vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
NASA Heliophysics - NASA Science
This composite image shows the sun in extreme ultraviolet wavelengths about once a year over the course of a complete solar cycle.ESA / NASA / SOHOSpace WeatherThough space is about a thousand times emptier than even the best laboratory vacuums on Earth, it’s not completely devoid of matter.The sun’s constant outflow of solar wind fills space with a thin and tenuous wash of particles, fields, and plasma. This solar wind, along with other solar events like giant explosions called coronal mass ejections, influences the very nature of space and can interact with the magnetic systems of Earth and other worlds. Such effects also change the radiation environment through which our spacecraft – and, one day, our astronauts headed to Mars – travel. Read MoreAn artist's illustration of events on the sun changing the conditions in Near-Earth space.NASAMagnetospheresA magnetosphere is the region around a planet dominated by the planet's magnetic field.Other planets in our solar system have magnetospheres, but Earth has the strongest one of all the rocky planets: Earth's magnetosphere is a vast, comet-shaped bubble, which has played a crucial role in our planet's habitability. Life on Earth initially developed and continues to be sustained under the protection of this magnetic environment.Read MoreEarth is surrounded by a giant magnetic bubble called the magnetosphere, which is is part of a dynamic, interconnected system that responds to solar, planetary, and interstellar conditions.NASAIonosphere, Thermosphere and MesosphereNASA’s heliophysics researches the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere region where our neutral atmosphere transitions into the ionized plasma of space.In this thin shell that surrounds our home planet, the atmosphere is in constant motion, shaped by the influence of both solar activity and changes in the lower atmosphere and in near-Earth space.
Education News & Blogs – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Desktop More Pi Resources Article How Many Decimals of Pi Do We Really Need? While you may have memorized more than 70,000 digits of pi, world record holders, a JPL engineer explains why you really only need a tiny fraction of that for most calculations. Article 18 Ways NASA Uses Pi Whether it's sending spacecraft to other planets, driving rovers on Mars, finding out what planets are made of or how deep alien oceans are, pi takes us far at NASA. Find out how pi helps us explore space. Article 10 Ways to Celebrate Pi Day With NASA on March 14 Find out what makes pi so special, how it’s used to explore space, and how you can join the celebration with resources from NASA. Infographic Planet Pi This poster shows some of the ways NASA scientists and engineers use the mathematical constant pi (3.14) and includes common pi formulas. Article 18 Maneras en Que la NASA Usa Pi Pi nos lleva lejos en la NASA. Estas son solo algunas de las formas en que pi nos ayuda a explorar el espacio. Related Lessons for Educators Lesson Collisions in Space Students predict and observe what happens when two objects collide to model collisions in space. Grades K-4 Time 30 min to 1 hour Lesson Moon Phases Students learn about the phases of the moon by acting them out. Grades 1-6 Time 30 min to 1 hour Lesson Modeling an Asteroid Lead a discussion about asteroids and their physical properties, then have students mold their own asteroids out of clay. Grades 3-5 Time 30 min to 1 hour Lesson Math Rocks: A Lesson in Asteroid Dynamics Students use math to investigate a real-life asteroid impact. Grades 8-12 Time 30 min to 1 hour Lesson Modeling Crustal Folds Students use playdough to model how Earth’s crust is bent and folded by tectonic plates over geologic time. Grades 6-12 Time 30 min to 1 hour Lesson Making Topographic Maps Students draw and interpret topographic maps while learning about technology used to map Earth's surface, the seafloor, and other worlds. Grades 6-12 Time 30 min to 1 hour Lesson Code a Radio Message for Space Students code microcontrollers to send and receive radio signals, simulating communications between Earth and spacecraft.
Missions - NASA Science
In its first mission, from 2009 to 2013, Kepler monitored more than 150,000 stars, watching for tiny dips in starlight as planets crossed in front of their stars. The first mission ended in 2013 when technical problems caused the spacecraft to lose much of its pointing ability. In 2014, it began its second mission, dubbed K2, and continued discovering exoplanets despite its diminished directional capability. Decommissioned in 2018, Kepler remains credited with discovering the most exoplanets of any mission so far – more than 2,600. Researchers are still finding planets in Kepler’s data and will continue to for years.Artist's rendering of NASA's Kepler Space Telescope.NASASpitzerArtist's rendering of the Spitzer Space Telescope.NASA/JPL-CaltechSpitzer probed the heavens in the infrared portion of the spectrum, capturing images of newborn stars nestled inside thick clouds of dust along with millions of other images. The space telescope was retired in 2020 – although, like Kepler, the data it gathered will be mined by scientists for years to come, likely yielding a continuing stream of discovery.A 2008 image of the star-forming region, Rho Ophiuchi, as captured by the Spitzer Space Telescope.NASA/JPL-Caltech/Harvard-Smithsonian CfAOne of NASA's four Great Observatories, a distinction it shares with Hubble, Chandra and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Spitzer proved a powerful contributor to the hunt for exoplanets and analysis of their atmospheres. Among its most celebrated work is the detection of seven planets roughly the size of Earth orbiting a star called TRAPPIST-1; Spitzer was able to determine both the masses and densities of these worlds. It ended its 16-year observing run in January 2020.This is the animated storybook tale of the Spitzer spacecraft and its exploits as part of the space telescope superteam known as NASA’s Great Observatories, which also includes Hubble, Chandra and Compton. With its special power to see infrared light, Spitzer revealed a whole side of the universe that had been hidden from our view.NASA/JPL-CaltechTaking the baton: TESSThe Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) picked up where Kepler and K2 left off, again conducting a grand survey of the sky.
Webb Cracks Case of Inflated Exoplanet - NASA Science
“The Webb data tells us that planets like WASP-107 b didn’t have to form in some odd way with a super small core and a huge gassy envelope,” explained Mike Line from ASU. “Instead, we can take something more like Neptune, with a lot of rock and not as much gas, just dial up the temperature, and poof it up to look the way it does.”The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).DownloadsRight click any image to open (or save) a larger version in a new tab/window via the browser's popup menu.View/Download full resolution images for this article from the Space Telescope Science Institute.Research Paper: "A high internal heat flux and large core in a warm Neptune exoplanet" by L. Welbanks, et al.Research Paper: "A warm Neptune’s methane reveals core mass and vigorous atmospheric mixing" by D. Sing, et al.Media ContactsLaura Betz - laura.e.betz@nasa.gov, Rob Gutro - rob.gutro@nasa.govNASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.Margaret Carruthers mcarruthers@stsci.edu, Christine Pulliam - cpulliam@stsci.eduSpace Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Md.Related InformationWhat is an Exoplanet?VIDEO: How do we learn about a planet's Atmosphere?Webb's Impact on Exoplanet
NASA’s Compact Infrared Cameras Enable New Science - NASA
Engineer Murzy Jhabvala led the initial sensor development at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, as well as leading today’s filter integration efforts.
Jhabvala also led the Compact Thermal Imager experiment on the International Space Station that demonstrated how the new sensor technology could survive in space while proving a major success for Earth science. More than 15 million images captured in two infrared bands earned inventors, Jhabvala, and NASA Goddard colleagues Don Jennings and Compton Tucker an agency Invention of the Year award for 2021.

