vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Chinese Buddhism
Dajiang Foguo ( 大江 佛 国 `` Land of Awakening of the Great River '' ) Fo Dang / Fo Guo ( 佛 党 `` Party of Awakening '' / 佛 国 `` Nation of Awakening '' ) Fo Shengmen ( 佛 圣 门 `` Holy Gate of Awakening '' ) Guanyin Famen ( 观音 法门 `` Guanyin Gateway '' ) Guanyin Buddhism ( Awakening Teaching ) ( 观音 佛教 Guānyīn Fójiào ) or Guanyin Church ( 观音 会 Guānyīn Huì ) Buddhism ( Awakening Teaching ) of the Lord of Heaven of Infinite Thriving of the Mountain of Longevity ( 寿山 万 隆 天主 佛教 Shòushān Wànlóng Tiānzhǔ Fójiào ) Church of the Heaven and the Earth of the Immortal Awakened Ones ( 天地 佛 仙 会 Tiāndì Fúxiān Huì ) Wulian Jingang Dadao ( `` Great Way of the Innumerable Attendants of Awakening '' ) Gate of Awakening of the Numinous Mountain of the Western Heaven ( 西天 灵山 佛门 Xītiān Língshān Fómén ) Yuandun Famen ( 圆 顿 法门 `` Gateway of the Cycle End '' ) Yuan Nong Foheguo ( 元 农 佛 和 国 `` Yuan Peasants ' Nation of Awakening '' )
Chinese Buddhism
Since the reform and opening up period in the 1970s , a new revival of Chinese Buddhism has been taking place . Ancient Buddhist temples are being restored and new Buddhist temples are being built .
Observable universe
Two years later , astronomers Roger G. Clowes and Luis E. Campusano discovered the Clowes -- Campusano LQG , a large quasar group measuring two billion light - years at its widest point which was the largest known structure in the universe at the time of its announcement . In April 2003 , another large - scale structure was discovered , the Sloan Great Wall . In August 2007 , a possible supervoid was detected in the constellation Eridanus . It coincides with the ' CMB cold spot ' , a cold region in the microwave sky that is highly improbable under the currently favored cosmological model . This supervoid could cause the cold spot , but to do so it would have to be improbably big , possibly a billion light - years across , almost as big as the Giant Void mentioned above . Computer
Cell wall
The composition of cell walls varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage . The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin . Often , other polymers such as lignin , suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls . Algae possess cell walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides such as carrageenan and agar that are absent from land plants . In bacteria , the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan . The cell walls of archaea have various compositions , and may be formed of glycoprotein S - layers , pseudopeptidoglycan , or polysaccharides . Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin . Unusually , diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it .
First Transcontinental Railroad
The manual labor to build the Central Pacific 's roadbed , bridges and tunnels was done primarily by many thousands of emigrant workers from China under the direction of skilled non-Chinese supervisors . The Chinese were commonly referred to at the time as `` Celestials '' and China as the `` Celestial Kingdom . '' Labor - saving devices in those days consisted primarily of wheelbarrows , horse or mule pulled carts , and a few railroad pulled gondolas . The construction work involved an immense amount of manual labor . Initially , Central Pacific had a hard time hiring and keeping unskilled workers on its line , as many would leave for the prospect of far more lucrative gold or silver mining options elsewhere . Despite the concerns expressed by Charles Crocker , one of the `` big four '' and a general contractor , that the Chinese were too small in stature , standing at about 58 inches ( 1.5 m ) , weighing about 120 pounds ( 54 kg ) , and lacking previous experience with railroad work , they decided to try them anyway . After the first few days of trial with a few workers , with noticeably positive results , Crocker decided to hire as many as he could , looking primarily at the California labor force , where the majority of Chinese worked as independent gold miners or in the service industries ( e.g. : laundries and kitchens ) . Most of these Chinese workers were represented by a Chinese `` boss '' who translated , collected salaries for his crew , kept discipline and relayed orders from an American general supervisor . Most Chinese workers spoke only rudimentary or no English , and the supervisors typically only learned rudimentary Chinese . Many more workers were imported from the Guangdong Province of China , which at the time , beside great poverty , suffered from the violence of the Taiping Rebellion . Most Chinese workers were planning on returning with their new found `` wealth '' when the work was completed . Most of the men received between one and three dollars per day , the same as unskilled white workers ; but the workers imported directly from China sometimes received less . A diligent worker could save over $20 per month after paying for food and lodging -- a `` fortune '' by Chinese standards . A snapshot of workers in late 1865 showed about 3,000 Chinese and 1,700 white workers employed on the railroad . Nearly all of the white workers were in supervisory or skilled craft positions and made more money than the Chinese .
