vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Territorial evolution of the United States
Several northeastern states had overlapping claims : Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New York all claimed land west of their borders , overlapping with each other and with a sizable claim by Virginia . Of the three , only Connecticut seriously pursued its claims , while Virginia is considered to have had the most legitimate claim to the vast northwest , dividing it into counties and maintaining some limited control . The entirety of the new United States was claimed by Great Britain . Of particular note are Machias Seal Island and North Rock , two small islands off the northeast coast which remain disputed up to the present . Disputes : September 20 , 1776 The Counties of New Castle , Kent , and Sussex , upon Delaware enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Delaware State . September 28 , 1776 The State of Pennsylvania enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . no change to map December 20 , 1776 To avoid British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia , the Continental Congress began meeting in Baltimore . January 15 , 1777 The northeastern region of New York , known as the New Hampshire Grants , declared independence as New Connecticut . Disputes : March 4 , 1777 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia after the threat to it by British forces was ended . June 4 , 1777 New Connecticut was renamed Vermont . Disputes : September 27 , 1777 The Continental Congress fled Philadelphia after the American defeat at the Battle of Brandywine , and briefly met in Lancaster , Pennsylvania September 30 , 1777 The Continental Congress continued to move away from Philadelphia , settling in York , Pennsylvania . July 2 , 1779 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia following British withdrawal . August 31 , 1779 Virginia surrendered its claim to southwest Pennsylvania when the two states agreed to extend the Mason -- Dixon line westward to five degrees west of the Delaware River , with the border turning north from there . March 1780 North Carolina and Virginia surveyed their border further inland . Virginia 's survey reached to the Tennessee River , but North Carolina 's only went as far as the Cumberland Gap , and as the two surveys were roughly two miles apart , this created a thin area claimed by both states . Since the dispute only technically went as far west as the Cumberland Gap , beyond that point North Carolina 's line is faded to show that it was more an assumption , and beyond the Tennessee River both lines are faded .
American Revolutionary War
Greene then proceeded to reclaim the South . The American troops suffered a reversal at Hobkirk 's Hill on April 25 ; nonetheless , they continued to dislodge strategic British posts in the area , capturing Fort Watson and Fort Motte . Augusta was the last major British outpost in the South outside of Charleston and Savannah , but the Americans reclaimed possession of it on June 6 . A British force clashed with American troops at Eutaw Springs on September 8 in a final effort to stop Greene , but the British casualties were so high that they withdrew to Charleston . Minor skirmishes continued in the Carolinas until the end of the war , and British troops were effectively confined to Charleston and Savannah for the remainder of the conflict .
Daughters of the American Revolution
When asked for comment , Sarah M. King , the President General of the DAR , told the Washington Post that the DAR 's chapters have autonomy in determining members . She made impolitic comments about the chapter 's decision . After King 's comments were reported , outrage erupted and the D.C. City Council threatened to revoke the DAR 's real estate tax exemption . King quickly corrected her error , saying that Ferguson should have been admitted , and that her application had been handled `` inappropriately . '' Representing Ferguson pro bono , lawyers from the Washington law firm of Hogan & Hartson began working with King to develop positive ways for the DAR to ensure that blacks would not be discriminated against in future application for membership . The DAR changed its bylaws to bar discrimination `` on the basis of race or creed . '' In addition , King announced a resolution to recognize `` the heroic contributions of black patriots in the American Revolution '' .
American Revolutionary War
Despite their defeat , the British still had 30,000 troops garrisoned in New York , Charleston , and Savannah . Henry Clinton was recalled to London after the defeat at Yorktown , and he departed America in March 1782 . He was replaced by Guy Carleton who was under orders to suspend offensive operations .
