vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
List of oldest trees
3,033 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada , California United States Dead . Scofield Juniper 2675 ! 2,675 Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis Sierra Nevada , California United States Dead . CB - 90 - 11 7003246000000000000 ♠ 2,460 Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine Pinus aristata central Colorado United States Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2302 ! 2,302 Sacred fig Ficus religiosa Anuradhapura , North Central Province Sri Lanka A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened . It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human - planted tree in the world with a known planting date . ? 2200 ! 2,200 Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens northern California United States Dead . Bennett Juniper 2200 ! 2,200 Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis Sierra Nevada , California United States SHP 7 2110 ! 2,110 Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana Sierra Nevada California United States ? 7003194300000000000 ♠ 1,943 Subalpine Larch Larix lyallii Kananaskis , Alberta Canada CRE 175 1889 ! 1,889 Rocky Mountain Juniper Juniperus scopulorum northern New Mexico United States Miles Juniper 7003182900000000000 ♠ 1,829 Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis Sierra Nevada , California United States ? 7003180500000000000 ♠ 1,805 Sugi Cryptomeria japonica Yakushima Island Japan KET 3996 7003171900000000000 ♠ 1,719 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis Ketchum , Idaho United States BFR - 46 1697 ! 1,697 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis Wasatch Mountains , Utah United States FL117 7003167900000000000 ♠ 1,679 Northern Whitecedar Thuja occidentalis Ontario Canada ERE 1670 ! 1,670 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis northern New Mexico United States RCR 1 1666 ! 1,666 Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana Sierra Nevada , California United States ?
List of the oldest Scout groups
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Gethsemane
However Bernabei writes , `` All the tree trunks are hollow inside so that the central , older wood is missing ... In the end , only three from a total of eight olive trees could be successfully dated . The dated ancient olive trees do , however , not allow any hypothesis to be made with regard to the age of the remaining five giant olive trees . '' Babcox said that the roots of the oldest trees are possibly much older and then points out the traditional claim that the trees are two thousand years old .
List of oldest trees
Name Age ( years ) Species Location Country Notes Pando 80,000 -- 1,000,000 Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides Fishlake National Forest , Utah United States Covers 107 acres ( 0.43 km ) and has around 47,000 stems ( average age 130 years ) , which continually die and are renewed by its roots . Is also the heaviest known organism , weighing 6,000 tonnes . Jurupa Oak 13,000 Palmer oak Quercus palmeri Jurupa Mountains , California United States Quercus palmeri Engelm . = Quercus dunnii Kellogg . Old Tjikko 9,550 Norway spruce Picea abies Fulufjället National Park , Dalarna Sweden The tree 's stems live no more than 600 years , but its root system 's age was established using carbon dating and genetic matching . Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains , 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years . Old Rasmus 9,500 Norway spruce Picea abies Sonfjället , Härjedalen Sweden ? 3,000 -- 10,000 Huon Pine Lagarostrobos franklinii Mount Read , Tasmania Australia Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively . Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old , the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years .
Ed Whitlock
In his sixties after retiring he started to concentrate on road racing and latterly the objective of becoming the first man over 70 to run a marathon in less than three hours . After an initial attempt at age 70 , injury prevented another attempt until age 72 when in 2003 he completed the marathon 2 : 59 : 10 . In the following year , he lowered the record to 2 : 54 : 49 and in 2005 ran 2 : 58 : 40 at age 74 , making him the oldest man to run under three hours for a marathon .
List of Still Game characters
John McCririck appears on Winston 's television set , giving him tips on which horse to back at the bookmakers in `` Drama '' . Jim Watt appears in `` Seconds Out '' as the celebrity guest for a charity bottle smash at the local pub , The Clansman . He hands out passes for his gym in Shawbank . Michelle McManus also appears in `` Seconds Out '' . She turns up to The Clansman as the celebrity guest but is told by Bobby that he had got Jim Watt instead . In the closing scene Winston delivers five pizzas to Michelle 's house and she explains the reason is that she has just split up with her boyfriend . Lorraine Kelly appears in `` One in One Out '' on her own breakfast television show and interviews Frances and Tam after Frances became the oldest mother in Britain at 64 years old .
