vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History of electric power transmission
In the early 1920s the Pit River -- Cottonwood -- Vaca - Dixon line was built for 220 kV transporting power from hydroelectric plants in the Sierra Nevada to the San Francisco Bay Area , at the same time the Big Creek -- Los Angeles lines were upgraded to the same voltage . Both of those systems entered commercial service in 1923 . On April 17 , 1929 the first 220 kV line in Germany was completed , running from Brauweiler near Cologne , over Kelsterbach near Frankfurt , Rheinau near Mannheim , Ludwigsburg -- Hoheneck near Austria . This line comprises the North - South interconnect , at the time one of the world 's largest power systems . The masts of this line were designed for eventual upgrade to 380 kV . However the first transmission at 380 kV in Germany was on October 5 , 1957 between the substations in Rommerskirchen and Ludwigsburg -- Hoheneck .
Kudzu in the United States
The kudzu plant was introduced to the United States from Japan in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia . Kudzu was introduced to the Southeast in 1883 at the New Orleans Exposition . The vine was widely marketed in the Southeast as an ornamental plant to be used to shade porches , and in the first half of the 20th century , kudzu was distributed as a high - protein content cattle fodder and as a cover plant to prevent soil erosion . It was cultivated by Civilian Conservation Corps workers as a solution for the erosion during the Dust Bowl . The Soil Erosion Service recommended the use of kudzu to help control erosion of slopes which led to the government - aided distribution of 85 million seedlings and government - funded plantings of kudzu which paid $19.75 per hectare . By 1946 , it was estimated that 1,200,000 hectares ( 3,000,000 acres ) of kudzu had been planted . When boll weevil infestations and the failure of cotton crops caused farmers to abandon their farms , kudzu plantings were left unattended . The climate and environment of the Southeastern United States allowed the kudzu to grow virtually unchecked . In 1953 the United States Department of Agriculture removed kudzu from a list of suggested cover plants and listed it as a weed in 1970 . By 1997 , the vine was placed on the `` Federal Noxious Weed List '' . Today , kudzu is estimated to cover 3,000,000 hectares ( 7,400,000 acres ) of land in the southeastern United States , mostly in Alabama , Georgia , Tennessee , Florida , North Carolina , South Carolina and Mississippi . It has been recorded in Nova Scotia , Canada , in Columbus , Ohio , and in all five boroughs of New York City .
Early world maps
This map appears in a copy of a classical work on geography , the Latin version by Priscian of the Periegesis , that was among the manuscripts in the Cotton library ( MS . Tiberius B.V. , fol . 56v ) , now in the British Library . It is not intended purely as an illustration to that work , for it contains much material gathered from other sources , including some which would have been the most up - to - date available , although it is based on a distant Roman original ( similar to the source of another 11th - century world map , illustrating an edition of Isidore of Seville ) -- on which the network of lines appears to indicate the boundaries of imperial provinces . The date of drawing was formerly estimated at about CE 992 -- 994 , based on suggested links to the journey of Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury from Rome but more recent analysis indicates that , although the information was revised about that time , the map was probably drawn between 1025 and 1050 .
History of McDonald's
1970 : McDonald 's opens in Costa Rica , its third country after the United States and Canada . 1970 : Having changed hands in 1968 , the original `` Big M '' restaurant closes . It is demolished two years later , with only part of the sign remaining ; this has since been restored . 1971 : The first Asian McDonald 's opens in July in Japan , in Tokyo 's Ginza district . 1971 : On August 21 , the first European McDonald 's outlet opens , in Zaandam ( near Amsterdam ) in the Netherlands . The franchisee is Ahold . 1971 : The first McDonald 's in Germany ( Munich ) opens in November . It is the first McDonald 's to sell alcohol , as it offers beer . Other European countries follow in the early 1970s . 1971 : Maurice McDonald dies on December 11 1971 : The first Australian McDonald 's opens in the Sydney suburb of Yagoona in December . The restaurant becomes known locally as `` Maccas '' . 1972 : The McDonald 's system generates $1 billion in sales through 2200 restaurants . 1972 : The 2000th McDonald 's restaurant opens in Des Plaines , Illinois . 1972 : The first McDonald 's in France opens , in Créteil , even though the company officially recognizes the first outlet in Strasbourg in 1979 . 1973 : The first McDonald 's Playland opens in Chula Vista , California . 1973 : The first Swedish McDonald 's restaurant opens in Stockholm , 23 October . 1973 : The Quarter Pounder is introduced . 1973 : The Egg McMuffin , invented by Herb Peterson , owner and operator of a Santa Barbara franchise , is introduced to the menu . 1974 : On November 13 , the first McDonald 's in the United Kingdom opens in Woolwich , southeast London . It is the company 's 3000th restaurant . 1974 : The first Ronald McDonald House opens in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 1975 : The first Hong Kong McDonald 's opens in January in Paterson Street , in Causeway Bay , Hong Kong Island . It is also the first McDonald 's restaurant in Greater China and the Four Asian Tigers .