The Compact Thermal Imager captured unusually severe fires in Australia from its perch on the International Space Station in 2019 and 2020. With its high resolution, detected the shape and location of fire fronts and how far they were from settled areas — information critically important to first responders.

Credit: NASA

Data from the test provided detailed information about wildfires, better understanding of the vertical structure of Earth’s clouds and atmosphere, and captured an updraft caused by wind lifting off Earth’s land features called a gravity wave.
The groundbreaking infrared sensors use layers of repeating molecular structures to interact with individual photons, or units of light. The sensors resolve more wavelengths of infrared at a higher resolution: 260 feet (80 meters) per pixel from orbit compared to 1,000 to 3,000 feet (375 to 1,000 meters) possible with current thermal cameras.
The success of these heat-measuring cameras has drawn investments from NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO), Small Business Innovation and Research, and other programs to further customize their reach and applications.
Jhabvala and NASA’s Advanced Land Imaging Thermal IR Sensor (ALTIRS) team are developing a six-band version for this year’s LiDAR, Hyperspectral, & Thermal Imager (G-LiHT) airborne project. This first-of-its-kind camera will measure surface heat and enable pollution monitoring and fire observations at high frame rates, he said.
NASA Goddard Earth scientist Doug Morton leads an ESTO project developing a Compact Fire Imager for wildfire detection and prediction.
“We’re not going to see fewer fires, so we’re trying to understand how fires release energy over their life cycle,” Morton said.
2001 Budget Analysis:State Land Comission
Budget Projects $42 Million Reserve for 2001-02. Since 1996, land sales have added another $15.8 million to the fund, while the fund has earned an additional
$5.2 million in interest. However, at the time this analysis was prepared, SLC still had expended almost no money from SLBF for new investments. (The SLC
has expended less than $100,000 from the fund for its operating costs.) As shown in Figure 1 (see next page), the fund is expected to have a reserve of
$42 million at the end of 2001-02. This is almost triple the fund balance when the Legislature last examined the issue in 1996.
Legislative Intent Not Fulfilled. In enacting the School Land Bank Act in 1984, the Legislature expressed concern over a "significant depletion" of school
lands, and stated its intent that all remaining school lands be "managed and enhanced" as a revenue-generating resource for STRF. The legislative goal of the
program was to ensure that revenues from the sale of school lands would be reinvested in other land holdings that generate lease revenues for STRF.
Maintaining a large fund balance for multiple years, however, does not achieve that goal.
Fund Balance Should Be Transferred to STRF. In view of SLC's inaction in purchasing new school lands with SLBF monies, as well as the significant
reserve that continues to accumulate in the fund, we believe the Legislature should take action to ensure that its intent is fulfilled. 
 
Specifically, we recommend that the balance of SLBF be transferred to STRF. In this way, the ultimate beneficiary of school lands proceeds—the State Teachers'
Retirement System (STRS)—could invest those funds directly for the benefit of teachers.
We note that STRS has a significant portfolio and the staff expertise and organizational structure for identifying investment opportunities and managing the
investments more efficiently than SLC. We also note that, under this recommendation, SLC would continue to manage existing school lands, and lease
revenues from those lands would continue to be deposited in STRF.

