vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Penn State Nittany Lions football
Heisman Trophy John Cappelletti -- 1973 Maxwell Award Richie Lucas -- 1959 Glenn Ressler -- 1964 Mike Reid -- 1969 John Cappelletti -- 1973 Chuck Fusina -- 1978 Kerry Collins -- 1994 Larry Johnson -- 2002 Walter Camp Award John Cappelletti -- 1973 Larry Johnson -- 2002 Sammy Baugh Trophy Kerry Collins -- 1994 Chuck Bednarik Award LaVar Arrington -- 1999 Paul Posluszny -- 2005 , 2006 Dan Connor -- 2007 William V. Campbell Trophy John Urschel -- 2013 Fred Biletnikoff Award Bobby Engram -- 1994 ( inaugural winner ) Dick Butkus Award LaVar Arrington -- 1999 Paul Posluszny -- 2005 Rimington Trophy A.Q. Shipley -- 2008 Lombardi Award Bruce Clark -- 1978 Carl Nassib -- 2015 Ted Hendricks Award Carl Nassib -- 2015 Davey O'Brien Award Todd Blackledge -- 1982 Kerry Collins -- 1994 Outland Trophy Mike Reid -- 1969 Doak Walker Award Larry Johnson -- 2002 Chicago Tribune Silver Football Kerry Collins -- 1994 Michael Robinson -- 2005 Daryll Clark -- 2009 Saquon Barkley - 2016 , 2017 Senior CLASS Award -- Football John Urschel -- 2013
Pierre de Coubertin
A number of scholars have criticized Coubertin 's legacy . David C. Young believes that Coubertin 's assertion that ancient Olympic athletes were amateurs was incorrect . The issue is the subject of scholarly debate . Young and others argue that the athletes of the ancient Games were professional , while opponents led by Pleket argue that the earliest Olympic athletes were in fact amateur , and that the Games only became professionalized after about 480 BC . Coubertin agreed with this latter view , and saw this professionalization as undercutting the morality of the competition .
Rory McIlroy
Rory McIlroy MBE McIlroy in May 2013 Full name Rory McIlroy Nickname Rors , Wee - Mac ( 1989 - 05 - 04 ) 4 May 1989 ( age 28 ) Holywood , County Down , Northern Ireland Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Weight 11.5 st ( 161 lb ; 73 kg ) Nationality Northern Ireland Residence Holywood , Northern Ireland Palm Beach Gardens , Florida Spouse Erica Stoll Career Turned professional 2007 Current tour ( s ) European Tour PGA Tour Professional wins 23 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 14 European Tour 13 Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other Best results in major championships ( wins : 4 ) Masters Tournament 4th : 2015 U.S. Open Won : 2011 The Open Championship Won : 2014 PGA Championship Won : 2012 , 2014 Achievements and awards PGA Tour leading money winner 2012 , 2014 PGA Player of the Year 2012 , 2014 PGA Tour Player of the Year 2012 , 2014 Vardon Trophy 2012 , 2014 Byron Nelson Award 2012 , 2014 European Tour Order of Merit winner 2012 , 2014 , 2015 European Tour Golfer of the Year 2012 , 2014 , 2015 Mark H. McCormack Award 2012 , 2014 , 2015 FedEx Cup Champion 2016
Ecuador
The oldest observatory in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory and is located in Quito , Ecuador . The Quito Astronomical Observatory , which gives the global community of a Virtual Telescope System that is connected via the Internet and allows the world to watch by streaming , is managed by EPN .
History of Arsenal F.C. (1966–present)
2010 -- 11 saw Arsenal perform well in the Premier League and compete strongly in a title challenge , alongside Manchester United . To prove such a challenge , they faced struggling champions Chelsea on 27 December and mauled them 3 -- 1 at Emirates . Good form continued in the following months and in February , manager Arsène Wenger was awarded Manager of the Month Award . Notable events in this month was the 2 -- 1 win over Barcelona , in which the team came from behind to seal a win , and the 4 -- 4 draw against Newcastle United that is widely regarded to be one of the most bizarre and great games of the Premier League era . They progressed to the final of the League Cup but were beaten 2 -- 1 by Birmingham City , squandering their chances of winning a trophy . After this embarrassment , the Gunners travelled to the Camp Nou to play the second leg of the Barça tie , where they were beaten by the three - time winners and eventual victors . Arsenal 's FA Cup run ended with defeat in the quarter - finals to Manchester United . Also , completing a miserable couple of weeks for the Gunners , their title hopes were ended when they lost 2 -- 1 to Bolton Wanderers away in April 2011 . After challenging for the title for the majority of the season , Arsenal ended up finishing fourth after losses at Stoke and Aston Villa . Arsenal had failed to win a single trophy for the seventh consecutive year .
