vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Santa Claus
The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors , beginning in the mid-19th century . In 1889 , the poet Katharine Lee Bates popularized Mrs. Claus in the poem `` Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride '' .
Carol Danvers
The increased use of Carol Danvers as a prominent character in many story arcs throughout this decade eventually prompted one commentator to note that `` she 's now the House of Ideas ' premier heroine '' .
Public domain
The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally can not be the subject of copyright law ( see idea -- expression divide ) . Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain , to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright .
Procedures of the United States Congress
Ideas for legislation can come from many areas , including members , lobbyists , state legislatures , constituents , legislative counsel , an executive agency such as the president or cabinet officer or executive agency , and the usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review . A proposal has usually one of four principal forms : the bill , the joint resolution , the concurrent resolution , and the simple resolution . House
Ciompi Revolt
656 Jump up ^ Phillips , Mark . Barefoot Boy Makes Good : A Study of Machiavelli 's Historiography . Medieval Academy of America . 59 , No. 3 ( 1984 ) , p. 593 Jump up ^ Phillips , p. 590 - 591 Jump up ^ Phillips , Mark . Barefoot Boy Makes Good : A Study of Machiavelli 's Historiography . Medieval Academy of America . 59 , No. 3 ( 1984 ) , p. 589 ^ Jump up to : Winter , Y . `` Plebeian Politics : Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising . '' Political Theory 40.6 ( 2012 ) : P. 743 ^ Jump up to : Winter , Y . `` Plebeian Politics : Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising . '' Political Theory 40.6 ( 2012 ) : P. 737 ^ Jump up to : Ianziti , Gary. `` Leonardo Bruni , the Medici , and Florentine Histories . '' Journal of the History of Ideas 69.1 ( 2008 ) : P. 13 Jump up ^ Ianziti , Gary. `` Leonardo Bruni , the Medici , and Florentine Histories . '' Journal of the History of Ideas 69.1 ( 2008 ) : P. 13 ^ Jump up to : Leobovici , Martine . `` From Fight to Debate : Machiavelli and the Revolt of the Ciompi , '' Philosophy and Social Criticism 28.6 ( 2002 ) : P. 647 ^ Jump up to : Ferruci , Francesco . `` Italians Romanticism : Myth vs. History , '' Italian Issue 98.1 ( 1983 ) : P. 113 Jump up ^ Lantschner , `` The Ciompi Revolution Constructed : Modern Historians and the Nineteenth - Century Paradigm of Revolution , '' Annali di Storia di Firenze 4 ( 2011 ) : P. 286 Jump up ^ Ianziti , Gary . `` Leonardo Bruni , the Medici , and Florentine Histories .
Only Fools and Horses
An idea of an Only Fools and Horses stage show was mooted by Ray Butt , following the success of other sit - com crossovers such as Dad 's Army and Are You Being Served ? . Sullivan was n't keen , owing to his work on Just Good Friends as well as Only Fools and Horses , and inexperience with the theatre , so nothing came of it .
Republic (Plato)
The paradigm of the city -- the idea of the Good , the Agathon -- has manifold historical embodiments , undertaken by those who have seen the Agathon , and are ordered via the vision . The centre piece of the Republic , Part II , nos. 2 -- 3 , discusses the rule of the philosopher , and the vision of the Agathon with the allegory of the cave , which is clarified in the theory of forms . The centre piece is preceded and followed by the discussion of the means that will secure a well - ordered polis ( City ) . Part II , no . 1 , concerns marriage , the community of people and goods for the Guardians , and the restraints on warfare among the Hellenes . It describes a partially communistic polis . Part II , no . 4 , deals with the philosophical education of the rulers who will preserve the order and character of the city - state .
Copyright
The idea -- expression divide differentiates between ideas and expression , and states that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas , and not the ideas themselves . This principle , first clarified in the 1879 case of Baker v. Selden , has since been codified by the Copyright Act of 1976 at 17 U.S.C. § 102 ( b ) .
United States Congress
Ideas for legislation can come from members , lobbyists , state legislatures , constituents , legislative counsel , or executive agencies . Anyone can write a bill , but only members of Congress may introduce bills . Most bills are not written by Congress members , but originate from the Executive branch ; interest groups often draft bills as well . The usual next step is for the proposal to be passed to a committee for review . A proposal is usually in one of these forms :
Where's the beef?
