Resolution
One argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution by Philip Bobbitt argues `` The power to make war is not an enumerated power '' and the notion that to `` declare '' war is to `` commence '' war is a `` contemporary textual preconception '' . Bobbitt contends that the Framers of the Constitution believed that statutory authorization was the route by which the United States would be committed to war , and that ' declaration ' was meant for only total wars , as shown by the history of the Quasi-War with France ( 1798 -- 1800 ) . In general , constitutional powers are not so much separated as `` linked and sequenced '' ; Congress 's control over the armed forces is `` structured '' by appropriation , while the President commands ; thus the act of declaring war should not be fetishized . Bobbitt also argues that `` A democracy can not ... tolerate secret policies '' because they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action .
War of 1812
Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade .
Peloponnesian War
In 459 BC , Athens took advantage of a war between its neighbors Megara and Corinth , both Spartan allies , to conclude an alliance with Megara , giving the Athenians a critical foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth . A fifteen - year conflict , commonly known as the First Peloponnesian War , ensued , in which Athens fought intermittently against Sparta , Corinth , Aegina , and a number of other states . For a time during this conflict , Athens controlled not only Megara but also Boeotia ; at its end , however , in the face of a massive Spartan invasion of Attica , the Athenians ceded the lands they had won on the Greek mainland , and Athens and Sparta recognized each other 's right to control their respective alliance systems . The war was officially ended by the Thirty Years ' Peace , signed in the winter of 446 / 5 BC .
God of War (2018 video game)
God of War is a third - person action - adventure game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . Released on April 20 , 2018 , for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console , it is the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . Unlike previous games , which were loosely based on Greek mythology , this game is loosely based on Norse mythology . The main protagonists are Kratos , the former Greek God of War , and his young son Atreus . Following the death of Kratos ' second wife and Atreus ' mother , they journey to fulfill her promise and spread her ashes at the highest peak of the nine realms . Kratos keeps his troubled past a secret from Atreus , who is unaware of his divine nature . Along their journey , they encounter monsters and gods of the Norse world .
Battle of Badr
When the word reached the Muslim army about the departure of the Meccan army , Muhammad immediately called a council of war , since there was still time to retreat and because many of the fighters there were recent converts ( called Ansar or `` Helpers '' to distinguish them from the Quraishi Muslims ) , who had only pledged to defend Medina . Under the terms of the Constitution of Medina , they would have been within their rights to refuse to fight and leave the army . However , according to tradition , they pledged to fight as well , with Sa 'd ibn Ubadah declaring , `` If you ( Muhammad ) order us to plunge our horses into the sea , we would do so . '' So , the Muslims continued to march towards Badr .
Peloponnesian War
A further source of provocation was an Athenian decree , issued in 433 / 2 BC , imposing stringent trade sanctions on Megarian citizens ( once more a Spartan ally after the conclusion of the First Peloponnesian War ) . It was alleged that the Megarians had desecrated the Hiera Orgas . These sanctions , known as the Megarian decree , were largely ignored by Thucydides , but some modern economic historians have noted that forbidding Megara to trade with the prosperous Athenian empire would have been disastrous for the Megarans , and have accordingly considered the decree to be a contributing factor in bringing about the war . Historians that attribute responsibility for the war to Athens cite this event as the main cause for blame .
Balkan Wars
The three Slavic allies ( Bulgaria , Serbia and Montenegro ) had laid out extensive plans to coordinate their war efforts , in continuation of their secret prewar settlements and under close Russian supervision ( Greece was not included ) . Serbia and Montenegro would attack in the theater of Sandjak , Bulgaria and Serbia in Macedonia and Thrace .
War of the Austrian Succession
The war , like other conflicts of the time , featured an extraordinary disparity between the end and the means . The political schemes to be executed by the French and other armies were as grandiose as any of modern times . Their execution , under the conditions of time and space , invariably fell short of expectations , and the history of the war proves , as that of the Seven Years ' War was to prove , that the small standing army of the 18th century could conquer by degrees , but could not deliver a decisive blow . Frederick alone , with a definite end and proportionate means to achieve it , succeeded . Less was to be expected when the armies were composed of allied contingents , sent to the war each for a different object . The allied national armies of 1813 ( at the Battle of Leipzig ) co-operated loyally , for they had much at stake and worked for a common object . Those of 1741 represented the divergent private interests of the several dynasties , and achieved nothing .
Conquistador
The Europeans practiced war within the terms and laws of their concept of a just war . While Spanish soldiers went to the battlefield to kill their enemies , the Aztecs and Mayas captured their enemies for use as sacrificial victims to their gods -- a process called `` flower war '' by Spanish historians .
Peninsular War
This battle is the most cleverly fought , the largest in scale , the most important in results , of any that the English have won in recent times . It brings up Lord Wellington 's reputation almost to the level of that of Marlborough . Up to this day we knew his prudence , his eye for choosing good positions , and the skill with which he used them . But at Salamanca he has shown himself a great and able master of manoeuvring . He kept his dispositions hidden nearly the whole day : he allowed us to develop our movement before he pronounced his own : he played a close game : he utilized the oblique order in the style of Frederick the Great . ''
Korean War
On 27 April 2018 , it was announced that North Korea and South Korea agreed to talks to end the ongoing 65 year conflict . They committed themselves to the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula . However , on 15 May 2018 , North Korea cancelled a high - level meeting due to military drills South Korea and the US conducted .
