vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Qing dynasty
After the death of the Kangxi Emperor in the winter of 1722 , his fourth son , Prince Yong ( 雍 親王 ) , became the Yongzheng Emperor . In the later years of Kangxi 's reign , Yongzheng and his brothers had fought , and there were rumours that he had usurped the throne -- most of the rumours held that Yongzheng 's brother Yingzhen ( Kangxi 's 14th son ) was the real successor of the Kangxi Emperor , and that Yongzheng and his confidant Keduo Long had tampered with the Kangxi 's testament on the night when Kangxi died , though there was little evidence for these charges . In fact , his father had trusted him with delicate political issues and discussed state policy with him . When Yongzheng came to power at the age of 45 , he felt a sense of urgency about the problems that had accumulated in his father 's later years , and he did not need instruction on how to exercise power . In the words of one recent historian , he was `` severe , suspicious , and jealous , but extremely capable and resourceful '' , and in the words of another , he turned out to be an `` early modern state - maker of the first order '' .
Jacques-Louis David
In June 1791 , the King made an ill - fated attempt to flee the country , but was apprehended short of his goal on the Austrian Netherlands border and was forced to return under guard to Paris . Louis XVI had made secret requests to Emperor Leopold II of Austria , Marie - Antoinette 's brother , to restore him to his throne . This was granted and Austria threatened France if the royal couple were hurt . In reaction , the people arrested the King . This led to an Invasion after the trials and execution of Louis and Marie - Antoinette . The Bourbon monarchy was destroyed by the French people in 1792 -- it would be restored after Napoleon , then destroyed again with the Restoration of the House of Bonaparte . When the new National Convention held its first meeting , David was sitting with his friends Jean - Paul Marat and Robespierre . In the Convention , David soon earned a nickname `` ferocious terrorist '' . Soon , Robespierre 's agents discovered a secret vault of the king 's proving he was trying to overthrow the government , and demanded his execution . The National Convention held the trial of Louis XVI and David voted for the death of the King , causing his wife , a royalist , to divorce him .
History of the Roman Empire
Upon his accession to the throne , Trajan prepared and launched a carefully planned military campaign in Dacia , a region north of the lower Danube that had long been an opponent to Rome . In 101 , Trajan personally crossed the Danube and defeated the armies of the Dacian king Decebalus at Tapae . The emperor decided not to press on towards a final conquest as his armies needed reorganisation , but he did impose very hard peace conditions on the Dacians . At Rome , Trajan was received as a hero and he took the name of Dacicus , a title that appears on his coinage of this period . Decebalus complied with the terms for a time , but before long he began inciting revolt . In 105 Trajan once again invaded and after a yearlong campaign ultimately defeated the Dacians by conquering their capital , Sarmizegetusa Regia . King Decebalus , cornered by the Roman cavalry , eventually committed suicide rather than being captured and humiliated in Rome . The conquest of Dacia was a major accomplishment for Trajan , who ordered 123 days of celebration throughout the empire . He also constructed Trajan 's column in Rome to glorify the victory .
Edward VIII abdication crisis
In 1936 , a constitutional crisis in the British Empire arose when King - Emperor Edward VIII proposed to marry Wallis Simpson , an American socialite who was divorced from her first husband and was pursuing the divorce of her second .
Akbar
In September 1579 Jesuits from Goa were invited to visit the court of Akbar . The emperor had his scribes translate the New Testament and granted the Jesuits freedom to preach the Gospel . One of his sons , Sultan Murad Mirza , was entrusted to Antoni de Montserrat for his education . While debating at court , the Jesuits did not confine themselves to the exposition of their own beliefs but also reviled Islam and Muhammad . Their comments enraged the Imams and Ulama , who objected to the remarks , but Akbar ordered their comments to be recorded and observed the Jesuits and their behaviour carefully . This event was followed by a rebellion of Muslim clerics in 1581 led by Mullah Muhammad Yazdi and Muiz - ul - Mulk , the chief Qadi of Bengal ; the rebels wanted to overthrow Akbar and insert his brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim ruler of Kabul on the Mughal throne . Akbar successfully defeated the rebels , but he had grown more cautious about his guests and his proclamations , which he later checked with his advisers carefully .
