vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Sundarbans
The Sundarbans flora is characterised by the abundance of sundari ( Heritiera fomes ) , gewa ( Excoecaria agallocha ) , goran ( Ceriops decandra ) and keora ( Sonneratia apetala ) all of which occur prominently throughout the area . The characteristic tree of the forest is the sundari ( Heritiera littoralis ) , from which the name of the forest had probably been derived . It yields a hard wood , used for building houses and making boats , furniture and other things . New forest accretions is often conspicuously dominated by keora ( Sonneratia apetala ) and tidal forests . It is an indicator species for newly accreted mudbanks and is an important species for wildlife , especially spotted deer ( Axis axis ) . There is abundance of dhundul or passur ( Xylocarpus granatum ) and kankra ( Bruguiera gymnorhiza ) though distribution is discontinuous . Among palms , Poresia coaractata , Myriostachya wightiana and golpata ( Nypa fruticans ) , and among grasses spear grass ( Imperata cylindrica ) and khagra ( Phragmites karka ) are well distributed .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
The most famous confrontation took place at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Oxford on Saturday 30 June 1860 . While there was no formal debate organised on the issue , Professor John William Draper of New York University was to talk on Darwin and social progress at a routine `` Botany and Zoology '' meeting . The new museum hall was crowded with clergy , undergraduates , Oxford dons and gentlewomen anticipating that Samuel Wilberforce , the Bishop of Oxford , would speak to repeat the savage trouncing he had given in 1847 to the Vestiges published anonymously by Robert Chambers . Owen lodged with Wilberforce the night before , but Wilberforce would have been well prepared as he had just reviewed the Origin for the Tory Quarterly for a fee of £ 60 . Huxley was not going to wait for the meeting , but met Chambers who accused him of `` deserting them '' and changed his mind . Darwin was taking treatment at Dr. Lane 's new hydropathic establishment at Sudbrooke Park , Petersham , near Richmond in Surrey . The
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
Darwin had already made his views clearer to others , telling Lyell that if each step in evolution was providentially planned , the whole procedure would be a miracle and natural selection superfluous . He had also sent a copy to John Herschel , and on 10 December he told Lyell of having `` heard by round about channel that Herschel says my Book `` is the law of higgledy - piggledy ''. -- What this exactly means I do not know , but it is evidently very contemptuous. -- If true this is great blow & discouragement . '' Darwin subsequently corresponded with Herschel , and in January 1861 Herschel added a footnote to the draft of his Physical Geography which , while disparaging `` the principle of arbitrary and casual variation and natural selection '' as insufficient without `` intelligent direction '' , said that `` with some demur as to the genesis of man , we are far from disposed to repudiate the view taken of this mysterious subject in Mr. Darwin 's book . ''
Red fox
The species is Eurasian in origin , and may have evolved from either Vulpes alopecoides or the related Chinese V. chikushanensis , both of which lived during the Middle Villafranchian . The earliest fossil specimens of V. vulpes were uncovered in Baranya , Hungary dating from 3.4 - 1.8 million years ago . The ancestral species was likely smaller than the current one , as the earliest red fox fossils are smaller than modern populations . The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid-Pleistocene in association with the refuse of early human settlements . This has led to the theory that the red fox was hunted by primitive humans as both a source of food and pelts .
Wolf spider
Hogna is the genus with the largest of the wolf spiders . Among the Hogna species in the U.S. , the nearly solid dark brown H. carolinensis ( Carolina wolf spider ) is the largest , with a body that can be more than 2.5 cm ( 1 in ) long . It is sometimes confused with H. helluo , which is somewhat smaller and different in coloration . The underside of H. carolinensis is solid black , but the underside of H. helluo is variegated and has reds , oranges , and yellows with shades of black .