Hart had moved his candidacy from dark horse to the lead over Mondale based on allegedly superficial similarities to John F. Kennedy , and his repeated use of the phrase `` new ideas . '' When Hart once again used the slogan in the debate , Mondale leaned forward and said , `` When I hear your new ideas , I 'm reminded of that ad , ' Where 's the beef ? ' '' Subsequently , the two campaigns continually clashed using the two dueling slogans , Hart frequently showing reams of policy papers and retorting `` Here 's the beef . '' Mondale 's strategy succeeded in casting doubt on Hart 's new ideas , and changing the debate to specific details , earning him the Democratic nomination .
Starbucks
In early 2008 , Starbucks started a community website , My Starbucks Idea , designed to collect suggestions and feedback from customers . Other users comment and vote on suggestions . Journalist Jack Schofield noted that `` My Starbucks seems to be all sweetness and light at the moment , which I do n't think is possible without quite a lot of censorship '' . The website is powered by Salesforce.com software .
The Big Bang Theory
On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International .
History of evolutionary thought
The gene - centric view has also led to an increased interest in Charles Darwin 's old idea of sexual selection , and more recently in topics such as sexual conflict and intragenomic conflict .
Cogito, ergo sum
The 8th century Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara wrote in a similar fashion , No one thinks , ' I am not ' , arguing that one 's existence can not be doubted , as there must be someone there to doubt. . The central idea of cogito , ergo sum is also the topic of Mandukya Upanishad .
Bert and Ernie
An ordinary Bert and Ernie skit involves Ernie coming up with a hare brained idea , and Bert trying to talk him out of it , ending with Bert losing his temper and Ernie remaining unaware of the results of his own bad idea . For example , in one sketch , Ernie tells Bert he started to collect ice cubes the day before , and put them under the electric blanket overnight . When he shows the ice cubes to Bert , he finds out that they have melted into water .
Labor history of the United States
Republicans , using conservative think tanks as idea farms , began to push through legislative blueprints to curb the power of public employee unions as well as eliminate business regulations .
Niche differentiation
Research using mathematical modelling is indeed demonstrating that predation can indeed stabilize lumps of very similar species . Willow warbler and chiffchaff and other very similar warblers can serve as an example . The idea is that it is also a good strategy to be very similar to a successful species or have enough dissimilarity . Also trees in the rain forest can serve as an example of all high canopy species basically following the same strategy . Other examples of nearly identical species clusters occupying the same niche were water beetles , prairie birds and algae. The basic idea is that there can be clusters of very similar species all applying the same successful strategy and between them open spaces . Here the species cluster takes the place of a single species in the classical ecological models .
Women's March on Versailles
These two popular goals coalesced around a third that was largely the revolutionaries ' idea , which was that the king and his court , and the Assembly as well , must all be moved to Paris to reside among the people . Only then would the foreign soldiers be expelled , food be reliably available , and France served by a leader who was `` in communion with his own people '' . The plan appealed to all segments of the crowd . Even those who were innocently supportive of the monarchy ( and there were many among the women ) felt the idea of bringing home le bon papa was a good and comforting plan . For revolutionaries , the preservation of their recent legislation and the creation of a constitution were paramount , and a lockdown of the king within reformist Paris would provide the best possible environment for the Revolution to succeed .
La traviata
Francesco Maria Piave was to be engaged to write the new libretto and the two men tried to come up with a suitable subject , but the composer complained that his librettist `` had not yet offered him an ' original ' or ' provocative ' idea '' . Writing to Piave , he added that `` I do n't want any of those everyday subjects that one can find by the hundreds . '' But at the same time , the composer expressed concern about censorship in Venice , something with which he was very familiar after his dealings with the censors concerning Rigoletto . As the months dragged on into October , it was agreed that Piave would come to Sant'Agata and work with the composer . One subject was chosen , Piave set to work , and then Verdi threw in another idea , which may have been La traviata . However , within a short time , a synopsis was dispatched to Venice under the title of Amore e morte ( Love and Death ) . However , as Budden reveals , Verdi writes to his friend De Sanctis telling him that `` for Venice I 'm doing La Dame aux camélias which will probably be called La traviata . A subject for our own age . '' Although still bogged down at Sant'Agata , Piave was sanguine : `` Everything will turn out fine , and we 'll have a new masterpiece from this true wizard of modern harmonies '' .