Korean War
In the first scenario : If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China , and without ROC reinforcements , and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 ( four National Guard divisions were due to arrive ) , then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea . In the second scenario : If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior , and the ROC soldiers were maximally exploited , and tactical atomic bombing was to hand , then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea . In the third scenario : if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border , General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel , and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards . The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul -- Incheon area , while X Corps would retreat to Pusan . A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice .
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None
One major obstacle in the development of And Then There Were None was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion , the company which owns the rights to Agatha Christie 's works . The development team met with Mathew Prichard , Christie 's grandson , and other members of Chorion . While protective of Christie 's license , Chorion was quite open about changes to the plot , as long as they were within the style of Christie 's novels . These included a change to the identity of the killer , the addition of a player character , and changes to the figurines at the table - renaming them `` sailor boys '' , to fit in with the boat motif of being moored on the island . Chorion did not accept all the changes proposed by the developers , for example rejecting the idea of a one - man submarine the player could operate as not being in the style of Christie 's work . The survival of Vera and Lombard , and the change of the General 's name from MacArthur to MacKenzie , were both used by Christie herself in a 1943 stage adaption of the novel . Patrick Narracott as the eleventh character was a major plot change , and was done to explore a semi-romance between him and Vera Claythorne , as well as the developers ' desire to have players connect to a more human character , rather than a nameless one .
Nine Years' War
The League of Augsburg had little military power -- the Empire and its Allies in the form of the Holy League were still busy fighting the Ottoman Turks in Hungary . Many of the petty princes were reluctant to act due to the fear of French retaliation . Nevertheless , Louis XIV watched with apprehension Leopold I 's advances against the Ottomans . Habsburg victories along the Danube at Buda in September 1686 , and Mohács a year later had convinced the French that the Emperor , in alliance with Spain and William of Orange , would soon turn his attention towards France and retake what had recently been won by Louis 's military intimidation . In response , Louis XIV sought to guarantee his territorial gains of the Reunions by forcing his German neighbours into converting the Truce of Ratisbon into a permanent settlement . However , a French ultimatum issued in 1687 failed to gain the desired assurances from the Emperor whose victories in the east made the Germans less anxious to compromise in the west . Max
Joker (character)
Snyder 's `` Death of the Family '' describes the Joker as in love with Batman , although not in a traditionally romantic way . The Joker believes that Batman has not killed him because he makes Batman better , and he loves the villain for that . Batman comic book writer Peter Tomasi concurred , stating that the Joker 's main goal is to make Batman the best that he can be . The Joker and Batman represent opposites : the extroverted Joker wears colorful clothing and embraces chaos , while the introverted , monochromatic Batman represents order and discipline . The Joker is often depicted as defining his existence through his conflict with Batman . In 1994 's `` Going Sane '' , the villain tries to lead a normal life after Batman 's ( apparent ) death , only to become his old self again when Batman reappears ; in `` Emperor Joker '' , an apparently omnipotent Joker can not destroy Batman without undoing himself . Since the Joker is simply `` the Joker '' , he believes that Batman is `` Batman '' ( with or without the costume ) and has no interest in what is behind Batman 's mask , ignoring opportunities to learn Batman 's secret identity . Given the opportunity to kill Batman , the villain demurs ; he believes that without their game , winning is pointless . The character has no desire for typical criminal goals like money or power ; his criminality is designed only to continue his game with Batman .
Diff'rent Strokes
In 1998 , Coleman was charged with assault after he punched a woman while working as a security guard at a shopping mall . In 2001 , Coleman ( still working as a security guard ) was videotaped trying to stop a vehicle from entering the mall . The driver ridiculed him , and released the tape to be broadcast on numerous television shows . In 2007 , Coleman was cited for disorderly conduct in Provo , Utah , for having a `` heated discussion '' with a woman .
