vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Poverty in India
Caste Percentage No. of People FC 30.8 % 393M OBC 41.1 % 524M SC 19.7 % 251M ST 8.5 % 108M
Water buffalo
More than 95.8 % of the world population of water buffalo are found in Asia , including both river and swamp types . The water buffalo population in India numbered over 97.9 million head in 2003 , representing 56.5 % of the world population . They are primarily of the river type , with 10 well - defined breeds comprising Badhawari , Murrah , Nili - Ravi , Jafarabadi , Marathwada , Mehsana , Nagpuri , Pandharpuri , Toda , and Surti . Swamp buffalo occur only in small areas in the north - eastern part of the country and are not distinguished into breeds .
Digboi
Digboi Oil Town was considered as a separate census town in 2011 India census . The population is largely heterogeneous . Assamese , Bengali , Nepali , Bihari , Marwari communities form the majority . People from various tribes such as the tea - tribes ( brought in by the colonial planters as indentured labourers from the Chhotanagpur plateau region ) , Bodos , Mishings etc. have also made it their home .
Poverty in India
Caste Percentage of Poverty No. of People FC 12.5 % 49.1 M OBC 20.7 % 108.5 M SC 29.4 % 73.8 M ST 43.0 % 46.4 M
Indian elephant
27,785 -- 31,368 in India , where populations are restricted to four general areas : in the Northwest -- at the foot of the Himalayas in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh , ranging from Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary to the Yamuna River ; in the Northeast -- from the eastern border of Nepal in northern West Bengal through western Assam along the Himalaya foothills as far as the Mishmi Hills , extending into eastern Arunachal Pradesh , the plains of upper Assam , and the foothills of Nagaland , to the Garo Hills of Meghalaya through the Khasi Hills , to parts of the lower Brahmaputra plains and Karbi Plateau ; isolated herds occur in Tripura , Mizoram , Manipur , and in the Barak Valley districts of Assam : in the central part -- in Odisha , Jharkhand , and in the southern part of West Bengal , with some animals wandering into Chhattisgarh ; in the South -- eight populations are fragmented from each other in northern Karnataka , in the crestline of Karnataka -- Western Ghats , in Bhadra -- Malnad , in Brahmagiri -- Nilgiris -- Eastern Ghats , in Nilambur -- Silent Valley -- Coimbatore , in Anamalai -- Parambikulam , in Periyar -- Srivilliputhur , and one in Agasthyamalai ; 100 -- 125 in Nepal , where their range is restricted to a few protected areas in the Terai along the border with India . In 2002 , estimates ranged from 106 to 172 resident and migratory elephants , with most of them in Bardia National Park ; 150 -- 250 in Bangladesh , where only isolated populations survive in the Chittagong Hills ; 250 -- 500 in Bhutan , where their range is limited to protected areas in the south along the border with India ; 4,000 -- 5,000 in Myanmar , where populations are highly fragmented , and occur in the northern ranges and Arakan Yoma in western , Pegu Yoma of central Myanmar , Tenasserim and Shan State ; A
Poverty in India
Social and Religious Class Percentage of Living in Poverty Urban Hindus 20.4 % Urban Hindu General 8.3 % Urban Hindu OBC 25.1 % Urban Hindu SC / ST 36.4 % Urban Muslims 38.4 % Urban Other Minorities 12.2 % Rural Hindus 22.6 % Rural Hindu General 9.0 % Rural Hindu OBC 19.5 % Rural Hindu SC / ST 34.8 % Rural Muslims 26.9 % Rural Other Minorities 14.3 %
Indigenous Australians
At the time of first European contact , it is generally estimated that the pre-1788 population was 314,000 , while recent archaeological finds suggest that a population of 500,000 to 750,000 could have been sustained , with some ecologists estimating that a population of up to a million or even two million people was possible . More recent work suggests that Aboriginal populations exceeded 1.2 million 500 years ago , but may have fallen somewhat with the introduction of disease pathogens from Eurasia in the last 500 years . The population was split into 250 individual `` nations '' , many of which were in alliance with one another , and within each nation there existed separate , often related `` clans '' , from as few as 5 or 6 to as many as 30 or 40 . Each `` nation '' had its own language , and a few had several .
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict .
