vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
MODIS Data | Terra
The Level 1A, Level 1B, geolocation and cloud mask products and the Higher-level MODIS land and atmosphere products are produced by the MODIS Adaptive Processing System (MODAPS), and then are parceled out among three DAACs for distribution. Ocean color products are produced by the Ocean Color Data Processing System (OCDPS) and distributed to the science and applications community.The many data products derived from MODIS observations describe features of the land, oceans and the atmosphere that can be used for studies of processes and trends on local to global scales.   As just noted, MODIS products are available from several sources.  MODIS Level 1 and atmosphere products are available through the LAADS web.  Land Products are available through the Land Processes DAAC at the U. S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center (EDC).  Cryosphere data products (snow and sea ice cover) are available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) in Boulder, Colorado.  Ocean color products and sea surface temperature products along with information about these products are obtainable at the OCDPS at GSFC.  Users with an appropriate x-band receiving system may capture regional data directly from the spacecraft using the MODIS Direct Broadcast signal. 
More information about obtaining MODIS data can be found from the information sites listed below. 
MODIS level 1 data, geolocation, cloud mask, and atmosphere productsMODIS land productsMODIS cryosphere productsMODIS ocean color and sea surface temperature products
MODIS Data Ordering Tools – Listed are a variety of tools and resources that can be utilized with MODIS Data. Each listing provides a link to the tool or resource and a short summary of its use.
MODIS Data Products For Novice Data Users
NASA Worldview – Visually explore the past and the present of this dynamic planet from a satellite’s perspective. Select from an array of stories below to learn more about Worldview, the satellite imagery we provide and events occurring around the world.
MODIS Data Products Information For Professional Data Users
MODIS Data Products – detailed descriptions and ordering information listed with product)MODIS AlgorithmsMODIS Direct Broadcast Centers – the Terra MODIS instrument was one of the first satellites to constantly broadcast data for anyone with the right equipment and software to download, free of charge
MODIS News
Thermosphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids


Thermosphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids

thermosphere

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Earth
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Thermosphere

The Short Answer:
What is the thermosphere?

	The thermosphere is a layer of Earth’s atmosphere. The thermosphere is located above the mesosphere and below the exosphere.
	

The heat that won't keep you warm
The thermosphere lies between the exosphere and the mesosphere. “Thermo” means heat, and the temperature in this layer can reach up to 4,500 degrees Fahrenheit. If you were to hang out in the thermosphere, though, you would be very cold because there aren’t enough gas molecules to transfer the heat to you. This also means there aren’t enough molecules for sound waves to travel through.
This layer of Earth’s atmosphere is about 319 miles (513 kilometers) thick. That’s much thicker than the inner layers of the atmosphere, but not nearly as thick as the exosphere. 

The thermosphere is home to the International Space Station as it orbits Earth. This is also where you’ll find low Earth orbit satellites. There’s a lot going on in the thermosphere!

Visit other layers in Earth's atmosphere.
Where would you like to go?

Go in to the mesosphere.
Go out to the exosphere.

Visit the ionosphere.

        	article last updated June 28, 2019
        

Exosphere(This is only part of the exosphere. It's actually 12 times bigger than this!)

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The 2024-25 Budget: Initial Comments on the Governor’s May Revision
The information presented in this brief is based on our understanding of the administration’s proposals as of May 14, 2024. In many areas, our understanding of the proposals will continue to evolve.
The Budget Problem
In this section, we present our estimates of the budget problem that the Governor addressed in the May Revision. The estimates in this section are predicated on the administration’s revenue projections and spending proposals. Our analysis also focuses on the three-year budget window under consideration: 2022-23 through 2024-25.
What Is a Budget Problem? A budget problem—also called a deficit—arises when resources for the upcoming budget are insufficient to cover the costs of currently authorized services. A budget problem is inherently a point-in-time estimate that reflects information available at the time of development, forecasts of future revenues and spending, and assumptions about the extent to which changes in costs are due to current policy (that is, whether or not they are “baseline changes”). When changes in costs do not occur automatically under current policy, we count them as budget solutions or augmentations. We take this approach in order to provide the Legislature visibility into the full scope of the administration’s choices. The remainder of this section walks through the sources of our differences with the administration and how those differences impact the budget problem estimate.
How Big Is the Budget Problem?
We Estimate Governor Addressed a $55 Billion Budget Problem. The Governor cites a budget problem of $27 billion. Under our estimates, the administration addressed a larger deficit than this—$55 billion. This difference is largely due to differences in two areas:

Schools and Community Colleges. Our calculation of the budget problem assumes $22 billion in higher baseline spending on schools and community colleges. This difference mainly relates to our treatment of changes in the minimum spending requirement established by Proposition 98 (1988). Compared with the estimates from June 2023, the minimum requirement has decreased significantly in 2022-23 and 2023-24. The May Revision assumes spending on schools and community colleges is reduced to the lower level each year and treats all of the corresponding spending adjustments as baseline changes. Our approach, by contrast, calculates baseline school spending under current law.
Return to Jet Engines | Glenn Research Center | NASA
PSL Equipment Building damage from an explosion caused by over-pressurization of compressors. (4/7/1971)

	

	Broken windows in the far wall, the hole in the roof, and the raised heater at the floor level surrounded by debris after Equipment Building explosion. (4/7/1971)

	

	Close-up of the 96-inch-diameter header that failed in the PSL Equipment Building explosion. (4/7/1971)

	

Addition of PSL No. 3 and 4
In 1968, twenty years after planning began for the original PSL test chambers, NASA Lewis began preparing to add two additional and more powerful test cells. The original chambers improved upon the Four Burner cells, and the new $14 million PSL No. 3 and 4 chambers improved upon PSL No. 1 and 2. The new chambers could test engines twice as powerful any then in existence. The center intended on closing PSL No. 1 and 2 when the new cells became operational, but the aeronautics program was busy enough that all four chambers remained active for a number of years.
The PSL No. 3 and 4 chambers, 40-feet long and 24 feet in diameter, were substantially larger than PSL No. 1 and 2. Unlike PSL No. 1 and 2, the two new chambers shared a common exhaust cooler which gave the new system a Y-shaped appearance. The center expanded the exhausters and compressors in the original Equipment Building and added new heater and refrigeration systems to accommodate the new facility’s requirements. In addition, three Pratt and Whitney J57 jet engines supplied hot combustion air to the new test chambers.
As the hot exhaust gas exited the test section, it passed through a 17-foot-diameter water duct and into the 50-foot-diameter primary cooler. As the air flows through the cooler its heat is transferred to the cooler’s 2700 water-filled tubes. This reduces the air temperature from 3000 to 600 °F. A spray cooler further reduces the temperature of the gases to 150 °F before they are recirculated to the Central Air Building.
Excavations for the new PSL building were completed by October 1967, and the shell of the building was completed a year later.
FTB Publication 1017 | FTB.ca.gov
When should the payee send Form 589, Nonresident Reduced Withholding Request?
The payee must complete and file Form 589 with FTB before receiving payment for services.

If filing online, allow at least 10 business days for processing prior to payment. 
If filing by mail or fax, allow at least 21 business days for processing prior to payment. 

