vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Collection - Astronaut Photography
Lake Skadar, Montenegro and Albania
The largest lake on the Balkan Peninsula is colored by sediments eroded from the surrounding highlands.
Published May 31, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Land
Water

Image

Budapest at Night
Divided by the Danube River, the city is actually a unification of three different older communities.
Published May 24, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Human Presence

Image

Popcorn Clouds over Rio de Janeiro
Clouds formed over rural areas and the cities but are noticeably absent above Guanabara Bay and the ocean due to the mechanisms of cloud formation.
Published May 17, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Atmosphere
Land
Water

Image

Patagonian Dust Streamers
Dust storms are common in the region, and sometimes bear resemblance to weather events on Mars.
Published May 10, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Land

Image

Wide-Eyed Over Mexico
An ISS astronaut using a short camera lens captured almost all of Mexico in one shot.
Published May 3, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Atmosphere
Land

Article

Tournament Earth - Best of EO
After five rounds and 56,000 votes, the readers have chosen their favorite. We have a Tournament Earth 2020 champion.
Published Apr 28, 2020
 

Human Presence
Remote Sensing

Image

Great Lakes Without Winter Ice
From late February to early March in most years, the winter cold freezes much of the surface area of the lakes. But not so much in 2020.
Published Apr 24, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Land
Water
Unique Imagery

Image

Rolling Through the Appalachians
The Susquehanna River cuts through the folds of the Valley-and-Ridge province of the mountain chain.
Published Apr 12, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Land
Human Presence

Image

Ni’ihau
Despite sporadic rainfall, the island is the occasional home of two of the larger bodies of water in Hawaii.
Published Apr 5, 2020
 

Image of the Day
Land

Image

Sunlit Peaks in the Himalayas
Areas of Achievement | Science and Technology
IEEE Photonics Distinguished Lecturer Award 2019-2020This award is "designed to honor excellent speakers who have made technical, industrial or entrepreneurial contributions to the field of photonics and to enhance the technical programs of the IEEE Photonics Society Chapters."

2019
John Reager

Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and EngineersThe PECASE is the highest honor bestowed by the United States Government to outstanding scientists and engineers who are beginning their independent research careers and who show exceptional promise for leadership in science and technology.

2019
Jonathan Sauder

Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and EngineersThe PECASE is the highest honor bestowed by the United States Government to outstanding scientists and engineers who are beginning their independent research careers and who show exceptional promise for leadership in science and technology.

2019

Benedikt Soja

EGU Geodesy Division's Outstanding Early Career Scientist AwardAwarded for "for original research and contributions to the fields of very long baseline interferometry and terrestrial reference frames."

2019
Michael W. Werner
American Astronautical Society Carl Sagan Memorial AwardAwarded "for scientific leadership of the Spitzer Space Telescope, which has fundamentally changed our understanding of the Universe through infrared observations of the Universe from the Solar System to the most distant galaxies."

2019
Edward C. Stone
The Shaw Prize in AstronomyAwarded for "for his leadership in the Voyager project, which has, over the past four decades, transformed our understanding of the four giant planets and the outer solar system, and has now begun to explore interstellar space."

2018
ASO Mission
San Joaquin River Restoration Program John W. Keys, III AwardsRecipients were "recognized for their joint efforts at implementing new, 21st Century runoff forecasting tools for the San Joaquin Watershed."

2018
ASTERIA Mission
Small Satellite Technical Committee of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Small Satellite Mission of the Year AwardThe award is given to a mission that has "demonstrated a significant improvement in the capability of small satellites."

2018
Leon Alkalai
International Academy of Astronautics Engineering Sciences AwardAwarded annually for "outstanding achievement in engineering science."