History of Manila
War broke out between the Filipinos and the Americans on February 4 , 1899 , the 1899 Battle of Manila , which began the Philippine -- American War . The Americans pursued the retreating Filipino forces province by province , until General Emilio Aguinaldo ( then president of the Republic ) surrendered in Palanan , Isabela , on March 23 , 1901 .
Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world . On the level of international relations , Athens , the strongest city - state in Greece prior to the war 's beginning , was reduced to a state of near - complete subjection , while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece . The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece ; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese , while Athens found itself completely devastated , and never regained its pre-war prosperity . The war also wrought subtler changes to Greek society ; the conflict between democratic Athens and oligarchic Sparta , each of which supported friendly political factions within other states , made civil war a common occurrence in the Greek world .
Battle of Badr
`` Badr '' has become popular among Muslim armies and paramilitary organizations . `` Operation Badr '' was used to describe Egypt 's offensive in the 1973 Yom Kippur War as well as Pakistan 's actions in the 1999 Kargil War . Iranian offensive operations against Iraq in the late 1980s were also named after Badr . During the 2011 Libyan civil war , the rebel leadership stated that they selected the date of the assault on Tripoli to be the 20th of Ramadan , marking the anniversary of the Battle of Badr .
Peninsular War
On 11 and 12 December there were engagements of a less severe character , and finally on 13 December Soult with 35,000 men made a vehement attack up the right bank of the Nive against Hill , who with about 14,000 men occupied some heights from Villefranque past Saint - Pierre ( Lostenia ) to Vieux Mouguerre . The conflict about Saint - Pierre ( Lostenia ) was one of the most bloody of the war ; but for hours Hill maintained his ground , and finally repulsed the French before Wellington , delayed by his pontoon bridge over the Nive having been swept away , arrived to his aid . The losses in the four days ' fighting in the battles before Bayonne ( or battles of the Nive ) were - Allies about 5,000 , French about 7,000 .
World War I
The Ottomans threatened Russia 's Caucasian territories and Britain 's communications with India via the Suez Canal . As the conflict progressed , the Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers ' preoccupation with the war and conducted large - scale ethnic cleansing of the indigenous Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian Christian populations , known as the Armenian Genocide , Greek Genocide , and Assyrian Genocide .
Balkan Wars
Following Italy 's victory in the Italo - Turkish War of 1911 -- 1912 , the Young Turks fell from power after a coup . The Balkan countries saw this as an opportunity to attack the Ottoman Empire and fulfill their desires of expansion .
American Indian Wars
Raids by bands of plains Indians on isolated homesteads to the east of Denver , on the advancing settlements in Kansas , and on stage line stations along the South Platte , such as at Julesburg , and along the Smoky Hill Trail , resulted in settlers in both Colorado and Kansas adopting a murderous attitude towards Native Americans , with calls for extermination . Likewise , the savagery shown by the Colorado Volunteers during the Sand Creek massacre resulted in Native Americans , particularly the Dog Soldiers , a band of the Cheyenne , engaging in savage retribution . Dakota
Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
When the war with France had commenced , Britain had initially brought Hessian and Hanoverian troops to defend Britain from a feared invasion scare . When the threat of this receded , the German soldiers were sent to defend Hanover along with a small contingent of British troops under Duke of Cumberland , the King 's second son . The arrival of British troops on the continent was considered a rarity , as the country preferred to make war by using its naval forces . As with the Prussians , Cumberland 's army was initially overwhelmed by the sheer scale of the French attacks . Following the disastrous Battle of Hastenbeck Cumberland was forced to sign the Convention of Klosterzeven by which Hanover would withdraw from the war - and large chunks of its territory would be occupied by the French for the duration of the conflict .
War of the Austrian Succession
The war began under the pretext that Maria Theresa was ineligible to succeed to the Habsburg thrones of her father , Charles VI , because Salic law precluded royal inheritance by a woman . In practice , this was an excuse put forward by the Kingdoms of France and Prussia , joined by the Electorate of Bavaria , to challenge Habsburg power . Maria Theresa was supported by the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic , the traditional enemies of France , as well as the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Electorate of Saxony .
War of the Austrian Succession
The war ended with the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle in 1748 , by which Maria Theresa was confirmed as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary , but Prussia retained control of Silesia . The peace was soon to be shattered , however , when Austria 's desire to recapture Silesia intertwined with the political upheaval in Europe , culminating in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 - 1763 ) .
World War I
Austria - Hungary precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908 -- 1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina , which it had occupied since 1878 . This angered the Kingdom of Serbia and its patron , the Pan-Slavic and Orthodox Russian Empire . Russian political manoeuvring in the region destabilised peace accords that were already fracturing in the Balkans , which came to be known as the `` powder keg of Europe . '' In 1912 and 1913 , the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire . The resulting Treaty of London further shrank the Ottoman Empire , creating an independent Albanian state while enlarging the territorial holdings of Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro , and Greece . When Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913 , it lost most of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece , and Southern Dobruja to Romania in the 33 - day Second Balkan War , further destabilising the region . The Great Powers were able to keep these Balkan conflicts contained , but the next one would spread throughout Europe and beyond .