vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of women in the United States
The `` new woman '' was in fashion throughout the twenties ; this meant a woman who rejected the pieties ( and often the politics ) of the older generation , smoked and drank in public , had casual sex , and embraced consumer culture . Also called `` flappers '' , these women wore short skirts ( at first just to the ankles , eventually up to the knees ) and bobbed hair in a short cut -- like a boy 's , but longer . Just as the flapper rejected the long hair popular in earlier years , she also discarded Victorian fashions , especially the corset , which accentuated women 's curves . Flappers preferred to be slender , although it sometimes meant dieting or binding their breasts and wearing restrictive undergarments to appear thin , flat - chested , and long - limbed . Cultivating a flapper image and adhering to modern beauty standards also involved purchasing and applying cosmetics , which had not often been done previously by women other than prostitutes . These women further pushed the boundaries of what was considered proper for a woman by their public activities ; swearing , smoking cigarettes , drinking alcohol ( illegal from 1920 until 1933 ) , dancing , and dating . Firsts
United Nations
Other UN bodies responsible for women 's rights issues include United Nations Commission on the Status of Women , a commission of ECOSOC founded in 1946 ; the United Nations Development Fund for Women , created in 1976 ; and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women , founded in 1979 . The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples , held its first session in 2002 .
History of the Catholic Church
Catholic women have played a prominent role in providing education and health services in keeping with Catholic social teaching . Ancient orders like the Carmelites had engaged in social work for centuries . The 19th century saw a new flowering of institutes for women , dedicated to the provision of health and education services - of these the Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco , Claretian Sisters and Franciscan Missionaries of Mary became among the largest Catholic women 's religious institutes of all .
History of women in the United States
The 1990s brought more firsts for women in politics and the military . 1992 was known as the `` Year of the Woman '' because more women than ever before were elected to political office that year ( women gained 19 House and 3 Senate seats for a total of 47 seats in the House and seven seats in the Senate ) including Carol Moseley Braun , the first black female senator . In 1993 Ruth Bader Ginsburg was confirmed by Congress as a Supreme Court Justice , becoming the second woman on the court . In 1994 Shannon Faulkner applied to The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina and was accepted for admission . She had left her gender information off the application . When it was discovered that she was a woman , The Citadel revoked her offer , so Faulkner filed suit against The Citadel to gain admission . The court rejected The Citadel 's arguments , clearing her way to attend the school under court order . Faulkner became the first female cadet in 1995 , but resigned a few days into her first week . A similar case occurred about this time that forced the Virginia Military Institute to open its doors to women . On June 28 , 1996 , two days after the U.S. Supreme Court 's decision in United States v Virginia , the Citadel 's governing board voted unanimously to remove a person 's gender as a requirement for admission . In 1999 Nancy Mace became the first woman to graduate from the Citadel . The first women graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 2001 ( Melissa Graham of Burleson , Texas , and Chih - Yuan Ho of Taipei , Taiwan ) .
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Women , in particular , were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution . Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality . By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women , she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen . Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution . She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles ; `` inciting revolutionary action , formulating policy , and informing others of revolutionary events . '' By working with men , as opposed to working separate from men , she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women . As players in the French Revolution , women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs , allowing them societal influence , despite their lack of direct political influence .
History of women in the United States
Clear - cut gender norms prevailed among the farm families who settled in the Midwestern region between 1800 and 1840 . Men were the breadwinners who considered the profitability of farming in a particular location -- or `` market - minded agrarianism '' -- and worked hard to provide for their families . They had an almost exclusive voice regarding public matters , such as voting and handling the money . During the migration westward , women 's diaries show little interest in and financial problems , but great concern with the threat of separation from family and friends . Furthermore , women experienced a physical toll because they were expected to have babies , supervise the domestic chores , care for the sick , and take control of the garden crops and poultry . Outside the German American community , women rarely did fieldwork on the farm . The women set up neighborhood social organizations , often revolving around church membership , or quilting parties . They exchanged information and tips on child - rearing , and helped each other in childbirth .
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
In 1918 , women over 30 were given the right to vote , quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling women to be eligible for election as members of parliament at the younger age of 21 . The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish Sinn Féin candidate , Constance Markievicz , who therefore became the first woman to be an MP . However , owing to Sinn Féin 's policy of abstention from Westminster , she never took her seat .
