vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
History
Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity looks back at its lander shell in 2004. Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell NASA also approved a large orbiter to help discover suitable landing sites for a future Mars sample return project. That orbiter mission became the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched in 2005.The next rover, eventually named "Curiosity," was equipped for even more detailed investigation of Mars' ancient minerals and geology. It arrived on Mars on Aug. 6, 2012, and was still operating in 2020. Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover drive testing at JPL in 2010. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech JPL's next rover to Mars is a modification of Curiosity and is named Perseverance. It was launched July 30, 2020. Instead of mineralogy, it will specialize in astrobiology and look specifically for signs of past life on Mars. Perseverance is also designed to collect and store rock samples on the Martian surface for retrieval by a future Mars sample return mission, formally approved by NASA in 2019. Perseverance also hosts a robotic helicopter named Ingenuity, a technology demonstration mission that will attempt powered flight on another planet.Competing for the planetsJPL was awarded a number of other Discovery program missions after Mars Pathfinder. The Stardust mission collected particles from comet Wild-2 in 2004, while the Genesis mission returned some particles from the solar wind in 2004. The Deep Impact mission launched a kinetic impactor at Comet Tempel 1 to assess its structure and composition in 2005. The GRAIL mission, based on the GRACE gravity satellites, produced very high resolution gravity maps of the Moon, while the Dawn mission used solar-electric propulsion to visit the dwarf planet Ceres and the largest main belt asteroid, Vesta. JPL also managed the development of Ames Research Center's Kepler exoplanet astronomy mission, launched in 2009. The Laboratory's most recent Discovery program mission, InSight, landed on Mars Nov. 26, 2018. Its mission was to measure martian seismic activity and the heat flow coming from Mars' interior. JPL's next Discovery mission, Psyche, is being designed to explore the unusual main belt asteroid 16 Psyche during the late 2020s. The InSight lander after placing its seismometer and heat probe instruments on the Martian surface in 2019.
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NASA SME2: What is the Best Part of Being a Scientist?
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NASA SME2: How Far Can We See Past Earth's Atmosphere?
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NASA SME2: Is There Pressure in Outer Space?
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NASA SME2: Why Do Scientists Use Models?
 Join Jessica Taylor, atmospheric scientist at NASA Langley Research Center, as she explains how scientists and engineers use physical, computer-generated, and mathematical models to visualize data and understand our world. Produced by Newport News Public Schools in Newport News, Virginia. 

NASA SME2: How Do You Study Stars?
 Join Michelle Thaller, Deputy Director of Science Communication at NASA Headquarters, as she explains how astronomers study stars, and what tools they use to make discoveries. Produced by Newport News Public Schools in Newport News, Virginia. 

NASA SME2: How Do You Become an Astrophysicist?
Who We Are
Historic Timeline
 Facts about JPLDesigned, built, and operated the United States’ first satellite, Explorer 1, launched in 1958. Explorer 1 produced the first-ever scientific result from space: the discovery of the Van Allen Radiation Belts.Explored all the solar system’s planets, from Mercury to Neptune.Developed and operated the first rotorcraft ever sent to another planet.Designed, built and operated all five of the successful rovers sent so far to the surface of Mars.In Earth science, pioneered radar scatterometry for ocean surface wind measurements, radar altimetry for sea surface height, synthetic aperture radar for natural hazard and solid earth applications, gravity measurements to characterize Earth’s cryosphere and water cycle, and a number of spectrometer advances for atmospheric sounding and land surface measurements.Led development of space-based infrared astronomy with such missions as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the Mid-Infrared Instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope.Developing technology projects such as advanced atmosphere entry systems, advanced detectors for a wide variety of airborne and spaceborne instruments, laser communications, cubesat-based investigations, and robotic technologies for both autonomous operation and use by human explorers.The Laboratory’s core capability is to integrate science, engineering and technology that provide end-to end implementation of space missions, through either use of its in-house experienced workforce or in collaborations with industry and academia.JPL also applies its capabilities to national security in areas synergistic with its work for NASA, and develops technologies for uses on Earth in fields from public safety to medicine, capitalizing on NASA’s investment in space technology.Operates the NASA Deep Space Network, enabling navigation and data return throughout the solar system.40 currently active missions.Annual budget for fiscal year 2021 $2.4 billion.Approximately 6300 employees and on-site subcontractors at a 168-acre facility in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains near Pasadena, California. Tom Hoffman, InSight Project Manager, NASA JPL, left, and Sue Smrekar, InSight deputy principal investigator, NASA JPL, react after receiving confirmation that the Mars InSight lander successfully touched down on the surface of Mars, Monday, Nov. 26, 2018 inside the Mission Support Area at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
Real World: Environmental Control on the International Space Station | Real World | NASA eClips
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History
The Mars Surveyor program came to an end in 2000, after the failure of two missions launched in 1998, the Mars Climate Orbiter and the Mars Polar Lander.Mars Observer's loss also helped enable NASA to gain approval for another planetary mission program, known as Discovery. The Discovery Program required NASA centers and university-based scientists to submit proposals to competitions that were to be held every few years. To get the program going, the first two Discovery missions were assigned. JPL was awarded Mars Pathfinder. The Mars Pathfinder mission introduced what has become a powerful technology for planetary exploration: the planetary rover. The USSR had landed robotic rovers on the Moon, and it had tried to land a miniature rover on Mars in the 1970s but had failed. Mars Pathfinder's micro-rover, named Sojourner, for abolitionist Sojourner Truth, in 1997 became the first robotic rover to explore the Red Planet. The Sojourner rover sampling a convenient rock next to the Mars Pathfinder lander. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Mars Pathfinder also pioneered a new policy of releasing imagery to the public in almost real time, via the newly public World Wide Web. Finally, Mars Pathfinder was also inexpensive, and justified an agency drive to reduce the cost of planetary missions even further.After the failures of the Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander, NASA approved the Mars Exploration Rover mission, whose two rovers were named "Spirit" and "Opportunity" after their launch in July 2003. The two were equipped for robotic geology, looking for signs that liquid water having ever existed on the surface. They operated until 2010 and 2018, respectively, roving nearly nearly 33 miles (53 kilometers) between them. Among their many spectacular findings: at some time in Mars' deep past, water had flowed on the surface. Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity looks back at its lander shell in 2004. Credit: NASA/JPL/Cornell NASA also approved a large orbiter to help discover suitable landing sites for a future Mars sample return project. That orbiter mission became the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched in 2005.The next rover, eventually named "Curiosity," was equipped for even more detailed investigation of Mars' ancient minerals and geology. It arrived on Mars on Aug. 6, 2012, and was still operating in 2020.
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details
NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details