Camel
A camel is an even - toed ungulate in the genus Camelus , bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as `` humps '' on its back . The three surviving species of camel are the dromedary , or one - humped camel ( C. dromedarius ) , which inhabits the Middle East and the Horn of Africa ; the Bactrian , or two - humped camel ( C. bactrianus ) , which inhabits Central Asia ; and the critically endangered wild Bactrian camel ( C. ferus ) that has limited populations in remote areas of northwest China and Mongolia . Bactrian camels take their name from the historical Bactria region of Central Asia ( Yam & Khomeiri , 2015 ) . Additionally one other species of camel in the separate genus Camelops , C. hesternus lived in western North America and became extinct when humans entered the continent at the end of the Pleistocene . Both the dromedary and the Bactrian camels have been domesticated ; they provide milk , meat , hair for textiles or goods such as felted pouches , and are working animals with tasks ranging from human transport to bearing loads .
Spanish language
In the twentieth century , Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire , such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish , see Influences on the Spanish language .
Red deer
The introduced red deer have adapted well and are widely hunted on both islands ; many of the 220 introductions used deer originating from Scotland ( Invermark ) or one of the major deer parks in England , principally Warnham , Woburn Abbey or Windsor Great Park . Some hybridisation happened with the closely related American elk ( Cervus canadensis nelsoni ) introduced in Fiordland in 1921 . New Zealand red deer produce very large antlers and are regarded as amongst the best in the world by hunters . Along with the other introduced deer species , they are , however , officially regarded as a noxious pest and are still heavily culled using professional hunters working with helicopters , or even poisoned .
Elephants in Thailand
There are two species of elephant : African and Asian . Asian elephants are divided into four sub-species , Sri Lankan , Indian , Sumatran and Borneo . Thai elephants are classed as Indian elephants . Thai elephants have slight differences from other sub-species of Indian elephants . They are smaller , have shorter front legs , and a thicker body than their Indian counterparts .
Sundarbans
The endangered species that live within the Sundarbans and extinct species that used to be include the royal Bengal tigers , estuarine crocodile , northern river terrapins ( Batagur baska ) , olive ridley sea turtles , Gangetic dolphin , ground turtles , hawksbill sea turtles and king crabs ( horse shoe ) . Some species such as hog deer ( Axis porcinus ) , water buffalos ( Bubalus bubalis ) , barasingha or swamp deer ( Cervus duvauceli ) , Javan rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros sondaicus ) , single horned rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) and the mugger crocodiles or marsh crocodiles ( Crocodylus palustris ) started to become extinct in the Sundarbans towards the middle of the 20th century , because of extensive poaching and man hunting by the British . There are other threatened mammal species , such as the capped langurs ( Semnopithecus pileatus ) , smooth - coated otters ( Lutrogale perspicillata ) , Oriental small - clawed otters ( Aonyx cinerea ) , and great Bengal civets ( Viverra zibetha ) .
Moose
Cervalces carnutorum was soon followed by a much larger species called Cervalces latifrons ( broad - fronted stag - moose ) . The Pleistocene epoch was a time of gigantism , in which most species were much larger than their descendants of today , including exceptionally large lions , hippopotamuses , mammoths , and deer . Many fossils of Cervalces latifrons have been found in Siberia , dating from about 1.2 to 0.5 million years ago . This is most likely the time at which the species migrated from the Eurasian continent to North America . Like its descendants , it inhabited mostly northern latitudes , and was probably well - adapted to the cold . Cervalces latifrons was the largest deer known to have ever existed , standing more than 2.1 metres ( 6.9 ft ) tall at the shoulders . This is bigger than even the Irish elk ( megacerine ) , which was 1.8 metres ( 5.9 ft ) tall at the shoulders . Its antlers were smaller than the Irish elk 's , but comparable in size to those of Libralces gallicus . However , the antlers had a shorter horizontal bar and larger palmations , more resembling those of a modern moose .