History of women in the United States
Part of a series on Feminism Women Girls Femininity History ( show ) Social Feminist history History of feminism Women 's history American British Canadian German Timelines Women 's suffrage Muslim countries US Other women 's rights Suffrage by country Australia Canada Japan Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States In states Utah Waves First Second Third Fourth Variants ( general ) ( show ) Analytical Anarchist Atheist Conservative Cultural Cyber Difference Eco - Vegetarian Equality Fat French French post-structuralist Gender Global Hip - hop / Hip hop Individualist Jineology Labor Lesbian Radical lesbians Liberal Equity Lipstick Marxist Material Maternal Neo - New Post - Postcolonial Postmodern Anti-abortion Post-structural Multicultural Black Chicana White Indigenous Native American Radical Separatist Sex - positive Social Socialist Standpoint Third world Trans Transnational Womanism Africana Variants ( religious ) ( show ) Buddhist Christian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox Mormon Sikh Concepts ( show ) Antifeminism Bicycling Criticism of marriage Children 's literature Effects on society Equality Embedded feminism Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminazi Feminism in culture Feminist stripper Gender equality Girl power Honor killing International Women 's Day Language reform Male gaze Matriarchal religion Media Men and feminism Meninism Movement African - American woman suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Networked feminism Oedipus complex Political lesbianism Lesbian separatism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Reproductive justice Sex workers ' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification State feminism Straw feminism Theory in composition studies Triple oppression Victim feminism Violence against women Views on BDSM Views on pornography Views on prostitution Views on sexual orientation Views on sexuality Views on transgender and transsexual people War on Women Women 's health Women 's rights Theory ( show ) Feminist method Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Kyriarchy Matriarchy Women 's studies Men 's studies Patriarchy Écriture féminine Feminist ...
Women in Vietnam
In 2001 , the Vietnam Women 's Union was appointed to head the planning of a new legislation , a Law on Gender Equality , which set out to equalize conditions between both genders . The legislation included several stipulations , including laws pertaining to retirement age for both men and women . The law was in its final legislation processes in 2006 , with it going into effect mid 2007 . Criticism
The Deer Hunter
Author Karina Longworth notes that Streep `` made a case for female empowerment by playing a woman to whom empowerment was a foreign concept -- a normal lady from an average American small town , for whom subservience was the only thing she knew '' . She states that The Deer Hunter `` evokes a version of dominant masculinity in which male friendship is a powerful force '' . It has a `` credibly humanist message '' , and that the `` slow study of the men in blissfully ignorant homeland machismo is crucial to it '' .
History of women in the United States
The evangelicals worked hard to convert the slaves to Christianity and were especially successful among black women , who played the role of religious specialists in Africa and again in America . Slave women exercised wide - ranging spiritual leadership among Africans in America in healing and medicine , church discipline , and revivalistic enthusiasm .
History of women in the United States
The White House Council on Women and Girls , a council which forms part of the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs , was established by Executive Order 13506 on March 11 , 2009 with a broad mandate to advise the United States President on issues relating to the welfare of women and girls .
History of women in the United States
Young women , especially , began staking claim to their own bodies and took part in a sexual liberation of their generation . Many of the ideas that fueled this change in sexual thought were already floating around New York intellectual circles prior to World War I , with the writings of Sigmund Freud , Havelock Ellis , and Ellen Key . There , thinkers outed that sex was not only central to the human experience but that women were sexual beings with human impulses and desires just like men and restraining these impulses was self - destructive . By the 1920s , these ideas had permeated the mainstream .
Wonder Woman (2017 film)
Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men .
History of women in the United States
In 1756 Lydia Chapin Taft of Uxbridge , Massachusetts became the only colonial woman known to vote , casting a vote in the local town hall meeting in place of her deceased husband . From 1775 until 1807 , the state constitution in New Jersey permitted all persons worth fifty pounds who resided in the state for one year to vote ; free black people and single women therefore had the vote until 1807 , but not married women , as their property ownership was invariably limited . Great
History of women in the United States
The 1920s saw the emergence of the co-ed , as women began attending large state colleges and universities . Women entered into the mainstream middle - class experience , but took on a gendered role within society . Women typically took classes such as home economics , `` Husband and Wife '' , `` Motherhood '' and `` The Family as an Economic Unit '' . In an increasingly conservative post-war era , it was common for a young woman to attend college with the intention of finding a suitable husband . Fueled by ideas of sexual liberation , dating underwent major changes on college campuses . With the advent of the automobile , courtship occurred in a much more private setting . `` Petting '' , sexual relations without intercourse , became the social norm for college students .
