vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
STEM Lessons for Educators – NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
In this illustrated math problem, students use the mathematical constant pi to calculate how far the TESS spacecraft travels as it sends data to Earth.
	TAGS:

	MathematicsGrades 6 - 12Number and Operations

Problem Set
In this illustrated problem set, students use pi to detect frost in lunar craters, determine the density of Mars' liquid core, calculate the powered output from a dam, and find out how far a spacecraft travels as it returns data to Earth.

Problem Set
Pi in the Sky 9

Problem Set

Pi in the Sky 9

In this illustrated problem set, students use pi to detect frost in lunar craters, determine the density of Mars' liquid core, calculate the powered output from a dam, and find out how far a spacecraft travels as it returns data to Earth.
	TAGS:

	MathematicsGrades 6 - 12Number and Operations

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 Tiyan, GU Weather Forecast Office NWS Forecast Office - Tiyan, Guam Weather.gov > Tiyan, GU 
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Discovery Alert: Watch the Synchronized Dance of a 6-Planet System – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System
Key facts: A star smaller and cooler than our Sun hosts a truly strange family of planets: six “sub-Neptunes” – possibly smaller versions of our own Neptune – moving in a cyclic rhythm. This orbital waltz repeats itself so precisely it can be readily set to music.

The latest

Discovery Alert: Earth-sized Planet Has a 'Lava Hemisphere'

Discovery Alert: With Six New Worlds, 5,500 Discovery Milestone Passed!

Details: While multi-planet systems are common in our galaxy, those in a tight gravitational formation known as “resonance” are observed by astronomers far less often. In this case, the planet closest to the star makes three orbits for every two of the next planet out – called a 3/2 resonance – a pattern that is repeated among the four closest planets.
Among the outermost planets, a pattern of four orbits for every three of the next planet out (a 4/3 resonance) is repeated twice. And these resonant orbits are rock-solid: The planets likely have been performing this same rhythmic dance since the system formed billions of years ago. Such reliable stability means this system has not suffered the shocks and shakeups scientists might typically expect in the early days of planet formation – smash-ups and collisions, mergers and breakups as planets jockey for position. And that, in turn, could say something important about how this system formed. Its rigid stability was locked in early; the planets’ 3/2 and 4/3 resonances are almost exactly as they were at the time of formation. More precise measurements of these planets’ masses and orbits will be needed to further sharpen the picture of how the system formed.
Fun facts: The discovery of this system is something of a detective story. The first hints of it came from NASA’s TESS (the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), which tracks the tiny eclipses – the “transits” – that planets make as they cross the faces of their stars. Combining the TESS measurements, made in separate observations two years apart, revealed an assortment of transits for the host star, called HD 110067. But it was difficult to distinguish how many planets they represented, or to pin down their orbits.
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 LAR-19359-1
 

 Stochastic Reduced Order Models with Python (SROMPy) 
 

 The Stochastic Reduced Order Models with Python (SROMPy) software package is code written in Python to help solve uncertainty quantification and propagation problems. Stochastic Reduced Order Models (SROMs) are low-dimensional, discrete representations of a given random vector being modeled that facilitate efficient stochastic calculations. SROMs can be viewed as a smart Monte Carlo method - using the concept for uncertainty propagation is similarly straightforward, but can significantly reduce computation time. An SROM is formed for a given target random vector by solving an optimization problem that determines it's parameters by minimizing the error between the statistics of the SROM and the target. Once the SROM is formed, it can be use to efficiently perform a probabilistic analysis. The SROMPy software package is a tool to solve the optimization problem efficiently to generate an SROM that can be used to propagate uncertainty through a given model.
 