Brown bear
Ursus arctos pyrenaicus -- Iberian brown bear , sometimes called Cantabrian brown bear , now considered Ursus arctos arctos -- Eurasian brown bear See photographs in Eroski article ( in Spanish , also available in Catalan , Basque and Galician ) and in Fauna Ibérica . Oso pardo ibérico ( Ursus arctos pyrenaicus ) , in Spanish Iberian Peninsula , primarily the Cantabrian Mountains and hills in Galicia , and the Pyrenees Until recently , this bear was considered a separate subspecies . Today , it is considered to belong to the U. arctos arctos subspecies . Scientific evidence based on DNA studies would furthermore indicate the Eurasian brown bear can be divided into two distinct lineages . `` There is a clear division into two main mitochondrial lineages in modern Eurasian brown bear populations . These populations are divided into those carrying an eastern lineage ( clade IIIa , Leonard et al. 2000 ) , which is composed of Russian , northern Scandinavian and eastern European populations , and those carrying a western lineage ( clade I , Leonard et al. 2000 ) , which is composed of two subgroups , one believed to originate from the Iberian Peninsula , including southern Scandinavian bears and the Pyreneean populations ; and the other from the Italian -- Balkan peninsulas ( Taberlet et al. 1994 ; see however Kohn et al. 1995 ) . In addition , based on the subfossil record in northwestern Moldova and mitochondrial DNA data from modern populations , a Carpathian refuge has also been proposed ( Sommer & Benecke 2005 ; Saarma et al. 2007 ) . '' The brown bear is the largest wild animal on the Iberian Peninsula , although one of the smallest of the brown bears , weigh between 92 and 180 kg ( 203 and 397 lb ) as adults . Their fur varies from a pale cream color to dark brown , but always with a distinctively darker , nearly black tone at the paws and a yellowish tinge at the tip of each hair . The brown bear population is considered endangered in Spain . The brown bear population in the Pyrenees stems mostly from bears reintroduced from Slovenia , with one or two remaining original males .
Artemis
The taxonomic genus Artemia , which entirely comprises the family Artemiidae , derives from Artemis . Artemia are aquatic crustaceans known as brine shrimp , the best known species of which , Artemia salina , or Sea Monkeys , was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 . Artemia live in salt lakes , and although they are almost never found in an open sea , they do appear along the Aegean coast near Ephesus , where the Temple of Artemis once stood .
Leopard
The last common ancestor of the Panthera and Neofelis species is believed to have occurred about 6.37 million years ago . The clouded leopard was the first to diverge from the rest of the Panthera lineage , followed by the snow leopard . The genus Panthera is believed to have emerged in Asia , from where they subsequently emigrated to Africa . The tiger - snow leopard clade diverged from the rest of Panthera around 2.9 million years ago . Johnson and colleagues suggest that the leopard diverged next , and followed by the lion - jaguar clade .
Moose
The earliest known species is Libralces gallicus ( French moose ) , which lived in the Pliocene epoch , about 2 million years ago . Libralces gallicus came from the warm savannahs of Pliocene Europe , with the best preserved skeletons being found in southern France . L. gallicus was 1.25 times larger than the Alaskan moose in linear dimensions , making it nearly twice as massive . L. gallicus had many striking differences from its modern descendants . It had a longer , narrower snout and a less - developed nasal cavity , more resembling that of a modern deer , lacking any sign of the modern moose - snout . Its face resembled that of the modern wapiti . However , the rest of its skull structure , skeletal structure and teeth bore strong resemblance to those features that are unmistakable in modern moose , indicating a similar diet . Its antlers consisted of a horizontal bar 2.5 metres ( 8.2 ft ) long , with no tines , ending in small palmations . Its skull and neck structure suggest an animal that fought using high - speed impacts , much like the Dall sheep , rather than locking and twisting antlers the way modern moose combat . Their long legs and bone structure suggest an animal that was adapted to running at high speeds over rough terrain .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
Around February 1860 liberal theologians entered the fray , when seven produced a manifesto titled Essays and Reviews . These Anglicans included Oxford professors , country clergymen , the headmaster of Rugby school and a layman . Their declaration that miracles were irrational stirred up unprecedented anger , drawing much of the fire away from Darwin . Essays sold 22,000 copies in two years , more than the Origin sold in twenty years , and sparked five years of increasingly polarised debate with books and pamphlets furiously contesting the issues .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
The December 1859 review in the British Unitarian National Review was written by Darwin 's old friend William Carpenter , who was clear that only a world of `` order , continuity , and progress '' befitted an Omnipotent Deity and that `` any theological objection '' to a species of slug or a breed of dog deriving from a previous one was `` simply absurd '' dogma . He touched on human evolution , satisfied that the struggle for existence tended `` inevitably ... towards the progressive exaltation of the races engaged in it '' .
