vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two - carbon acetyl group from acetyl - CoA to the four - carbon acceptor compound ( oxaloacetate ) to form a six - carbon compound ( citrate ) . The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations , losing two carboxyl groups as CO . The carbons lost as CO originate from what was oxaloacetate , not directly from acetyl - CoA . The carbons donated by acetyl - CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle . Loss of the acetyl - CoA - donated carbons as CO requires several turns of the citric acid cycle . However , because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism , they might not be lost , since many citric acid cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules . Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy - rich electrons to NAD , forming NADH . For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle , three molecules of NADH are produced . In addition , electrons from the succinate oxidation step are transferred first to the FAD cofactor of succinate dehydrogenase , reducing it to FADH , and eventually to ubiquinone ( Q ) in the mitochondrial membrane , reducing it to ubiquinol ( QH ) which is a substrate of the electron transfer chain at the level of Complex III . For every NADH and FADH that are produced in the citric acid cycle , 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules are generated in oxidative phosphorylation , respectively . At the end of each cycle , the four - carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated , and the cycle continues .
Xenon
The xenon fluorides behave as both fluoride acceptors and fluoride donors , forming salts that contain such cations as XeF + and Xe 2F + 3 , and anions such as XeF − 5 , XeF − 7 , and XeF 2 − 8 . The green , paramagnetic Xe + 2 is formed by the reduction of XeF 2 by xenon gas .
Glycolysis
This step is the enzymatic transfer of a phosphate group from 1 , 3 - bisphosphoglycerate to ADP by phosphoglycerate kinase , forming ATP and 3 - phosphoglycerate . At this step , glycolysis has reached the break - even point : 2 molecules of ATP were consumed , and 2 new molecules have now been synthesized . This step , one of the two substrate - level phosphorylation steps , requires ADP ; thus , when the cell has plenty of ATP ( and little ADP ) , this reaction does not occur . Because ATP decays relatively quickly when it is not metabolized , this is an important regulatory point in the glycolytic pathway .
Kidney
In the sacrifices offered at the biblical Tabernacle and later on at the temple in Jerusalem , the priests were instructed to remove the kidneys and the adrenal gland covering the kidneys of the sheep , goat and cattle offerings , and to burn them on the altar , as the holy part of the `` offering for God '' never to be eaten .
George O'Malley
O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point , leading him to confront Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the chief of surgery , to ask for a chance to retake the exam . He passes the second attempt , and begins to distance himself from Lexie , who has fallen in love with him . O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma , and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev . O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery , and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) that it is definitely his specialty . He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army . While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay , they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe , brought in after a horrible bus accident , in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life . O'Malley writes on Meredith 's hand `` 007 '' and she realizes it is her friend George . She runs to tell the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery . However , he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead . There is confusion on if John Doe is really George and Callie confirms by a freckle on his hand . His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted , and he is buried a week later .
Narmada River
The development of the Narmadā river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites . The Department of Archaeology , Museums and Archives , Government of Madhya Pradesh , undertook rescue excavations in response , and transplanted a number of temples . An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss .
Gilded Age
united to give birth to an alarming public and private corruption . Obviously much of the shocking improbity was due to the heavy war - time expenditures ... Speculators and jobbers waxed fat on government money , the collection of federal revenues offered large opportunities for graft ... Under the stimulus of greenback inflation , business ran into excesses and lost sight of elementary cannons of prudence . Meanwhile it became clear that thievery had found a better opportunity to grow because the conscience of the nation aroused against slavery , had neglected what seemed minor evils ... The thousands who had rushed into speculations which they had no moral right to risk , the pushing , hardened men brought to the front by the turmoil , observed a courser , lower standard of conduct ... Much of the trouble lay in the immense growth of national wealth unaccompanied by any corresponding growth in civic responsibility .
GoFundMe
GoFundMe allows users to create their own website to describe what they are raising money for . During this process , members can describe their fundraising cause , the amount they hope to raise , and upload photos or video . Once the website is created , GoFundMe allows users to share their project with people through integrated social network links ( Facebook , Twitter , etc . ) and email . People can then donate to a user 's cause through the website using a debit card or credit card and track the progress of their funding . Those who donate can also leave comments on the website in support of the project . GoFundMe generates revenue by automatically deducting a 5 % fee from each donation users receive . If the user receives no donations , then no charge is made . This 5 % fee allowed Damphousse and Ballester to run the company without outside capital . In addition to the 5 % that GoFundMe deducts from each transaction , WePay collects 2.9 % and $0.30 from each GoFundMe transaction .