Indian Railways
Indian Railways Schematic network map of the Indian Railways Map of Indian Railways network with population density Reporting mark IR Locale India Dates of operation 16 April 1853 ( 1853 - 04 - 16 ) -- Present Track gauge 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) 1,000 mm ( 3 ft 3 ⁄ in ) 762 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) 610 mm ( 2 ft ) Length 66,687 kilometres ( 41,437 mi ) ( route ) 92,081 kilometres ( 57,216 mi ) ( running track ) 119,630 kilometres ( 74,330 mi ) ( total track )
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The British had been recruiting irregular units from Sikh and Pakhtun communities even before the first unrest among the Bengal units , and the numbers of these were greatly increased during the Rebellion , 34,000 fresh levies eventually being raised .
Reservation in India
Scheduled Castes ( A , B , C , D ) -- 15 % Scheduled Tribes -- 6 % Backward Classes ( A , B , C , D ) -- 25 % Physically Handicapped ( Blind , Deaf & Dumb and OPH ) -- 3 % ( 1 per cent each ) Ex-servicemen ( APMS only ) -- 1 % ( 0.5 % in general ) Women - 33.33 % ( in all categories , means 16.66 % in general category )
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
The worst affected island in the Andaman & Nicobar chain is Katchall Island with 303 people confirmed dead and 4,354 missing out of a total population of 5,312 .
Partition of India
A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised , although , for voting at the national level , they constituted only 10 % of the total adult male population , many of whom were still illiterate . In the provincial legislatures , the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for special interests they considered cooperative or useful . In particular , rural candidates , generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational , were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts . Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins , landowners , businessmen , and college graduates . The principle of `` communal representation '' , an integral part of the Minto - Morley Reforms , and more recently of the Congress - Muslim League Lucknow Pact , was reaffirmed , with seats being reserved for Muslims , Sikhs , Indian Christians , Anglo - Indians , and domiciled Europeans , in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils . The Montagu - Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power , especially at the provincial level ; however , that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters , by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures , and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control .
Indian general election, 2014
About 110 million of people were eligible to vote for 91 seats . The turnout was 76 % in Kerala , 64 % in Delhi , 55.98 % in Madhya Pradesh , 54.13 % in Maharashtra , 65 % in Uttar Pradesh and 66.29 % in Jammu . Kerala and Chandigarh set new voter turnout records . A higher proportion of eligible electors voted in 2014 than in 2009 .
United Kingdom
In 2013 , approximately 208,000 foreign citizens were naturalised as British citizens , the highest number since records began in 1962 . This figure fell to around 125,800 in 2014 . Between 2009 and 2013 , the average number of people granted British citizenship per year was 195,800 . The main countries of previous nationality of those naturalised in 2014 were India , Pakistan , the Philippines , Nigeria , Bangladesh , Nepal , China , South Africa , Poland and Somalia . The total number of grants of settlement , which confers permanent residence in the UK without granting British citizenship , was approximately 154,700 in 2013 , compared to 241,200 in 2010 and 129,800 in 2012 .
United Kingdom
Ethnic group Population ( absolute ) Population ( % ) 2001 2011 2011 White 54,153,898 55,010,359 087.1 % White : Gypsy / Traveller / Irish Traveller -- 63,193 000.1 % Asian / Asian British Indian 1,053,411 1,451,862 002.3 % Pakistani 747,285 1,174,983 001.9 % Bangladeshi 283,063 451,529 000.7 % Chinese 247,403 433,150 000.7 % other Asian 247,664 861,815 001.4 % Black / African / Caribbean / Black British 1,148,738 1,904,684 003.0 % mixed / multiple ethnic groups 677,117 1,250,229 002.0 % other ethnic group 230,615 580,374 000.9 % Total 58,789,194 63,182,178 100.0 %
Colombo
No Ethnicity Population % Of Total Sinhalese 265,657 41.36 Sri Lankan Tamils 185,672 28.91 Sri Lankan Moors 153,299 23.87 Indian Tamils 13,968 2.17 5 Sri Lankan Malays 11,149 1.73 6 Burghers 5,273 0.82 7 Sri Lankan Chetty 740 0.11 8 Bharatha 471 0.07 9 Other 5,934 0.96 10 Total 642,163 100
Chennai
A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite . According to 2011 census , the city had a population of 4,646,732 , within the area administered by the Municipal Corporation ; that had 11 lakh households , with 51 % of them living in rented houses . The city 's limits were expanded later in 2011 and its population reached 7,088,000 with Chennai Municipal Corporation being renamed as Greater Chennai Corporation .
