vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Torrey DeVitto
DeVitto was born and raised in Huntington on Long Island , New York and Winter Park , Florida . Her parents are Mary ( née Torrey ) and Liberty DeVitto ; her father was a long - time drummer for Billy Joel . They met in 1983 . Her mother had been Stevie Nicks 's best friend since the late 1970s and met DeVitto 's father when he was the drummer on Nicks ' Wild Heart Tour . On the day of her birth , Joel was performing at the Wembley Arena and made a special note before beginning `` The Longest Time '' that DeVitto 's wife was having a baby , causing a standing ovation for DeVitto , who was playing the drums at the concert . She was named Torrey after her mother 's maiden name . She has an older sister Devon , and two younger sisters Maryelle and baby sister whose name has not yet been revealed . Her sister Maryelle was a contestant in the Discovery Kids reality competition show Endurance . As a child , DeVitto spent a lot of time touring with her parents .
Pete Maravich
Since Maravich 's children were very young when he died , Jackie Maravich initially shielded them from unwanted media attention , not even allowing Jaeson and Josh to attend their father 's funeral . However , a proclivity to basketball seemed to be an inherited trait . During a 2003 interview , Jaeson told USA Today that , when he was still only a toddler , `` My dad passed me a ( Nerf ) basketball , and I 've been hooked ever since ... My dad said I shot and missed , and I got mad and I kept shooting . He said his dad told him he did the same thing . ''
Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ( `` Daybreak '' ) Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ( `` Daybreak '' ) , an ally of Chief Rainwater . Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ( `` Daybreak '' ) Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ( `` No Good Horses '' ) Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ( `` Coming Home '' ) Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ( `` A Monster Is Among Us '' ) Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 1 '' ) Tanaya Beatty as Avery ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' ) James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ( `` The Unravelling : Pt. 2 '' )
Civil–military relations
The size of the U.S. military in the latter half of the twentieth century , unprecedented in peacetime , caused concern in some circles , primarily as to the potential effect of maintaining such a large force in a democratic society . Some predicted disaster and were concerned with the growing militarization of American society . These writers were quite sure that a distinctly military culture was inherently dangerous to a non-militaristic liberal society . Others warned that the ascendancy of the military establishment would fundamentally change American foreign policy and would weaken the intellectual fabric of the country . However , most of the arguments were less apocalyptic and settled along two tracks . The two tracks are highlighted , respectively , by Samuel P. Huntington 's Soldier and the State and Morris Janowitz 's The Professional Soldier .
First Transcontinental Railroad
Four northern California businessmen formed the Central Pacific Railroad : Leland Stanford , ( 1824 -- 1893 ) , President ; Collis Potter Huntington , ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , Vice President ; Mark Hopkins , ( 1813 -- 1878 ) , Treasurer ; Charles Crocker , ( 1822 -- 1888 ) , Construction Supervisor . All became substantially wealthy from their association with the railroad .
Civil–military relations
Professionalizing the military , or at least the officer corps , which is the decision - making authority within the military world , emphasizes the useful aspects of that institution such as discipline , structure , order , and self - sacrifice . It also isolates the corps in a specialized arena in which the military professionals would be recognized as experts in the use of force . As recognized experts not subject to the interference of the civilian world , the military 's officer corps would willingly submit itself to civil authority . In Huntington 's words , such an arrangement maintained a `` focus on a politically neutral , autonomous , and professional officer corps . ''
Worcester v. Georgia
Chief Justice John Marshall laid out in this opinion that the relationship between the Indian Nations and the United States is that of nations . He reasoned that the United States , in the character of the federal government , inherited the rights of Great Britain as they were held by that nation . Those rights , he stated , include the sole right to deal with the Indian nations in North America , to the exclusion of any other European power . This did not include the rights of possession to their land or political dominion over their laws . He acknowledged that the exercise of conquest and purchase can give political dominion , but those are in the hands of the federal government , and individual states had no authority in American Indian affairs . Georgia 's statute was therefore invalid .