Kuwait Scientific Center
The building enclosure is filled with designs of Arabic calligraphy as well as Islamic art . Along with this , the walls literally have the history of Kuwait written on them . Its architecture is inspired by both the `` old '' mud - homes of Kuwait and the sail of a ship . The mud - home correlation is seen as the mud - colored ceramic used on the exterior of the building , while the mast is the top `` roof '' part of the building which is made of fabric similar to that of the sails of dhows , which are an important part of Kuwaiti history of pearl diving . The colors chosen were meant to create the atmosphere of the `` desert '' both inside and out , with the inside continuing on the theme of Kuwait 's heritage and culture , built into the walls of the Scientific Center .
Gilded Age
Asian immigrants -- Chinese at this time -- were hired by California construction companies for temporary railroad work . The European Americans strongly disliked the Chinese for their alien life - styles and threat of low wages . The construction of the Central Pacific Railroad from California to Utah was handled largely by Chinese laborers . In the 1870 census , there were 63,000 Chinese men ( with a few women ) in the entire U.S. ; this number grew to 106,000 in 1880 . Labor unions , led by Samuel Gompers strongly opposed the presence of Chinese labor . Immigrants from China were not allowed to become citizens until 1950 ; however , as a result of the Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark , their children born in the U.S. were full citizens .
Mycenaean Greece
Cyclopean fortifications were typical of Mycenaean walls , especially at the citadels of Mycenae , Tiryns , Argos , Crisa and Athens , while smaller boulders are found in Midea and large limestone slabs are found at Gla . In the Mycenaean settlements found in Epirus and Cyprus , Cyclopean - style walls are also present , as well as in western Anatolia . Besides the citadels , isolated forts were also erected on various strategic locations . The fortification systems also incorporated technical refinements such as secret cisterns , galleries , sally ports and projecting bastions for the protection of gateways . On the other hand , the palace of Pylos , although a major center of power , paradoxically appears to have been left without any defensive walls .
Salt Lake City
The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 at Promontory Summit on the north side of the Great Salt Lake . A railroad was connected to the city from the Transcontinental Railroad in 1870 , making travel less burdensome . Mass migration of different groups followed . Ethnic Chinese ( who laid most of the Central Pacific railway ) established a flourishing Chinatown in Salt Lake City nicknamed `` Plum Alley '' , which housed around 1,800 Chinese during the early 20th century . The Chinese businesses and residences were demolished in 1952 although a historical marker has been erected near the parking ramp which has replaced Plum Alley . Immigrants also found economic opportunities in the booming mining industries . Remnants of a once - thriving Japantown -- namely a Buddhist temple and Japanese Christian chapel -- remain in downtown Salt Lake City . European ethnic groups and East Coast missionary groups constructed St. Mark 's Episcopal Cathedral in 1874 , the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Madeleine in 1909 and the Greek Orthodox Holy Trinity Cathedral in 1923 . This time period also saw the creation of Salt Lake City 's now defunct red - light district that employed 300 courtesans at its height before being closed in 1911 . Panorama
Mesoamerican ballgame
Ōllamaliztli was played within a large masonry structure . Built in a form that changed remarkably little during 2700 years , over 1300 Mesoamerican ballcourts have been identified , 60 % in the last 20 years alone . Although there is a tremendous variation in size , in general all ballcourts have the same shape : a long narrow playing alley flanked by walls with both horizontal and sloping ( or , more rarely , vertical ) surfaces . The walls were often plastered and brightly painted . Although the alleys in early ballcourts were open - ended , later ballcourts had enclosed end - zones , giving the structure an - shape when viewed from above . Although the length - to - width ratio remained relatively constant at 4 - to - 1 , there was nonetheless tremendous variation in ballcourt size . The playing field of the Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza , by far the largest , measures 96.5 meters long by 30 meters wide , while the Ceremonial Court at Tikal was only 16 meters by 5 meters . Cross
Hōryū-ji
The murals of the kondō comprise fifty walls ; four larger walls , eight mid-sized walls and thirty - eight small wall areas inside the building . The original murals were removed after the fire incident in 1949 and are kept in a non-public treasure house . Twenty small wall paintings , unscathed from the 1949 fire , are in their original places while reproductions replaced the parts that were removed due to damage .