2018
Josette Bellan
The 2023-24 Budget: Overview of the Spending Plan (Final Version)
The remaining $1 billion in 2023‑24 ($11.1 billion through 2026‑27) will be deposited in a special fund and used for various health‑related augmentations, most of which will be decided as part of next year’s budget process.
Higher Education
State Increases Base Funding for Universities’ Core Operations. The 2023‑24 budget includes a total of $443 million to provide 5 percent unrestricted General Fund base augmentations to the University of California (UC) and the California State University (CSU). The universities may use their base augmentations to cover any operating cost increases, including increases in employee salary and benefit costs. Provisional language requires the universities to report to the Legislature by December 31, 2024 on how they specifically used these funds. In addition to unrestricted base increases, both UC and CSU receive augmentations for their student basic needs, rapid rehousing, and student mental health programs, as well as their support programs for students with disabilities. 
State Sets Resident Undergraduate Enrollment Targets for UC and CSU. The state expects both UC and CSU to enroll more resident undergraduate students in 2023‑24. Specifically, UC is to increase resident undergraduate enrollment by 7,800 full‑time equivalent (FTE) students (4 percent) over its 2021‑22 level. CSU is to increase resident undergraduate enrollment by 4,057 (FTE) students (1.2 percent) over its 2022‑23 level. (With this budgeted growth, CSU would remain below its 2020‑21 peak resident undergraduate enrollment level.) Provisional budget language authorizes the administration to reduce funding for UC or CSU if it enrolls fewer students than expected. Funding would be reduced at the 2023‑24 state marginal cost rates of $11,640 per UC student and $10,070 per CSU student. Provisional language also sets enrollment expectations for the universities for each of the next few years, with UC expected to grow 1.4 percent annually and CSU expected to grow 3 percent annually. 
Budget Converts Many Higher Education Capital Projects From Cash to Debt Financing.
Accessibility - My HealtheVet - My HealtheVet
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AccessibilityThe U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is committed to providing access to our web pages for individuals with disabilities, both members of the public and Federal employees. To meet this commitment, we will comply with the requirements of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act. Section 508 requires that individuals with disabilities, who are members of the public seeking information or services from us, have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to that provided to the public who are not individuals with disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on us. Section 508 also requires us to ensure that Federal employees with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access to and use of information and data by Federal employees who are not individuals with disabilities, unless an undue burden would be imposed on us. (To learn more about the regulations governing the accessibility of Federal electronic information, please read the Background on Section 508).If you use assistive technology (such as a Braille reader, a screen reader, TTY, etc.) and the format of any material on our web sites interferes with your ability to access the information, please contact us for assistance.To enable us to respond in a manner most helpful to you, please indicate the nature of your accessibility problem, the preferred format in which to receive the material, the web address of the requested material, and your contact information. You can reach us through the Contact My HealtheVet page.If you have questions about accessibility, please, visit VA Section 508 Website.Updated May 11, 2020

 

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Office of the Inspector General | Office of Personnel Management
Inspector General

Protecting the integrity of OPM services and programs through independent and objective oversight.

About Us

 

Open Recommendations

Dashboard

Check the status of OPM OIG's open recommendations with our new interactive tool.

Learn More

 

Report

Fraud, Waste, or Abuse

Assist the Inspector General in combating fraud, waste, and abuse by reporting concerns through our hotline.

Hotline

 

Protecting

The Trust Funds

For Fiscal Year 2023, OIG auditors recommended that $54,669,666 be returned to the OPM trust funds, and OIG investigations resulted in the recovery of $5,657,902.

 

Protecting

The Public

The OIG’s work in Fiscal Year 2020 resulted in 49 arrests, 47 indictments, and 37 convictions, as well as the issuance of 776 administrative sanctions against health care providers to prevent them from participating in the FEHB Program.

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Office of the Inspector General

 

 

 

The Inspector General Act of 1978 gave the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) the authority to accept complaints from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) employees, contractors, and the public concerning criminal activity, fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement of OPM programs and operations.
The OIG Hotline is a component of the OIG’s Office of Investigations, which oversees the hotline through which complaints and information are received. The OIG Hotline staff reviews and processes complaints that may or may not result in an investigation, audit, or inspection performed by the OIG or administrative action by an Operating Program Division of OPM.
As a result, the OIG Hotline helps ensure the proper and efficient use of taxpayer dollars for the American people.

 

 

Items of Interest
Special Fraud Alert: Scammers Using Discontinued Employee Express Customer Service Phone Number
Check the status of the OPM OIG’s open recommendations with our new interactive tool.
Audit of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management's Implementation of the Postal Service Health Benefits Program: Project Management
Audit of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management's Implementation of the Postal Service Health Benefits Program: Carrier Connect Authorization to Operate
Judicial Council Members - judicial_council
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Council members are volunteers and do not receive additional compensation for their service. Most members are appointed by the Chief Justice, who serves as Chair of the Council, or by the State Bar Board of Trustees. Legislative representatives and advisory members also serve. 

Most members serve three year terms and each year about a third of the membership rotates off and a new group is sworn in. See Judicial Council Governance Policies for details about membership. 

