vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Territorial evolution of the United States
Disputes : October 29 , 1782 The federal government accepted the cession from New York of its western claims , which the state ceded on February 17 , 1780 . At its maximum interpretation , New York claimed an area bordered by Lake Erie , Lake Huron and Lake Michigan ; to the Illinois , Mississippi , and Tennessee Rivers ; and north along the Appalachian Mountains , ending at the border with Pennsylvania . It is unclear from where this claim came ; many sources state that New York had surrendered it , but very few elaborate on how it was obtained . One source states that it was a cession by the Six Nations , who had conquered much of the region . However , New York never seriously enforced these claims . The cession included the western tip of New York , the Erie Triangle , formed by moving the western border of New York to a line 20 miles east of Presque Isle on Lake Erie . December 30 , 1782 The Congress of the Confederation declared that the land that Connecticut claimed in northern Pennsylvania was part of Pennsylvania , thus attempting to end the Pennamite -- Yankee War . The claim was an extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost borders westward , skipping New Jersey and New York , though as Connecticut 's northern border was a few miles north of Pennsylvania 's northern border , a small sliver of New York was also claimed . While conflict would continue for some time , this was the end of the formal claim by Connecticut . June 30 , 1783 The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , and the Pennsylvania government reaction to it , caused the Congress of the Confederation to leave Philadelphia for Princeton . November 26 , 1783 The Congress of the Confederation reconvened in Annapolis . March 1 , 1784 Virginia ceded its claims northwest of the Ohio River to the federal government . Connecticut continued to claim its western lands that had overlapped Virginia 's cession . May 12 , 1784 Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States , ending its claim to the country . The treaty ended the American Revolutionary War , though military action had largely ended after the Franco - American victory at Yorktown on October 19 , 1781 . Because of ambiguities and poor knowledge of geography , the treaty was unclear in several areas . The northeastern border was defined as running from the headlands of the St. Croix River , but there were several options for that .
American Revolutionary War
Mahé was under the protection of Mysore 's ruler Hyder Ali ( the Tipu Sultan ) , and tensions were already inflamed because the British had supported Malabar rebels who had risen against him ; so the fall of Mahé precipitated war . Hyder Ali invaded the Carnatic region in July 1780 and laid siege to Tellicherry and Arcot . A British relief force of 7,000 men under William Baille was intercepted and destroyed by the Tipu Sultan on 10 September , the worst defeat suffered by a European army in India at the time .
Daughters of the American Revolution
Providing more than 200,000 hours of volunteer time annually to veterans in U.S. Veterans Administration hospitals and non-VA facilities Offering support to America 's service personnel in current conflicts abroad through care packages , phone cards and other needed items Sponsoring special programs promoting the Constitution during its official celebration week of September 17 -- 23 Participating in naturalization ceremonies
Confederate States of America
State flags , statehood and territory dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Mar. 13 , 1861 Arkansas : May 18 , 1861 Florida : Apr. 22 , 1861 Georgia : Mar. 16 , 1861 Kentucky : Dec. 10 , 1861 Louisiana : Mar. 21 , 1861 Mississippi : Mar. 29 , 1861 Missouri : Nov. 28 , 1861 North Carolina : May 20 , 1861 South Carolina : Apr. 3 , 1861 Tennessee : Jul. 2 , 1861 Texas : Mar. 23 , 1861 Virginia : May 7 , 1861 Arizona Territory : Jan. 18 , 1862 ( listed chronologically ) Mar. 13 , 1861 : Alabama Mar. 16 , 1861 : Georgia Mar. 21 , 1861 : Louisiana Mar. 23 , 1861 : Texas Mar. 29 , 1861 : Mississippi Apr. 3 , 1861 : South Carolina Apr. 22 , 1861 : Florida May 7 , 1861 : Virginia May 18 , 1861 : Arkansas May 20 , 1861 : North Carolina Jul. 2 , 1861 : Tennessee Nov. 28 , 1861 : Missouri Dec. 10 , 1861 : Kentucky Jan. 18 , 1862 : Arizona Territory Statehood date is the date of ratifying the permanent constitution ( for the first seven ) or being admitted to the Confederacy ( for subsequent states ) ; territory date is the date the Arizona Territory was organized by the Confederate States