Headquarters of the United Nations
Other prominent artworks on the grounds include a Marc Chagall stained glass window memorializing the death of Dag Hammarskjöld , the Japanese Peace Bell which is rung on the vernal equinox and the opening of each General Assembly session , a Chinese ivory carving made in 1974 ( before the ivory trade was largely banned in 1989 ) , and a Venetian mosaic depicting Norman Rockwell 's painting The Golden Rule . A full - size tapestry copy of Pablo Picasso 's Guernica , by Jacqueline de la Baume Dürrbach ( Wikidata ) , on the wall of the United Nations building at the entrance to the Security Council room . In 1952 , two Léger murals were installed in the General Assembly Hall . The works are meant to merely be decorative with no symbolism . One is said to resemble cartoon character Bugs Bunny and U.S. President Harry S. Truman dubbed the other work Scrambled Eggs .
Observable universe
In 2011 , a large quasar group was discovered , U1. 11 , measuring about 2.5 billion light - years across . On January 11 , 2013 , another large quasar group , the Huge - LQG , was discovered , which was measured to be four billion light - years across , the largest known structure in the universe at that time . In November 2013 , astronomers discovered the Hercules -- Corona Borealis Great Wall , an even bigger structure twice as large as the former . It was defined by the mapping of gamma - ray bursts .
Changshan
A changshan ( help info ) ( Chinese : 長 衫 ; pinyin : chángshān ; literally : `` long shirt '' ) is a traditional Chinese dress ( or robe , long jacket or tunic ) worn by men . In function , it is considered the male equivalent of the women 's cheongsam ( qipao ) . It is also known as a changpao ( chángpáo 長 袍 , `` long robe '' ) or dagua ( 大 褂 dàguà , `` great jacket '' ) . It was often worn by men with a magua or `` riding jacket '' . These types of dress were widely adopted beginning under the Manchu ( Chinese : 滿族 ) rulers of the Qing dynasty ( Chinese : 清朝 ) , who required that men in certain positions wear this style . It took more time for the majority of women to adopt the new style of qipao rather than hanfu ( Chinese : 漢服 ) .