Los Angeles County, California
24,201 151 6.24 347 14.34 Culver City 39,528 179 4.53 1,760 44.53 Diamond Bar 56,470 55 0.97 952 16.86 Downey 113,628 381 3.35 3,537 31.13 Duarte 21,673 71 3.28 507 23.39 El Monte 115,356 395 3.42 2,230 19.33 El Segundo 16,931 38 2.24 595 35.14 Gardena 59,802 287 4.80 1,321 22.09 Glendale 194,902 233 1.20 3,043 15.61 Glendora 50,903 59 1.16 1,293 25.40 Hawaiian Gardens 14,493 69 4.76 193 13.32 Hawthorne 85,692 637 7.43 2,181 25.45 Hermosa Beach 19,830 54 2.72 678 34.19 Hidden Hills 1,887 0 0.00 2.12 Huntington Park 59,079 373 6.31 1,917 32.45 Industry 222 68 306.31 1,110 5,000.00 Inglewood 111,488 780 7.00 2,673 23.98 Irwindale 1,447 15 10.37 243 167.93 La Canada Flintridge 20,584 12 0.58 324 15.74 La Habra Heights 5,413 6 1.11 44 8.13 Lakewood 81,382 227 2.79 2,062 25.34 La Mirada 49,312 98 1.99 776 15.74 Lancaster 159,155 859 5.40 3,498 21.98 La
Genetic recombination
Chromosomal crossover involves recombination between the paired chromosomes inherited from each of one 's parents , generally occurring during meiosis . During prophase I ( pachytene stage ) the four available chromatids are in tight formation with one another . While in this formation , homologous sites on two chromatids can closely pair with one another , and may exchange genetic information .
Articles of Confederation
Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee
Pony Express
The most complete books on the Pony Express are The Story of the Pony Express and Saddles and Spurs by Raymond & Mary Settle and Roy Bloss . Settle 's account is unique as he was the first writer and historical researcher to make use of Pony Express founder William B. Waddell 's papers , now in a collection at the Huntington Library in San Marino , California . Mr. Settle wrote in the mid-1950s . Mr. Bloss was a writer for the Pony Express Centennial . While Settle 's work was published generally without his annotations and notes , the writer 's background here is unique and Settle does have an excellent bibliography . When Settle prepared to publish his well - researched account he had a good volume of footnotes , citations prepared , but the editors chose not to use most of them . Instead , they opted for a less expensive approach to print and publish and released an accurate , but simplified account . Settle was not pleased with this new and sudden development , as he put much time and effort into the annotations . Yet , the account Settle wrote was and is a definitive one and is considered the best account on the history of the Pony Express amongst many historians .
Interstate 405 (California)
County Location Postmile Exit Destinations Notes Orange ORA 0.23 -- 24.18 Irvine 0.23 I - 5 south ( San Diego Freeway ) -- San Diego Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; former US 101 south ; southern terminus ; I - 5 north exit 94A ​ -- I - 5 south HOV access only ; southbound exit and northbound entrance ​ 1A Lake Forest Drive Southbound exit and northbound entrance ​ 1B Bake Parkway Southbound exit and northbound entrance 0.95 1C Irvine Center Drive Signed as exit 1 northbound 1.80 SR 133 ( Laguna Freeway ) -- Laguna Beach No northbound exit to SR 133 north ; SR 133 north exit 8 , south exits 8A - B 2.88 Shady Canyon Drive , Sand Canyon Avenue 3.95 Jeffrey Road , University Drive 5.62 5 Culver Drive 6.92 7 Jamboree Road 7.80 8 MacArthur Boulevard -- John Wayne Airport Costa Mesa 8.74 9A SR 55 ( Costa Mesa Freeway ) SR 55 north exit 6 , south exits 6A - B ​ -- SR 55 north HOV access only ​ 9B Anton Boulevard , Avenue of the Arts Northbound exit and entrance 9.51 9B Bristol Street 10.28 10 SR 73 south ( Corona del Mar Freeway ) to SR 55 south ( Costa Mesa Freeway ) -- San Diego via toll road Southbound exit and northbound entrance ​ 11 South Coast Drive Northbound exit only 10.75 11A Fairview Road Signed as exit 11 northbound 11.45 11B Harbor Boulevard -- Costa Mesa Signed as exit 11 northbound Fountain Valley 12.47 12 Euclid Street , Newhope Street , Ellis Avenue 13.78 14 Brookhurst Street -- Fountain Valley 14.82 15A Warner Avenue east Southbound exit and northbound entrance Huntington Beach 15.21 15B Magnolia Street , Warner Avenue west Signed as exit 15 northbound 16.54 16 SR 39 ( Beach Boulevard ) -- Westminster , Huntington Beach Westminster 17.75 18 Bolsa Avenue , Goldenwest Street Goldenwest Street is signed as Golden West Street 19.16 19 Westminster Avenue , Springdale Street ​ 20 Bolsa Chica Road , Valley View Street For southbound only , omits Valley View Street on signage .