Bacterial conjugation
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell - to - cell contact or by a bridge - like connection between two cells . It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation and transduction although these two other mechanisms do not involve cell - to - cell contact .
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
LDS faithful donate a ten - percent tithe on their annual income , which is used to carry out the operations of the church , including construction of temples , meetinghouses , and other buildings , as well as other church uses . Faithful members also set aside the first Sunday of each month to abstain from food and drink for at least two consecutive meals , and prayerfully dedicate the fast to a purpose of each individual 's choosing . They donate at least the cost of the two skipped meals as a fast offering , which the church uses to assist the poor and needy and expand its worldwide humanitarian efforts . Members are further instructed to set aside one night a week , typically Monday , for a `` Family Home Evening , '' where they gather as a family to study gospel principles and participate in wholesome activities . Missionary
Would You Rather (film)
Only Iris and Lucas remain for the fourth round . Iris wins a coin toss to go first . She is given the choice to either shoot and kill Lucas to win the game , or spare him which would result in both walking away empty - handed . As Lucas attempts to talk her into sparing him and explains the struggles of his family , she abruptly shoots and kills him . Shepard crowns her the champion , gives her a bag full of money and explains that a donor has already been located for her brother and he will have surgery later that week as well as financial support to her continuing her studies . At home , Iris finds Raleigh asleep on his bed so she heads to shower the blood off her . After the shower , she goes to her brother 's room only to find Raleigh was not sleeping but had committed suicide by overdosing on his medication , and Iris cries out in anguish .
Glycolysis
Firstly , the NADH + H generated by glycolysis has to be transferred to the mitochondrion to be oxidized , and thus to regenerate the NAD necessary for glycolysis to continue . However the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD . Use is therefore made of two `` shuttles '' to transport the electrons from NADH across the mitochondrial membrane . They are the malate - aspartate shuttle and the glycerol phosphate shuttle . In the former the electrons from NADH are transferred to cytosolic oxaloacetate to form malate . The malate then traverses the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix , where it is reoxidized by NAD forming intra-mitochondrial oxaloacetate and NADH . The oxaloacetate is then re-cycled to the cytosol via its conversion to aspartate which is readily transported out of the mitochondrion . In the glycerol phosphate shuttle electrons from cytosolic NADH are transferred to dihydroxyacetone to form glycerol - 3 - phosphate which readily traverses the outer mitochondrial membrane . Glycerol - 3 - phosphate is then reoxidized to dihydroxyacetone , donating its electrons to FAD instead of NAD . This reaction takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane , allowing FADH to donate its electrons directly to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ) which is part of the electron transport chain which ultimately transfers electrons to molecular oxygen ( O ) , with the formation of water , and the release of energy eventually captured in the form of ATP . The glycolytic end - product , pyruvate ( plus NAD ) is converted to acetyl - CoA , CO and NADH + H within the mitochondria in a process called pyruvate decarboxylation . The resulting acetyl - CoA enters the citric acid cycle ( or Krebs Cycle ) , where the acetyl group of the acetyl - CoA is converted into carbon dioxide by two decarboxylation reactions with the formation of yet more intra-mitochondrial NADH + H .
Self-pollination
Pollination can also be accomplished by cross-pollination . Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen , by wind or animals such as insects and birds , from the anther to the stigma of flowers on separate plants .
List of Madagascar (franchise) characters
Rob McTodd ( voiced by David Koechner ) is a lemur who was King Julien 's old friend . Maurice never liked Rob as he was a bad influence on Julien , and eventually Julien 's parents had him banished . Rob returns years later to reconcile , but secretly plans revenge - revealing that he has aged and lost his good looks , he plans to transplant Julien 's face to his own . Julien still likes Rob and reconciles with him , and while he has taken up odd habits , such as hibernating in a cave , he seems to have adjusted fine to the changes . Rob now calls himself Nurse Phantom and serves as the assistant to Dr S. - his now deformed face and mannerisms a hommage to the Phantom of the Opera . During Exiled , he works with Mort to organize the resistance against Koto . In Season 5 , Robb is seemingly restored to his original appearance , only to suddenly be crushed to death in a series of unlikely accidents after warning King Julien that something weird is going on . However it is revealed later that like everyone else , he was replaced with a robot duplicate by Karl . In the last episode , he plays Igor to Dr S. when they create a fake Sage for the wedding .