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Peggy Shippen ( 1760 -- 1804 ) , Philadelphia socialite and second wife of Benedict Arnold John Graves Simcoe ( 1752 -- 1806 ) , commander of Queen 's Rangers from 1777 ( now The Queen 's York Rangers ( 1st American Regiment ) ( RCAC ) ) ; founding Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada ( today the Province of Ontario , Canada ) James Simpson ( 1737 -- 1815 ) , Attorney General of Colonial South Carolina ; buried in the Temple Church , London Philip Skene ( 1725 -- 1810 ) , colonial New York `` patroon '' and British officer , of Scottish birth Brigadier Cortlandt Skinner ( 1727 -- 1799 ) , commanded New Jersey Volunteers , September 4 , 1776 Lieutenant - Colonel William Stark ( 1724 -- 1776 ) , of New Hampshire ; brother of John Stark , a major general in the Continental Army George H. Steuart ( 1700 -- 1784 ) , planter ; Judge of the Land Office , Maryland Duncan Stewart ( d . 1793 ) , New London , Connecticut Royal Collector of the Customs Joel Stone ( 1749 -- 1833 ) , Connecticut merchant who helped Loyalists escape to British - controlled part of the Colonies , including David Mathews
Loyalist (American Revolution)
William Caldwell ( c. 1750 -- 1822 ) , Scots - Irish who served in Butler 's Rangers Benedict Swingate Calvert ( ca . 1730 to 1732 -- 1788 ) , Judge of the Land Office , Maryland Elizabeth Calvert ( 1731 -- 1788 ) , wife and cousin of Loyalist politician Benedict Swingate Calvert Rev. John Camm ( 1718 -- 1778 ) , seventh president of the College of William and Mary Lt. Col. James Chalmers ( d . 1806 ) , Commander , First Battalion of Maryland Loyalists ; author of anti - `` Common Sense '' pamphlet `` Plain Truth '' in 1776 Dr. Benjamin Church ( 1734 -- disappeared at sea 1778 ) , Director Medical General Patriot Army and a Loyalist spy Richard Clarke ( 1711 -- 1795 ) , Boston merchant Christian Daniel Claus ( 1727 -- 1787 ) , commissioner of Indian affairs Col. Daniel Clary , Reg . Dutch Fork Militia , 96 Brigade , South Carolina 1773 -- 1783 Cheney Clow ( 1734 -- 1788 ) , Delaware plantation owner ; served earlier as a British officer ; involved in an act of hostility on April 18 , 1778 which is known today as Cheney Clow 's Rebellion Sir Isaac Coffin , 1st Baronet ( 1759 -- 1839 ) , Royal Navy officer and member of a prominent Massachusetts Loyalist family Nathaniel Coffin , Receiver - General of HM Customs of Boston at the time of the Boston Tea Party John Connolly ( c. 1741 -- 1813 ) , planned with Lord Dunmore to raise a regiment of Loyalists and Indians in Canada called the Loyal Foresters and lead them to Virginia to help Dunmore put down the rebellion Myles Cooper ( 1735 -- 1785 ) , Church of England clergyman President of King 's College in New York City John Singleton Copley ( 1738 -- 1815 ) , innovative painter Brigadier General Robert Cunningham ( died in Nassau in 1813 age 74 ) , in 1780 in command of a garrison in South Carolina William Cunningham ( d . 1787 , Nassau , Bahamas ) , earned the name '' Bloody Bill '' for his exploits against Backcountry South Carolina Patriots
Latin America
United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution Mexican Revolution Tampico Affair Ypiranga incident Veracruz Border War 1st Agua Prieta 1st Ciudad Juarez Bandit War Norias Ranch Ojo de Agua 2nd Nogales Santa Isabel Columbus Mexican Expedition Guerrero Agua Caliente Parral Tomochic Ojos Azules Glenn Springs Rubio Ranch Castillon Las Varas Pass San Ygnacio Carrizal Zimmermann Affair Brite Ranch 1st Pilares Neville Ranch 2nd Pilares Porvenir 3rd Nogales 3rd Ciudad Juárez Ruby See
Thirteen Colonies
British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system ; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land - owning aristocracy , along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation . The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country . Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature , and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island . Voters were required to hold an `` interest '' in society ; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716 , `` it is necessary and reasonable , that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly '' . The main legal criterion for having an `` interest '' was ownership of real estate property , which was uncommon in Britain , where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords . ( Women , children , indentured servants , and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head . ) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies , telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders -- that is , those who did not own land . Nevertheless , land was so widely owned that 50 % to 80 % of the men were eligible to vote .