Ashoka
Dwipavamsa - The Dwipavamsa , or `` Dweepavamsa '' , ( i.e. , Chronicle of the Island , in Pali ) is the oldest historical record of Sri Lanka . The chronicle is believed to be compiled from Atthakatha and other sources around the 3rd or 4th century CE . King Dhatusena ( 4th century ) had ordered that the Dipavamsa be recited at the Mahinda festival held annually in Anuradhapura .
List of the oldest Scout groups
On 10 September 1910 , S.F. Lester of Troy , New York , became the very first person to hold the Scouting leadership position of Scoutmaster ( approved by the BSA ) . He received his certification from the BSA headquarters in New York City . In 1910 he led a group of 30 Scouts at Camp Ilium , in Pownal , Vermont . Camp Ilium was the starting point of the Boy Scout Movement for Troy , and Pownal . Pownal is only 35 miles ( 56 km ) away from Troy . Troop 5 of Denver holds claim to be the oldest continually chartered Boy Scout troop in the United States , west of the Mississippi River , having been chartered continuously since 1910 . In November 1910 , Troop # 1 of Ridgefield Park , New Jersey received the first charter from the newly organized Boy Scouts of America , with Pastor E.C. Murphy as its first Scoutmaster , with 25 boys registered as charter members and the First Baptist Church as its sponsor . Scout William Orth of Troop # 1 received Scout Certificate No. 1 from Washington D.C. Troop 1 of Brentwood , Tennessee also holds claim to be the oldest continually chartered Boy Scout Troop in the United States , having been continuously chartered since 1910 . Troop One holds the distinction of only having three Scoutmasters in its over 104 - year history . Troop 1 , Park Ridge , Illinois was formed in 1910 and chartered on 22 June 1912 . Charles Morison Dickenson was the first Scoutmaster from 1912 to 1914 . Troop 1 has been continuously chartered by First United Methodist Church in Park Ridge since its inception .
Movable type
While these books have not survived , the oldest book in the world printed in metallic movable types is Jikji , printed in Korea in 1377 . The Asian Reading Room of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. displays examples of this metal type . Commenting on the invention of metallic types by Koreans , French scholar Henri - Jean Martin described this as `` ( extremely similar ) to Gutenberg 's '' .
List of the oldest Scout groups
The 1st City Of Aberdeen Scouts existed in 1908 . 1st Arbroath Scout Troop ( 2nd Angus ) dates back to June 1908 . 1st Stirlingshire Scouts unofficially first met in August 1908 , and later officially on the 21st of December 1908 .
List of the oldest Scout groups
The 1st Glasgow Scout Group in Scotland holds the earliest known registration certificate , dated 26 January 1908 , issued by The Boy Scouts Association . The Group was formed from the Glasgow Battalion of the Army Cadet Corps ; its Adjutant was Captain Robert E Young . In June 1907 , they formed the ' Cadets ' Winter Recreation Training Club ' . The club was a success from the beginning , as ' Boss ' Young related : `` At first we met at my house , signalled up and down the stairs , tied knots around the banisters and always finished with a good tuck - in . '' ' Boss ' Young met B-P during Autumn 1907 who suggested that the Club could experiment with the ideas contained in ' Scouting for Boys ' . On 16 January 1908 , the Club was formally disbanded and the First Glasgow Troop of Boy Scouts was registered with Scout HQ in London .
Horses in warfare
The oldest known manual on training horses for chariot warfare was written c. 1350 BC by the Hittite horsemaster , Kikkuli . An ancient manual on the subject of training riding horses , particularly for the Ancient Greek cavalry is Hippike ( On Horsemanship ) written about 360 BC by the Greek cavalry officer Xenophon . One of the earliest texts from Asia was that of Kautilya , written about 323 BC .