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Supporters of the bombings generally assert that they caused the Japanese surrender , preventing casualties on both sides during Operation Downfall . One figure of speech , `` One hundred million ( subjects of the Japanese Empire ) will die for the Emperor and Nation '' , served as a unifying slogan , although that phrase was intended as a figure of speech along the lines of the `` ten thousand years '' phrase . In Truman 's 1955 Memoirs , `` he states that the atomic bomb probably saved half a million U.S. lives -- anticipated casualties in an Allied invasion of Japan planned for November . Stimson subsequently talked of saving one million U.S. casualties , and Churchill of saving one million American and half that number of British lives . '' Scholars have pointed out various alternatives that could have ended the war without an invasion , but these alternatives could have resulted in the deaths of many more Japanese . Supporters also point to an order given by the Japanese War Ministry on August 1 , 1944 , ordering the execution of Allied prisoners of war when the POW camp was in the combat zone .
Surrender of Japan
At some time after 01 : 00 , Hatanaka and his men surrounded the palace . Hatanaka , Shiizaki and Captain Shigetarō Uehara ( of the Air Force Academy ) went to the office of Lt. General Takeshi Mori to ask him to join the coup . Mori was in a meeting with his brother - in - law , Michinori Shiraishi . The cooperation of Mori , as commander of the 1st Imperial Guards Division , was crucial . When Mori refused to side with Hatanaka , Hatanaka killed him , fearing Mori would order the Guards to stop the rebellion . Uehara killed Shiraishi . These were the only two murders of the night . Hatanaka then used General Mori 's official stamp to authorize Imperial Guards Division Strategic Order No. 584 , a false set of orders created by his co-conspirators , which would greatly increase the strength of the forces occupying the Imperial Palace and Imperial Household Ministry , and `` protecting '' the Emperor .
Pope
The low point of the papacy was 867 -- 1049 . This period includes the Saeculum obscurum , the Crescentii era , and the Tusculan Papacy . The papacy came under the control of vying political factions . Popes were variously imprisoned , starved , killed , and deposed by force . The family of a certain papal official made and unmade popes for fifty years . The official 's great - grandson , Pope John XII , held orgies of debauchery in the Lateran Palace . Otto I , Holy Roman Emperor had John accused in an ecclesiastical court , which deposed him and elected a layman as Pope Leo VIII . John mutilated the Imperial representatives in Rome and had himself reinstated as pope . Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy continued , and eventually dukes in league with the emperor were buying bishops and popes almost openly .
History of the San Diego Chargers
During a game on October 21 , 2012 , a line judge saw what he thought was a suspicious substance , such as a banned adhesive , on hand towels used by the Charger 's players . However , on November 7 , the NFL announced that the Chargers did not cheat . Even so , the team was fined $20,000 . After the 2012 season where the Chargers again failed to reach the payoffs , Smith and Turner were dismissed .
Council of Trent
Pope Paul III ( 1534 -- 1549 ) , seeing that the Protestant Reformation was no longer confined to a few preachers , but had won over various princes , particularly in Germany , to its ideas , desired a council . Yet when he proposed the idea to his cardinals , it was almost unanimously opposed . Nonetheless , he sent nuncios throughout Europe to propose the idea . Paul III issued a decree for a general council to be held in Mantua , Italy , to begin on 23 May 1537 . Martin Luther wrote the Smalcald Articles in preparation for the general council . The Smalcald Articles were designed to sharply define where the Lutherans could and could not compromise . The council was ordered by the Emperor and Pope Paul III to convene in Mantua on 23 May 1537 . It failed to convene after another war broke out between France and Charles V , resulting in a non-attendance of French prelates . Protestants refused to attend as well . Financial difficulties in Mantua led the Pope in the autumn of 1537 to move the council to Vicenza , where participation was poor . The Council was postponed indefinitely on 21 May 1539 . Pope Paul III then initiated several internal Church reforms while Emperor Charles V convened with Protestants at an imperial diet in Regensburg , to reconcile differences . Unity failed between Catholic and Protestant representatives `` because of different concepts of Church and justification '' .
