vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Canada–United States relations
In 1938 , as the roots of World War II were set in motion , U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt gave a public speech at Queen 's University in Kingston , Ontario , declaring that the United States would not sit idly by if another power tried to dominate Canada . Diplomats saw it as a clear warning to Germany not to attack Canada .
New Deal
Morgenthau shifted with Roosevelt , but at all times tried to inject fiscal responsibility -- he deeply believed in balanced budgets , stable currency , reduction of the national debt and the need for more private investment . The Wagner Act met Morgenthau 's requirement because it strengthened the party 's political base and involved no new spending . In contrast to Douglas , Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt 's double budget as legitimate -- that is a balanced regular budget and an `` emergency '' budget for agencies , like the WPA , PWA and CCC , that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand . He fought against the veterans ' bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt 's veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936 . His biggest success was the new Social Security program as he managed to reverse the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees . It was Morgenthau who insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way .
Civilian Conservation Corps
The legislation and mobilization of the program occurred quite rapidly . Roosevelt made his request to Congress on March 21 , 1933 ; the legislation was submitted to Congress the same day ; Congress passed it by voice vote on March 31 ; Roosevelt signed it the same day , then issued an executive order on April 5 creating the agency , appointing its director ( Fechner ) , and assigning War Department corps area commanders to begin enrollment . The first CCC enrollee was selected April 8 and subsequent lists of unemployed men were supplied by state and local welfare and relief agencies for immediate enrollment . On April 17 the first camp , NF - 1 , Camp Roosevelt , was established at George Washington National Forest near Luray , Virginia . On June 18 , the first of 161 soil erosion control camps was opened , in Clayton , Alabama . By July 1 , 1933 there were 1,463 working camps with 250,000 junior enrollees ( 18 -- 25 years of age ) ; 28,000 veterans ; 14,000 American Indians ; and 25,000 Locally Enrolled ( or Experienced ) Men ( LEM ) .
Republican Party (United States)
The 1896 realignment cemented the Republicans as the party of big business while Theodore Roosevelt added more small business support by his embrace of trust busting . He handpicked his successor William Howard Taft in 1908 , but they became enemies as the party split down the middle . Taft defeated Roosevelt for the 1912 nomination and Roosevelt ran on the ticket of his new Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party . He called for social reforms , many of which were later championed by New Deal Democrats in the 1930s . He lost and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP they found they did not agree with the new conservative economic thinking , leading to an ideological shift to the right in the Republican Party . The Republicans returned to the White House throughout the 1920s , running on platforms of normalcy , business - oriented efficiency and high tariffs . The national party avoided the prohibition issue after it became law in 1920 .
Manhattan Project
Groves appreciated the early British atomic research and the British scientists ' contributions to the Manhattan Project , but stated that the United States would have succeeded without them . He also said that Churchill was `` the best friend the atomic bomb project had ( as ) he kept Roosevelt 's interest up ... He just stirred him up all the time by telling him how important he thought the project was . ''
Manhattan Project
The British and Americans exchanged nuclear information but did not initially combine their efforts . Britain rebuffed attempts by Bush and Conant in 1941 to strengthen cooperation with its own project , codenamed Tube Alloys , because it was reluctant to share its technological lead and help the United States develop its own atomic bomb . An American scientist who brought a personal letter from Roosevelt to Churchill offering to pay for all research and development in an Anglo - American project was poorly treated , and Churchill did not reply to the letter . The United States as a result decided as early as April 1942 that if its offer was rejected , they should proceed alone . The British , who had made significant contributions early in the war , did not have the resources to carry through such a research program while fighting for their survival . As a result , Tube Alloys soon fell behind its American counterpart . and on 30 July 1942 , Sir John Anderson , the minister responsible for Tube Alloys , advised Churchill that : `` We must face the fact that ... ( our ) pioneering work ... is a dwindling asset and that , unless we capitalise it quickly , we shall be outstripped . We now have a real contribution to make to a ' merger . ' Soon we shall have little or none . '' That month Churchill and Roosevelt made an informal , unwritten agreement for atomic collaboration . Groves
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Starting with the 1937 case of West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , the court began to take a more favorable view of economic regulations . That same year , Roosevelt appointed a Supreme Court Justice for the first time , and by 1941 , seven of the nine Justices had been appointed by Roosevelt . After Parish , the Court shifted its focus from judicial review of economic regulations to the protection of civil liberties . Four of Roosevelt 's Supreme Court appointees , Felix Frankfurter , Robert H. Jackson , Hugo Black , and William O. Douglas , would be particularly influential in re-shaping the jurisprudence of the Court .
