vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Transferring the signal to the medulla requires that neurotransmitter be released from the vesicles in the type I cells , and as with many other neural cells , this is triggered by an influx of calcium into the cell after membrane depolarization . The process of identifying signal transduction in interoceptors such as the peripheral chemoreceptors requires moving backward from membrane depolarization to discover the previous steps , often internal to the cell , that transduces blood chemicals to a neural signal . Up to this point , most research agrees that membrane depolarization is caused by inhibition of potassium channels that otherwise maintain the resting potential . As to the step before potassium channel inhibition , many mechanisms are proposed , none of which receive unanimous support from the research community . Multiple types of potassium channels respond to hypoxia , with significant differences between different species , and a number of different types for each species . Expression of potassium channels also changes throughout the lifetime . Some studies propose that heme - oxygenase 2 is the transducer ; however , since its deletion in mice does not affect chemoreceptor oxygen sensitivity , this hypothesis is open to question . Another enzyme , AMP - activated protein kinase ( AMPK ) , provides a mechanism that could apply not only to all types of potassium channels , but also other oxygen - sensing tissues in the body , such as pulmonary vasculature and neonatal chromaffin cells . AMPK is an enzyme activated by an increase in the AMP : ATP ratio resulting from increasing cellular respiration . Once activated , the enzyme promotes production of ATP and suppresses reactions that consume it . AMPK activation is also a more appealing candidate because it can activate both of the two most common types of potassium channels . Another study identified that AMPK opens and closes potassium channels via phosphorylation , further underlining the link between the two . The role of AMPK in oxygen sensing in type - 1 cells has however also recently been called into question .
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Several studies suggest peripheral chemoreceptors play a role in ventilation during exercise . However , there is disagreement about whether they perform an excitatory or inhibitory role . Several studies point to increased circulation of catecholamine or potassium during exercise as a potential effector on peripheral chemoreceptors ; however , the specifics of this effect are not yet understood . All suggestions of peripheral chemoreceptor involvement conclude that they are not solely accountable for this response , emphasizing that these receptors are only one in a suite of oxygen - sensing cells that can respond in times of stress . Collecting information on carotid and aortic body activity in live , exercising humans is fraught with difficulty and often only indicates indirect evidence , so it is hard to draw expansive conclusions until more evidence has been amassed , and hopefully with more advanced techniques .
Acronym
A.M. ( from Latin ante meridiem , `` before noon '' ) and P.M. ( from Latin post meridiem , `` after noon '' ) A.D. ( from Latin Anno Domini , `` in the year of our Lord '' ) , whose complement in English , B.C. ( Before Christ ) , is English - sourced O.K. , a term of disputed origin , dating back at least to the early 19th century , now used around the world
Thalidomide
Clinical data Pronunciation / θəˈlɪdəmaɪd / Trade names Contergan , Thalomid , Immunoprin , Talidex , Talizer , Neurosedyn , Distaval and many others Synonyms α - ( N - Phthalimido ) glutarimide AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a699032 License data EU EMA : by INN US FDA : Thalidomide Pregnancy category AU : X ( High risk ) US : X ( Contraindicated ) Routes of administration By mouth ( capsules ) ATC code L04AX02 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : S4 ( Prescription only ) CA : ℞ - only UK : POM ( Prescription only ) US : ℞ - only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 90 % Protein binding 55 % and 66 % for the ( R ) - ( + ) - and ( S ) - ( − ) - enantiomers , respectively Metabolism Liver ( minimally via CYP2C19 - mediated 5 - hydroxylation ; mostly via non-enzymatic hydrolysis at the four amide sites ) Elimination half - life 5 -- 7.5 hours ( dose - dependent ) Excretion Urine , faeces Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) 2 - ( 2 , 6 - dioxopiperidin - 3 - yl ) - 2 , 3 - dihydro - 1H - isoindole - 1 , 3 - dione CAS Number 50 - 35 - 1 PubChem CID 5426 IUPHAR / BPS 7327 DrugBank DB01041 ChemSpider 5233 UNII 4Z8R6ORS6L KEGG D00754 ChEBI CHEBI : 9513 ChEMBL CHEMBL468 ECHA InfoCard 100.000.