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Finally , the Aztec gods allegedly told the Mexican papas , or priests , they would not stay unless the Spaniards were killed and driven back across the sea . Moctezuma warned Cortés to leave at once , as their lives were at risk . Many of the nobility rallied around Cuitláhuac , the brother of Moctezuma and his heir - apparent ; however , most of them could take no overt action against the Spanish unless the order was given by the Emperor . Defeat
Emperor of Japan
There have been six non-imperial families who have controlled Japanese emperors : the Soga ( 530s -- 645 ) , the Fujiwara ( 850s -- 1070 ) , the Taira ( 1159 - 1180s ) , the Minamoto ( and Kamakura bakufu ) ( 1192 -- 1333 ) , the Ashikaga ( 1336 -- 1565 ) , and the Tokugawa ( 1603 -- 1867 ) . However , every shogun from the Minamoto , Ashikaga , and Tokugawa families had to be officially recognized by the Emperors , who were still the source of sovereignty , although they could not exercise their powers independently from the Shogunate .
Emperor of Japan
Beginning from the 7th and 8th centuries , Emperors primarily took women of the Fujiwara clan as their highest wives -- the most probable mothers of future monarchs . This was cloaked as a tradition of marriage between heirs of two kami ( Shinto deities ) : descendants of Amaterasu with descendants of the family kami of the Fujiwara . ( Originally , the Fujiwara were descended from relatively minor nobility , thus their kami is an unremarkable one in the Japanese myth world . ) To produce imperial children , heirs of the nation , with two - side descent from the two kami , was regarded as desirable -- or at least it suited powerful Fujiwara lords , who thus received preference in the imperial marriage market . The reality behind such marriages was an alliance between an imperial prince and a Fujiwara lord , his father - in - law or grandfather , the latter with his resources supporting the prince to the throne and most often controlling the government . These arrangements created the tradition of regents ( Sesshō and Kampaku ) , with these positions held only by a Fujiwara sekke lord .
Surrender of Japan
On August 17 , Suzuki was replaced as prime minister by the Emperor 's uncle , Prince Higashikuni , perhaps to forestall any further coup or assassination attempts ; Mamoru Shigemitsu replaced Tōgō as foreign minister .
Surrender of Japan
Late on the night of August 12 , 1945 , Major Kenji Hatanaka , along with Lieutenant Colonels Masataka Ida , Masahiko Takeshita ( Anami 's brother - in - law ) , and Inaba Masao , and Colonel Okitsugu Arao , the Chief of the Military Affairs Section , spoke to War Minister Korechika Anami ( the army minister and `` most powerful figure in Japan besides the Emperor himself '' ) , and asked him to do whatever he could to prevent acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration . General Anami refused to say whether he would help the young officers in treason . As much as they needed his support , Hatanaka and the other rebels decided they had no choice but to continue planning and to attempt a coup d'état on their own . Hatanaka spent much of August 13 and the morning of August 14 gathering allies , seeking support from the higher - ups in the Ministry , and perfecting his plot .