List of oldest trees
As with all long - lived plant and fungal species , no individual part of a clonal colony is alive ( in the sense of active metabolism ) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone . Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems , while most are not actually interconnected , but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction . Ages for clonal colonies , often based on current growth rates , are estimates .
List of oldest trees
7003180500000000000 ♠ 1,805 Sugi Cryptomeria japonica Yakushima Island Japan KET 3996 7003171900000000000 ♠ 1,719 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis Ketchum , Idaho United States BFR - 46 1697 ! 1,697 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis Wasatch Mountains , Utah United States FL117 7003167900000000000 ♠ 1,679 Northern Whitecedar Thuja occidentalis Ontario Canada ERE 1670 ! 1,670 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis northern New Mexico United States RCR 1 1666 ! 1,666 Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana Sierra Nevada , California United States ? 1661 ! 1,661 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis South Park , Colorado United States BBL 2 1649 ! 1,649 Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana Sierra Nevada , California United States BCK 69 7003165100000000000 ♠ 1,651 Baldcypress Taxodium distichum Bladen County , North Carolina United States ? 1636 ! 1,636 Nootka Cypress Callitropsis nootkatensis Vancouver Island Canada FL101 1567 ! 1,567 Northern Whitecedar Thuja occidentalis Ontario Canada ? 1542 ! 1,542 Limber Pine Pinus flexilis central Colorado United States
Iliad
Venetus A , copied in the 10th century AD , is the oldest fully extant manuscript of the Iliad . The first edition of the `` Iliad '' , editio princeps , edited by Demetrius Chalcondyles and published by Bernardus Nerlius , and Demetrius Damilas in Florence in 1488 / 89 .
Southern United States
The oldest university in the South , the College of William & Mary , was founded in 1693 in Virginia ; it pioneered in the teaching of political economy and educated future U.S. Presidents Jefferson , Monroe and Tyler , all from Virginia . Indeed , the entire region dominated politics in the First Party System era : for example , four of the first five Presidents -- Washington , Jefferson , Madison , and Monroe -- were from Virginia . The two oldest public universities are also in the South : the University of North Carolina ( 1789 ) and the University of Georgia ( 1785 ) .
Pencil
Carpenter 's pencils These are pencils that have two main properties : their shape prevents them from rolling , and their graphite is strong . The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter 's pencil dating from the 17th Century and now in the Faber - Castell collection . Obliteration
Bradford
Bradford 's oldest building is the cathedral , which for most of its life was a parish church . Few other Medieval buildings have survived apart from Bolling Hall , which has been preserved as a museum . The
Colonial history of the United States
The oldest university in the South , The College of William & Mary , was founded in 1693 in Virginia ; it pioneered in the teaching of political economy and educated future U.S. Presidents Jefferson , Monroe and Tyler , all from Virginia . Indeed , the entire region dominated politics in the First Party System era : for example , four of the first five Presidents -- Washington , Jefferson , Madison , and Monroe -- were from Virginia . The two oldest public universities are also in the South : the University of North Carolina ( 1795 ) and the University of Georgia ( 1785 ) .
Platypus
The oldest discovered fossil of the modern platypus dates back to about 100,000 years ago , during the Quaternary period . The extinct monotremes Teinolophos and Steropodon were once thought to be closely related to the modern platypus , but are now considered more basal taxa . The fossilised Steropodon was discovered in New South Wales and is composed of an opalised lower jawbone with three molar teeth ( whereas the adult contemporary platypus is toothless ) . The molar teeth were initially thought to be tribosphenic , which would have supported a variation of Gregory 's theory , but later research has suggested , while they have three cusps , they evolved under a separate process . The fossil is thought to be about 110 million years old , making it the oldest mammal fossil found in Australia . Unlike the modern platypus ( and echidnas ) , Teinolophos lacked a beak .
List of the oldest Scout groups
The 1st Douglas Scout Group , on the Isle of Man ( a Crown Dependency of the UK and not technically part of the UK ) was also founded in 1909 .