Income inequality in the United States
CBO reported that less progressive tax and transfer policies contributed to an increase in after - tax income inequality between 1979 and 2007 . This indicates that more progressive income tax policies ( e.g. , higher income taxes on the wealthy and a higher earned - income tax credit ) would reduce after - tax income inequality .
Insulin
Insulin also influences other body functions , such as vascular compliance and cognition . Once insulin enters the human brain , it enhances learning and memory and benefits verbal memory in particular . Enhancing brain insulin signaling by means of intranasal insulin administration also enhances the acute thermoregulatory and glucoregulatory response to food intake , suggesting that central nervous insulin contributes to the co-ordination of a wide variety of homeostatic or regulatory processes in the human body . Insulin also has stimulatory effects on gonadotropin - releasing hormone from the hypothalamus , thus favoring fertility .
Caesarean section
Women who have had a caesarean for any reason are somewhat less likely to become pregnant again as compared to women who have previously delivered only vaginally , but the effect is small .
Peripheral chemoreceptors
In addition to ventilatory effects , peripheral chemoreceptors may influence neuroendocrine responses to exercise that can influence activities other than ventilation . Circulation of the glucose - promoting hormone , glucagon and a neurotransmitter , norepinephrine , is increased in carotid - and aortic - body - enervated dogs , suggesting that peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low glucose levels in and may respond to other neuroendocrine signals in addition to what is traditionally considered to be their sole role of ventilatory regulation .
Android (operating system)
The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices causes significant delays for software upgrades , with new versions of the operating system and security patches typically taking months before reaching consumers , or sometimes not at all . The lack of after - sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media . Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financial incentive not to upgrade their devices , as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones , an attitude described as `` insulting '' . The Guardian complained that the method of distribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it that way . In 2011 , Google partnered with a number of industry players to announce an `` Android Update Alliance '' , pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its release ; however , there has not been another official word about that alliance since its announcement .
History of the United States Constitution
However , the unanimity required under the Articles made all attempts at reform impossible . Martin 's allies such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was '' , seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . New York Anti 's `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' . It failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately only North Carolina and Rhode Island would wait for amendments from Congress before ratifying .
Sewing
Before or after the pattern pieces are cut , it is often necessary to mark the pieces to provide a guide during the sewing process . Marking methods may include using pens , pencils , or chalk , tailor 's tacks , snips , pins , or thread tracing , among others .
Income inequality in the United States
Inequality can be measured before and after the effects of taxes and transfer payments such as social security and unemployment insurance .
One-child policy
This claim is disputed by Wang Feng , director of the Brookings - Tsinghua Center for Public Policy , and Cai Yong from the Carolina Population Center at University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Wang claims that `` Thailand and China have had almost identical fertility trajectories since the mid 1980s '' , and `` Thailand does not have a one - child policy . '' China 's Health Ministry has also disclosed that at least 336 million abortions were performed on account of the policy .
Tabula rasa
Principal evidence of this theory is uncovered by examining twin pregnancies . The main argument is , if there are social behaviours that are inherited and developed before birth , then one should expect twin fetuses to engage in some form of social interaction before they are born . Thus , ten fetuses were analyzed over a period of time using ultrasound techniques . Using kinematic analysis , the results of the experiment were that the twin fetuses would interact with each other for longer periods and more often as the pregnancies went on . Researchers were able to conclude that the performance of movements between the co-twins were not accidental but specifically aimed .