Abner Doubleday
Despite the lack of solid evidence linking Doubleday to the origins of baseball , Cooperstown , New York became the new home of what is today the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1937 .
Income inequality in the United States
The Gini coefficient summarizes income inequality in a single number and is one of the most commonly used measures of income inequality . It uses a scale from 0 to 1 -- the higher the number the more inequality . Zero represents perfect equality ( everyone having exactly the same income ) , and 1 represents perfect inequality ( one person having all income ) . ( Index scores are commonly multiplied by 100 to make them easier to understand . ) Gini index ratings can be used to compare inequality within ( by race , gender , employment ) and between countries , before and after taxes . Different sources will often give different gini values for the same country or population measured . For example , the U.S. Census Bureau 's official Gini coefficient for the United States was 47.6 in 2013 , up from 45.4 in 1993 , the earliest year for comparable data . By contrast , the OECD 's Gini coefficient for income inequality in the United States is 37 in 2012 ( including wages and other cash transfers ) , which is still the highest in the developed world , with the lowest being Denmark ( 24.3 ) , Norway ( 25.6 ) , and Sweden ( 25.9 ) .
History of Manila
Under the Malay aristocracy , the city was known as Seludong / Selurung , which was the same name given for the general region of southwestern Luzon at that time , suggesting that it was the capital of Ancient Tondo . It was also known as Gintu ( `` The Land / Island of Gold '' ) or Suvarnadvipa by its neighbors . The said kingdom flourished during the latter half of the Ming Dynasty as a result of trade relations with China . Ancient Tondo has always been the traditional capital of the empire . Its rulers were equivalents to kings and not mere chieftains , and they were addressed as panginuan or panginoon ( `` lords '' ) , anak banwa ( `` son of heaven '' ) or lakandula ( `` lord of the palace '' ) . Well into the 13th century , the city consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter at the bay of the Pasig River , on top of previous older towns . The
Pencil
American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution . Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729 , and George Washington used a three - inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory in 1762 . It is said that William Munroe , a cabinetmaker in Concord , Massachusetts , made the first American wood pencils in 1812 . This was not the only pencil - making occurring in Concord . According to Henry Petroski , transcendentalist philosopher Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder ; this invention was prompted by his father 's pencil factory in Concord , which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar .
Dada
During this time Duchamp began exhibiting `` readymades '' ( everyday objects found or purchased and declared art ) such as a bottle rack , and was active in the Society of Independent Artists . In 1917 he submitted the now famous Fountain , a urinal signed R. Mutt , to the Society of Independent Artists exhibition but they rejected the piece . First an object of scorn within the arts community , the Fountain has since become almost canonized by some as one of the most recognizable modernist works of sculpture . Art world experts polled by the sponsors of the 2004 Turner Prize , Gordon 's gin , voted it `` the most influential work of modern art '' . As recent scholarship documents , the work is likely more collaborative than it has been given credit for in twentieth - century art history . Duchamp indicates in a 1917 letter to his sister that a female friend was centrally involved in the conception of this work . As he writes : `` One of my female friends who had adopted the pseudonym Richard Mutt sent me a porcelain urinal as a sculpture . '' The piece is more in line with the scatological aesthetics of Duchamp 's friend and neighbour , the Baroness Elsa von Freytag - Loringhoven , than Duchamp 's . In an attempt to `` pay homage to the spirit of Dada '' a performance artist named Pierre Pinoncelli made a crack in a replica of The Fountain with a hammer in January 2006 ; he also urinated on it in 1993 .
American ginseng
In the United States , American ginseng is generally not listed as an endangered species , but it has been declared as a part of the endangered species scale by some states . States recognizing American ginseng as endangered : Maine , Rhode Island . States recognizing American ginseng as vulnerable : New York , Pennsylvania . States recognizing American ginseng as threatened : Michigan , New Hampshire , Virginia . States recognizing American ginseng as a special concern : Connecticut , Massachusetts , North Carolina , Tennessee .
Incandescent light bulb
With the help of Charles Stearn , an expert on vacuum pumps , in 1878 , Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening . This received a British Patent in 1880 . On 18 December 1878 , a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society , and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879 . It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879 . These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament . Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current , so they were not commercially practical , although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum , a carbon conductor , and platinum lead - in wires . This bulb lasted about 40 hours . Swan then turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends . He devised a method of treating cotton to produce ' parchmentised thread ' in the early 1880s and obtained British Patent 4933 that same year . From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England . His house , Underhill , Low Fell , Gateshead , was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power . In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity . In the early 1880s he had started his company . In 1881 , the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster , London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs , which was the first theatre , and the first public building in the world , to be lit entirely by electricity . The first street in the world to be lit by an incandescent lightbulb was Mosley Street , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom . It was lit by Joseph Swan 's incandescent lamp on 3 February 1879 . Edison
Cotton-Eyed Joe
The spoke line version gained popularity not only in Texas , but across the US and overseas in the 1980s .