Ryukyuan religion
Sangwaa ( susuki , or knotted grass ) . According to legend , an old fisherman in northern Okinawa returned home one night with a big bag of fish . He cooked his supper , but ghosts appeared and put their hands all in his food ; when he began to eat it , he had terrible diarrhea . This happened night after night , until he created a san or sangwaa , twisted pieces of grass tied into a knot in the middle . The ghosts would n't touch the food protected by this item , and he could enjoy his food in peace . Even today , this object can be seen employed in various ways as a ward against evil or , in the case of offerings , food rot . ( Okinawa Folk Stories , 46 -- 54 ) Ishiganto are talismanic stone tablets that are strategically placed in certain locations to ward off evil or unwanted spirits . They are almost always rectangle in shape with the writing inscribed vertically . In rare cases you will see the rectangular stone placed horizontally along with the inscription as well . The origin derived from China where they were most commonly placed at four way intersections , T - intersections , and dead end roads . These spirits are believed to only be able to move in a straight line or along roads . Legend gives the original purpose of it was to keep out evil spirits since they supposedly were unable to negotiate the turn . ( Steiner , 1947 ) Houses positioned at the end of roads or corners of intersections will mostly likely have an ishiganto there in order to stop these spirits from walking straight into a house . Many houses will still have an ishiganto even if they are not located on a T - intersection or four - way intersection . In Okinawa houses traditionally have a low wall surrounding the entire property approximately the height of a man 's chest to protect it from the prevalent typhoon winds and to give general security . The entrance to the house additionally had another small wall called a `` himpun '' to prevent people looking directly into the establishment . The break in the low wall to enter the property near the entrance to the house is where the ishiganto would traditionally be placed . ( Takahashi & Matsui , 2011 )
Out of the Furnace
On May 16 , 2014 , U.S. District Court Judge William Walls , sitting in Newark , New Jersey , dismissed the lawsuit , saying that the film did not refer directly to any of the plaintiffs .
Korean War Veterans Memorial
The main memorial is in the form of a triangle intersecting a circle . Walls : 164 feet ( 50 m ) long , 8 inches ( 200 mm ) thick ; more than 100 tons of highly polished `` Academy Black '' granite from California : more than 2,500 photographic , archival images representing the land , sea , and air troops who supported those who fought in the war are sandblasted onto the wall . The Mural was created by Louis Nelson , with photographic images sandblasted into it depicting soldiers , equipment and people involved in the war . When reflected on the wall , there appear to be 38 soldiers , 38 months , and it is also representing the 38 parallel that separated the North and South Korea .
SS Great Britain
Beneath the after saloon was the main or dining saloon , 98 ft 6 in ( 30.02 m ) long by 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) wide , with dining tables and chairs capable of accommodating up to 360 people at one sitting . On each side of the saloon , seven corridors opened onto four berths each , for a total number of berths per side of 28 , 56 altogether . The forward end of the saloon was connected to a stewards ' galley , while the opposite end contained several tiers of sofas . This saloon was apparently the ship 's most impressive of all the passenger spaces . Columns of white and gold , 24 in number , with `` ornamental capitals of great beauty '' , were arranged down its length and along the walls , while eight Arabesque pilasters , decorated with `` beautifully painted '' oriental flowers and birds , enhanced the aesthetic effect . The archways of the doors were `` tastefully carved and gilded '' and surmounted with medallion heads . Mirrors around the walls added an illusion of spaciousness , and the walls themselves were painted in a `` delicate lemon - tinted hue '' with highlights of blue and gold .
Great Pyramid of Giza
The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens .
SS Great Britain
Length : 322 ft ( 98 m ) Beam ( width ) : 50.5 ft ( 15.4 m ) Height ( main deck to keel ) : 32.5 ft ( 9.9 m ) Weight unladen : 1,930 long tons ( 2,161 short tons , 1,961 tonnes ) Displacement : 3,018 long tons ( 3,380 short tons , 3,066 tonnes )
Mount Everest
Climbers face a treacherous traverse from the base of the First Step : ascending from 8,501 to 8,534 m ( 27,890 to 28,000 ft ) , to the crux of the climb , the Second Step , ascending from 8,577 to 8,626 m ( 28,140 to 28,300 ft ) . ( The Second Step includes a climbing aid called the `` Chinese ladder '' , a metal ladder placed semi-permanently in 1975 by a party of Chinese climbers . It has been almost continuously in place since , and ladders have been used by virtually all climbers on the route . ) Once above the Second Step the inconsequential Third Step is clambered over , ascending from 8,690 to 8,800 m ( 28,510 to 28,870 ft ) . Once above these steps , the summit pyramid is climbed by a snow slope of 50 degrees , to the final summit ridge along which the top is reached .