Refer to Form 589 for detailed instructions.
57. How quickly will I get a response to the Form 589.
We generally respond within one week if the FTB Form 589 is complete and signed. However, the processing time may vary if we ask for supporting documentation.
58. Are withholding agents required to honor the authorized reduced withholding amounts?
Yes. Withholding agents must honor authorized reduced amounts.
59. Does an S corporation or partnership need to request a reduction in withholding if they have no California source income?
No. If the distribution is a return of capital or does not represent California source income, withholding is not required and a reduction is not necessary.
60. Is withholding required if the withholding agent has not received FTB 3952, Request for Reduced Withholding â Approved, from FTB confirming a reduction in withholding before the nonresident is paid?
Yes. The withholding agent must withhold 7 percent of the gross California source payment if they did not receive FTB 3952 approving a reduction in withholding before the nonresident is paid for their services.
Waivers of Withholding
61. Are waivers of withholding granted?
We may authorize a waiver of withholding if the payee has California tax returns on file for the two most recent taxable years in which the payee has a filing requirement and is considered current on any outstanding tax obligations. If the payee does not have a current filing history, but is making estimated tax payments for the current tax year and is current on any outstanding tax obligations, we may issue a waiver that is good for a two-year period ending on December 31 of the same calendar year. Waivers of the withholding requirements are available to domestic nonresident payees only.
2024 Public Comments to Preliminary Applications
Dear Inyo National Forest Supervisor Yen & Bishop Field Office Field Manager Lisius, For your consideration are the public comments of the Mammoth Trails Committee (MTC) regarding the initial Inyo National Forest & Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Bishop Field Office Off Highway Vehicle Grant proposals. The MTC is a sub-committee of Mammoth Lakes Recreation which provides program and fiscal oversight for the Mammoth Lakes Trail System (MLTS). The MTC unequivocally supports access to public lands for OHV users, but recommends the following actions be implemented through the state OHV grant program. LAUREL LAKES ROAD REHABILITATION Safety • In its current condition and design, the road can be quite hazardous. Rains make the safety situation even worse. People have died on this road in the past and of course users travel at their own risk, like any road. But, due to the factors I mention below, this road is very highly sought after. Resource Degradation • Being that the road follows the fall line in many places, it washes out regularly with the summer rains. This can cause sedimentation of surrounding Laurel Creek. But due to the popularity and uniqueness of this route, folks seek to bypass washouts by creating new routes through the surrounding vegetation. • A more sustainable and safe road design would allow both the Inyo and its partners to better manage Laurel Lakes, which currently received little to no management in terms of dispersed camping impacts (fires, human waste, etc) or impacts from activities such as fishing (mono-filament fishing line) and general use (litter, etc). Unique Resource • To my knowledge, there is no other road on the Inyo that leads to a resource such as Laurel Lakes. A challenging, steep dirt road into the Sierra proper to a high-country lake beloved by campers and fisher-people alike, where dispersed camping is allowed. As such, this road is much sought after and is immediately adjacent to the Town of Mammoth Lakes, making it even more accessible than perhaps some of the more obscure areas of the forest. With that said, the road should maintain it's character of a rough dirt road, meaning it should still be difficult and not passable by all vehicles. Multi-Use Benefits • Any improvements to Laurel Lakes Road would benefit multiple user groups.
2024 Public Comments to Preliminary Applications
Scott Stoner - 5/1/2024