Phoenix (constellation)
Phoenix contains HE0107 - 5240 , possibly one of the oldest stars yet discovered . It has around 1 / 200,000 the metallicity that the Sun has and hence must have formed very early in the history of the universe . With a visual magnitude of 15.17 , it is around 10,000 times dimmer than the faintest stars visible to the naked eye and is 36000 light years distant .
List of the oldest Scout groups
There are records of Boy Scouts and Scouting groups from 1900 . The Boys ' Brigade began its Scouting scheme in 1906 . Scouting is usually considered to have started on 1 August 1907 with a camp run by Robert Baden - Powell on Brownsea Island . Thereafter the publishers C. Arthur Pearson Limited and Baden - Powell began promoting Scouting in Britain , and Scouting for Boys was published , initially in six fortnightly installments from January 1908 and then in complete book form . The book was followed by The Scout magazine from April 1908 . Boys began forming Scout patrols and flooding the C. Arthur Pearson Limited 's Scout office and Baden - Powell with requests for assistance .
United States
The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index .
List of the oldest Scout groups
During his world tour in 1912 , Lord Baden - Powell sent back articles for publication in The Scout . In issue no . 224 , 27 July 1912 , in the article `` In the Cannibal Islands , '' he made a brief narration about Philippine history and culture and his trip to Manila , illustrated with his own drawings . He mentioned `` Boy Scouts of the Philippines '' and that he was met by a `` Guard of Honour . '' He also quoted from Roosevelt 's letter about the Manila fire and the Manila Carnival in which Scouts rendered valuable service . In the article , Baden - Powell urged readers `` to get into correspondence with your brother Scouts in Manila ... The Chief Scoutmaster is Mr. Elwood Brown , Y.M.C.A. , Manila . ''
List of the oldest Scout groups
There are numerous troops which claim to be first Boy Scout troop in the United States . There appears to be several Boy Scout troops that were operating prior to the establishment of the Boy Scouts of America .
Hydrothermal vent
In March 2017 , researchers reported evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life on Earth . Putative fossilized microorganisms were discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates in the Nuvvuagittuq Belt of Quebec , Canada , that may have lived as early as 4.280 billion years ago , not long after the oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago , and not long after the formation of the Earth 4.54 billion years ago .
List of Still Game characters
Joe Douglass used to be quick on his feet , and was a footballer in his youth , but in his old age , he is confined to a mobility scooter . In `` Lights Out '' He moved into the flat below Winston since it is lower down and allows Winston to offer him assistance .
American football
The main backfield positions are the quarterback ( QB ) , halfback / tailback ( HB / TB ) and fullback ( FB ) . The quarterback is the leader of the offense . Either the quarterback or a coach calls the plays . Quarterbacks typically inform the rest of the offense of the play in the huddle before the team lines up . The quarterback lines up behind the center to take the snap and then hands the ball off , throws it or runs with it .
American football
White markings on the field identify the distance from the end zone . Inbound lines , or hash marks , are short parallel lines that mark off 1 yard ( 0.91 m ) increments . Yard lines , which can run the width of the field , are marked every 5 yards ( 4.6 m ) . A one - yard - wide line is placed at each end of the field ; this line is marked at the center of the two - yard line in professional play and at the three - yard line in college play . Numerals that display the distance from the closest goal line in yards are placed on both sides of the field every ten yards .
American football
Goalposts are located at the center of the plane of each of the two end lines . The crossbar of these posts is ten feet ( 3.0 meters ) above the ground , with vertical uprights at the end of the crossbar 18 feet 6 inches ( 5.64 m ) apart for professional and collegiate play and 23 feet 4 inches ( 7.11 m ) apart for high school play . The uprights extend vertically 35 feet on professional fields , a minimum of 10 yards on college fields , and a minimum of ten feet on high school fields . Goal posts are padded at the base , and orange ribbons are normally placed at the tip of each upright .
American football
The principal receivers are the wide receivers ( WR ) and the tight ends ( TE ) . Wide receivers line up on or near the line of scrimmage , split outside the line . The main goal of the wide receiver is to catch passes thrown by the quarterback , but they may also function as decoys or as blockers during running plays . Tight ends line up outside the tackles and function both as receivers and as blockers .