List of oldest trees
Name Age ( years ) Species Location Country Notes ? 4,112 Yew Taxus baccata Zonguldak Turkey Alive , found in 2016 . Llangernyw Yew 4,000 -- 5,000 Common Yew Taxus baccata Llangernyw , Conwy North Wales Girth of 10.75 m . Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain 's Church in Llangernyw village . One of the 50 Great British Trees . Sarv - e Abarkuh 4,500 Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens Abarkuh , Yazd Iran Also called `` Zoroastrian Sarv '' , The Senator 3,500 Pond cypress Taxodium ascendens Longwood , Florida United States Destroyed by fire on January 16 , 2012 Alishan Sacred Tree 3,000 Formosan cypress Chamaecyparis formosensis Alishan National Scenic Area , Chiayi Taiwan Collapsed on July 1 , 1997 , following heavy rainstorms . S'Ozzastru 3,000 -- 4,000 Olive Olea europaea Luras , Sardinia Italy Patriarca da Floresta 3,000 Cariniana legalis Santa Rita do Passa Quatro Brazil Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil . Its name translates as `` Patriarch of the Forest '' . Raintree 3,000 Great Basin bristlecone pine Spring Mountains , Nevada United States Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada , USA . Estimated 3000 years old but never cored . Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia 2,850 Olive Olea europaea Santa Iria de Azóia ( pt ) , Loures , Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree , probably the last one from a large olive grove . Studied by UTAD University and now classified `` Public interest tree '' by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID Mother of the Forest 2520 ! 2,520 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Calaveras Big Trees State Park , California United States Dead . Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica Yamanaka Onsen , Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m .
World Snooker Championship
John Higgins won his fourth world title in 2011 , beating Judd Trump 18 -- 15 in the final . 21 - year - old Trump became the youngest finalist since Stephen Hendry in 1990 . Trump had beaten David Gilbert in the qualifying competition and then defeated defending champion Neil Robertson in the first round .
Samoa
The oldest date so far for remains in Samoa has been calculated by New Zealand scientists to a likely true age of circa 3,000 years ago from a Lapita site at Mulifanua during the 1970s .
List of United States Air Force installations
Oldest USAFE ( 1951 ) and last major World War II USAAF Eighth Air Force operational base in the UK ( 1942 ) still on active status . Withdraw announced in 2015 . RAF Croughton Northamptonshire , United Kingdom 501st Combat Support Wing 422d Air Base Group Provides combat support enabling communications and global strike operations at RAF Croughton , RAF Fairford , and RAF Welford . RAF Fairford Gloucestershire , United Kingdom 501st Combat Support Wing 420th Air Base Squadron Standby airfield . RAF Feltwell Norfolk , United Kingdom 48th Fighter Wing 100th Air Refueling Wing 501st Combat Support Wing 352d Special Operations Group ( AFSOC ) Accommodation and support unit for personnel at RAF Lakenheath . RAF Fylingdales North York Moors , United Kingdom 54 ° 21 ′ 28.42 '' N 0 ° 40 ′ 12.37 '' W ﻿ / ﻿ 54.3578944 ° N 0.6701028 ° W ﻿ / 54.3578944 ; - 0.6701028 ﻿ ( RAF Fylingdales ) 501st Combat Support Wing Joint UK -- US intelligence and communications site . RAF Lakenheath Suffolk , United Kingdom 52 ° 24 ′ 30 '' N 000 ° 33 ′ 24 '' E ﻿ / ﻿ 52.40833 ° N 0.55667 ° E ﻿ / 52.40833 ; 0.55667 ﻿ ( RAF Lakenheath ) 48th Fighter Wing F - 15 Eagle and F - 15E Strike Eagle supporting NATO and deployments to US Air Forces Central , the only F - 15 squadrons in Europe . Also HH - 60G PAVEHawk Search and Rescue helicopters . Last remaining active USAFE unit to be stationed in France ( 1952 -- 1960 ) . Given `` Statue of Liberty Wing '' ( Statue De La Liberte ) official designation on 4 July 1954 while stationed there aty Chaumont AB France . Only USAF Wing with a numerical and a name designator .