Dear Inyo National Forest Supervisor Yen & Bishop Field Office Field Manager Lisius, For your consideration are the public comments of the Mammoth Lakes Town Council regarding the initial Inyo National Forest & Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Bishop Field Office Off Highway Vehicle Grant proposals. Town Council unequivocally supports access to public lands for OHV users, but recommends the following actions be implemented through the state OHV grant program. LAUREL LAKES ROAD REHABILITATION Safety • In its current condition and design, the road can be quite hazardous. Rains make the safety situation even worse. People have died on this road in the past and of course users travel at their own risk, like any road. But, due to the factors I mention below, this road is very highly sought after. Resource Degradation • Being that the road follows the fall line in many places, it washes out regularly with the summer rains. This can cause sedimentation of surrounding Laurel Creek. But due to the popularity and uniqueness of this route, folks seek to bypass washouts by creating new routes through the surrounding vegetation. • A more sustainable and safe road design would allow both the Inyo and its partners to better manage Laurel Lakes, which currently received little to no management in terms of dispersed camping impacts (fires, human waste, etc) or impacts from activities such as fishing (monofilament fishing line) and general use (litter, etc). Unique Resource • To my knowledge, there is no other road on the Inyo that leads to a resource such as Laurel Lakes. A challenging, steep dirt road into the Sierra proper to a high-country lake beloved by campers and fisher-people alike, where dispersed camping is allowed. As such, this road is much sought after and is immediately adjacent to the Town of Mammoth Lakes, making it even more accessible than perhaps some of the more obscure areas of the forest. With that said, the road should maintain its character of a rough dirt road, meaning it should still be difficult and not passable by all vehicles. Multi-Use Benefits • Any improvements to Laurel Lakes Road would benefit multiple user groups. This differs from perhaps some other roads/road work that do not lead to destinations and are only used by OHV enthusiasts.
2024 Public Comments to Preliminary Applications
People have died on this road in the past and of course users travel at their own risk, like any road. But, due to the factors I mention below, this road is very highly sought after. Resource Degradation • Being that the road follows the fall line in many places, it washes out regularly with the summer rains. This can cause sedimentation of surrounding Laurel Creek. But due to the popularity and uniqueness of this route, folks seek to bypass washouts by creating new routes through the surrounding vegetation. • A more sustainable and safe road design would allow both the Inyo and its partners to better manage Laurel Lakes, which currently received little to no management in terms of dispersed camping impacts (fires, human waste, etc) or impacts from activities such as fishing (mono-filament fishing line) and general use (litter, etc). Unique Resource • To my knowledge, there is no other road on the Inyo that leads to a resource such as Laurel Lakes. A challenging, steep dirt road into the Sierra proper to a high-country lake beloved by campers and fisher-people alike, where dispersed camping is allowed. As such, this road is much sought after and is immediately adjacent to the Town of Mammoth Lakes, making it even more accessible than perhaps some of the more obscure areas of the forest. With that said, the road should maintain it's character of a rough dirt road, meaning it should still be difficult and not passable by all vehicles. Multi-Use Benefits • Any improvements to Laurel Lakes Road would benefit multiple user groups. This differs from perhaps some other roads/road work that do not lead to destinations and are only used by OHV enthusiasts. Laurel lakes is enjoyed by campers, OHV users, fisher-people, hikers, leaf-peepers, horseback riders, and wilderness users who use Laurel as a jumping off point into Convict Canyon. OTHER COMMENTS FROM THE MAMMOTH TRAILS COMMITTEE • Development of new USFS OHV Campgrounds to accommodate rising use, especially considering Upper & Lower Deadman Campgrounds are no longer opened by the Forest. These free campgrounds are an outstanding amenity, as many (if not most) of these campers would be dispersed camping without this option.
Sport Fishing Licenses and Report Cards

Carefully read and follow the instructions on the report card as the data collected will be used for fisheries management and to enforce bag limits. You must report your harvest online or return your report card to the address listed on the report card by January 31 of the following year.
More abalone FAQs.
Q: Can you briefly explain the Sturgeon Fishing Report Card and tags? 
A: The Sturgeon Fishing Report Card comes with three tags. You must record each sturgeon that you keep or release on your Sturgeon Fishing Report Card. When you keep a sturgeon, you also must complete and attach a sturgeon tag to the sturgeon. Carefully read and follow the instructions on the report card as the data collected will be used for fisheries management and to enforce bag limits. You must report your harvest online or return your report card to the address listed on the report card by January 31 of the following year.
Q: Where is the North Coast Salmon Report Card required? 
A: The North Coast Salmon Report Card is required to fish for salmon in the Smith, Klamath and Trinity Rivers and all of their tributaries. It is not required to fish for salmon in the ocean or other river systems.
Q: Can you briefly explain the Spiny Lobster Report Card Non-Reporting Fee?
A: Any person who does not return their Spiny Lobster Report Card by April 30 following the spiny lobster season will be required to pay a $21.60 non-return fee when they purchase their Spiny Lobster Report Card in the following season. Individuals may alternatively choose not to fish for spiny lobster and would then be eligible to purchase a report card after sitting out one lobster season.
Q: When and where should I return my report cards?
A: All report cards must be reported by January 31 of the following year, except the spiny lobster report card which is due by April 30. You can either report your harvest online or return your report card to the address listed below:

Abalone Report Card must be returned to the Department of Fish and Wildlife, 32330 N. Harbor Drive, Fort Bragg, CA 95437;
North Coast Salmon Report Card must be returned to the Department of Fish and Wildlife, Klamath River Project, 5341 Ericson Way, Arcata, CA 95521;
Upland Game Bird Hunting

2; All of one species or mixed
Triple the daily bag

Archery Only
Aug 17 - Sep 6

Falconry
Aug 17 - Feb 28

2024 - 2025 Seasons and Limits - White-tailed Ptarmigan

Season / Area
Season Dates
Daily Bag Limit
Possession Limit

General & Archery / Statewide
Sep 14 - 22
2 per day
2 per season

Falconry / Statewide
Aug 17 - Feb 28

2024 - 2025 Seasons and Limits - Wild Turkey

Season / Area
Season Dates
Daily Bag Limit
Possession Limit

Fall
Nov 9 - Dec 8
1 either sex
2 per season

Spring
General
Mar 29 - May 4, 2025
1 bearded
3 per season, combined

Archery Only
May 5 - May 18, 2025

Additional Junior
Mar 22 - 23, 2025 &
	May 5 - 18, 2025

2024 - 2025 Seasons and Limits - Dove

Species
Season / Area
Season Dates
Daily Bag Limit
Possession Limit

Mourning Dove and White-winged Dove
Statewide
Sep 1 - 15 &
	Nov 9 - Dec 23
15, up to 10 of which may be white-winged doves
Triple the daily bag

Spotted Dove, and Ringed Turtle Dove
No limit

Eurasian Collared-dove
All Year
No limit

2024 - 2025 Seasons and Limits - Band-tailed Pigeon

Season / Area (Zone Map (PDF))
Season Dates
Daily Bag Limit
Possession Limit

North
Sep 21 - 29
2per day
Triple the daily bag

South
Dec 21 - 29

2024 - 2025 Seasons and Limits - Snipe

Season / Area
Season Dates
Daily Bag Limit
Possession Limit

General / Statewide
Oct 19 - Feb 2
8
Triple the daily bag

Requirements for Hunting Upland Game Birds

Hunting License
Upland Game Bird Validation, unless hunting under the authority of a Junior Hunting License
Chromebooks Lending Programs | Monterey Park, CA - Official Website
Chromebooks Lending Programs | Monterey Park, CA - Official Website

 

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Chromebooks Lending Programs	

Borrow a Chromebook Kit for At-Home UseThe Chromebook lending program is a free service that allows cardholders to check out a Chromebook laptop, mouse, headset, charging cable and laptop bag for use outside the Library.Cardholders interested in borrowing a device will be asked to sign an Internet Hotspot/Chromebook Use Agreement (PDF). To check availability, call the Circulation Desk at 626-307-1366 or check availability via the library catalog.Chromebook Kit Lending Program FAQsWhat is a Chromebook?A Chromebook is a laptop running Google’s Chrome as its operating system. It is mainly Internet-based, running most of its applications out of the cloud. Access to the internet requires a separate internet connection (Wi-Fi).Who can borrow a Chromebook?If you are an adult age 18 or older and have a valid library card, you can check out a Chromebook.How do I check out a Chromebook kit?You can check out a Chromebook kit from the Circulation Desk during Library hours. To check Chromebook availability, or place a hold, visit the library catalog.How long can I keep the Chromebook kit?You can borrow the Chromebook kit for 21 days (3 weeks). No renewals are allowed. Chromebook kits may not be returned and re-borrowed on the same day. Overdue Chromebooks will be remotely disabled within 24 hours beyond their due date.How do I return a Chromebook kit?You must return the Chromebook kit to the Library's Circulation Desk. You must return the device with all the original packaging and accessories.What if I return a Chromebook late or lose it?A Chromebook will be remotely disabled if the Chromebook kit is not returned on the due date.