Nuclear fusion
Note that many of the reactions form chains . For instance , a reactor fueled with and He creates some , which is then possible to use in the - He reaction if the energies are `` right '' . An elegant idea is to combine the reactions ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) . The He from reaction ( 8 ) can react with Li in reaction ( 9 ) before completely thermalizing . This produces an energetic proton , which in turn undergoes reaction ( 8 ) before thermalizing . Detailed analysis shows that this idea would not work well , but it is a good example of a case where the usual assumption of a Maxwellian plasma is not appropriate .
Polygon
The idea of a polygon has been generalized in various ways . Some of the more important include :
Wild turkey
The idea that Benjamin Franklin preferred the turkey as the national bird of the United States comes from a letter he wrote to his daughter Sarah Bache on January 26 , 1784 . The main subject of the letter is a criticism of the Society of the Cincinnati , which he likened to a chivalric order , which contradicted the ideals of the newly founded American republic . In one section of the letter , Franklin remarked on the appearance of the bald eagle on the Society 's crest :
Cold War
American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom .
I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song)
In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There .
Ecclesiastes
After the introduction come the words of Kohelet . As king he has experienced everything and done everything , but nothing is ultimately reliable . Death levels all . The only good is to partake of life in the present , for enjoyment is from the hand of God . Everything is ordered in time and people are subject to time in contrast to God 's eternal character . The world is filled with injustice , which only God will adjudicate . God and humans do not belong in the same realm and it is therefore necessary to have a right attitude before God . People should enjoy , but should not be greedy ; no - one knows what is good for humanity ; righteousness and wisdom escape us . Kohelet reflects on the limits of human power : all people face death , and death is better than life , but we should enjoy life when we can . The world is full of risk : he gives advice on living with risk , both political and economic . Mortals should take pleasure when they can , for a time may come when no one can . Kohelet 's words finish with imagery of nature languishing and humanity marching to the grave .
Pocahontas (1995 film)
One of Gabriel 's early ideas was for Pocahontas 's mother to be embodied in a certain star in the sky that by the end of the film , she would help Pocahontas find her path to Smith . However , The Lion King had concurrently carried a similar idea of the ancestors giving wisdom and guidance to the protagonist so the idea was discarded . Michael Eisner pushed for Pocahontas to have a mother , lamenting that `` We 're always getting fried for having no mothers . '' The writers countered that Powhatan was polygamous and formed dynastic alliances among other neighboring tribes by impregnating a local women and giving away the child , so it was believed that Pocahontas herself probably did not see her mother that much . `` Well '' , Eisner conceded , `` I guess that means we 're toasted . '' Ultimately , her mother 's spirit would become the swirling wind that occurs throughout the film . For the villain , they chose John Ratcliffe , whose portrayal was based on actual English captains , including John Martin , Christopher Newport and Edward Maria Wingfield . In reality , it was Wingfield who despised John Smith , but the filmmakers preferred the sinister sound of `` Ratcliffe '' . The writers would continue to adapt actual events into the film such as Pocahontas warning Smith that the Indians were after him so he could escape in the middle of the night , Powhatan ordering the captured Smith to make bead necklaces to humiliate him , and Pocahontas being captured by Ratcliffe ( instead of Samuel Argall ) , though none of them worked with the story .
Wreck of the RMS Titanic
Over the years after her sinking , many impractical , expensive and often physically impossible schemes have been put forward to raise Titanic from her resting place . They have included ideas such as filling the wreck with ping - pong balls , injecting it with 180,000 tons of Vaseline , or using half a million tons of liquid nitrogen to encase it inside a giant iceberg that would float back to the surface . However , the wreck is far too fragile to be raised and is now protected by a UNESCO convention .
Napoleon
The ideas that underpin our modern world -- meritocracy , equality before the law , property rights , religious toleration , modern secular education , sound finances , and so on -- were championed , consolidated , codified and geographically extended by Napoleon . To them he added a rational and efficient local administration , an end to rural banditry , the encouragement of science and the arts , the abolition of feudalism and the greatest codification of laws since the fall of the Roman Empire .
Revenge
The idea 's origin is obscure . The French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord ( 1754 -- 1838 ) has been credited with the saying , `` La vengeance est un met que l'on doit manger froid '' ( `` Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold '' ) , albeit without supporting detail . It has been in the English language at least since the 1846 translation of the 1845 French novel Mathilde by Joseph Marie Eugène Sue : `` la vengeance se mange très bien froide '' , there italicized as if quoting a proverbial saying , and translated `` revenge is very good eaten cold '' . It has been wrongly credited to the novel Les Liaisons dangereuses ( 1782 ) .