History of the Pittsburgh Pirates
After two consecutive seasons of late season collapses , Huntington and Hurdle were determined to be aggressive in free agency , adding players and veteran leadership that would stave off another Pittsburgh Pirates collapse in 2013 . In the offseason , the team agreed with veteran catcher Russell Martin on a two - year , $17 million deal . Martin , while providing decent offensive numbers , was considered to be a major defensive upgrade over the previous year 's platoon of Rod Barajas and Michael McKenry . In 2012 , Barajas and McKenry had combined to throw out 19 of 173 baserunners , for a caught stealing percentage of 11 % , while Russell Martin held a career caught stealing percentage of 30.25 % entering the 2013 season . On December 26 , 2012 , the Pirates traded established closer Joel Hanrahan and infielder Brock Holt to the Boston Red Sox for reliever Mark Melancon , and prospects Jerry Sands , Iván DeJesús Jr. , and Stolmy Pimentel . With this move , the Pirates re-signed setup man Jason Grilli to a two - year deal worth $4.5 million , to become the new Pirates closer . Melancon , who was under - valued after a miserable , injury - riddled 2012 season , replaced Grilli as the Pirates setup man . The trade wound up leaning strongly in favor of the Pirates , as Grilli and Melancon would anchor the so - called `` Shark Tank '' bullpen as one of the best bullpens in MLB as well as both being selected to the All - Star Game , while Hanrahan wound up only playing in nine games for the Red Sox before suffering an injury to his pitching arm and requiring Tommy John surgery just as his contract was getting ready to expire at the end of the season . Ultimately , Hanrahan would never pitch in the Majors again .
Baskin-Robbins
By 1948 , Burt and Irv had opened six stores . The first franchise covering the sale of ice cream was executed May 20 , 1948 , for the store at 1130 South Adams in Glendale ( Store # 1 ) . In 1949 , the company 's production facility opened in Burbank . Burt and Irv made the decision to sell the stores to the managers . In 1953 , Baskin - Robbins hired Carson - Roberts Advertising who recommended adoption of the number 31 as well as the pink ( cherry ) and brown ( chocolate ) polka dots and typeface that were reminiscent of the circus . The first store that adopted the new 31 look was 804 North Glendale Ave. in Glendale , California in March 1953 . Between 1949 and 1962 , the corporate firm was Huntington Ice Cream Company . The name succeeded The Baskin - Robbins Partnership and was eventually changed back to Baskin - Robbins , Inc. on November 26 , 1962 . Baskin - Robbins was owned by its founders until it was acquired in 1967 ( just prior to Burt Baskin 's death ) by the United Brands Company ( United Fruit ) . In the 1970s , the chain went international , opening stores in Japan , Saudi Arabia , South Korea , and Australia . Baskin - Robbins also was the first to introduce ice cream cakes to the public . A
Small intestine
typhii ) and paratyphoid fever Bacillus cereus Clostridium perfringens ( gas gangrene ) Viral infections Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Adenovirus Calicivirus Neoplasms ( cancers ) Adenocarcinoma Carcinoid Gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST ) Lymphoma Sarcoma Leiomyoma Metastatic tumors , especially SCLC or melanoma Developmental , congenital or genetic conditions Duodenal ( intestinal ) atresia Hirschsprung 's disease Meckel 's diverticulum Pyloric stenosis Pancreas divisum Ectopic pancreas Enteric duplication cyst Situs inversus Cystic fibrosis Malrotation Persistent urachus Omphalocele Gastroschisis Disaccharidase ( lactase ) deficiencies Primary bile acid malabsorption Gardner syndrome Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome ( FAP ) Other conditions Crohn 's disease , and the more general inflammatory bowel disease Typhlitis ( neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed Coeliac disease ( sprue or non-tropical sprue ) Mesenteric ischemia Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein Arteriovenous malformation Gastric dumping syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome Duodenal ( peptic ) ulcers Gastrointestinal perforation Hyperthyroidism Diverticulitis Radiation enterocolitis Mesenteric cysts Peritoneal Infection Sclerosing retroperitonitis Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