Cigarette
Second - hand smoke is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette , and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers . It is involuntarily inhaled , lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished , and can cause a wide range of adverse health effects , including cancer , respiratory infections , and asthma . Nonsmokers who are exposed to second - hand smoke at home or work increase their heart disease risk by 25 -- 30 % and their lung cancer risk by 20 -- 30 % . Second - hand smoke has been estimated to cause 38,000 deaths per year , of which 3,400 are deaths from lung cancer in nonsmokers . Sudden infant death syndrome , ear infections , respiratory infections , and asthma attacks can occur in children who are exposed to second - hand smoke . Scientific evidence shows no level of exposure to second - hand smoke is safe .
Rovers Return Inn
13 May 1964 : Martha Longhurst ( Lynne Carol ) dies after suffering a heart attack in the snug of The Rovers . 7 March 1979 : A lorry crashes into The Rovers Return , injuring several people including Alf Roberts ( Bryan Mosley ) , Mike Baldwin ( Johnny Briggs ) and Betty Turpin ( Betty Driver ) . Deirdre Langton ( Anne Kirkbride ) panics because she left a young Tracy ( Christabel Finch ) sitting outside in her pram , but it emerges that she was kidnapped by Sally Norton ( Yvonne Nicholson ) . 18 June 1986 : A faulty electricity box starts a fire in the pub , and the whole interior explodes . Bet Lynch ( Julie Goodyear ) is asleep upstairs , but is eventually rescued by Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) . 12 February 1993 : Outside the pub , Lisa Duckworth ( Caroline Milmoe ) is killed by a speeding motorist while crossing the road . She dies instantly . 13 April 2001 : Toyah Battersby ( Georgia Taylor ) is raped in the ginnel beside The Rovers by an unseen assailant . 10 April 2005 : Tracy Barlow 's ( Kate Ford ) biological father Ray Langton ( Neville Buswell ) dies of stomach cancer during a party to celebrate the second wedding of his ex-wife Deirdre Rachid ( Anne Kirkbride ) to Ken Barlow ( William Roache ) . 22 February 2008 : Violet Wilson ( Jenny Platt ) gives birth to her son Dylan assisted by Marcus Dent ( Charlie Condou ) . 23 January 2012 : During the wedding reception of Tracy Barlow ( Kate Ford ) and Steve McDonald ( Simon Gregson ) , Steve 's ex-wife Becky ( Katherine Kelly ) reveals that Tracy suffered a miscarriage the day before she blamed Becky for the miscarriage , thus meaning that Tracy was lying . Steve subsequently leaves Tracy . 9 September 2012 : Kirsty Soames ( Natalie Gumede ) goes into labour after a fight with barmaid Tina McIntyre ( Michelle Keegan ) . She later gives birth to her daughter Ruby Dobbs in the back room .
The Other Boleyn Girl (2003 film)
In the film , when she is returned to court late in the night , Anne is not pregnant . In the book , after Elizabeth 's birth , Anne has a total of three miscarriages . In the film , Anne goes through a period of inability to conceive and does n't know what to do . In the book , Mary discovers through watching and listening to Anne and George 's mannerisms that they have had sex in order for Anne to get pregnant , because the king had become disgusted with her failure . In the film , it is Mary who casually suggests the coupling , but does n't say it , merely hinting at it , so as she will not be implicated later . In the book , Anne 's official musician is Mark Smeaton , who is later tortured and executed for an affair with her . In the film , she has Mark Smeaton sing to her before the court ; when Mark is arrested , Anne claims to `` hardly know him '' . In the book , Anne is arrested during a joust in the spring of 1536 and does n't have a final moment with the king . In the film , Anne is arrested at court after speaking to the king , protesting her innocence , and saying goodbye to Elizabeth . In the book , Mary 's daughter Catherine is twelve - years - old and at court with her , and is taken by Anne as a lady - in - waiting to the Tower of London ; because of this , William Stafford keep her son Henry and their daughter Anne at inns in London , and remain there for the execution . In the film , Mary merely takes her children from Hever Castle and to William Stafford 's house , as they are only ten and eight respectively .