Nuss procedure
Through two small incisions in the side of the chest , an introducer is pushed along posterior to the sternum and ribs , and anterior to the heart and lungs . Then a concave stainless steel bar is slipped under the sternum , through the incisions in the side of the chest . A third , smaller incision is made to insert a thoracoscope ( small camera ) used to help guide the bar . Taller patients , older patients , or patients requiring extensive correction may receive two or more bars . All bars may be placed through two incisions or additional incisions may be made . The bar is then flipped , and the sternum pops out . To support the bar and keep it in place , a metal plate called a stabilizer may be inserted with the bar on one side of the torso . PDS sutures may also be used in addition to the stabilizer . The stabilizer fits around the bar and into the ribcage . The bar and stabilizer are secured with sutures that dissolve in about six months .
Taxation in the United States
Donors of gifts in excess of the annual exclusion must file gift tax returns on IRS Form 709 and pay the tax . Executors of estates with a gross value in excess of the unified credit must file an estate tax return on IRS Form 706 and pay the tax from the estate . Returns are required if the gifts or gross estate exceed the exclusions . Each state has its own forms and filing requirements . Tax authorities may examine and adjust gift and estate tax returns .
Institution
Though institutions are persistent , North states that paths can change course when external forces weaken the power of an existing organization . This allows other entrepreneurs to affect change in the institutional framework . This change can also occur as a result of gridlock between political actors produced by a lack of mediating institutions and an inability to reach a bargain . Artificial implementation of institutional change has been tested in political development but can have unintended consequences . North , Wallis , and Weingast divide societies into different social orders : open access orders , which about a dozen developed countries fall into today , and limited access orders , which accounts for the rest of the countries . Open access orders and limited access orders differ fundamentally in the way power and influence is distributed . As a result , open access institutions placed in limited access orders face limited success and are often coopted by the powerful elite for self - enrichment . Transition to more democratic institutions is not created simply by transplanting these institutions into new contexts , but happens when it is in the interest of the dominant coalition to widen access . Natural
Mercury-in-glass thermometer
By the Philippines Department of Health 's Administrative Order 2008 - 0221 , all mercury equipment from hospitals , including mercury - in - glass thermometers , will be phased out in the Philippines by September 28 , 2010 . Even before the order was released , 50 hospitals have already banned mercury from their establishments . Among these fifty hospitals , the Philippine Heart Center was the first one to do so . San Juan de Dios Hospital , Philippine Children 's Medical Center , San Lazaro Hospital , Ospital ng Muntinlupa , Lung Center of the Philippines , the National Kidney and Transplant Institute , Manila Adventist Medical Center and Las Piñas Hospital also made steps to ban the toxic chemical . The country was the first one to make a step to ban mercury from its health care system in Southeast Asia .
Coffee
The next step in the process is the roasting of the green coffee . Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state , and with rare exceptions all coffee is roasted before it is consumed . It can be sold roasted by the supplier , or it can be home roasted . The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee bean both physically and chemically . The bean decreases in weight as moisture is lost and increases in volume , causing it to become less dense . The density of the bean also influences the strength of the coffee and requirements for packaging .
Grey's Anatomy (season 9)
Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but ultimately his sister Liz ( Neve Campbell ) donates a nerve from her leg and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) is able to save his hand . Later , Shepherd receives more good news when his wife Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) discovers that she is pregnant , despite her previously being told that it was unlikely that she could conceive . Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) is severely traumatized upon rescue and suffers from brief reactive psychosis and eventually decides to take up her fellowship in Minnesota , though soon grows unhappy in her new surroundings and returns to Seattle after the death of her friend and mentor , Doctor Thomas . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) survives the plane crash in spite of her leg injury , but upon return her wound becomes infected and her leg has to be amputated to save her life . Robbins reacts badly to this , becoming bitter and blaming her wife Callie and her former friend Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) and refuses to leave her bed or return to work .
Avocado
Avocados can be propagated by seed , taking roughly four to six years to bear fruit , although in some cases seedlings can take 10 years to come into bearing . The offspring is unlikely to be identical to the parent cultivar in fruit quality . Prime quality varieties are therefore propagated by grafting to rootstocks that are propagated by seed ( seedling rootstocks ) or by layering ( clonal rootstocks ) . After about a year of growing in a greenhouse , the young rootstocks are ready to be grafted . Terminal and lateral grafting is normally used . The scion cultivar grows for another 6 -- 12 months before the tree is ready to be sold . Clonal rootstocks are selected for tolerance of specific soil and disease conditions , such as poor soil aeration or resistance to the soil - borne disease ( root rot ) caused by Phytophthora .