Cogito, ergo sum
Although the idea expressed in cogito , ergo sum is widely attributed to Descartes , he was not the first to mention it . Plato spoke about the `` knowledge of knowledge '' ( Greek νόησις νοήσεως nóesis noéseos ) and Aristotle explains the idea in full length :
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
Given the perceived importance of intelligence and with new ways to measure intelligence , many influential individuals , including Terman , began promoting controversial ideas to increase the nation 's overall intelligence . These ideas included things such as discouraging individuals with low IQ from having children and granting important positions based on high IQ scores . While there was significant opposition , many institutions proceeded to adjust students ' education based on their IQ scores , often with a heavy influence on future career possibilities ( Leslie , 2000 ) .
Star Wars
The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm also announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 , and the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Characters from the animated series appear , Saw Gerrera ( from The Clone Wars ) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper ( from Star Wars : Rebels ) in a cameo . Solo
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
`` We immediately escalate everything to a ten ... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea , then all of a sudden everyone 's on the gas , nobody 's on the brakes , nobody 's thinking , everyone 's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another ! Until , finally , we find ourselves in a situation where we 've broken into somebody 's house -- and the homeowner is home ! ''
Euthanasia
There is much debate on the topic of euthanasia in Judaic theology , ethics , and general opinion ( especially in Israel and the United States ) . Passive euthanasia was declared legal by Israel 's highest court under certain conditions and has reached some level of acceptance . Active euthanasia remains illegal , however the topic is actively under debate with no clear consensus through legal , ethical , theological and spiritual perspectives .
Stanley Kubrick's unrealized projects
In 1976 , Kubrick sought out a film idea that concerned the Holocaust and tried to persuade Isaac Bashevis Singer to contribute an original screenplay . Kubrick requested a `` dramatic structure that compressed the complex and vast information into the story of an individual who represented the essence of this man - made hell . '' However , Singer declined , explaining to Kubrick , `` I do n't know the first thing about the Holocaust . ''
Coal
Many countries have now transitioned away from coal some using the ideas of a `` just transition '' , for example to use some of the benefits of transition to provide early pensions for coal miners .
Promotion (chess)
The original idea was that a foot soldier that advanced all the way through the enemy lines was promoted to the lowest rank of officer . In the Middle Ages , the queen was much weaker than now , and its only allowed move was one square diagonally . ( It was earlier called farzin or ferz , from the Persian for `` vizier '' ) . When the queen and bishop got their new moves , chess was radically altered . When the fers became the queen , there were objections that a king should not have more than one queen ( Davidson 1981 : 59 -- 60 ) .
Electric car
A similar idea is that of the range - extension trailer which is attached only when going on long trips . The trailers can either be owned or rented only when necessary .
Novel
Fiction was altered by these changes , including the creation of more difficult works . New novels also addressed openly current political and social issues , which were being discussed in newspapers and magazines . The idea of responsibility became a key issue , whether of the citizen , or of the artist . The theoretical debate concentrated on questions around the moral soundness of the modern novel , on the integrity of individual artists , as well as the claims of aesthetes like as Oscar Wilde and Algernon Charles Swinburne , who proposed the idea of `` art for art 's sake '' .
Automated teller machine
The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by a group of engineers working at Smiths Group on the Chubb MD2 in 1965 and which has been credited to James Goodfellow ( patent GB1197183 filed on 2 May 1966 with Anthony Davies ) . The essence of this system was that it enabled the verification of the customer with the debited account without human intervention . This patent is also the earliest instance of a complete `` currency dispenser system '' in the patent record . This patent was filed on 5 March 1968 in the US ( US 3543904 ) and granted on 1 December 1970 . It had a profound influence on the industry as a whole . Not only did future entrants into the cash dispenser market such as NCR Corporation and IBM licence Goodfellow 's PIN system , but a number of later patents reference this patent as `` Prior Art Device '' .
John C. Calhoun
Calhoun 's ideas on the concurrent majority are illustrated in A Disquisition on Government . The Disquisition is a 100 - page essay on Calhoun 's definitive and comprehensive ideas on government , which he worked on intermittently for six years until its 1849 completion . It systematically presents his arguments that a numerical majority in any government will typically impose a despotism over a minority unless some way is devised to secure the assent of all classes , sections , and interests and , similarly , that innate human depravity would debase government in a democracy .