Perry Expedition
After Perry 's departure , an extensive debate ensued within the Shogunal court on how to respond to the American 's implied threats . Shogun Tokugawa Ieyoshi died days after Perry 's departure , and was succeeded by his sickly young son , Tokugawa Iesada , leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders ( rōjū ) led by Abe Masahiro . Abe felt that it was currently impossible for Japan to resist the American demands by military force , and yet was reluctant to take any action on his own authority for such an unprecedented situation . Attempting to legitimize any decision taken , Abe polled all of the daimyo for their opinions . This was the first time that the Tokugawa shogunate had allowed its decision - making to be a matter of public debate , and had the unforeseen consequence of portraying the Shogunate as weak and indecisive . The results of the poll also failed to provide Abe with an answer , as of the 61 known responses , 19 were in favor of accepting the American demands , and 19 were equally opposed . Of the remainder , 14 gave vague responses expressing concern of possible war , 7 suggested making temporary concessions and two advised that they would simply go along with whatever was decided . The only universal recommendation was that steps be taken immediately to bolster Japan 's coastal defenses . Fortifications were hurriedly built close to current day Odaiba in order to protect Edo from a subsequent American naval incursion . Odaiba
Australia–Canada relations
Borden 's successor as prime minister , Arthur Meighen , was not so lucky . There could be no disguising the differences that divided Australia and Canada over the question of renewing the Anglo - Japanese Treaty of 1902 . In Australian eyes , this mutual defence pact remained the best , and perhaps the only effective , guarantee against Japanese aggression . However , Washington strongly opposed the treaty , which effectively excluded it from a major role in policing the Pacific . Although Meighen was a staunch imperialist , he could not ignore the fact that renewing the Anglo - Japanese alliance would almost certainly strain Anglo - American relations and force Canada into the untenable position of having to choose between its two major allies . Given the issues at stake , Meighen and Hughes arrived in London for the 1921 Imperial Conference , each resolved to have his own way . Hughes opened the conference by defiantly insisting on the treaty 's immediate renewal . Over the course of the next few days , the Australian cause was championed by an array of British imperial talent that included Lord Curzon , the Foreign Secretary , and Arthur Balfour , the Lord President of the Council . Undaunted , Meighen charged dramatically ahead . Canada , he declared , had `` a special right to be heard , '' for , in the event of war between the United States and the Empire , Canada `` ( would ) be the Belgium . '' No possible form of this treaty , he continued , would satisfy the United States . The Empire had no choice but to scrap the offending treaty .
List of Olympic Games scandals and controversies
The competition became embroiled in controversy during the group stage when eight players ( both pairs from South Korea and one pair each from China and Indonesia ) were ejected from the tournament by the Badminton World Federation after being found guilty of `` not using best efforts '' and `` conducting oneself in a manner that is clearly abusive or detrimental to the sport '' by playing to lose matches in order to manipulate the draw for the knockout stage . In one match , both teams made a series of basic errors , and in one match the maximum rally was just four shots . In the Men 's Bantamweight early round match , Japanese boxer Satoshi Shimizu floored Magomed Abdulhamidov of Azerbaijan six times in the third round . The referee , Ishanguly Meretnyyazov of Turkmenistan , never scored a count in each of the six knockdowns and let the fight continue on . Meretnyyazov claimed they were slips , and even fixed Abdulhamidov 's headgear during the affair . Abdulhamidov had to be helped to his corner following the round . The fight was scored 22 - 17 in favour of Abdulhamidov . AIBA , governing body for Olympic boxing , overturned the result following an appeal by Japan . By April 2017 , the Olympics has had 29 Olympic medals stripped for doping violations . The leading country is Russia with 13 medals stripped off .
Qing dynasty
During the Qianlong Emperor 's reign ( 1735 -- 96 ) , the dynasty reached its apogee but then began its initial decline in prosperity and imperial control . The population rose to some 400 million , but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate , virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis . Corruption set in , rebels tested government legitimacy and ruling elites failed to change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system . Following the Opium War , European powers imposed unequal treaties , free trade , extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control . The Taiping Rebellion ( 1850 -- 64 ) and the Dungan Revolt ( 1862 -- 77 ) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people , most of them due to famines caused by war . In spite of these disasters , in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s , Han Chinese elites rallied to the defence of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers . The initial gains in the Self - Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino - Japanese War of 1895 , in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan . New Armies were organised , but the ambitious Hundred Days ' Reform of 1898 was turned back in a coup by Empress Dowager Cixi , a conservative leader . When the Scramble for Concessions by foreign powers triggered the violently anti-foreign `` Boxers '' , the foreign powers invaded China , Cixi declared war on them , leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an .