Welcome Back, Kotter
The Simpsons referenced the sitcom in the fourth - season episode `` Selma 's Choice '' ( episode 9F11 ) , first aired on January 21 , 1993 . Marge is impressed to find one of the Sweathogs listed as a donor in the Springfield Sperm Bank 's `` 101 Frozen Pops '' catalog . She is disappointed , however , to learn from Selma that it 's not Horshack .
Cremation
The box containing the body is placed in the retort and incinerated at a temperature of 760 to 1150 ° C ( 1400 to 2100 ° F ) . During the cremation process , the greater portion of the body ( especially the organs and other soft tissues ) is vaporized and oxidized by the intense heat ; gases released are discharged through the exhaust system . The process usually takes 90 minutes to two hours , with larger bodies taking longer time .
Impeachment
At the federal level , the impeachment process is a two - step procedure . The House of Representatives must first pass , by a simple majority of those present and voting , articles of impeachment , which constitute the formal allegation or allegations . Upon passage , the defendant has been `` impeached '' . Next , the Senate tries the accused . In the case of the impeachment of a president , the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the proceedings . For the impeachment of any other official , the Constitution is silent on who shall preside , suggesting that this role falls to the Senate 's usual presiding officer , the President of the Senate who is also the Vice President of the United States .
List of Shameless (U.S. TV series) characters
Samantha `` Sammi '' Slott ( Emily Bergl ) is a recurring character in season 4 and a regular character in season 5 . Sammi lives in a trailer in a rundown neighborhood with her son , Charles ( Kellen Michael ) called , Chuckie . Sammi can be caring but can also be impulsive and violent . She is Frank 's eldest daughter but this is only revealed when Frank needs a liver transplant and he seeks her out . Sammi learns that Frank is her father when she is not a match for him and he carelessly lets it slip . Sammi is enraged at being dumped but accepts her relationship with Frank . In season 5 , Sammi moves in with the Gallaghers after her trailer is confiscated . Frank lies to Sammi about getting her a new trailer and she chases after him . Sammi eventually shoots Frank in the arm when he does n't leave the house and Frank gets payback by setting up and ratting Chuckie out to the police when he unknowingly helped Carl try to make a drug run . Sammi rats on Carl because he tricked Chuckie into helping him and none of the Gallaghers care that Chuckie is innocent , preferring to let him take the fall for Carl . Carl gets locked up . Carl says that he 'll hurt Chuckie but Sammi physically fights him . After telling him that he will get raped in juvie , Sammi tattoos a swastika on Chuckie 's head to make sure he does n't get hurt . When the judge finds out he only has an IQ of 71 , she gives him an appeal of 120 days . Later on , Sammi calls military police on Ian as revenge . Mickey and Debbie try to get back at Sammi by drugging her , but Mickey thinks she 's dead and they stuff her in a moving crate . However , Sammi comes back and tries to shoot Mickey . In Season 6 , when Chuckie is released from juvie , he stays with the Gallaghers as it is revealed that Sammi is in prison for attempting to kill Mickey .
Taxation in the United States
Taxable gifts are certain gifts of U.S. property by nonresident aliens , most gifts of any property by citizens or residents , in excess of an annual exclusion ( $13,000 for gifts made in 2011 ) per donor per donee . Taxable estates are certain U.S. property of non-resident alien decedents , and most property of citizens or residents . For aliens , residence for estate tax purposes is primarily based on domicile , but U.S. citizens are taxed regardless of their country of residence . U.S. real estate and most tangible property in the U.S. are subject to estate and gift tax whether the decedent or donor is resident or nonresident , citizen or alien .
Methanogen
The final step of H / CO methanogenic involves methyl - coenzyme M reductase and two coenzymes : N - 7 mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate ( HS - HTP ) and coenzyme F. HS - HTP donates electrons to methyl - coenzyme M allowing the formation of methane and mixed disulfide of HS - CoM . F , on the other hand , serves as a prosthetic group to the reductase . H donates electrons to the mixed disulfide of HS - CoM and regenerates coenzyme M .
Genetic recombination
In gene conversion , a section of genetic material is copied from one chromosome to another , without the donating chromosome being changed . Gene conversion occurs at high frequency at the actual site of the recombination event during meiosis . It is a process by which a DNA sequence is copied from one DNA helix ( which remains unchanged ) to another DNA helix , whose sequence is altered . Gene conversion has often been studied in fungal crosses where the 4 products of individual meioses can be conveniently observed . Gene conversion events can be distinguished as deviations in an individual meiosis from the normal 2 : 2 segregation pattern ( e.g. a 3 : 1 pattern ) .