Chennai
As of 2011 ( prior to the expansion of Chennai Corporation area ) , Chennai city has a sanctioned strength of 14,000 police personnel . With a population density of 26,903 persons per square kilometre , the city had 1 policeman for every 413 people . The Chennai suburban police had about 4,093 police personnel and a ratio of 1 : 1,222 . In 2010 , the crime rate in the city was 169.2 per 100,000 people , as against an average of 341.9 in the 35 major cities of India . In 2011 , North Chennai zone had 30 police stations and 3 police out posts , Central Chennai zone had 28 police stations and 3 police out posts , and South Chennai zone had 30 police stations .
American Indian Wars
By 1800 , the many millions of Native Americans had been reduced to 600,000 Native Americans in the area now comprising the continental United States . By 1890 , their population had declined to about 250,000 . The United States continued to gain title to Native American land after the Treaty of Greenville , at a rate that created alarm in Indian communities . In 1800 , William Henry Harrison became governor of the Indiana Territory and , under the direction of President Thomas Jefferson , pursued an aggressive policy of obtaining titles to Indian lands . Two Shawnee brothers , Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa , organized Tecumseh 's War , another pan-tribal resistance to American expansion .
Alaska
According to the 2010 United States Census , Alaska , had a population of 710,231 . In terms of race and ethnicity , the state was 66.7 % White ( 64.1 % Non-Hispanic White ) , 14.8 % American Indian and Alaska Native , 5.4 % Asian , 3.3 % Black or African American , 1.0 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander , 1.6 % from Some Other Race , and 7.3 % from Two or More Races . Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 5.5 % of the population .
Chennai
As of 2012 , an estimated population of 11,116 ( 0.16 percent ) were homeless . Per Supreme Court guidelines , the city needs 65 shelters for the homeless . However , it has only 15 , of which 8 are functioning and two are under renovation .
Thirteen Colonies
Between 1625 and 1775 , the colonial population grew from roughly 2,000 to over 2 million , often displacing American Indians . In the 18th century , the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilism , in which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country . Slavery was introduced during the colonial period . The Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self - governance and active local elections , and they resisted London 's demands for more control .
Megacity
Rank Megacity Image Country Continent Population Tokyo Japan Asia 38,140,000 Shanghai China Asia 34,000,000 Jakarta Indonesia Asia 31,500,000 Delhi India Asia 27,200,000 5 Seoul South Korea Asia 25,600,000 6 Guangzhou China Asia 25,000,000 7 Beijing China Asia 24,900,000 8 Manila Philippines Asia 24,100,000 9 Mumbai India Asia 23,900,000 10 New York City United States North America 23,876,155 11 Shenzhen China Asia 23,300,000 12 São Paulo Brazil South America 21,242,939 13 Mexico City Mexico North America 21,157,000 14 Lagos Nigeria Africa 21,000,000 15 Kyoto - Osaka - Kobe ( Keihanshin ) Japan Asia 20,337,000 16 Cairo Egypt Africa 19,128,000 17 Wuhan China Asia 19,000,000 18 Los Angeles United States North America 18,788,800 19 Dhaka Bangladesh Asia 18,237,000 20 Chengdu China Asia 18,100,000 21 Moscow Russia Europe 17,100,000 22 Chongqing China Asia 17,000,000 23 Karachi Pakistan Asia 16,900,000 24 Bangkok Thailand Asia 15,931,300 25 Tianjin China Asia 15,400,000 26 Istanbul Turkey Asia & Europe 14,600,000 27 Kolkata India Asia 14,766,000 28 London United Kingdom Europe 13,842,667 29 Buenos Aires Argentina South America 13,834,000 30 Tehran Iran Asia 14,000,000 31 Hangzhou China Asia 13,400,000 32 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America 12,981,000 33 Xi'an China Asia 12,900,000 34 Paris France Europe 12,405,426 35 Changzhou China Asia 12,400,000 36 Bangalore India Asia 12,339,447 37 Lahore Pakistan Asia 12,200,000 38 Shantou China Asia 12,000,000 39 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo Africa 11,855,000 40 Nanjing China Asia 11,700,000 41 Jinan China Asia 11,000,000 42 Harbin China Asia 10,500,000 43 Chennai India Asia 10,300,000 44 Bogotá Colombia South America 10,350,000 45 Lima Peru South America 10,072,000 46 Nagoya Japan Asia 10,070,000
Osage Nation
During this time , Indian Office reports showed nearly a 50 percent decline in the Osage population . This resulted from the failure of the US government to provide adequate medical supplies , food and clothing . The people suffered greatly during the winters . While the government failed to supply them , outlaws often smuggled whiskey to the Osage and the Pawnee .