American football rules
In college , coaches are allowed one challenge per game by first requesting a timeout . Otherwise , a replay official in the press box observes all plays . If he deems a ruling may be in error , he notifies the officials on the field to interrupt the game before the beginning of the next play . The replay official performs the review and relays the decision to the referee , who announces the result . Not every conference employs replay , which is optional .
Football (ball)
Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air - filled sphere with a circumference of 68 -- 70 cm ( 27 -- 28 in ) , a weight of 410 -- 450 g ( 14 -- 16 oz ) , inflated to a pressure of 0.6 to 1.1 atmospheres ( 60 -- 111 kPa or 8.7 -- 16.1 psi ) `` at sea level '' , and covered in leather or `` other suitable material '' . The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight , as older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather . There are a number of different types of football balls depending on the match and turf including : training footballs , match footballs , professional match footballs , beach footballs , street footballs , indoor footballs , turf balls , futsal footballs and mini / skills footballs .
American football rules
The players on defense may arrange themselves in any manner , as long as all players are `` behind the line '' ( that is , on the side of the line nearest their own end zone ) . Players who line up opposite the offensive line are called defensive linemen , usually with one or two defensive tackles in the middle ( a single defensive tackle is often called the nose guard or nose tackle ) and with one defensive end on each side . A defensive lineman 's job is typically to put pressure on the opposing teams quarterback by rushing the offensive line . The defensive line is also most often the first set of players the opponent must get through should they choose to run the ball . Behind the linemen are the linebackers . A linebackers job can be any number of things , including trying to rush the opposing teams quarterback , stopping the opponents running back on run plays , or covering the opponents tight end or wide receivers . Positioned opposite the wide receivers are the cornerbacks . Their primary responsibility is to cover the wide receivers . Farthest back from the line are the safeties , usually in the middle of the field behind the linebackers . The safeties are the last line of defense against the opponent . Like a linebacker , a safety 's role can vary , however their most common role is to help the cornerbacks cover the opponent 's wide receivers , which is called `` double coverage '' . The linemen and linebackers close to the line of scrimmage , are often referred to as playing `` in the box '' . Players outside `` the box '' ( usually cornerbacks and safeties ) are collectively referred to as the `` secondary '' .
Jim Thorpe
While Thorpe attended Carlisle , students ' ethnicity was used for marketing purposes . The football team was called the Indians . A photograph of Thorpe and the 1911 football team emphasized racial differences among the competing athletes ; the inscription on the most important game ball of that season reads , `` 1911 , Indians 18 , Harvard 15 . '' Additionally , the school and journalists often categorized sporting competitions as conflicts of Indians against whites ; newspaper headlines such as `` Indians Scalp Army 27 -- 6 '' or `` Jim Thorpe on Rampage '' made stereotypical journalistic play of the Indian background of Carlisle 's football team . The first notice of Thorpe in The New York Times was headlined `` Indian Thorpe in Olympiad ; Redskin from Carlisle Will Strive for Place on American Team . '' His accomplishments were described in a similar racial context by other newspapers and sportswriters throughout his life .
History of women in the United States
Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disenfranchised and with only the role of mother open to them . Deborah Sampson was the only woman historians know of who fought disguised as a man in the Revolutionary War . In 1782 she disguised herself as a man and joined the 4th Massachusetts Regiment . When her gender was finally discovered she was given an honorable discharge . Many women were attached to the Army to help their husbands , and to handle cooking and cleaning . In 1776 Margaret Corbin fired her husband 's cannon after he was killed ; she was herself severely wounded in the battle . She received a pension from Congress in recognition of her service , making her the first American woman ever to receive a government pension . At the battle of Monmouth in 1778 , Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley fired her husband 's cannon after he was wounded in battle . Her story morphed into the `` Molly Pitcher '' legend .
Saudi Arabia
In 2018 , King Salman issued a decree allowing women to drive , lifting the world 's only ban on women drivers