Confederate States of America
The initial Confederacy was established in the Montgomery Convention in February 1861 by seven states ( South Carolina , Mississippi , Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Louisiana , adding Texas in March before Lincoln 's inauguration ) , expanded in May -- July 1861 ( with Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , North Carolina ) , and was disintegrated in April -- May 1865 . It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the Lower South that had proclaimed their secession from the Union . After the fighting began in April , four additional slave states seceded and were admitted . Later , two slave states ( Missouri and Kentucky ) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress . Southern California , although having some pro-Confederate sentiment , was never organized as a territory .
Cherokee
By the late 19th century , the Eastern Band of Cherokee were laboring under the constraints of a segregated society . In the aftermath of Reconstruction , conservative white Democrats regained power in North Carolina and other southern states . They proceeded to effectively disenfranchise all blacks and many poor whites by new constitutions and laws related to voter registration and elections . They passed Jim Crow laws that divided society into `` white '' and `` colored '' , mostly to control freedmen . Cherokee and other Native Americans were classified on the colored side and suffered the same racial segregation and disenfranchisement as former slaves . They also often lost their historical documentation for identification as Indians , when the Southern states classified them as colored . Blacks and Native Americans would not have their constitutional rights as US citizens enforced until after the Civil Rights Movement secured passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s , and the federal government began to monitor voter registration and elections , as well as other programs .
Confederate States of America
Confederate States of America Unrecognized state 1861 -- 1865 Flag ( 1861 -- 63 ) Great Seal of the Confederate States of America Motto : `` Deo Vindice '' ( Latin ) `` Under God , our Vindicator '' Anthem : None official `` God Save the South '' ( unofficial ) `` The Bonnie Blue Flag '' ( popular ) `` Dixie '' ( de facto ) The Confederate States in 1862 in dark green . Light green denotes claims made by the Confederacy . Medium green denotes western counties of Virginia that separated from that State and were admitted to the Union as West Virginia . Teal denotes the still contested Indian Territory . Status Unrecognized state Capital Montgomery , Alabama ( until May 29 , 1861 ) Richmond , Virginia ( until April 3 , 1865 ) Common languages English ( de facto ) Government Federal / Confederal presidential non-partisan republic President Vice President Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Provisional constitution February 8 1861 American Civil War April 12 , 1861 Permanent constitution February 22 , 1862 Surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia April 9 , 1865 Military Collapse April 26 , 1865 Dissolution May 5 , 1865 Area 1860 1,995,392 km ( 770,425 sq mi ) Population 1860 9103332 Slaves 3521110 Currency Confederate States dollar State currencies Preceded by Succeeded by South Carolina Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia Arkansas North Carolina Tennessee Arizona Territory West Virginia Tennessee Arkansas Florida Alabama Louisiana North Carolina South Carolina Virginia Mississippi Texas Georgia Arizona Territory Today part of United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi New Mexico North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Area and population values do not include Missouri , Kentucky , or the Arizona Territory . Water area : 5.7 % . Slaves included in above population ( 1860 Census ) .