History of women in the United States
Hispanic women played a central role in traditional family life in the Spanish colonies of New Mexico ; their descendants comprise a large element in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado . Gutierrez finds a high level of illegitimacy , especially among the Indians who were used as slaves . He finds , `` Aristocrats maintained mistresses and / or sexually exploited to their slaves but rarely admitted to fathering illegitimate children . ''
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
The Thai boxer was hit with a two - point penalty for an unclear offence with 9 seconds left in the bout to give the Chinese boxer the clear advantage in the point system . The crowd showed an unappreciated outcome after the Chinese boxer beat the Thai boxer 13 -- 10 . Zou 's second gold made him the first man to win three medals in the light flyweight . He took bronze at the 2004 Athens Games , Gold in the 2008 Beijing Games and Gold in 2012 London Games . During the semi-finals of the women 's football match featuring Canada and USA , a very controversial free kick given to the Americans by Norwegian referee Christina Pedersen in 78th minute with the Canadians leading 3 - 2 allowed the Americans to score , forcing extra time , where the Americans then won . Comments by Canadian captain Christine Sinclair questioning the delay of time call made against goalkeeper Erin McLeod , which is a call rarely made unless the goalkeeper is blatantly wasting time , led to a suspension from FIFA following the Olympics . The US ended up winning gold in the final and Canada finished with a bronze . The Indian Olympic Committee lodged a protest against the judges ' decision in the match between Indian boxer Sumit Sangwan and Brazilian Yamaguchi Falcao . The judges awarded the match 15 -- 14 in favour of the Brazilian . ESPN commentators who were surprised by the verdict called it `` daylight robbery '' . However , the protest which was specific to Round 2 of the disputed match was turned down by the jury . The badminton women 's doubles tournament at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at Wembley Arena . The competition became embroiled in controversy during the group stage when eight players ( both pairs from South Korea and one pair each from China and Indonesia ) were ejected from the tournament by the Badminton World Federation after being found guilty of `` not using best efforts '' and `` conducting oneself in a manner that is clearly abusive or detrimental to the sport '' by playing to lose matches in order to manipulate the draw for the knockout stage . In one match , both teams made a series of basic errors , and in one match the maximum rally was just four shots .
History of women in the United States
Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal
History of women in the United States
One of the most important advances for women 's rights in this decade was not begun by a feminist . On Saturday , February 8 , 1964 , while the Civil Rights Act was being debated on the House floor , Howard W. Smith of Virginia , Chairman of the Rules Committee and staunch opponent of all civil rights legislation , rose up and offered a one word amendment to Title VII , which prohibited employment discrimination . He proposed to add `` sex '' to that one title of the bill in order `` to prevent discrimination against another minority group , the women , '' ... ( 110 Cong . Rec. , February 8 , 1964 , 2577 ) . This stimulated several hours of humorous debate , later called `` ladies day in the House '' , before the amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133 . The Congressional Record shows Smith made serious arguments , voicing concerns that white women would suffer greater discrimination without a protection for gender . Liberals -- who knew Smith was hostile to civil rights for blacks -- assumed that he was hostile to rights for women , unaware of his long connection with white feminists . House
History of women in the United States
Standlee ( 2010 ) argues that during the war the traditional gender division of labor changed somewhat , as the `` home '' or domestic female sphere expanded to include the `` home front '' . Meanwhile , the public sphere -- the male domain -- was redefined as the international stage of military action . Employment
History of women in the United States
Across the nation , middle - class women organized on behalf of social reforms during the Progressive Era . They were especially concerned with Prohibition , suffrage , school issues , and public health . Focusing on the General Federation of Women 's Clubs , a national network of middle class women who formed local clubs , historian Paige Meltzer puts the women 's clubs in the context of the Progressive Movement , arguing that its policies :
Woman's Hour
Woman 's Hour is a radio magazine programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom .
History of women in the United States
The Progressive movement was especially strong in California , where it aimed to purify society of its corruption , and one way was to enfranchise supposedly `` pure '' women as voters in 1911 , nine years before the 19th Amendment enfranchised women nationally in 1920 . Women 's clubs flourished and turned a spotlight on issues such as public schools , dirt and pollution , and public health . California women were leaders in the temperance movement , moral reform , conservation , public schools , recreation , and other issues . The women did not often run for office -- that was seen as entangling their purity in the inevitable backroom deals routine in politics .
Women's empowerment
The growing access of the web in the late 20th century has allowed women to empower themselves by using various tools on the Internet . With the introduction of the World Wide Web , women have begun to use social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter for online activism . Through online activism , women are able to empower themselves by organizing campaigns and voicing their opinions for equality rights without feeling oppressed by members of society . For example , on May 29 , 2013 , an online campaign started by 100 female advocates forced the leading social networking website , Facebook , to take down various pages that spread hatred about women .
History of women in the United States
Joan Williams argues , `` ERA was defeated when Schlafly turned it into a war among women over gender roles . '' Historian Judith Glazer - Raymo argues :
History of women in the United States
Across the region , middle - class society women shaped numerous new and expanded charitable and professional associations , and promoted mother 's pensions , and expanded forms of social welfare . Many of the Protestant homemakers were active in the temperance and suffrage movements as well . In Detroit , the Federation of Women 's Clubs ( DFWC ) promoted a very wide range of activities for civic minded middle - class women who conformed to traditional gender roles . The Federation argued that safety and health issues were of greatest concern to mothers and could only be solved by improving municipal conditions outside the home . The Federation pressured Detroit officials to upgrade schools , water supplies and sanitation facilities , and to require safe food handling , and traffic safety . However , the membership was divided on going beyond these issues or collaborating with ethnic or groups or labor unions , It 's refusal to stretch traditional gender boundaries , gave it a conservative reputation in the working - class . Before the 1930s , the women 's affiliates of labor unions were too small and weak to fill the gap .
History of Antarctica
Women faced legal barriers and sexism that prevented most from visiting Antarctica and doing research until the late 1960s . The United States Congress banned American women from traveling to Antarctica until 1969 . Women were often excluded because it was thought that they could not handle the extreme temperatures or crisis situations . The first woman from the British Antarctic Survey to go to Antarctica was Janet Thomson in 1983 who described the ban on women as a `` rather improper segregation . ''
Women's empowerment
Women 's economic empowerment refers to the ability for women to enjoy their right to control and benefit from resources , assets , income and their own time , as well as the ability to manage risk and improve their economic status and well being .
Twelve Tables
One of the aspects highlighted in the Twelve Tables is a woman 's legal status and standing in society . Women were considered to be a form of guardianship similar to that of minors , and sections on ownership and possession give off the impression that women were considered to be akin to a piece of real estate or property due to the use of terms such as `` ownership '' and `` possession '' .
History of women in the United States
Women achieved many groundbreaking firsts in the 1920s and 1930s . In 1921 Edith Wharton became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , for her novel `` The Age of Innocence '' . In 1925 , Nellie Tayloe Ross became the first woman elected as a governor in the United States , for the state of Wyoming . Also in 1925 , the World Exposition of Women 's Progress ( the first women 's world 's fair ) opened in Chicago . In 1926 Gertrude Ederle , born in New York , became the first woman to swim across the English channel , arriving in almost two hours less time than any of the men who had swum across before her . In 1928 , women competed for the first time in Olympic field events . By 1928 , women earned 39 % of all college degrees in America , up from 19 % at the turn of the 20th century .
Democratic Party (United States)
Although the gender gap has varied over many years , women of all ages are more likely than men to identify as Democrats . Recent polls have indicated that 41 % of women identify as Democrats while only 25 % of women identify as Republicans and 26 % as independents , while 32 % of men identify as Democrats , 28 % as Republicans and 34 % as independents . Among ethnic minorities , women also are more likely than males to identify as Democrats . Also , American women that identified as single , living with a domestic partner , divorced , separated , or widowed are more likely than men in these categories to vote Democratic , in contrast to married Americans , which split about equally between Democrat and Republican . Again , women in these categories are significantly more likely than males in these categories to vote Democratic . The National Federation of Democratic Women is an affiliated organization meant to advocate for women 's issues . The Woman 's National Democratic Club works to promote the Democratic party . National women 's organizations that support Democratic candidates are Emily 's List , which aims to help elect pro-choice Democratic female candidates to office , and often but not always the National Organization for Women .