Rough Riders Memorial
It is unclear exactly when approval to erect the Rough Rider Memorial at Arlington National Cemetery was given . The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps had control of Arlington National Cemetery at the time . The erection of a monument would have required the permission of either Brigadier General Charles F. Humphrey , Sr. , the Quartermaster General , or Secretary of War William Howard Taft . But no record of such permission exists . Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as President of the United States on September 14 , 1901 , after the death of President William McKinley . Taft was one of Roosevelt 's closest friends . Approval was very unlikely to be denied , and was probably given some time in May or early June 1906 . The first fundraiser for the memorial was announced June 10 , 1906 -- five days before the society was formally organized .
New Deal
Roosevelt 's advisers believed that excessive competition and technical progress had led to overproduction and lowered wages and prices , which they believed lowered demand and employment ( deflation ) . He argued that government economic planning was necessary to remedy this . New Deal economists argued that cut - throat competition had hurt many businesses and that with prices having fallen 20 % and more , `` deflation '' exacerbated the burden of debt and would delay recovery . They rejected a strong move in Congress to limit the workweek to 30 hours . Instead their remedy , designed in cooperation with big business , was the NIRA . It included stimulus funds for the WPA to spend and sought to raise prices , give more bargaining power for unions ( so the workers could purchase more ) and reduce harmful competition .
United States declaration of war on Japan
President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech , addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12 : 30 p.m. on December 8 . The declaration was quickly brought to a vote ; it passed the Senate , and then passed the House at 1 : 10 p.m. The vote was 82 -- 0 in the Senate and 388 -- 1 in the House . Jeannette Rankin , a pacifist and the first woman elected to Congress ( in 1916 ) , cast the only vote against the declaration , eliciting hisses from some of her peers . Several colleagues pressed her to change her vote to make the resolution unanimous -- or at least to abstain -- but she refused . `` As a woman , I ca n't go to war , '' she said , `` and I refuse to send anyone else . '' Nine other women held Congressional seats at the time . After the vote , an angry mob followed her from the Capitol building , forcing her to take refuge in a telephone booth until United States Capitol Police could rescue her . Two days later a similar war declaration against Germany and Italy came to vote ; Rankin abstained . Nine other women voted in favor of the declaration of war .
Central Intelligence Agency
The intelligence community as a whole , and especially the CIA , were involved in presidential planning immediately after the 9 / 11 attacks . In his address to the nation at 8 : 30pm on September 11 , 2001 , George W. Bush mentioned the intelligence community : `` The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts , I 've directed the full resource of our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and bring them to justice . ''
Franklin D. Roosevelt
The Supreme Court became Roosevelt 's primary domestic focus during his second term after the court overturned many of his programs , including NIRA . The more conservative members of the court upheld the principles of the Lochner era , which saw numerous economic regulations struck down on the basis of freedom of contract . Roosevelt proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 , which would have allowed him to appoint an additional Justice for each incumbent Justice over the age of 70 ; in 1937 , there were six Supreme Court Justices over the age of 70 . The size of the Court had been set at nine since the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1869 , and Congress had altered the number of Justices six other times throughout U.S. history . Roosevelt 's `` court packing '' plan ran into intense political opposition from his own party , led by Vice President Garner , since it upset the separation of powers . A bipartisan coalition of liberals and conservatives of both parties opposed the bill , and Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes broke with precedent by publicly advocating defeat of the bill . Any chance of passing the bill ended with the death of Senate Majority Leader Joseph Taylor Robinson in July 1937 .
List of Presidents of the United States who died in office
On the morning of April 13 , Roosevelt 's body was placed in a flag - draped coffin and loaded onto the presidential train . After a White House funeral on April 14 , Roosevelt was transported back to Hyde Park by train , guarded by four servicemen , one each from the Army , Navy , Marines , and Coast Guard . As was his wish , Roosevelt was buried in the Rose Garden of the Springwood estate , the Roosevelt family home in Hyde Park on April 15 . Eleanor died in November 1962 and was buried next to him .