Return to Resources Table of Contents,
2001-02 Budget Analysis
Aviary: A New NASA Software Platform for Aircraft Modelling - NASA
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4 min readAviary: A New NASA Software Platform for Aircraft ModellingJohn GouldAeronautics Research Mission DirectorateMay 17, 2024 Article

Contents

Building Aviary from a Legacy

Expanded Capabilities

Christopher Bennett, left, and Jason Kirk are seen in an Aeronautics Systems Analysis Branch laboratory at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Virginia, discussing computer code that is part of Aviary, a new digital modeling tool that helps engineers innovate new aircraft designs. 

NASA has created a new digital modelling tool for aeronautical engineers to innovate new aircraft designs, building on decades of experience using highly advanced computer code for aviation.
Using this tool, researchers can create simulations of conceptual aircraft featuring never-flown technology and receive detailed data about how it would work.
Named “Aviary” for enclosures where birds are kept and studied, the tool creates virtual models of airplanes based on information provided by the user. In this analogy, Aviary is the enclosure, and the birds are the virtual airplane models.
Researchers can input information about an aircraft’s shape, range, and other characteristics. Then, Aviary creates a corresponding digital model of that airplane.

 

“Aviary is flexible enough that you can decide what you want to learn more about, then configure it to teach you.”

Jennifer Gratz
Aviary Task Lead

Aviary is a significant leap in progress. Unlike past aviation modelling tools, Aviary can link with other codes and programs to expand and customize its capabilities.
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DHS: DHS Announces Nearly $970 Million in Preparedness Grant Final Allocations
DHS: DHS Announces Nearly $970 Million in Preparedness Grant Final Allocations

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The threat level in the airline sector is High or Orange. Read more.

DHS Announces Nearly $970 Million in Preparedness Grant Final Allocations

Release Date: April 8, 2009

For Immediate Release
Office of the Press Secretary
Contact: 202-282-8010
FY 2009 Preparedness Grants (PDF, 22 pages - 149 KB)
FY 2009 Preparedness Grants (TXT)
The Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency announced today final allocations for Fiscal Year (FY) 2009 Preparedness Grants for 10 federal grant programs, totaling nearly $970 million in federal funding to assist state, local and tribal governments and private industry in strengthening community preparedness.  Awards will be made on a rolling basis over the summer.  From 2003 through 2009, more than $26.7 billion will have been provided to strengthen our nation’s ability to prevent, protect, respond and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters or other emergencies.
“Today’s grant allocations provide more transparency and openness than ever before, as stakeholder feedback drove significant improvements in the grant guidance and peer review process, increasing the value of what states get with their dollars,” said Homeland Secretary Janet Napolitano.  “As we continue to expand our state, local, tribal and private sector partnerships, our combined efforts will improve and hone our grant programs – which helps us strengthen and protect individual communities and the entire nation.”
Seven years of homeland security investments have established the foundation for future preparedness initiatives from the initial start-up years, building baseline capabilities in the states and increasing cross-border and regional preparedness.  The FY 2009 Preparedness Grants underline this effort by focusing on improving strategic planning and preparedness and measuring performance.
FAQs • Development Services - Magee Ranch Development Page
How much traffic would the project generate?

The traffic analysis studied the project’s potential impact using a methodology that allows the Town to distinguish between current traffic conditions from the project’s contribution to an existing traffic baseline.   Under law, a project is only required to mitigate its own impacts to the baseline rather than to fix all existing problems.   The analysis concluded that the project would increase the daily traffic volume along the Diablo Road corridor, west of Mt. Diablo Scenic, by 4-percent.  The project would also be required to contribute its fair share of future road improvements.As a contribution toward improving the travel corridor, the project applicant has agreed to improve the intersection of Diablo/Green Valley/McCauley intersection by extending the westbound right-turn and through lanes.  This would increase the number of cars that can move through one traffic signal cycle and decrease the overall wait time, improving the operation of the intersection. It is also worth noting that the methodology used in the traffic analysis has been upheld by the both the Contra Costa County Superior Court (2013) and the California Court of Appeal (2015).  {Internal Note: these will be linked to documents} 

11.
Were impacts to cyclists considered?

Yes, the traffic study performed an analysis of bicycle safety using a nationally recognized method established by the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010).  The analysis concludes that a proposed development of 69 homes has a negligible impact on bicycle safety. It is also worth noting that the proposed project would enable the Town to implement a long-term vision to build a paved multi-purpose path across this property as alternative to Diablo Road.    

12.
Would the project cause downstream flooding and erosion?

The hydrologic analysis that was prepared for the project and described in detail within Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR) concluded that the project would mitigate potential hydrologic impacts related to increases in peak flow rates by installing a detention basin that would maintain post-project peak flows at pre-project levels. As a result, the project would not result in an increase in peak flows in the creek. 

13.
Would the development impair the ability for police and fire to respond?

The Draft EIR includes an analysis of the proposed development’s potential impact on public services, including police and fire.
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