Bangladesh–India relations
In September 2011 , the two countries signed a major accord on border demarcation to end the 4 - decade old disputes over boundaries. This came to be known as the tin bigha corridor . India also granted 24 - hour access to Bangladeshi citizens in the Tin Bigha Corridor . The agreement included exchange of adversely held enclaves , involving 51,000 people spread over 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 Bangladesh enclaves in India . The total land involved is reportedly 7000 acres .
First Nations
The 2006 census counted a total Aboriginal population of 1,172,790 ( 3.75 % ) which includes 698,025 North American Indians ( 2.23 % ) . BC
Indian Rebellion of 1857
The news of the events at Delhi spread rapidly , provoking uprisings among sepoys and disturbances in many districts . In many cases , it was the behaviour of British military and civilian authorities themselves which precipitated disorder . Learning of the fall of Delhi by telegraph , many Company administrators hastened to remove themselves , their families and servants to places of safety . At Agra , 160 miles ( 260 km ) from Delhi , no less than 6,000 assorted non-combatants converged on the Fort . The haste with which many civilians left their posts encouraged rebellions in the areas they left , although others remained at their posts until it was clearly impossible to maintain any sort of order . Several were murdered by rebels .
Labour in India
A 2009 - 2010 nationwide survey found child labour prevalence had reduced to 4.98 million children ( or less than 2 % of children in 5 - 14 age group ) .
Thar Desert
The Thar Desert is the most widely populated desert in the world , with a population density of 83 people per km . In India , the inhabitants comprise Hindus , Muslims , and Sikhs . In Pakistan , inhabitants also include both Muslims and Hindus .
Reservation in India
In parliament , caste and tribe based reservations are provided to make it more representative ... Today , out of 543 seats in India 's parliament , 84 ( 15.47 % ) are reserved for SC / Dalits and 47 ( 8.66 % ) for ST / Tribes . Allocation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha are made on the basis of proportion of Scheduled Castes and Tribes in the State concerned to that of the total population .
British Empire
A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to widespread famines on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died . The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule . Later , under direct British rule , commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the causes and implement new policies , which took until the early 1900s to have an effect .
European colonization of the Americas
Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus 's voyages , the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ) , mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases .
Karnataka
Rank City District Population ( 2011 ) Bangalore ( Bengaluru ) Bangalore Urban 8,728,906 Hubballi - Dharwad ( Hubli ) Dharwad district 943,857 Mysore ( Mysuru ) Mysore district 887,446 Mangalore ( Mangaluru ) Dakshina Kannada 532,031 5 Gulbarga ( Kalaburagi ) Gulbarga district 499,487 6 Belgaum ( Belagavi ) Belgaum district 490,045 7 Davanagere ( Davangere ) Davanagere district 435,128 8 Bellary ( Ballari ) Bellary district 409,444 9 Vijayapur ( Bijapur ) Vijayapur district 327,427 10 Shimoga ( Shivamogga ) Shimoga district 322,428
Los Angeles County, California
Population , race , and income ( 2011 ) Total population 9,787,747 White 5,126,367 52.4 % Black or African American 844,048 8.6 % American Indian or Alaska Native 49,329 0.5 % Asian 1,347,782 13.8 % Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 26,310 0.3 % Some other race 2,064,759 21.1 % Two or more races 329,152 3.4 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 4,644,328 47.5 % Per capita income $27,954 Median household income $56,266 Median family income $62,595
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Of the history of the indigenous population of California , Sherburne F. Cook ( 1896 -- 1974 ) was the most painstakingly careful researcher . From decades of research he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods . According to Cook , the indigenous Californian population at first contact , in 1769 , was about 310,000 and had dropped to 25,000 by 1910 . The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period , during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history ( 1821 -- 1910 ) , with the most dramatic collapse ( 200,000 to 25,000 ) occurring in the US period ( 1846 -- 1910 ) .