The Man in the High Castle (TV series)
Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife . Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Juliana
History of evolutionary thought
In the late 19th century , the term neo-Lamarckism came to be associated with the position of naturalists who viewed the inheritance of acquired characteristics as the most important evolutionary mechanism . Advocates of this position included the British writer and Darwin critic Samuel Butler , the German biologist Ernst Haeckel , and the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope . They considered Lamarckism to be philosophically superior to Darwin 's idea of selection acting on random variation . Cope looked for , and thought he found , patterns of linear progression in the fossil record . Inheritance of acquired characteristics was part of Haeckel 's recapitulation theory of evolution , which held that the embryological development of an organism repeats its evolutionary history . Critics of neo-Lamarckism , such as the German biologist August Weismann and Alfred Russel Wallace , pointed out that no one had ever produced solid evidence for the inheritance of acquired characteristics . Despite these criticisms , neo-Lamarckism remained the most popular alternative to natural selection at the end of the 19th century , and would remain the position of some naturalists well into the 20th century .
Concordat of Worms
The most prized and contested rights that attached to benefices were inheritance and security against confiscation . Benefices were lands granted by the Church to faithful lords . In exchange , the Church expected rent or other services , such as military protection . These lands would then be further divided between lesser lords and commoners . This was the nature of European feudalism . Inheritance was an important issue , since land could fall into the hands of those who did not have loyalty to the Church or the great lords . The usual grant was in precaria , the granting of a life tenure , whereby the tenant stayed on the land only at the pleasure of the lord . The tenant could be expelled from the land at any time . His tenancy was precarious . Counts ' benefices came to be inherited as counties were broken up and as counts assimilated their offices and ex-officio lands to their family property . In central Europe , kings and counts probably were willing to allow the inheritance of small parcels of land to the heirs of those who had offered military or other services in exchange for tenancy . This was contingent on the heirs being reasonably loyal and capable . Churches in Germany , as elsewhere , were willing to allow peasants to inherit their land . This was a source of profit to both churches and lords when the inheritors were charged a fee to inherit the land . Most bishops had a different attitude toward freemen and nobles . To these peasants , grants were made in precario or in beneficio , usually for a specified and limited number of life tenures . It was not impossible to recover land left to noble families for generations . But the longer the family held church land , the more difficult it was to oust them from the land . Some church officials came to view granting land to noble families amounted to outright alienation . By the twelfth century great churches in Germany , like those elsewhere were finding it difficult to hold out against the accumulation of lay custom and lay objections to temporary inheritance . The Bishop of Worms issued a statement in 1120 indicating the poor and unfree should be allowed to inherit tenancy without payment of fees . It appears to have been something novel . The growing masses of unfree and the marginal were needed for labour , and to bolster the military of both nobility and the church . By the time of Henry IV , bargaining by the peasants for the benefit of the group was the norm .