United States Bill of Rights
A minority of the Constitution 's critics , such as Maryland 's Luther Martin , continued to oppose ratification . However , Martin 's allies , such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was , '' seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . The New York Anti-Federalist `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' , but it failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately , only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying .
Grey's Anatomy (season 14)
When Carina finds that Amelia has a brain tumor , she brings her former mentor / professor Dr Tom Koracek ( Greg Germann ) to create a treatment plan . But when he points out how the tumor has affected her judgment , she fears that it might have ruined her patient 's lives or put them in more danger -- specifically Dr Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who despite saving her life , left her blind . After the tumor is removed , Amelia and Owen reflect on their marriage and decide that everything up to that point has been misguided ; the tumor made Amelia someone she was not , and they ultimately decide to get a divorce . With all the changes happening at Grey Sloan , Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) shows up to discuss everything with Bailey and then ends up firing her . Shortly after , he immediately dies from cardiac arrest . Before they have to find another chief , Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) reinstate Bailey to her position . At a family dinner hosted by Catherine and Richard Weber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) and Jackson learn that he 'll be receiving his grandfather 's inheritance , a quarter billion dollars , which he 'll eventually use to fund a medical research contest .
Thalidomide
During this time period , the use of medications during pregnancy was not strictly controlled , and drugs were not thoroughly tested for potential harm to the fetus . Thousands of pregnant women took the drug to relieve their symptoms . At the time of the drug 's development , scientists did not believe any drug taken by a pregnant woman could pass across the placental barrier and harm the developing fetus , even though the effect of alcohol on fetal development had been documented by case studies on alcoholic mothers since at least 1957 . There soon appeared reports of findings of abnormalities in children being born , traced back to the use of the drug thalidomide . In late 1959 , it was noticed that peripheral neuritis developed in patients who took the drug over a period of time , and it was only after this point that thalidomide ceased to be provided over the counter .
Postterm pregnancy
Large for gestational age : Increased incidence of forceps assisted , vacuum assisted or cesarean birth -- Post-term babies may be larger than an average baby , thus increasing the length of labor . The labor is increased because the baby 's head is too big to pass through the mother 's pelvis . This is called cephalopelvic disproportion . Caesarean sections are encouraged if this happens . When post-mature babies are larger than average , forceps or vacuum delivery may be used to resolve the difficulties at the delivery time . Difficulty in delivering the shoulders , shoulder dystocia , becomes an increased risk . Increased psychological stress Probable labour induction Death ( if the baby stayed for too long , see Maternal death )
Flowers in the Attic
A year later , Cathy and Chris have both entered puberty and taken on parental roles with Carrie and Cory , who no longer recognise Corrine . While Cathy and Chris are both entering adulthood , the twins have stopped growing altogether due to being imprisoned and the lack of sunlight and fresh air in their prison . Olivia catches Chris staring at Cathy in her brassiere in the bathroom and orders him to cut off Cathy 's hair or all four children will starve . Chris refuses , but Olivia drugs Cathy and pours tar into her hair . She then abandons them for three weeks , driving the children to near - starvation . Cathy ends up cutting off her hair and when Olivia see this , she starts leaving them sugar - powdered doughnuts with their usual food . Corrine visits the children for the first time in six months , announcing that she has married Bart Winslow and they have returned from their honeymoon in Europe . Cathy and Chris react angrily , accusing her of abandoning them , and Corrine refuses to visit again until they apologize . Olivia continues to abuse the children , even whipping Cathy and Chris after he talks back to her . Cathy and Chris become physically attracted towards each other , and start to fall in love in spite of both feeling personal shame .