Large denominations of United States currency
Large - denomination currency ( i.e. , banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher ) had been used in the United States since the late 18th century . The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina , authorized by legislation dated May 10 , 1780 . Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16 , 1780 and $2,000 notes on May 7 , 1781 . High - denomination treasury notes were issued , for example during the War of 1812 ( $1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30 , 1812 ) . During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes . During the Federal banknote issuing period ( 1861 to present ) , the earliest high - denomination notes included three - year Interest - bearing notes of $500 , $1,000 , and $5,000 , authorized by Congress on July 17 , 1861 . In total , 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high - denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates . The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures , allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts ( e.g. , liberty , justice ) , or a combination of both . The reverse designs range from abstract scroll - work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works .
Conclusion of the American Civil War
In 1864 , Major General Samuel Jones commanded the Departments of Florida , South Carolina , and South Georgia , with his headquarters in Pensacola , Florida . His primary orders were to guard the coastal areas of these states and to destroy Union gunboats . He also destroyed all the machinery and sawmills that would be beneficial to the Union armies .
Confederate States of America
Elections for Secessionist conventions were heated to `` an almost raving pitch , no one dared dissent '' , said Freehling . Even once -- respected voices , including the Chief Justice of South Carolina , John Belton O'Neall , lost election to the Secession Convention on a Cooperationist ticket . Across the South mobs expelled Yankees and ( in Texas ) executed German - Americans suspected of loyalty to the United States . Generally , seceding conventions which followed did not call for a referendum to ratify , although Texas , Arkansas , and Tennessee did , as well as Virginia 's second convention . Kentucky declared neutrality , while Missouri had its own civil war until the Unionists took power and drove the Confederate legislators out of the state . Attempts
Confederate States of America
The Confederate government took over the three national mints : the Charlotte Mint in North Carolina , the Dahlonega Mint in Georgia , and the New Orleans Mint in Louisiana . During 1861 , the first two produced small amounts of gold coinage , the latter half dollars . Since the mints used the current dies on hand , these issues remain indistinguishable from those minted by the Union . In New Orleans the Confederacy used its own reverse design to strike four half dollars . US coinage was hoarded and did not have any general circulation . U.S. coinage was admitted as legal tender up to $10 , as were British sovereigns , French Napoleons and Spanish and Mexican doubloons at a fixed rate of exchange . Confederate money was paper and postage stamps .
Confederate States of America
States , last Confederate States Secretary of War Patrick Cleburne ( Ireland ) -- Major General John Brown Gordon ( Georgia ) -- Major General Henry Heth ( Virginia ) -- Major General Daniel Harvey Hill ( South Carolina ) -- Major General Edward Johnson ( Virginia ) -- Major General Joseph B. Kershaw ( South Carolina ) -- Major General Fitzhugh Lee ( Virginia ) -- Major General George Washington Custis Lee ( Virginia ) -- Major General William Henry Fitzhugh Lee ( Virginia ) -- Major General William Mahone ( Virginia ) -- Major General George Pickett ( Virginia ) -- Major General Camille Armand Jules Marie , Prince de Polignac ( France ) -- Major General Sterling Price ( Missouri ) -- Major General Stephen Dodson Ramseur ( North Carolina ) -- Major General Thomas L. Rosser ( Virginia ) -- Major General J. E. B. Stuart ( Virginia ) -- Major General Earl Van Dorn ( Mississippi ) -- Major General John A. Wharton ( Tennessee ) -- Major General Edward Porter Alexander ( Georgia ) -- Brigadier General Francis Marion Cockrell ( Missouri ) -- Brigadier General Clement A. Evans ( Georgia ) -- Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan ( Kentucky ) -- Brigadier General William N. Pendleton ( Virginia ) -- Brigadier General Stand Watie ( Georgia ) -- Brigadier General ( last to surrender ) Lawrence Sullivan Ross ( Texas ) -- Brigadier General John S. Mosby , the `` Grey Ghost of the Confederacy '' ( Virginia ) -- Colonel Franklin Buchanan ( Maryland ) -- Admiral Raphael Semmes ( Maryland ) -- Rear Admiral