Gerardus Mercator
Europae descriptio . Wall map 165 cm × 135 cm ( 65 in × 53 in ) on 15 sheets . Dedicated to Antoine Perrenot . No known copy of the whole map has been discovered but several copies of the map were cut and re-assembled ( by Mercator ) for inclusion in the unique Atlas of Europe from 1570 -- 72 , for example the map of Spain on pages 7 and 8 but not the map of Europe on pages 1 and 2 which is taken from the 1569 world map . They are available in facsimile . The map used a cordiform projection . It was revised by Mercator in 1572 and again by Rumold for the 1595 atlas . The 1995 map uses a different projection .
Gerardus Mercator
Anglia & Scotiae & Hibernie nova descriptio . Wall map 92 cm × 122 cm ( 36 in × 48 in ) on 8 sheets . Mercator states that a friend , possibly Antoine Perrenot , had requested that he engrave this map from a manuscript copy , possibly by John Elder , a disaffected Scottish Catholic priest . Several copies of this map were cut and re-assembled for the atlas of Europe . The map is oriented with west at the top . 4 copies known
SS Great Britain
The ship is 322 ft ( 98 m ) in length and has a 3,400 - ton displacement . She was powered by two inclined 2 cylinder engines of the direct - acting type , with twin 88 in ( 220 cm ) bore , 6 - foot ( 1.8 m ) stroke cylinders . She was also provided with secondary sail power . The four decks provided accommodation for a crew of 120 , plus 360 passengers who were provided with cabins , dining , and promenade saloons .
Kitchen cabinet
Base cabinets are usually 24 inches ( 610 mm ) deep and 34 ⁄ inches ( 880 mm ) high to accommodate a countertop surface normally 36 inches ( 910 mm ) above the floor . Wall cabinets are usually 12 inches ( 300 mm ) deep . Their heights are often 30 inches ( 760 mm ) , for example , if mounted to a soffit . In a kitchen with 8 - foot - high ( 2.4 m ) ceilings , a 36 - inch - high ( 910 mm ) wall cabinet will leave about 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of space above the cabinet which can be covered with a crown molding ; a full 42 - inch - high ( 1,100 mm ) wall cabinet will run straight to the top of the ceiling . Wall cabinets are sometimes called `` upper cabinets . '' The distance from countertop to wall cabinet is usually 18 inches ( 460 mm ) , but this distance is sometimes less if there is undercabinet lighting . Cabinets can have an open top for displaying ornaments . Ceilings higher than 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) can permit another level of cabinets .
Hoover Dam
Before the dam could be built , the Colorado River needed to be diverted away from the construction site . To accomplish this , four diversion tunnels were driven through the canyon walls , two on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side . These tunnels were 56 ft ( 17 m ) in diameter . Their combined length was nearly 16,000 ft , or more than 3 miles ( 5 km ) . The contract required these tunnels to be completed by October 1 , 1933 , with a $3,000 - per - day fine to be assessed for any delay . To meet the deadline , Six Companies had to complete work by early 1933 , since only in late fall and winter was the water level in the river low enough to safely divert .
Movable type
The claim that Bi Sheng 's clay types were `` fragile '' and `` not practical for large - scale printing '' and `` short lived '' was refuted by facts and experiments . Bao Shicheng ( 1775 -- 1885 ) wrote that baked clay moveable type was `` as hard and tough as horn '' ; experiments show that clay type , after being baked in an oven , becomes hard and difficult to break , such that it remains intact after being dropped from a height of two metres onto a marble floor . The length of clay movable types in China was 1 to 2 centimetres , not 2mm , thus hard as horn .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
The distance across the floor of the House between the government and opposition benches is 3.96 metres ( 13.0 ft ) , said to be equivalent to two swords ' length .
Challenger Deep
On 23 May 2016 the Chinese submersible Haidou - 1 dove to a depth of 10,767 m ( 35,325 ft ) in the Mariana Trench . This autonomous and remotely operated vehicle has a design depth of 11,000 m ( 36,089 ft ) .