Southern Ocean
There are two species from the Dissostichus genus , the Antarctic toothfish ( Dissostichus mawsoni ) and the Patagonian toothfish ( Dissostichus eleginoides ) . These two species live on the seafloor 100 -- 3,000 metres ( 328 -- 9,843 ft ) deep , and can grow to around 2 metres ( 7 ft ) long weighing up to 100 kilograms ( 220 lb ) , living up to 45 years . The Antarctic toothfish lives close to the Antarctic mainland , whereas the Patagonian toothfish lives in the relatively warmer subantarctic waters . Due to the low water temperatures around the mainland , the Antarctic toothfish has antifreeze proteins in its blood and tissues . Toothfish are commercially fished , and overfishing has reduced toothfish populations .
Boxer (dog)
The German citizen George Alt , a Munich resident , mated a brindle - colored bitch imported from France named Flora with a local dog of unknown ancestry , known simply as `` Boxer '' , resulting in a fawn - and - white male , named `` Lechner 's Box '' after its owner . This dog was mated with his own dam Flora , and one of its offspring was a bitch called Alt 's Schecken . George Alt mated Schecken with a Bulldog named Dr. Toneissen 's Tom to produce the historically significant dog Mühlbauer 's Flocki . Flocki was the first Boxer to enter the German Stud Book after winning the aforementioned show for St. Bernards in Munich 1896 , which was the first event to have a class specific for Boxers .
List of lemur species
Family Lemuridae consists of the ring - tailed lemur , the brown lemurs , the bamboo lemurs and the ruffed lemurs . There are 21 extant species and six subspecies . The
Coffee
Originally , coffee farming was done in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for many animals and insects . Remnant forest trees were used for this purpose , but many species have been planted as well . These include leguminous trees of the genera Acacia , Albizia , Cassia , Erythrina , Gliricidia , Inga , and Leucaena , as well as the nitrogen - fixing non-legume sheoaks of the genus Casuarina , and the silky oak Grevillea robusta .
Tyrannosaurus
In 1955 , Soviet paleontologist Evgeny Maleev named a new species , Tyrannosaurus bataar , from Mongolia . By 1965 , this species had been renamed Tarbosaurus bataar . Despite the renaming , many phylogenetic analyses have found Tarbosaurus bataar to be the sister taxon of Tyrannosaurus rex , and it has often been considered an Asian species of Tyrannosaurus . A recent redescription of the skull of Tarbosaurus bataar has shown that it was much narrower than that of Tyrannosaurus rex and that during a bite , the distribution of stress in the skull would have been very different , closer to that of Alioramus , another Asian tyrannosaur . A related cladistic analysis found that Alioramus , not Tyrannosaurus , was the sister taxon of Tarbosaurus , which , if true , would suggest that Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus should remain separate . The discovery and description of Qianzhousaurus in 2014 , would disprove this and reveal that Alioramus belonged to the clade Alioramini . The discovery of the tyrannosaurid Lythronax further indicates that Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus are closely related , forming a clade with fellow Asian tyrannosaurid Zhuchengtyrannus , with Lythronax being their sister taxon . A further study from 2016 by Steve Brusatte , Thomas Carr et al. , also indicates Tyrannosaurus may have been an immigrant from Asia , as well as a possible descendant of Tarbosaurus . The study further indicates the possibility that Tyrannosaurus may have driven other tyrannosaurids that were native to North America extinct through competition . Other finds in 2006 indicate giant tyrannosaurs may have been present in North America as early as 75 million years ago . Whether or not this specimen belongs to Tyrannosaurus rex , a new species of Tyrannosaurus , or a new genus entirely is still unknown .
Elk
Four subspecies described in Asia include the Altai wapiti ( C. canadensis sibiricus ) and the Tianshan wapiti ( C. canadensis songaricus ) . Two distinct subspecies found in China and Korea are the Manchurian wapiti ( C. canadensis xanthopygus ) and the Alashan wapitis ( C. canadensis alashanicus ) . The Manchurian wapiti is darker and more reddish in coloration than the other populations . The Alashan wapiti of north central China is the smallest of all subspecies , has the lightest coloration and is the least studied . Biologist Valerius Geist , who has written on the world 's various deer species , holds that there are only three subspecies of elk . Geist recognizes the Manchurian and Alashan wapiti but places all other elk into C. canadensis canadensis , claiming that classification of the four surviving North American groups as subspecies is driven , at least partly , for political purposes to secure individualized conservation and protective measures for each of the surviving populations .