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 VLOADS V1.4 Launch Vehicle Loads Analysis For Preliminary Design
 

 The VLOADS program calculates launch vehicles' in-flight structural loads for preliminary design. The program may also be used to calculate structural loads for upper stages and planetary transfer vehicles.
The Emerald Isles of Hạ Long Bay
According to Vietnamese legend, a mother dragon and her children thwarted an attack in the Eastern Sea, incinerating the enemies with fire and emeralds from their mouths. The mother dragon then landed in what is known today as Hạ Long Bay; her children set down in Bai Tu Long Bay; and the emeralds formed the forested islands seen in the bays today.
Most of the islands in Hạ Long Bay, which was named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1994, are uninhabited and unaffected by humans. Elsewhere, however, karst ecosystems are vulnerable to degradation from mining for cement and other human threats.
NASA image by Norman Kuring/NASA’s Ocean Color Web, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Sara E. Pratt.

Limestone mountains that rise steeply from the waters off Northern Vietnam feature distinctive geologic formations, verdant forests, and extreme biodiversity.
Image of the Day for May 7, 2022

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References & Resources

EARTH Magazine (2016, August 19) Travels in Geology: Limestone and Legends in Northern Vietnam. Accessed May 3, 2022.
NASA Earth Observatory (2020, December 28) Bai Tu Long Bay.

Smithsonian Magazine (2020, December 7) Rare Iridescent Snake Discovered in Vietnam. Accessed May 6, 2022.
Southeast Asia Globe (2021, March 17) The plight of Vietnam's karst-dwelling species. Accessed May 6, 2022.
Tuyet, D. (2001) Characteristics of Karst Ecosystems of Vietnam and Their Vulnerability to Human Impact. Acta Geologica Sinica, 75 (3) p. 325–329.
UNESCO World Heritage Site (2022) Hạ Long Bay. Accessed May 6, 2022.
Vietnam Net (2016, November 30) Bai Tu Long National Park—Natural Treasure. Accessed May 3, 2022.
Waltham, T., (2005) Karst and Caves of Hạ Long Bay.
5 Things to Know About NASA’s Tiny Twin Polar Satellites - NASA
The NASA mission will measure the amount of heat the planet emits into space from these polar regions — information that’s key to understanding the balance of energy coming into and out of Earth and how that affects the planet’s climate.
The data from the Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment (PREFIRE) mission will help improve our understanding of the greenhouse effect at the poles — specifically, the capacity of water vapor, clouds, and other elements of Earth’s atmosphere to trap heat and keep it from radiating into space. Researchers will use this information to update climate and ice models, which will lead to better predictions of how sea level, weather, and snow and ice cover are likely to change in a warming world.
Each of PREFIRE’s cube satellites, or CubeSats, will use a thermal infrared spectrometer to measure the heat, in the form of far-infrared energy, radiated into space by Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
Here are five things to know about this small but mighty mission:
1. The PREFIRE CubeSats will provide new information on how Earth’s atmosphere and ice influence the amount of heat being radiated out to space from the Arctic and Antarctic.
The CubeSats will gather data over the poles using sensors that are sensitive to 10 times more infrared wavelengths than any similar instrument. Information gathered by the mission will advance our understanding of when and where the poles shed heat into space, as well as why the Arctic has warmed more than 2½ times faster than the rest of the planet since the 1970s.
2. This mission will focus on the far-infrared portion of the heat Earth emits into space.
Just beyond the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum sits the infrared, a spectrum of longer-wavelength light that can be sensed as heat. Essentially all of Earth’s heat emissions happen at infrared wavelengths between 4 and 100 micrometers. At the planet’s cold polar regions, 60% of the heat emissions occur at far-infrared wavelengths (longer than 15 micrometers). Researchers have relatively little data on which parts of the Arctic and Antarctic are shedding this heat.
The 2024-25 Budget: CalFire—Implementation of a 66-Hour Workweek
When the administration submits an MOU to the Legislature for consideration, it typically prepares an estimate of the associated costs. In the case of the Unit 8 MOU, however, the administration’s cost estimate did not include the costs of the 66‑hour workweek provision for a couple of reasons. First, the workweek change would not be implemented until after the expiration of the MOU and the administration’s estimate only included costs for activities occurring during the term of the MOU. Second, the joint labor management committee was given relatively broad discretion regarding how to structure implementation of the new provision, but the committee was not even formed until after the MOU was ratified. These factors precluded the Legislature from having detailed information about the ultimate costs of implementing the 66‑hour workweek change when it considered the MOU. Notably, at the time our office analyzed the MOU, we estimated that the 66‑hour workweek provision likely would be costly for the state. However, we were only able to provide a broad sense of the potential costs—which we stated were likely to be in the range of hundreds of millions of dollars annually—given the uncertainty regarding how the provision ultimately would be effectuated. 
Structure of MOU Workweek Provision Is Unique. The provision of the Unit 8 MOU that establishes a 66‑hour workweek differs from how policy changes typically are handled through the collective bargaining process in a few notable ways. First, the provision establishes a large policy change that affects how the state compensates its employees and how the state combats wildfires with minimal detail and significant deference to the joint labor management committee process. Second, the provision has very large fiscal effects that are not incurred until after the labor agreement has expired, making it impossible to know the full fiscal effect of the current MOU at the time of legislative ratification. Third, as we discuss in more detail below, the provision specifies that implementation of the policy change is subject to legislative appropriation in the 2024‑25 budget—an explicit acknowledgment of the Legislature’s budget authority and its ability to revisit, modify, or reject the policy in the future. None of these three characteristics are standard of a typical MOU provision.
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4 min readNASA Launches Small Climate Satellite to Study Earth’s PolesJennifer M. DoorenMay 25, 2024 RELEASE24-074NASA Headquarters

Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket lifted off from Launch Complex 1 at Māhia, New Zealand at 7:41 p.m. NZST May 25, 2024 (3:41 a.m. EDT) carrying a small satellite for NASA’s PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) mission.
Rocket Lab 

The first of a pair of climate satellites designed to study heat emissions at Earth’s poles for NASA is in orbit after lifting off atop Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket from the company’s Launch Complex 1 in Māhia, New Zealand at 7:41 p.m. NZST (3:41 a.m. EDT) on Saturday.
The agency’s PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) mission consists of two shoebox-size cube satellites, or CubeSats, that will measure the amount of heat Earth radiates into space from two of the coldest, most remote regions on the planet. Data from the PREFIRE mission will help researchers better predict how Earth’s ice, seas, and weather will change in a warming world.
“NASA’s innovative PREFIRE mission will fill a gap in our understanding of the Earth system – providing our scientists a detailed picture of how Earth’s polar regions influence how much energy our planet absorbs and releases,” said Karen St. Germain, director of NASA’s Earth Science Division in Washington.
NASA Glenn’s Arrival in Cleveland | Glenn Research Center | NASA % %
The thousands of automobiles that brought more than 60,000 spectators to the National Air Races are parked beside the Cleveland Airport (9/5/1938).
	

The NACA Expands for War
The NACA, established in 1915, was originally a committee of aviation experts that met periodically to help coordinate the nation’s aeronautical activities. In 1917, the group established a laboratory at Langley Field in Virginia to perform its own research. NACA engineers used the lab’s wind tunnels and other equipment to develop groundbreaking advances, such as its family of airfoils and the NACA cowl.
Both the NACA Director of Research George Lewis and committee member Charles Lindbergh spent time in the mid-1930s touring European aeronautical facilities, particularly in Germany. Although they did not consider the physical facilities to be superior to Langley, they were struck by the number of laboratories and researchers, many with specialized training unavailable in the United States. Unlike their NACA counterparts, German researchers were also focusing on propulsion, which resulted in aircraft that were achieving greater speeds and altitude than those in the United States.
In 1938, the NACA formed a committee to devise plans for a second laboratory and began looking for a site. Cognizant of the political pressure that municipalities would apply, the NACA created a neutral, systematic process for selecting the site. In June 1939, Cleveland officials submitted an unsuccessful bid. The NACA opted to build its new Ames Aeronautical Laboratory in Sunnyvale, California, with its Naval air station and year-round flight conditions. During the process, however, the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce’s Clifford Gildersleeve and NACA Executive Secretary John Victory formed a cordial relationship during the process.
In October 1939, Lindbergh led a committee that began identifying facilities and infrastructure requirements for an engine research laboratory. They unveiled plans for a proposed $10 million facility on January 23, 1940. Gildersleeve immediately began inquiring about the project, but it would be months before the NACA began its site search.
Documents