History of McDonald's
1937 : Patrick McDonald opens a food and drinks stand called `` The Airdrome '' on historic Route 66 ( now Huntington Drive ) near the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia , California . 1940 : Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald move The Airdrome building 40 miles ( 64 km ) east to San Bernardino , California , where they open the first McDonald 's restaurant , near U.S. Route 66 , at West 14th St and 1398 North E St. , on May 15 . Its menu consisted of 25 items , mostly barbecue . As was common at the time , they employed around 20 carhops . It became a popular and highly profitable teen hangout . 1948 : After noticing that almost all of their profits came from hamburgers , the brothers closed the restaurant for several months to remodel it and implement their innovative `` Speedee Service System '' , a streamlined assembly line for hamburgers . The carhops are fired , and when the restaurant reopens it sells only hamburgers , milkshakes , and french fries . At 15 cents , the burgers are about half as expensive as at standard diners , and they are served immediately . The restaurant is extremely successful , and its fame spreads by word of mouth . McDonald
Los Angeles County, California
Armory Center for the Arts , Pasadena , California Battleship USS Iowa , Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro SS Lane Victory , Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro , just south of the USS Iowa California African American Museum California Science Center , Los Angeles ( formerly the Museum of Science and Industry ) The Broad Hammer Museum Huntington Library , San Marino Long Beach Museum of Art in the historic Elizabeth Milbank Anderson residence Los Angeles Children 's Museum Los Angeles County Fire Museum , in Bellflower Los Angeles County Museum of Art , Mid-City , Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art , Downtown Los Angeles ( founded in 1950 ) ; The Geffen Contemporary at MOCA , Downtown Los Angeles ( founded in 1980 ) Museum of Jurassic Technology , Culver City Museum of Latin American Art in Long Beach Museum of Neon Art Museum of the American West ( Gene Autry Museum ) , in Griffith Park Museum of Tolerance Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Pasadena Museum of California Art , in Pasadena J. Paul Getty Center , Brentwood ( Ancient Roman , Greek , and European Renaissance Art ) J. Paul Getty Villa , Pacific Palisades , Getty 's original house George C. Page Museum at La Brea Tar Pits Santa Monica Museum of Art , Santa Monica ( Contemporary art ) Norton Simon Museum , Pasadena ( 19th - and early 20th - century art ) Skirball Cultural Center , Los Angeles Southwest Museum
Robber baron (industrialist)
John Jacob Astor ( real estate , fur ) -- New York Andrew Carnegie ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York William A. Clark ( copper ) -- Butte , Montana Jay Cooke ( finance ) -- Philadelphia Charles Crocker ( railroads ) -- California Daniel Drew ( finance ) -- New York James Buchanan Duke ( tobacco ) -- Durham , North Carolina James Dunsmuir ( coal , lumber ) - Victoria , BC Canada Marshall Field ( retail ) -- Chicago James Fisk ( finance ) -- New York Henry Morrison Flagler ( Standard Oil , railroads ) -- New York and Florida Henry Clay Frick ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York John Warne Gates ( barbed wire , oil ) -- Texas Jay Gould ( railroads ) -- New York Edward Henry Harriman ( railroads ) -- New York James J. Hill ( fuel , coal , steamboats , railroads ) - St Paul , Minnesota Charles T. Hinde ( railroads , water transport , shipping , hotels ) -- Illinois , Missouri , Kentucky , California Mark Hopkins ( railroads ) -- California Collis Potter Huntington ( railroads ) -- California Lars Kovala ( land speculator , railroads ) -- California , Wisconsin , Michigan Andrew W. Mellon ( finance , oil ) -- Pittsburgh J.P. Morgan ( finance , industrial consolidation ) -- New York John Cleveland Osgood ( coal mining , iron ) -- Colorado Henry B. Plant ( railroads ) -- Florida John D. Rockefeller ( Standard Oil ) -- Cleveland , New York Henry Huttleston Rogers ( Standard Oil ; copper ) , New York . Charles M. Schwab ( steel ) -- Pittsburgh and New York Joseph Seligman ( banking ) -- New York John D. Spreckels ( water transport , railroads , sugar ) -- California Leland Stanford ( railroads ) -- California Cornelius Vanderbilt ( water transport , railroads ) -- New York Charles Tyson Yerkes ( street railroads ) -- Chicago
Dutch elm disease
' Field resistance ' is an umbrella term covering the various factors by which some elms avoid infection in the first place , rather than survive it . A clear example would be the European White Elm Ulmus laevis which , while having little or no genetic resistance to DED , synthesizes a triterpene , Alnulin , rendering the bark distasteful to the vector beetles , obliging them to look further afield for more suitable elms . Another would be the inability of the beetles to see elms which did not break the silhouette . ' Weeping ' elms are often spared infection owing to the beetles ' aversion to hanging upside - down while feeding .