Kudzu in the United States
( ( Kudzu Asia , primarily subtropical and temperate regions of China , Japan , and Korea , with trifoliate leaves composed of three leaflets . Five species in the genus Pueraria ( P. montana , P. lobata , P. edulis , P. phaseoloides and P. thomsoni ) are closely related and kudzu populations in the United States seem to have ancestry from more than one of the species . Each leaflet is large and ovate with two to three lobes each and hair on the underside . The leaves have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen , which can supply up to 95 % of leaf nitrogen to the plant in poor soils . Along the vines are nodes , points at which stems or tendrils can propagate to increase support and attach to structures . As a twining vine , kudzu uses stems or tendrils that can extend from any node on the vine to attach to and climb most surfaces . In addition , the nodes of the kudzu vine have the ability to root when exposed to soil , further anchoring the vine to the ground . The roots are tuberous and are high in starch and water content , and the twining of the plant allows for less carbon concentration in the construction of woody stems and greater concentration in roots , which aids root growth . The roots can account for up to 40 % of total plant biomass .
Reactions to On the Origin of Species
Robert FitzRoy , who had been the captain of HMS Beagle during Darwin 's voyage , was there to present a paper on storms . During the debate FitzRoy , seen by Hooker as `` a grey haired Roman nosed elderly gentleman '' , stood in the centre of the audience and `` lifting an immense Bible first with both and afterwards with one hand over his head , solemnly implored the audience to believe God rather than man '' . As he admitted that the Origin of Species had given him `` acutest pain '' the crowd shouted him down .
Baja California
Common trees are the Jeffrey Pine , Sugar Pine and Pinon Pine . Understory species include Manzanita . Fauna include a variety of reptiles including the Western fence lizard , which is at the southern extent of its range . The name of the fish genus Bajacalifornia is derived from the Baja California Peninsula .
Centipede
The group is the sole extant representative of the Notostigmomorpha , defined by having a single spiracle opening at the posterior of each dorsal plate . The more derived groups bear a plurality of spiracular openings on their sides , and are termed the Pleurostigmomorpha . Some even have several unpaired spiracles that can be found along the mid-dorsal line and closer to their posterior section of tergites . There are three families : Psellioididae , Scutigeridae and Scutigerinidae . Pselliodidae includes just a few species in the genus Sphendononema ( = Pselliodes ) , occurring in the Neotropics and tropical Africa . Scutigerinidae , composed of three species in the genus Scutigerina , is restricted to southern Africa and Madagascar . Most scutigeromorphs from other parts of the world belong to the Scutigeridae , which includes two subfamilies , the Scutigerinae and Thereuoneminae .
Red deer
Another member of the red deer group which may represent a separate species is the C. corsicanus . If so , C. corsicanus includes the subspecies C. c. barbarus ( perhaps a synonym of C. c. corsicanus ) , and is restricted to Maghreb in North Africa , Corsica , and Sardinia .
Red deer
Until recently , biologists considered the red deer and elk or wapiti ( C. canadensis ) the same species , forming a continuous distribution throughout temperate Eurasia and North America . This belief was based largely on the fully fertile hybrids that can be produced under captive conditions .
Brown bear
Brown bears are thought to have evolved from Ursus etruscus in Asia . The brown bear , per Kurten ( 1976 ) , has been stated as `` clearly derived from the Asian population of Ursus savini about 800,000 years ago ; spread into Europe , to the New World . '' A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the cave bear species complex approximately 1.2 - 1.4 million years ago but did not clarify if U. savini persisted as a paraspecies for the brown bear before perishing . The oldest fossils positively identified as from this species occur in China from about 0.5 million years ago . Brown bears entered Europe about 250,000 years ago , and North Africa shortly after . Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles , where it is thought they might have outcompeted cave bears ( Ursus spelaeus ) . The species entered Alaska 100,000 years ago , though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago . It is speculated that brown bears were unable to migrate south until the extinction of the much larger Arctodus simus .