Saturday, 25 May 2024

DAVINCINSSDCA ID: DAVINCI-PDescriptionThe DAVINCI (Deep Atmosphere of Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging) mission involves a flyby spacecraft and an in-situ atmospheric probe to study Venus. The science objectives of the mission are to understand the origin and evolution of the Venus atmosphere, how and why is Venus different from Earth and Mars, if there was an early ocean on Venus, the rate of volcanic activity, and the nature, origin, and history of the tesserae.

The mission comprises a carrier relay imaging spacecraft and a descent probe. The descent probe is a spherical module initially housed in a conical heat shield, and then is released to drop to the surface. It is equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (the Venus Mass Spectrometer, VMS), a tunable laser spectrometer (Venus Tunable Laser Spectrometer, VLTS), a meteorological instrument (Venus Atmospheric Structure Investigation, VASI), a descent imaging system (Venus Descent Imager, VenDI), and an oxygen-sensing student collaboration experiment (Venus Oxygen Fugacity Experiment, VfOx). The spacecraft has a multiband (IR and UV) camera system (Venus Imaging System for Observational Reconnaissance, VISOR), and a hyperspectral (UV-visible) technology demonstration instrument (Compact Ultraviolet to Visible Imaging Spectrometer, CUVIS).

The mission is scheduled to launch in the 2031/2032 timeframe into a type-1 trajectory Earth-Venus transfer orbit. DAVINCI will release the atmospheric probe about 2 days before reaching Venus. The probe will enter the atmosphere and descend by parachute over a period of about 1 hour, transmitting atmospheric data.Alternate NamesDeep Atmosphere of Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and ImagingFacts in BriefLaunch Date: Launch Vehicle: Launch Site: , United StatesFunding AgencyNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)DisciplinePlanetary ScienceAdditional InformationLaunch/Orbital information for DAVINCITelecommunications information for DAVINCIExperiments on DAVINCIData collections from DAVINCI
 Questions and comments about this spacecraft can be directed to:
Documentary Series: JPL and the Space Age
Mission to Mars is the story of the engineers and scientists who overcame multiple adversities to design, build, test and launch the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, two of NASA’s most storied missions.View episode ›Episode 12: Landing on MarsIn the summer of 2003 two rovers began their journeys to Mars at a time when the Red Planet and Mars were the nearest they had been to each other in 60,000 years. The rovers had been built at breakneck speed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. But now there were new pressures. There were other nations flying missions to Mars. What if they succeeded and JPL didn’t? And the greatest pressure was knowing of NASA’s recent loss of the space shuttle Columbia and its crew of seven. NASA was in great need of a success. After picture-perfect landings, the two intrepid rovers, Opportunity and Spirit, went on to rove Mars for years, becoming major icons in NASA lore. Landing on Mars is the story of how two rovers survived a massive solar flare during cruise, the now well known “Six Minutes of Terror” (the six minutes from the time a spacecraft traveling at 12,000 mph hits the top of the Martian atmosphere until it reaches surface), and what came close to being a mission ending software error for the first rover once it was on the ground.View episode ›Episode 13: Triumph at Saturn (Part I)In 1997 an ambitious international mission, led by NASA’S Jet Propulsion Laboratory, launches to Saturn. The goal is to place a spacecraft around the planet and land the European Space Agency’s on a moon in the outer solar system, something never before attempted. But this is a mission that had to fight its way to the launch pad. A tight budget, threats of cancellation, and friction between what scientists want and engineers can do are just some of the obstacles that have to be worked out by an international team of scientists and engineers from 27 nations. Time and again the project is forced to compromise, including even the flight path to Saturn. It requires first flying in towards the Sun to Venus. Twice. Finally, after a journey of seven long years, the fate of the mission depends on what happens in just three hours.
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The Inland Delta of the Niger River is one of the world’s most productive wetlands.
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Turkey’s Cotton Castle
The hot springs at Pamukkale, Turkey, have produced the world’s largest deposit of travertine.
Published Nov 24, 2021
 