Cleveland Hopkins Airport Historical Info (1990)
Cleveland Airport Advances (1944)
Congressional Memo Re Appropriation for AERL (1940)
Cleveland Invitation to the NACA (1939)
Bad (space) weather cancels pigeon races! | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
The pigeons seem to have a compass too, but it is “built in,” so they always know in which direction they are flying. We know they are not navigating by the position of the Sun in the sky, because they fly straight home even at night or in cloudy conditions when they can’t see the Sun.

While the pigeons don't use the Sun for navigation, the Sun does affect their ability to navigate. When the Sun is in a stormy mood, it blasts charged particles into space at high speeds. If the blast of particles hits Earth, it shakes up Earth's protective magnetic field. When this happens, the magnetic field that the pigeons use for navigation will change direction and the pigeon's navigation system will get confused and send the pigeon the wrong way. The anxious owner may never see his expensive champion racing pigeon again.

This animation shows a solar storm hitting and distorting Earth's magnetic field. 


For that reason, some pigeon racers call up the Space Weather Prediction Center (part of the National Weather Service) in Boulder, Colorado, before a big race. They want to know the  “space weather” forecast. The scientists who work there keep an eye on the Sun using satellites such as the GOES (for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites). These satellites have special instruments that monitor the Sun’s x-rays and ultraviolet light output. They can detect the beginnings of a storm that might send bad space weather toward Earth.

Inside the Space Weather Prediction Center in Boulder, Colorado, scientists keep an eye on the Sun. The GOES satellites send images that show activity on the Sun's surface that means a flare or eruption may be about to happen.


If bad space weather is on the way, the pigeon race is postponed. No one wants to lose a prized pigeon!

 	article last updated March 15, 2013
 

Keeping more than pigeons safe

 The next generation of geostationary satellites, called GOES-R, will have even better instruments to keep an eye on the Sun. That’s important not only for pigeon racers, but for people in charge of keeping satellites, power grids, and astronauts safe.
Health Services | VA Portland Health Care | Veterans Affairs
Our neurologists read electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, which measure the electrical impulses brain cells use to communicate with each other. We evaluate and treat many neurological illnesses and disorders such as:

Neuropathy (nerve damage), myelopathy and other spinal cord injuries, and radiculopathy (pinched nerves)
Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis
Stroke, dementia, and degenerative diseases
Other neurological conditions

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We provide expert care and surgical services for Veterans with conditions and diseases that affect the brain, spine and nervous system.
Available at these locations

Care we provide at VA Portland health care
Care we provide at VA Portland Health Care System
Although many people think of neurosurgery as brain surgery, it's much more. Our neurosurgeons diagnose and treat a wide range of conditions related to your nervous system, like:

Brain, spinal cord, and spinal column injuries, illnesses, and disorders
Brain and spinal tumors
Neck pain and sciatica (nerve pain in your lower back hip, or leg)
Herniated disks and degenerative illnesses of the spine

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Our nutrition experts work closely with you and your care team to help make sure you’re getting the nutrition you need to get and stay as healthy as possible.
Available at these locations

Care we provide at VA Portland health care
Care we provide at VA Portland Health Care System
Our registered dietitians can help you maintain or improve your health with good nutrition tailored to your needs. Through group, individual, and telehealth sessions, we provide nutrition education and counseling in areas such as:

Cardiovascular and heart health
Chronic kidney disease, diabetes (including gestational diabetes)
Eating disorders and digestive health
Pregnancy and postpartum nutrition
Weight management

Learn more about VA Portland's Nutrition and Food Service.
Learn about VA Portland's many available Nutrition Classes.
Learn more about the weight management options through VA Portland.

 Ophthalmology
 

Common conditions: cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic eye disease