Whigs (British political party)
The North administration left power in March 1782 following the American Revolution and a coalition of the Rockingham Whigs and the former Chathamites , now led by the Earl of Shelburne , took its place . After Rockingham 's unexpected death in July 1782 , this uneasy coalition fell apart , with Charles James Fox , Rockingham 's successor as faction leader , quarrelling with Shelburne and withdrawing his supporters from the government . The following Shelburne administration was short - lived , however , and in April 1783 Fox returned to power , this time in an unexpected coalition with his old enemy Lord North . Although this pairing seemed unnatural to many at the time , it was to last beyond the demise of the coalition in December 1783 . The coalition 's untimely fall was brought about by George III in league with the House of Lords and the King now brought in Chatham 's son , William Pitt the Younger , as his prime minister .
Polistes carolina
The queen dominates reproduction , but not exclusively . Queens produce about 60 % of total offspring and several subordinates produce the remaining 40 % . Only about 20 % of subordinates associated with any given nest do not participate in reproduction . According to skew theory , as resources become more scarce , the queen concedes less of her reproductive rights to subordinates ( reproduction becomes more skewed toward the queen ) since subordinates have more limited nesting options . Additionally , P. carolina does not participate in egg eating , which supports the theory that aggression is not the primary method of determining reproductive share .
American Revolutionary War
Suppressing a rebellion in America presented the British with major problems . The key issue was distance ; it could take up to three months to cross the Atlantic , and orders from London were often outdated by the time that they arrived . The colonies had never been formally united prior to the conflict and there was no centralized area of ultimate strategic importance . Traditionally , the fall of a capital city often signalled the end of a conflict , yet the war continued unabated even after the fall of major settlements such as New York , Philadelphia ( which was the Patriot capital ) , and Charleston . Britain 's ability to project its power overseas lay chiefly in the power of the Royal Navy , allowing her to control major coastal settlements with relative ease and enforce a strong blockade of colonial ports . However , the overwhelming majority of the American population was agrarian , not urban . As a result , the American economy proved resilient enough to withstand the blockade 's effects . Black
History of Mexico
The Mexican Revolution was based on popular participation . At first , it was based on the peasantry who demanded land , water , and a more sympathetic national government . Wasserman finds that :
Daughters of the American Revolution
She was the first President of the Oregon Federation of Business and Professional Women Dale Pickett Gay , Wyoming clubwoman and one of the best known women of her time in the oil business Lillian Gish , actress Fannie Smith Goble , held several high offices in Daughters of the American Revolution organization Isophene Goodin Bailhache , national vice chairman of Historic Spots , State Officer , Chapter Regent Gene Grabeel , mathematician and cryptanalyst who founded the Venona project Harriet A. Haas , attorney and member of Piedmont Board of Education Sallie Foster Harshbarger , from 1920 to 1922 , State Regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution Caroline Harrison , former First Lady of the United States Grace Hopper , Rear Admiral , USNR Nancy A. Leatherwood , national chairman of Historical and Literary Reciprocity Committee of the Daughters of the American Revolution Colonel Westray Battle Long , Director of the Women 's Army Corps Edith Bolte MacCracken , State Regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution Virginia Donaghe McClurg , member Ruth Karr McKee , member Moina Michael , educator and originator of Memorial Day Poppies Anita Newcomb McGee , founder of the Army Nurse Corps Bessie Morse , founder of The Morse School of Expression , St. Louis Sara E. Morse , held positions in several organizations Grandma Moses , folk artist Alice Curtice Moyer Jacqueline Noel , leader in promoting the colonial history of the United States Fannie Brown Patrick , musician and leader in civic and social affairs Alice Paul , American suffragist Florence Sellers Coxe Paul Edith Allen Phelps , twice president of the Oklahoma Library Association , the first professional in the Library Science field in the Oklahoma City system Sarah Childress Polk , First Lady of the United States Frances Porcher , officer of the Jefferson Chapter Ada E. Purpus , member Janet Reno , former Attorney General of the United States Ginger Rogers , actress and dancer Eleanor Roosevelt , First Lady of the United States . She resigned her membership in protest of racism .