Incandescent light bulb
Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878 . Edison filed his first patent application for `` Improvement In Electric Lights '' on 14 October 1878 . After many experiments , first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals , in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament . The first successful test was on 22 October 1879 , and lasted 13.5 hours . Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879 , filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using `` a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires . '' Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using `` cotton and linen thread , wood splints , papers coiled in various ways , '' Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours . In 1880 , the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer , Columbia , became the first application for Edison 's incandescent electric lamps ( it was also the first ship to use a dynamo ) .
Cotton-Eyed Joe
A 1967 instrumental version of the song ( KIKR k202 ) by Al Dean , who recalled the song called `` The Gingerbread Man '' in South Texas , inspired a new round dance polka for couples . This dance was adapted into a simplified version as a nonpartner waist - hold , spoke line routine . Heel and toe polka steps were replaced with a cross-lift followed by a kick with two - steps . The lift and kick are sometimes accompanied by shouts of `` whoops , whoops , '' or the barn yard term `` bull shit '' , mimicking the act of kicking off barnyard muck . The practice continues to this day . The Kickin ′ album included `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' by Dean . ( KIK - R : 10012 )
Automated teller machine
It is widely accepted that the first cash machine was put into use by Barclays Bank in its Enfield Town branch in North London , United Kingdom , on 27 June 1967 . This machine was inaugurated by English comedy actor Reg Varney . This instance of the invention is credited to the engineering team led by John Shepherd - Barron of printing firm De La Rue , who was awarded an OBE in the 2005 New Year Honours . Transactions were initiated by inserting paper cheques issued by a teller or cashier , marked with carbon - 14 for machine readability and security , which in a later model were matched with a six - digit personal identification number ( PIN ) . Shepherd - Barron stated ; `` It struck me there must be a way I could get my own money , anywhere in the world or the UK . I hit upon the idea of a chocolate bar dispenser , but replacing chocolate with cash . ''
Dow Jones Industrial Average
American Cotton Oil Company , a predecessor company to Bestfoods , now part of Unilever . American Sugar Company , became Domino Sugar in 1900 , now Domino Foods , Inc . American Tobacco Company , broken up in a 1911 antitrust action . Chicago Gas Company , bought by Peoples Gas Light in 1897 , now an operating subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group . Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company , now Millennium Chemicals , formerly a division of LyondellBasell , the latter of which recently emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy . Laclede Gas Company , still in operation as Spire Inc , removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1899 . National Lead Company , now NL Industries , removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916 . North American Company , an electric utility holding company , broken up by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) in 1946 . Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company in Birmingham , Alabama , bought by U.S. Steel in 1907 ; U.S. Steel was removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1991 . U.S. Leather Company , dissolved in 1952 . United States Rubber Company , changed its name to Uniroyal in 1961 , merged with private B.F. Goodrich in 1986 , bought by Michelin in 1990 .
Neon lighting
Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British scientists William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers . After obtaining pure neon from the atmosphere , they explored its properties using an `` electrical gas - discharge '' tube that was similar to the tubes used for neon signs today . Georges Claude , a French engineer and inventor , presented neon tube lighting in essentially its modern form at the Paris Motor Show from December 3 -- 18 , 1910 . Claude , sometimes called `` the Edison of France '' , had a near monopoly on the new technology , which became very popular for signage and displays in the period 1920 - 1940 . Neon lighting was an important cultural phenomenon in the United States in that era ; by 1940 , the downtowns of nearly every city in the US were bright with neon signage , and Times Square in New York City was known worldwide for its neon extravagances . There were 2000 shops nationwide designing and fabricating neon signs . The popularity , intricacy , and scale of neon signage for advertising declined in the U.S. following the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) , but development continued vigorously in Japan , Iran , and some other countries . In recent decades architects and artists , in addition to sign designers , have again adopted neon tube lighting as a component in their works .
History of Arkansas
During the Industrial Revolution , cotton prices boomed and white settlers clamored for the fertile lands around the Arkansas River inhabited by the Quapaw . Eventually the government forced the Quapaw to a reservation in Louisiana with the Caddo . Antoine Baroque led the Quapaw south in the winter of 1825 - 26 . They found the Caddo inhospitable because the Quapaw were viewed as invaders and when the Quapaw 's crop washed away twice due to flooding of the Red River , conditions got even worse . Combined with the overcrowding and lack of annuities promised to both tribes , the Quapaw were unhappy and followed chief Saracen back to their homeland along the Arkansas River . By 1830 , the entire tribe had returned to Arkansas , and despite Governor Pope and Indian agent Richard Hannon , the Quapaw were removed to a separate reservation in northeast Oklahoma in 1833 . Secretary Robert Crittenden was instrumental in acquiring the final removal .