History of the motorcycle
In 1898 , Peugeot Motocycles presents at the Paris Motorshow the first motorcycle equiped with a Dion - Bouton motor . Peugeot Motocycles remains the oldest motorcycle manufacturer in the world .
List of oldest trees
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia 2,850 Olive Olea europaea Santa Iria de Azóia ( pt ) , Loures , Lisbon Portugal Magnificent Olive tree , probably the last one from a large olive grove . Studied by UTAD University and now classified `` Public interest tree '' by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID Mother of the Forest 2520 ! 2,520 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Calaveras Big Trees State Park , California United States Dead . Kayano Ōsugi 2,300 Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica Yamanaka Onsen , Ishikawa Japan Girth of 9.6 m . One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine . Its name translates as `` Great Sugi of Kayano '' . Jōmon Sugi 2,170 -- 7,200 Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica Yakushima Japan Girth of 16.4 m . Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk . Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory . Koca Katran 2022 ! 2,022 Lebanon Cedar Cedrus libani Antalya Turkey Alive . Ballyconnell Yew 2,000 -- 5,000 Yew Taxus baccata Ballyconnell , Annagh Ireland Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe . Fortingall Yew 2,000 -- 3,000 Yew Taxus baccata Fortingall , Perthshire Scotland Possibly the oldest tree in Britain Elia Vouvon 2,000 -- 5,000 Olive Olea europaea Kolymvari , Crete Greece Its name translates as `` Olive Tree of Vouves '' . Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi 2,000 -- 4,000 Sweet chestnut Castanea sativa Sicily Italy Its name translates as the `` Hundred Horse Chestnut '' . Ulleungdo Hyangnamu 2,000 -- 3,000 Chinese Juniper Juniperus chinensis Ulleung - gun , Gyeongbuk South Korea Girth of 4.5 m . One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon `` Brenda '' .
Ancient Greece
Boys from wealthy families attending the private school lessons were taken care of by a paidagogos , a household slave selected for this task who accompanied the boy during the day . Classes were held in teachers ' private houses and included reading , writing , mathematics , singing , and playing the lyre and flute . When the boy became 12 years old the schooling started to include sports such as wrestling , running , and throwing discus and javelin . In Athens some older youths attended academy for the finer disciplines such as culture , sciences , music , and the arts . The schooling ended at age 18 , followed by military training in the army usually for one or two years .
List of oldest trees
Name Age ( years ) Species Location Country Notes ? 7003506700000000000 ♠ 5,067 Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva White Mountains , California United States Oldest known currently living tree . Tree cored by Edmund Schulman , age determined by Tom Harlan . Methuselah 7003484900000000000 ♠ 4,849 Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva Inyo County , California United States Until 2012 it was the oldest living tree in the world Prometheus ( WPN - 114 ) 4844 ! 4,844 Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva Wheeler Peak , Nevada United States Cut down in 1964 . Gran Abuelo 7003364600000000000 ♠ 3,646 Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides Cordillera Pelada , Los Ríos Chile Alive . Located within Alerce Costero National Park . Oliveira do Mouchão ( KNJ1 / 601 ) 3,350 European olive tree Olea europea L. var . europaea Mouriscas , Abrantes Portugal Alive . CBR26 3266 ! 3,266 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada , California United States Dead . D - 21 3220 ! 3,220 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada , California United States Dead . The President 3200 ! 3,200 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada , California United States Alive . D - 23 3075 ! 3,075 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada , California United States Dead . CMC 3 3033 ! 3,033 Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum Sierra Nevada , California United States Dead . Scofield Juniper 2675 ! 2,675 Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis Sierra Nevada , California United States Dead . CB - 90 - 11 7003246000000000000 ♠ 2,460 Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine Pinus aristata central Colorado United States Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 2302 !
Harry Patch
In August 2007 , Patch 's autobiography The Last Fighting Tommy was published , making him one of the oldest authors ever . With the proceeds from this book , Patch decided to fund an Inshore Lifeboat for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) and he attended the RNLI 's Lifeboat College on 20 July 2007 , to officially name the boat The Doris and Harry .