Federal Reserve Act
The American financial system was deeply fragmented after the American Revolutionary War . The government was burdened with large wartime debts , and the new republic needed a strong financial institution to give the country a resilient financial footing . Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had opposing views regarding whether or not the US could benefit from a European - style national financial institution . Hamilton was in favor of building a strong centralized political and economic institution to solve the country 's financial problem . He argued that a central bank could bring order to the US monetary system , manage the government 's revenues and payments , and provide credit to both the public and private sectors . On the other hand , Jefferson was deeply suspicious of a central bank because , he argued , it would undermine democracy . Jefferson and Southern members of congress also believed that a strong central financial institution would serve commercial interests of the north at the expense of Southern - based agriculture interests whose credit was provided by local banks during the post-revolutionary war era . The First Bank of the United States was established in 1791 chartered for a period of twenty years . The US government was the largest shareholder of the bank . Despite its shareholder status , the government was not permitted to participate in management of the bank . The bank accepted deposits , issued bank notes , and provided short - term loans to the government . It also functioned as a clearinghouse for government debt . The bank could also regulate state - charted banks to prevent overproduction of banknotes . The bank was very successful in financing the government and stimulating the economy . In spite of its successes , hostility against the bank did not fade . Jeffersonians questioned the bank 's constitutionality . In 1811 , the first bank of the United States failed to be renewed by one vote in both the House and the Senate .
Confederate States of America
On February 22 , 1862 , the Confederate Constitution of seven state signatories -- Mississippi , South Carolina , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas -- replaced the Provisional Constitution of February 8 , 1861 , with one stating in its preamble a desire for a `` permanent federal government '' . Four additional slave - holding states -- Virginia , Arkansas , Tennessee , and North Carolina -- declared their secession and joined the Confederacy following a call by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln for troops from each state to recapture Sumter and other seized federal properties in the South .
Secession in the United States
During the crisis , President Andrew Jackson , published his Proclamation to the People of South Carolina , which made a case for the perpetuity of the Union ; plus , he provided his views re the questions of `` revolution '' and `` secession '' :
Viet Cong
The Tet Offensive increased public discontent with American participation in the Vietnam War and led the U.S. to gradually withdraw combat forces and to shift responsibility to the South Vietnamese , a process called Vietnamization . Pushed into Cambodia , the Việt Cộng could no longer draw South Vietnamese recruits . In May 1968 , Trường Chinh urged `` protracted war '' in a speech that was published prominently in the official media , so the fortunes of his `` North first '' fraction may have revived at this time . COSVN rejected this view as `` lacking resolution and absolute determination . '' The Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 led to intense Sino - Soviet tension and to the withdrawal of Chinese forces from North Vietnam . The formation of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam however did see the Viet Cong leadership , as a front government of the Viet Cong , take a more prominent and pro-active international role .
American Revolutionary War
Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament , and the surrender gave them the upper hand . In early 1782 , Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America , but the war continued in Europe and India . Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy . On September 3 , 1783 , the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war . French involvement had proven decisive , but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts . Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar . The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain . In India , the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes .
Confederate States of America
Virginia ( April 17 ; referendum May 23 , 1861 ) Arkansas ( May 6 ) Tennessee ( May 7 ; referendum June 8 ) North Carolina ( May 20 )
American Revolution
Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive .
American Revolutionary War
Britain had a difficult time appointing a determined senior military leadership in America . Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief of North America at the outbreak of the war , was criticized for being too lenient on the rebellious colonists . Jeffrey Amherst , who was appointed Commander - in - Chief of the Forces in 1778 , refused a direct command in America , due to unwillingness to take sides in the war . Admiral Augustus Keppel similarly opposed a command , stating ; `` I can not draw the sword in such a cause '' . The Earl of Effingham resigned his commission when his regiment was posted to America , while William Howe and John Burgoyne were opposed to military solutions to the crisis . Howe and Henry Clinton both stated they were unwilling participants , and were only following orders .