Grey's Anatomy (season 1)
Cristina and Burke have sex in an on - call room . 6 6 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Scott Brazil Krista Vernoff May 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 01 ) 18.54 When Derek picks Meredith to assist in surgery on a patient with Parkinson 's disease , Bailey thinks he is showing favoritism and is tough on Meredith . Alex befriends a patient who has a very large tumor , but when he talks about her behind her back , she requests he be removed from her case . Alex 's pager runs out of batteries , meaning that Izzie has to perform a dangerous procedure on her own . 7 7 `` The Self - Destruct Button '' Darnell Martin Kip Koenig May 8 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 08 ) 18.86 Derek spends the night at Meredith 's , which they try to keep secret from Izzie and George . George suspects an anesthesiologist of drinking before major surgeries but is scolded when he speaks up . Alex treats a man who enjoys being in pain . Izzie treats a man who swallowed his girlfriend 's keys to stop her from leaving , whilst Meredith treats a teen who had a gastric bypass in Mexico that she does n't want her parents knowing about . It turns out that the anesthesiologist does drink before surgeries , and he gets kicked out of the OR . Cristina catches the flu , only to discover that she is pregnant . 8 8 `` Save Me '' Sarah Pia Anderson Mimi Schmir May 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 15 ) 18.33 Alex treats a teenage Orthodox Jew who refuses surgery when she learns the procedure goes against her beliefs . Cristina has trouble relating to a pregnant woman who has terminal cancer and refuses to abort the baby . Meredith and Derek clash over their relationship and how best to treat a man who is becoming paralyzed . Izzie is mesmerized by a patient who has psychic abilities , and is diagnosed with Arteriovenous malformation . 9 9 `` Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? '' Wendey Stanzler Gabrielle Stanton & Harry Werksman , Jr .
Ellipsis
Contrary to The Oxford Style Guide , the University of Oxford Style Guide demands an ellipsis not to be surrounded by spaces , except when it stands for a pause ; then , a space has to be set after the ellipsis ( but not before ) . An ellipsis is never preceded or followed by a full stop .
Pub
Pubs often have traditional names . A common name is the `` Marquis of Granby '' . These pubs were named after John Manners , Marquess of Granby , who was the son of John Manners , 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th century British Army . He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men , and on their retirement , provided funds for many of them to establish taverns , which were subsequently named after him . All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George , after King George III , and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation .
Execution of the Romanov family
Three days after the murders , Yurovsky personally reported to Lenin on the events of that night and was rewarded with an appointment to the Moscow City Cheka . He held a succession of key economic and party posts , dying in the Kremlin Hospital in 1938 aged 60 . Prior to his death , he donated the guns he used in the murders to the Museum of the Revolution in Moscow , and left behind three valuable , though contradictory , accounts of the event . In a final letter to his children shortly before his death , Yurovsky reminisced on his revolutionary career and how `` the storm of October '' had `` turned its brightest side '' towards him , making him `` the happiest of mortals '' . He and his assistant Nikulin , who died in 1964 , were buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow . His son , Alexander Yurvosky , grew ashamed of him in his later years and voluntarily handed over his father 's memoirs to amateur investigators Avdonin and Ryabov in 1978 .
Income inequality in the United States
Income inequality in the United States has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability , meaning the share of the nation 's income received by higher income households has increased . This trend is evident with income measured both before taxes ( market income ) as well as after taxes and transfer payments . Income inequality has fluctuated considerably since measurements began around 1915 , moving in an arc between peaks in the 1920s and 2000s , with a 30 - year period of relatively lower inequality between 1950 -- 1980 .
Liturgical colours
The colours would be changed before Vespers on the eve of the day being commemorated . During Great Feasts , the colour is changed before the vespers service that begins the first day of a forefeast , and remains until the apodosis ( final day of the afterfeast ) .
Bee Gees
Further Bee Gees chart singles followed : `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' , their second UK No. 1 ( No. 8 US ) , and `` I Started a Joke '' ( No. 6 US ) , both culled from the band 's third album Idea . Idea reached No. 4 in the UK and was another top 20 album in the US ( No. 17 ) .