Harry Patch
Henry John Patch ( 17 June 1898 -- 25 July 2009 ) , dubbed in his later years `` the Last Fighting Tommy '' , was a British supercentenarian , briefly the oldest man in Europe and the last surviving combat soldier of the First World War from any country . He is known to have fought in the trenches of the Western Front . Patch was the longest surviving combat soldier of World War I , but he was the fifth longest surviving veteran of any sort from World War I , behind British veterans Claude Choules and Florence Green , Frank Buckles of the United States and John Babcock of Canada . At the time of his death , aged 111 years , 1 month , 1 week and 1 day , Patch was the third - oldest man in the world and the oldest man in Europe .
List of the oldest Scout groups
The 1st Croydon Scout Group ( Addiscombe ) were founded in the latter months of 1907 . The Group was officially registered by Imperial Scout Headquarters on 16 June 1908 and can claim to be one of the earliest Groups .
Early world maps
The Erdapfel ( German : earth apple ) produced by Martin Behaim in 1492 is considered to be the oldest surviving terrestrial globe . It is constructed of a laminated linen ball reinforced with wood and overlaid with a map painted by Georg Glockendon . The Americas are not included yet , as Columbus returned to Spain no sooner than March 1493 . It shows a rather enlarged Eurasian continent and an empty ocean between Europe and Asia . Interestingly , the Caribbean islands may already be represented as well , even before Colombus 's return , under the name of the mythical Saint Brendan 's Island . Japan and Asian islands are disproportionately large . The idea to call the globe `` apple '' may be related to the Reichsapfel ( `` Imperial Apple '' , Globus cruciger ) which was also kept in Nuremberg along with the Imperial Regalia ( Reichskleinodien ) . In 1907 , it was transferred to the Germanic Museum in Nuremberg .
History of the Church of England
Æthelberht of Kent 's queen Bertha , daughter of Charibert , one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks , had brought a chaplain ( Liudhard ) with her . Bertha had restored a church remaining from Roman times to the east of Canterbury and dedicated it to Saint Martin of Tours , the patronal saint of the Merovingian royal family . This church , Saint Martin 's , is the oldest church in England still in use today . Æthelberht himself , though a pagan , allowed his wife to worship God in her own way , at St Martin 's . Probably influenced by his wife , Æthelberht asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries , and in 596 the Pope dispatched Augustine , together with a party of monks .
Post box
A post box originally installed in the wall of the Wakefield Post Office is dated 1809 and believed to be the oldest example in Britain . It is now on display at the new Wakefield Museum .
List of the oldest Scout groups
Sethna 's 18th West Bombay Scout Group was established in 1914 , after Rustomji Edulji Sethna ( 1898 -- 1954 ) came across Baden - Powell 's Scouting for Boys . Sethna was enamoured with the book , and formed India 's first Scout group for native boys . ( Prior to this , there were some Scout groups , but they were primarily for British expatriate youth . ) The group today is India 's oldest continually running Scout group . Since its first day on 14 August 1914 , the troop remains continuously active . Isle
List of the oldest Scout groups
The 1st Norwich `` Capt . Bower 's Own '' Sea Scouts started in January 1908 . The group is one of few which has continuously run for 100 years and , remarkably , had just 4 Group Scout Leaders during that time . To celebrate their centenary year , the group published a book entitled , `` It Can Be Done : The Hundred Year History of the 1st Norwich Sea Scout Group . '' drawing from their extensive archives .
List of the oldest Scout groups
There is an entry in Baden - Powell 's diary on 4 February 1908 which mentions a Scout Troop in Nottingham .
Kobe Bryant
Bryant returned for the 2014 -- 15 season , his 19th season with the Lakers , who had replaced D'Antoni with Bryant 's former Lakers teammate , Byron Scott . On November 30 , 2014 , in a 129 -- 122 overtime victory against the Toronto Raptors , Bryant recorded his 20th career triple - double with 31 points , 12 assists and 11 rebounds . At age 36 , he became the oldest NBA player to ever achieve 30 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists in a game . On December 14 , Bryant became the NBA 's third all - time leading scorer , passing Jordan ( 32,292 ) in a 100 -- 94 win against Minnesota . He played in the first 27 games of the season , averaging team - highs with 26.4 points and 35.4 minutes per game while leading the league with 22.4 shots per game . However , Scott held him out for three straight games to rest after one of his worst performances of the season , when Bryant committed nine turnovers and scored 25 points on just 8 - for - 30 shooting in a 108 -- 101 loss to Sacramento . He was suffering from soreness in his knees , feet , back , and Achilles tendons , and Scott planned to reduce his workload going forward . Three times Bryant had exceeded 40 minutes in a game , and the coach blamed himself for overloading him after he started the season in such great shape . For the season , Bryant had been shooting just 37 percent from the field , and the team 's record was only 8 -- 19 . In his second game back after resting , he had 23 points , 11 assists , and 11 rebounds in a 111 -- 103 win over Denver , and became just the third player in league history to record multiple triple - doubles in a season at age 36 or older . On January 21 , 2015 , Bryant suffered a rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder while driving baseline for a two - handed dunk against the New Orleans Pelicans . Though he is right - handed , he returned to play in the game and ran the offense while shooting , dribbling , and passing almost exclusively with his left hand . Prior to the injury , Bryant had been rested in 8 of 16 games .