Chair

Hon. Patricia Guerrero
	Chief Justice of California 

Supreme Court

Hon. Carol A. Corrigan
	Associate Justice of the Supreme Court

Courts of Appeal

Hon. Carin T. Fujisaki
	Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal
	First Appellate District, Division Three

Hon. Brad R. Hill
	Administrative Presiding Justice of the
	Court of Appeal, Fifth Appellate District

Trial Courts

Hon. Maria Lucy Armendariz
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of Los Angeles
Hon. C. Todd Bottke
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of Tehama
Hon. Kyle S. Brodie
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of San Bernardino

Hon. Jonathan B. Conklin
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of Fresno

Hon. Michelle Williams Court
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of Los Angeles
Hon. Charles S. Crompton
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of San Francisco
Hon. Samuel K. Feng
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of San Francisco
Hon. Maureen F. Hallahan
	Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of San Diego

Hon. Ann C. Moorman
	Judge of the Superior Court of California,
	County of Mendocino

Legislature

Hon. Brian Maienschein 
	Member of the California State Assembly

Hon. Thomas J. Umberg
	Member of the California State Senate

State Bar

Mr. David D. Fu
	Attorney at Law
Ms. Rachel W. Hill
	Attorney at Law

Ms. Gretchen Nelson
	Attorney at Law
Audio and Ringtones - NASA
Rover background sounds have been removed. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/CNES/CNRS/ISAE-Supaero

First Acoustic Recording of Laser Shots on Mars

This is the first acoustic recording of laser impacts on a rock target on Mars from March 2, 2021, the 12th sol (Martian day) from Perseverance’s SuperCam instrument. The sounds of 30 impacts are heard, some slightly louder than others. Variations in the intensity of the zapping sounds will provide information on the physical structure of the targets, such as its relative hardness or the presence of weathering coatings. The target, Máaz (“Mars” in Navajo), was about 10 feet (3.1 m) away. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/CNES/CNRS/ISAE-Supaero

NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter in Flight 

For the first time, a spacecraft on another planet has recorded the sounds of a separate spacecraft. NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover used its SuperCam microphone to listen to the Ingenuity helicopter on April 30, 2021 as it flew on Mars for the fourth time.With Perseverance parked 262 feet (80 meters) from the helicopter’s takeoff and landing spot, the mission wasn’t sure if the microphone would pick up any sound of the flight. Even during flight when the helicopter’s blades are spinning at 2,537 rpm, the sound is greatly muffled by the thin Martian atmosphere. It is further obscured by Martian wind gusts during the initial moments of the flight. Listen closely, though, and the helicopter’s hum can be heard faintly above the sound of those winds.Scientists made the audio, which is recorded in mono, easier to hear by isolating the 84 hertz helicopter blade sound, reducing the frequencies below 80 hertz and above 90 hertz, and increasing the volume of the remaining signal. Some frequencies were clipped to bring out the helicopter’s humCredit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/CNES/CNRS/ISAE-Supaéro

NASA’s Perseverance Records a Martian Dust Devil
2001 Budget Analysis: P&I, Part 5b
2001 Budget Analysis: P&I, Part 5b

Analysis of the 2001-02 Budget Bill
Legislative Analyst's Office
 February 2001

V
Major Issues Facing the Legislature
Academic Preparation for Higher 
 Education

How Can the State Better Prepare Students for College?

 

Summary
According to university officials, approximately one-third of freshmen at the University of
California (UC) and more than two-thirds of freshmen at the California State University (CSU)
arrive "unprepared" for college-level reading, writing, or mathematics.
Assessing Better. Many students who fail college placement exams typically spend a portion of
their first year of college completing precollegiate courses. We recommend UC, CSU, and
Calfornia Community Colleges (CCC):
Work with high schools to develop methods to diagnose earlier whether students are ready for
college-level studies.
Consider aligning skills assessments with existing exams.
Ensuring Progress. The UC, CSU, and CCC do not assess whether students who must take
precollegiate courses actually obtain the necessary skills to succeed in college. They also do not
measure the effectiveness of services employed to help students overcome their skill deficiencies.
We recommend UC, CSU, and CCC assess and report on the level of preparedness of all
entering students and the effectiveness of programs to help them prepare for college-level
studies.
Funding Precollegiate Education. Currently, the state provides UC, CSU, and CCC with very
different levels of support for their precollegiate courses. We recommend the state fund
precollegiate courses consistently across the segments.