Canada–United States relations
The two nations cooperated closely in World War II , as both nations saw new levels of prosperity and a determination to defeat the Axis powers . Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and President Franklin D. Roosevelt were determined not to repeat the mistakes of their predecessors . They met in August 1940 at Ogdensburg , issuing a declaration calling for close cooperation , and formed the Permanent Joint Board on Defense ( PJBD ) .
History of the United States Merchant Marine
The biggest supporter of the merchant men was President Franklin D. Roosevelt . It was he who in 1936 urged the United States Congress to pass the Merchant Marine Act , which established a 10 - year program for building ships that would be used for commerce during peace time and would be converted for use by the Navy during times of war or national emergency ; and a training program for seamen that linked them to the military in wartime , specifically the Navy . It was this legislation that enabled the country to take on the Axis powers a few years later , but not before extensive losses on the East coast , which was crawling with German submarines by the end of 1941 . That year the Germans sank 1,232 Allied and neutral ships worldwide , including those manned by the Merchant Marine , and the following year was even worse . The Allies would lose 1,323 ships , while Germany 's submarine losses totaled just 87 . More than 1,000 merchant seamen would die within sight of the East Coast , and it was n't uncommon for inhabitants of the seashore to find their bodies washed up on the sand .
Spanish–American War
Yellow fever had quickly spread amongst the American occupation force , crippling it . A group of concerned officers of the American army chose Theodore Roosevelt to draft a request to Washington that it withdraw the Army , a request that paralleled a similar one from General Shafter , who described his force as an `` army of convalescents '' . By the time of his letter , 75 % of the force in Cuba was unfit for service . The
History of education in the United States
Public schools across the country were badly hurt by the Great Depression , as tax revenues fell in local and state governments shifted funding to relief projects . Budgets were slashed , and teachers went unpaid . During the New Deal , 1933 -- 39 , President Franklin Roosevelt and his advisers were hostile to the elitism shown by the educational establishment . They refused all pleas for direct federal help to public or private schools or universities . They rejected proposals for federal funding for research at universities . But they did help poor students , and the major New Deal relief programs built many schools buildings As requested by local governments . The New Deal approach to education was a radical departure from educational best practices . It was specifically designed for the poor and staffed largely by women on relief . It was not based on professionalism , nor was it designed by experts . Instead it was premised on the anti-elitist notion that a good teacher does not need paper credentials , that learning does not need a formal classroom and that the highest priority should go to the bottom tier of society . Leaders in the public schools were shocked : They were shut out as consultants and as recipients of New Deal funding . They desperately needed cash to cover the local and state revenues that it disappeared during the depression , they were well organized , and made repeated concerted efforts in 1934 , 1937 , and 1939 , all to no avail . The conservative Republican establishment headed collaborated with for so long was out of power and Roosevelt himself was the leader in anti-elitism . The federal government had a highly professional Office of Education ; Roosevelt cut its budget and staff , and refused to consult with its leader John Ward Studebaker . The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) programs were deliberately designed not teach skills that would put them in competition with unemployed union members . The CCC did have its own classes . They were voluntary , took place after work , and focused on teaching basic literacy to young men who had quit school before high school .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Left - liberal publications such as The Nation and The New Republic worried that the Civilian Conservation Corps ' ( CCC ) integration with the military could start a transformation to a fascistic society . While the CCC was operated by the military and had some militaristic aspects , the Roosevelt administration allayed these fears by emphasizing the CCC 's civilian character . Unlike its German counterpart , the CCC was never a compulsory service .
United States home front during World War II
Federal tax policy was highly contentious during the war , with President Franklin D. Roosevelt battling a conservative Congress . However , both sides agreed on the need for high taxes ( along with heavy borrowing ) to pay for the war : top marginal tax rates ranged from 81 % - 94 % for the duration of the war , and the income level subject to the highest rate was lowered from $5,000,000 to $200,000 . Roosevelt tried unsuccessfully , by executive order 9250 , to impose a 100 % surtax on after - tax incomes over $25,000 ( equal to roughly $353,558 today ) . However , Roosevelt did manage to impose this cap on executive pay in corporations with government contracts . Congress also enlarged the tax base by lowering the minimum income to pay taxes , and by reducing personal exemptions and deductions . By 1944 nearly every employed person was paying federal income taxes ( compared to 10 % in 1940 ) .
Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Garraty suggested that there were some `` striking '' similarities between Roosevelt 's programs and German anti-depression policies , but concluded that the New Deal did not have much in common with fascism in total because of the vast political differences between the two systems . Roosevelt expanded political participation for the less fortunate and Garraty stated that the main reason for the similarities was that both nations were dealing with problems that were unique in the industrial world . Garraty stated that the New Deal lacked any consistent ideological base . While the Brains Trust got a lot of attention , theorists never had much impact on Roosevelt who drew on populism , with its hostility to bankers and its willingness to inflate the currency ; Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism in its dislike of competition and deemphasis on antitrust laws ; and the ideas of social workers from the Progressive Era . Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis influenced Roosevelt on financial reforms . The War Labor Board from World War I influenced Roosevelt 's labor policy .
New Deal
In March and April in a series of laws and executive orders , the government suspended the gold standard . Roosevelt stopped the outflow of gold by forbidding the export of gold except under license from the Treasury . Anyone holding significant amounts of gold coinage was mandated to exchange it for the existing fixed price of U.S. dollars . The Treasury no longer paid out gold in exchange for dollars and gold would no longer be considered valid legal tender for debts in private and public contracts .
New Deal
The most important program of 1935 and perhaps the New Deal as a whole was the Social Security Act . It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions ( Social Security ) , unemployment insurance and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present . It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system . Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund -- he said : `` We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal , moral , and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits . With those taxes in there , no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program '' .
Victory in Europe Day
In the United States , the victory happened on President Harry Truman 's 61st birthday . He dedicated the victory to the memory of his predecessor , Franklin D. Roosevelt , who had died of a cerebral hemorrhage less than a month earlier , on 12 April . Flags remained at half - staff for the remainder of the 30 - day mourning period . Truman said of dedicating the victory to Roosevelt 's memory and keeping the flags at half - staff that his only wish was `` that Franklin D. Roosevelt had lived to witness this day '' . Later that day , Truman said that the victory made it his most enjoyable birthday .
Robert Bond
As Premier he once again tried to negotiate free trade with the United States . It failed because of the objections of US senator Henry Cabot Lodge . Teddy Roosevelt tried to intervene but was not successful and it ended the friendship between the two nations . Relations between the United States and Newfoundland deteriorated to the point where in November 1905 in Bonne Bay local fisherman clashed with Americans trying to buy bait on shore . In 1904 Bond was re-elected with a clear majority . He went on to settle the French Shore issue which gave Newfoundland full control over the island . Following the 1907 Imperial Conference , Newfoundland and the other self - governing British colonies were given dominion status and Bond formally became the first prime minister of the Dominion of Newfoundland .
Habeas corpus
France and the United States played a synergistic role in the international team , led by Eleanor Roosevelt , which crafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The French judge and Nobel Peace Laureate René Cassin produced the first draft and argued against arbitrary detentions . René Cassin and the French team subsequently championed the habeas corpus provisions enshrined in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms .
New Deal
There was no attempt whatsoever to end segregation , or to increase black rights in the South . Roosevelt appointed an unprecedented number of blacks to second - level positions in his administration -- these appointees were collectively called the Black Cabinet .
New Deal
In 1934 , Roosevelt defended himself against those critics in a `` fireside chat '' :
War of 1812
Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as they had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between .
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Roosevelt was born on January 30 , 1882 , in the Hudson Valley town of Hyde Park , New York , to businessman James Roosevelt I and his second wife , Sara Ann Delano . Roosevelt 's parents , who were sixth cousins , both came from wealthy old New York families , the Roosvelts and the Delanos , respectively . Roosevelt 's patrilineal ancestor migrated to New Amsterdam in the 17th century , and the Roosevelts flourished as merchants and landowners . The Delano family progenitor traveled to the New World on the Mayflower , and the Delanos prospered as merchants and shipbuilders in Massachusetts . Franklin had a half - brother , James `` Rosy '' Roosevelt , from his father 's previous marriage . A
New Deal
On March 9 , 1933 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days . Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion : depositors lost a total of $540 million and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits -- it is a common myth that they received nothing back .