Çatalhöyük
Heads of animals , especially of cattle , were mounted on walls . A painting of the village , with the twin mountain peaks of Hasan Dağ in the background , is frequently cited as the world 's oldest map , and the first landscape painting . However , some archaeologists question this interpretation . Stephanie Meece , for example , argues that it is more likely a painting of a leopard skin instead of a volcano , and a decorative geometric design instead of a map .
List of the oldest Scout groups
The 1st New Cross ( The Greys ) Scout Group was formed 17 January 1908 but was not registered until May 2008 .
Oklahoma
Prominent theatre companies in Oklahoma include , in the capital city , Oklahoma City Theatre Company , Carpenter Square Theatre , Oklahoma Shakespeare in the Park , and CityRep . CityRep is a professional company affording equity points to those performers and technical theatre professionals . In Tulsa , Oklahoma 's oldest resident professional company is American Theatre Company , and Theatre Tulsa is the oldest community theatre company west of the Mississippi . Other companies in Tulsa include Heller Theatre and Tulsa Spotlight Theater . The cities of Norman , Lawton , and Stillwater , among others , also host well - reviewed community theatre companies .
History of calendars
The Oldest European calendar is found near to Vukovar in modern - day Croatia . It is a ceramic vessel bearing inscribed ideograms of celestial objects .
Old City (Jerusalem)
In 2010 , Jerusalem 's oldest fragment of writing was found outside the Old City 's walls .
List of oldest trees
Houkisugi at Nakagawa 2,000 Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica Nakagawa Settlement , Yamakita town , Ashigarakami District , Kanagawa Prefecture Japan Methuselah 1,800 Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens Woodside , California United States Araucaria Madre 1,800 Araucaria Araucana Araucanía Chile Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío . 1.800 rings account for at least 1.800 years . Granit oak 1,700 Pedunculate oak Quercus robur Granit Bulgaria Kongeegen 1,500 -- 2,000 Pedunculate oak Quercus robur Jægerspris Nordskov , Zealand Denmark Stelmužė Oak 1,500 - 2,000 Pedunculate oak Quercus robur Stelmužė , Zarasai Lithuania Oldest tree in the Baltic states . Supposedly oldest oak in Europe . Aubépines 1,500 Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Saint - Mars - sur - la - Futaie , Mayenne France Oldest tree in France . Angel Oak 1,500 Southern live oak Quercus virginiana Charleston , South Carolina United States Highly speculative , live oaks are extremely difficult to age , and rarely live more than 500 years . Seven Sisters Oak 1,500 Southern live oak Quercus virginiana Mandeville , Louisiana United States Highly speculative , live oaks are extremely difficult to age , and rarely live more than 500 years . Jardine Juniper 1,500 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum Logan Canyon , Utah United States Árbol del Tule 1,433 -- 1,600 Montezuma cypress Taxodium mucronatum Santa María del Tule , Oaxaca Mexico Stoutest tree trunk in the world . Its name translates as the `` Tule Tree '' . Cedars of God 1000 + Cedrus libani Cedars of Lebanon Mount Lebanon Lebanon Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon Te Matua Ngahere 1,200 -- 4,000 Kauri Agathis australis Waipoua Forest , Northland New Zealand Oldest tree in New Zealand . Its name translates as `` Father of the Forest '' .
Democracy
The American Revolution led to the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787 , the oldest surviving , still active , governmental codified constitution . The Constitution provided for an elected government and protected civil rights and liberties for some , but did not end slavery nor extend voting rights in the United States beyond white male property owners ( about 6 % of the population ) . The Bill of Rights in 1791 set limits on government power to protect personal freedoms but had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 130 years after ratification . Statue