Coffee
Through the efforts of the British East India Company , coffee became popular in England as well . Oxford 's Queen 's Lane Coffee House , established in 1654 , is still in existence today . Coffee was introduced in France in 1657 , and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 Battle of Vienna , when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks .
History of chemistry
Lavoisier worked with Claude Louis Berthollet and others to devise a system of chemical nomenclature which serves as the basis of the modern system of naming chemical compounds . In his Methods of Chemical Nomenclature ( 1787 ) , Lavoisier invented the system of naming and classification still largely in use today , including names such as sulfuric acid , sulfates , and sulfites . In 1785 , Berthollet was the first to introduce the use of chlorine gas as a commercial bleach . In the same year he first determined the elemental composition of the gas ammonia . Berthollet first produced a modern bleaching liquid in 1789 by passing chlorine gas through a solution of sodium carbonate - the result was a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite . Another strong chlorine oxidant and bleach which he investigated and was the first to produce , potassium chlorate ( KClO ) , is known as Berthollet 's Salt . Berthollet is also known for his scientific contributions to theory of chemical equilibria via the mechanism of reverse chemical reactions . Traité
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Although perhaps not as prolific as other areas of Greece in regards to technological innovations , there are some inventions that may have originated in Macedonia aside from siege engines and artillery . The rotary - operated olive press for producing olive oil may have been invented in ancient Macedonia or another part of Greece , or even as far east as the Levant or Anatolia . Mold - pressed glass first appeared in Macedonia in the 4th century BC ( although it could have simultaneously existed in the Achaemenid Empire ) ; the first known clear , translucent glass pieces of the Greek world have been discovered in Macedonia and Rhodes and date to the second half of the 4th century BC . Greek technical and scientific literature began with Classical Athens in the 5th century BC , while the major production centers for technical innovation and texts during the Hellenistic period were Alexandria , Rhodes , and Pergamon .
Mother Box
Mother Box Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance The Forever People # 1 ( March 1971 ) Created by Jack Kirby In story information Type Computer , Technology Element of stories featuring New Gods
Teletubbies
Teletubbies Created by Anne Wood Andrew Davenport Developed by Ragdoll Productions Darrall Macqueen Ltd Starring Original series : Dave Thompson Simon Shelton John Simmit Nikky Smedley Pui Fan Lee Revival series : Nick Kellington Rebecca Hyland Jeremiah Krage Rachelle Beinart Voices of Original series : Toyah Willcox Eric Sykes Mark Heenehan Revival series : Jane Horrocks Jim Broadbent Fearne Cotton David Walliams Rochelle Humes Narrated by Tim Whitnall Daniel Rigby Opening theme `` Teletubbies say ' Eh - oh ! ' '' Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 425 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David G. Hiller Vic Finch Location ( s ) Stratford - upon - Avon , Warwickshire Running time 25 minutes Distributor Pinewood Studios DHX Media Viacom International Release Original network CBeebies Picture format 480i ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1080i ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Original release Original series : 31 March 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 31 ) -- 16 February 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 16 ) Revival series : 9 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) -- present External links Website www.teletubbies.com
Flag of the United States
Chinese now refer to the United States as simplified Chinese : 美国 ; traditional Chinese : 美國 ; pinyin : Měiguó . Měi is short for Měilìjiān ( simplified Chinese : 美利坚 ; traditional Chinese : 美利堅 , phono - semantic matching of `` American '' ) and `` guó '' means `` country '' , so this name is unrelated to the flag . However , the `` flower flag '' terminology persists in some places today : for example , American Ginseng is called flower flag ginseng ( simplified Chinese : 花旗 参 ; traditional Chinese : 花旗 參 ) in Chinese , and Citibank , which opened a branch in China in 1902 , is known as Flower Flag Bank ( 花旗 银行 ) .
Abner Doubleday
Although Doubleday achieved minor fame as a competent combat general with experience in many important Civil War battles , he is more widely known as the supposed inventor of the game of baseball , in Elihu Phinney 's cow pasture in Cooperstown , New York , in 1839 .
United States one-dollar bill
Since 1933 , the one - dollar bill has been the exclusive experimental denomination among circulating US currency ; however , an exception was made in August 1981 for several Richmond $10 notes produced on Natick test paper . The first experiment was conducted in January and February of that year to assess the effects of using different ratios of cotton to linen in the make - up of the bills . Series 1928A and 1928B $1 silver certificates with serial number block letters X-B and Y-B were used as the experimental group ; the Z-B block was used as the control group . The results of the experiment were inconclusive .