Introduction
The Master Plan for Higher Education envisioned a California university system that would be renowned for providing
high-quality education to the most academically distinguished high school graduates in the state. The Master Plan entrusted the
community colleges with providing courses for students who were not yet prepared for college-level courses as well as
lower-division college courses. The Master Plan states:
"The quality of an institution and that of a system of higher education are determined to a considerable extent by the abilities of those
The 2020-21 Spending Plan — Other Provisions
154,000

1,811,850

3

California Conservation Corps

61,582

69,932

1

Parks and Recreation

31,091

54,948

11

Judicial Branch

25,056

350,822

2

Forestry and Fire Protection

8,672

51,027

3

Developmental Services

1,555

12,815

2

Office of Emergency Services

979

24,396

1

Totals

$1,972,222

$7,417,435

123

In total, 12 departments had at least one capital outlay project approved in 2020-21. Projects in three departments received nearly two-thirds of the capital outlay funds approved: California State University ($509 million), University of California ($437 million), and Department of Veterans Affairs ($335 million). The individual project receiving the most funding in 2020-21 is Department of Veterans Affairs’ Skilled Nursing Facility at the Veterans Home of California-Yountville ($317 million for the design-build phase). Some other individual capital outlay projects are discussed in more detail in the other 2020-21 Spending Plan posts.
Capital outlay projects are funded through a variety of different fund sources, including the General Fund, special funds, bonds, and federal funds. Some projects have multiple fund sources, depending on the project phase. For example, California Department of Correction and Rehabilitation’s 50-Bed Mental Health Crisis Facility for the California Institution for Men will be funded by the General Fund for design and lease revenue bonds for construction. (These lease revenue bonds will be paid from the General Fund over time.) Common fund sources for these projects (including out-year costs) include the 2016 California Community College Capital Outlay Bond Fund, which comes from general obligation bonds passed in Proposition 51 (40 projects); General Fund (28 projects); and University of California revenue bonds (19 projects).
We note that not all state capital outlay projects are approved by the Legislature in the annual budget act and, therefore, are not included in our totals.
Health Care Coverage Options for Unemployed | HealthCare.gov
Generally, the amount of your income from a retirement account distribution depends on the type of retirement account, how much you contributed to it, and whether you were already taxed on the amount you contributed.Withdrawals from a traditional IRA or SEP-IRA generally count as income. (If you made only tax-deductible contributions, all of it is considered income. If you made non-deductible contributions, see IRS Form 8606 (PDF).Roth IRAs are different. Qualified withdrawals from a Roth IRA are not considered income. For more information, see IRS Publication 590.Withdrawals from a 401k plan are generally counted as income (your pre-tax contributions, an employerâs matching contributions, as well as earnings, are included in income). But qualified distributions from a designated Roth account in a 401(k) plan are not considered income. For more information, see IRS Publication 575.If Iâm unemployed in 2018, do I have to pay the fee for not having coverage?Like other Americans, you must have qualifying health coverageAny health insurance that meets the Affordable Care Act requirement for coverage. The fee for not having health insurance no longer applies. This means you no longer pay a tax penalty for not having health coverage.Refer to glossary for more details. or pay a feeA payment ("penalty," "fine," "individual mandate") you made when you filed federal taxes if you didn't have health insurance that counted as qualifying health coverage for plan years 2018 and earlier. The fee for not having health insurance no longer applies. This means you no longer pay a tax penalty for not having health coverage.Refer to glossary for more details. for plan years 2018 and earlier. This is true regardless of your employment status.There are several exemptions from the fee that may apply to people who have no income or very low incomes. See the full list of exemptions for 2018. If you have an exemption, you donât need to pay the fee for being uncovered when you file 2018 taxes in the spring. Note: Starting with the 2019 plan year (for which youâll file taxes in April 2020), the fee no longer applies.
Taxpayer Bill of Rights | Internal Revenue Service
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Taxpayer Bill of Rights

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Each and every taxpayer has a set of fundamental rights they should be aware of when dealing with the IRS. Explore your rights and our obligations to protect them.
The Right to Be InformedThe Right to Quality ServiceThe Right to Pay No More than the Correct Amount of TaxThe Right to Challenge the IRS’s Position and Be HeardThe Right to Appeal an IRS Decision in an Independent ForumThe Right to FinalityThe Right to PrivacyThe Right to ConfidentialityThe Right to Retain RepresentationThe Right to a Fair and Just Tax System

The Right to Be Informed
Taxpayers have the right to know what they need to do to comply with the tax laws. They are entitled to clear explanations of the laws and IRS procedures in all tax forms, instructions, publications, notices, and correspondence. They have the right to be informed of IRS decisions about their tax accounts and to receive clear explanations of the outcomes.
Learn more about your right to be informed.

The Right to Quality Service
Taxpayers have the right to receive prompt, courteous, and professional assistance in their dealings with the IRS, to be spoken to in a way they can easily understand, to receive clear and easily understandable communications from the IRS, and to speak to a supervisor about inadequate service.
Learn more about your right to quality service.

The Right to Pay No More than the Correct Amount of Tax
Taxpayers have the right to pay only the amount of tax legally due, including interest and penalties, and to have the IRS apply all tax payments properly.
Learn more about your right to pay no more than the correct amount of tax.

The Right to Challenge the IRS’s Position and Be Heard