Indigenous Australians
By 1900 , the recorded Indigenous population of Australia had declined to approximately 93,000 . However , this was only a partial count as both mainstream and tribal Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders were poorly covered , with desert Aboriginal peoples not counted at all until the 1930s . The last uncontacted tribe left the Gibson Desert in 1984 . During the first half of the twentieth century , many Indigenous Australians worked as stockmen on sheep stations and cattle stations for extremely low wages . The Indigenous population continued to decline , reaching a low of 74,000 in 1933 before numbers began to recover . By 1995 , population numbers had reached pre-colonisation levels , and in 2010 there were around 563,000 Indigenous Australians .
Spanish colonization of the Americas
The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90 % ( reduced to 1 -- 2.5 million people ) by the early 17th century . In Peru the indigenous Amerindian pre-contact population of around 6.5 million declined to 1 million by the early 17th century . The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases , although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline .
History of Native Americans in the United States
After European explorers reached the West Coast in the 1770s , smallpox rapidly killed at least 30 % of Northwest Coast Native Americans . For the next 80 to 100 years , smallpox and other diseases devastated native populations in the region . Puget Sound area populations , once estimated as high as 37,000 people , were reduced to only 9,000 survivors by the time settlers arrived en masse in the mid-19th century . The Spanish missions in California did not significantly affect the population of Native Americans , but the numbers of the latter decreased rapidly after California ceased to be a Spanish colony , especially during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th ( see chart on the right ) .
Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians ( Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders ) Total population 649,171 ( 2016 ) 2.8 % of Australia 's population ( 2016 ) Population distribution by state / territory New South Wales 208,476 ( 2.89 % ) Queensland 188,954 ( 4.22 % ) Western Australia 88,270 ( 3.75 % ) Northern Territory 68,850 ( 29.77 % ) Victoria 47,333 ( 0.85 % ) South Australia 37,408 ( 2.28 % ) Tasmania 24,165 ( 4.72 % ) Australian Capital Territory 6,160 ( 1.67 % ) Languages Several hundred Indigenous Australian languages ( many extinct or nearly so ) , Australian English , Australian Aboriginal English , Torres Strait Creole , Kriol Religion Christianity 73 % Non-religious 24 % Traditional Aboriginal religion 1 % Related ethnic groups see List of Indigenous Australian group names
History of immigration to the United States
Country / Year 1830 1850 1880 1900 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Austria 305 214 Bohemia 85 Canada 148 717 1,180 1,310 953 812 843 745 678 China 104 1,391 Cuba 439 608 737 952 Czechoslovakia 492 Dominican Republic 692 El Salvador 765 France 9 54 107 Germany 8 584 1,967 2,663 1,609 990 833 849 712 Hungary 245 India 2,000 Ireland 54 962 1,855 1,615 745 339 Italy 484 1,790 1,257 1,009 832 581 Korea 290 568 701 Mexico 11 13 641 576 760 2,199 4,298 7,841 Netherlands 10 Norway 13 182 336 Pakistan 724 Philippines 501 913 1,222 Poland 1,269 748 548 418 Russia / Soviet Union 424 1,154 691 463 406 Sweden 194 582 595 Switzerland 13 89 United Kingdom 27 379 918 1,168 1,403 833 686 669 640 Vietnam 543 863 Total Foreign Born 108 * 2,244 6,679 10,341 14,204 10,347 9,619 14,079 19,763 31,100 % Foreign Born 0.8 % * 9.7 % 13.3 % 13.6 % 11.6 % 5.8 % 4.7 % 6.2 % 7.9 % 11.1 % Native Born 12,677 20,947 43,476 65,653 108,571 168,978 193,591 212,466 228,946 250,321 % Native Born 99.2 % 90.3 % 86.7 % 86.4 % 88.4 % 94.2 % 95.3 % 94 % 92.1 % 88.9 % Total Population 12,785 23,191 50,155 75,994 122,775 179,325 203,210 226,545 248,709 281,421 1830 1850 1880 1900 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Climate of India
A study from 2005 concluded that heat waves significantly increased in frequency , persistence and spatial coverage in the decade 1991 - 2000 , when compared to the period between 1971 -- 80 and 1981 - 90 . A severe heat wave in Orissa in 1998 resulted in nearly 1300 deaths . Based on observations , heat wave related mortality has increased in India prior to 2005 . The 2015 Indian heat wave killed more than 2,500 people .