Daughters of the American Revolution
In 2007 , the DAR posthumously honored Mary Hemings Bell , a former slave of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello , as a `` Patriot of the Revolution . '' During the war , Hemings and other household slaves had been taken by Jefferson to the state capital Richmond to work for him after he was elected governor of Virginia . When the British invaded the city , they took Hemings and the other slaves at the governor 's house as prisoners ; Hemings and the other slaves were later released . ( The American government officials had already escaped to Monticello and Charlottesville . )
American Revolutionary War
Following the calamitous operations at Newport and Savannah , French planners realized that closer cooperation with the Americans was required to achieve success . The French fleet led by the Comte de Grasse had received discretionary orders from Paris to assist joint efforts in the north if naval support was needed . Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau discussed their options . Washington pushed for an attack on New York , while Rochambeau preferred a strike in Virginia where the British were less well - established and thus easier to defeat . Franco - American movements around New York caused Clinton a great deal of anxiety , fearing an attack on the city . His instructions were vague to Cornwallis during this time , rarely forming explicit orders . However , Clinton did instruct Cornwallis to establish a fortified naval base and to transfer troops to the north to defend New York . Cornwallis dug in at Yorktown and awaited the Royal Navy . Surrender
American Revolution
Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan view the American Revolution as a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , such as an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . John Murrin , by contrast , argues that the definition of `` the people '' at that time was mostly restricted to free men who were able to pass a property - qualification . This view argues that any significant gain of the revolution was irrelevant in the short term to women , black Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and American Indians .
Loyalist (American Revolution)
Samuel Adams ( 1730 -- 1810 ) , Vermont physician ; not related to Samuel Adams , the Patriot leader in Boston Rev. H. Addison of Maryland , forbidden to ever live in his home state after the Revolution Rev. John Agnew ( d . 1812 , New Brunswick ) , served a Church of England parish in Suffolk , Virginia Samuel Aikens , land grant dated 2 June 1785 Guysborough , Nova Scotia , Canada Andrew Allen ( 1740 -- 1825 ) , Pennsylvanian Delegate to the Second Continental Congress Isaac Allen ( d . 1806 age 65 ) , Trenton , New Jersey attorney indicted for treason William Allen ( 1704 -- 1780 ) , Chief Justice of Pennsylvania and former mayor of Philadelphia Rev. Samuel Andrews ( d . 1812 age 82 ) , fled from his Patriot Church of England parishioners and died in New Brunswick Samuel Andrews of North Carolina , major in the Loyal Militia Brigadier General Benedict Arnold ( January 14 , 1741 ( O.S. January 3 , 1740 / 1741 ) -- June 14 , 1801 ) , commissioned in 1780 ; originally a Patriot general Oliver Arnold , Connecticut native and Yale graduate ; relocated to Sussex , New Brunswick where he served as the local vicar John Askin ( 1739 -- 1815 ) , trader and land speculator at Detroit
American Civil War
On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. marshals and judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia , and North Carolina . He stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions .
Daughters of the American Revolution
In March 1984 , Lena Lorraine Santos Ferguson , a retired school secretary , was denied membership in a Washington , D.C. chapter of the DAR because she was black , according to a report by the Washington Post . Her two white sponsors , Margaret M. Johnston and Elizabeth E. Thompson , were dismayed at their chapter response . Ferguson met the lineage requirements and could trace her ancestry to Jonah Gay , a white man who fought in Maine .
France in the American Revolutionary War
Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature , over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort , raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion . The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker , who , rather than increase taxes , used loans to pay off debts . State secretary in Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas . The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances . Trade also severely declined during the war , but was revived by 1783 .
Foreign policy of the United States
In some cases the arguments against participation include that the United States should maximize its sovereignty and freedom of action , or that ratification would create a basis for lawsuits that would treat American citizens unfairly . In other cases , the debate became involved in domestic political issues , such as gun control , climate change , and the death penalty .