Confederate States of America
South Carolina ( December 20 , 1860 ) Mississippi ( January 9 , 1861 ) Florida ( January 10 ) Alabama ( January 11 ) Georgia ( January 19 ) Louisiana ( January 26 ) Texas ( February 1 ; referendum February 23 )
Confederate States of America
Early in the war both sides believed that one great battle would decide the conflict ; the Confederate won a great victory at the First Battle of Bull Run , also known as First Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) . It drove the Confederate people `` insane with joy '' ; the public demanded a forward movement to capture Washington relocate the Confederate capital there , and admit Maryland to the Confederacy . A council of war by the victorious Confederate generals decided not to advance against larger numbers of fresh Federal troops in defensive positions . Davis did not countermand it . Following the Confederate incursion halted at the Battle of Antietam in October 1862 , generals proposed concentrating forces from state commands to re-invade the north . Nothing came of it . Again in early 1863 at his incursion into Pennsylvania , Lee requested of Davis that Beauregard simultaneously attack Washington with troops taken from the Carolinas . But the troops there remained in place during the Gettysburg Campaign .
Confederate States of America
The new ' provisional ' Confederate President Jefferson Davis issued a call for 100,000 men from the various states ' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy . All Federal property was seized , along with gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in Charlotte , North Carolina ; Dahlonega , Georgia ; and New Orleans . The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond , Virginia , in May 1861 . On February 22 , 1862 , Davis was inaugurated as president with a term of six years .
Battle of Gettysburg
As Pettigrew 's North Carolina Brigade came on line , they flanked the 19th Indiana and drove the Iron Brigade back . The 26th North Carolina ( the largest regiment in the army with 839 men ) lost heavily , leaving the first day 's fight with around 212 men . By the end of the three - day battle , they had about 152 men standing , the highest casualty percentage for one battle of any regiment , North or South . Slowly the Iron Brigade was pushed out of the woods toward Seminary Ridge . Hill added Maj. Gen. William Dorsey Pender 's division to the assault , and the I Corps was driven back through the grounds of the Lutheran Seminary and Gettysburg streets .
Confederate States of America
Following Sumter , Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property . This emboldened secessionists in Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee and North Carolina to secede rather than provide troops to march into neighboring Southern states . In May , Federal troops crossed into Confederate territory along the entire border from the Chesapeake Bay to New Mexico . The first battles were Confederate victories at Big Bethel ( Bethel Church , Virginia ) , First Bull Run ( First Manassas ) in Virginia July and in August , Wilson 's Creek ( Oak Hills ) in Missouri . At all three , Confederate forces could not follow up their victory due to inadequate supply and shortages of fresh troops to exploit their successes . Following each battle , Federals maintained a military presence and occupied Washington , DC ; Fort Monroe , Virginia ; and Springfield , Missouri . Both North and South began training up armies for major fighting the next year . Union General George B. McClellan 's forces gained possession of much of northwestern Virginia in mid-1861 , concentrating on towns and roads ; the interior was too large to control and became the center of guerrilla activity . General Robert E. Lee was defeated at Cheat Mountain in September and no serious Confederate advance in western Virginia occurred until the next year .
First Battle of Bull Run
On April 15 , 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America .
Battle of Fort Sumter
Battle of Fort Sumter Part of the American Civil War Bombardment of Fort Sumter by Currier & Ives Date April 12 -- 13 , 1861 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W ﻿ / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W ﻿ / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Result Confederate victory Confederacy captures Fort Sumter Beginning of the American Civil War Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved 1st United States Artillery Provisional Forces of the Confederate States Strength 85 500 -- 6,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 0 ( although one horse was killed ) 0