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Burst of New Evidence for Viking Travels
Novel geochemical dating techniques show that Norse people were in L'Anse aux Meadows exactly 1,000 years ago.
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A Meeting of Ice and Dunes
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Venezuela’s Flat-Topped Mountains
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Zambia’s Bangweulu wetlands make ideal hunting grounds for this distinctive bird species.
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Saint Petersburg Keeps the Sea at Bay
A city full of cultural, historical, and architectural riches has gone to great lengths to protect itself from floods.
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Kutch’s Coral Reefs
The Gulf of Kutch is home to India’s first national marine reserve.
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Hingol National Park
With its rocky terrain, mountain caves, and beautiful beaches, Hingol National Park is one of the natural wonders of Pakistan.
Why Do We Send Robots To Space? | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
One of the latest robots is nicknamed A-PUFFER, short for Autonomous Pop-Up Flat Folding Explorer Robot. The inspiration for this lightweight, two-wheeled adventurer came from origami designs. The robot can flatten itself out and duck down to investigate tight spots.

Watch this video to see Puffer in action! Video credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Then there’s BRUIE, the Buoyant Rover for Under-Ice Exploration. This robot can float in the water and roll its wheels along the underside of an icy surface, all while taking pictures and collecting data.
Scientists hope to someday use a robot like this to search for signs of life on icy bodies elsewhere in the solar system. For example, the underground oceans of Jupiter’s moon Europa or Saturn’s moon Enceladus.

The BRUIE robot rolls its wheels on the underside of an icy surface. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Are all of NASA’s robots rovers?
Certainly not! Take a look at this robot, called Hedgehog.

The spiky, cube-like Hedgehog robot. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Stanford
This spiky cube of a robot is being developed by NASA with Stanford University and MIT. Hedgehog is designed to explore small bodies, such as asteroids or comets. These have very little gravity and extremely rough terrain. Instead of rolling, Hedgehog hops and tumbles.
What if it lands upside-down? No big deal. It can operate on any of its sides. It could even get itself out of a deep crater using a tornado-like maneuver that launches the robot into the air. 

Does NASA make any robots that look like humans?
Yes! These are called humanoid robots. There are some tasks for which a robot that moves more like a human might be best. For example, we might like a humanoid robot to help prepare a future human settlement on Mars. With such tasks in mind, NASA’s Johnson Space Center has developed a robot named R5, or Valkyrie.

The humanoid robot, called R5, or Valkyrie.
Areas of Achievement | Science and Technology
Andrew Klesh

AIAA Engineer of the Year AwardAwarded to somebody who has made "a recent individual contribution in the application of scientific and mathematical principles leading to a significant accomplishment or event worthy of AIAA’s national or international recognition."

2020
Leslie Livesay
AAS Carl Sagan Memorial AwardAwarded "for exceptional leadership of space missions that produced technological and scientific breakthroughs of major and lasting importance."

2020

Mars Cube One Mission

Aviation Week & Space Technology Laureate AwardThe award citation reads: "In the first demonstration of cubesats in deep space, the Mars Cube One mission relayed near-real-time telemetry of the entry, descent and landing of NASA’s Insight."

2020
MAVEN Flight Team
International Space Ops Award for Outstanding AchievementAwarded for "exceptional planning and execution of the MAVEN spacecraft orbit transition to support critical communications relay duties for upcoming Mars missions while enhancing MAVEN science return"

2020
Daniel J. McCleese

COSPAR William Nordberg MedalThe "medal commemorates the work of the late William Nordberg and is awarded to a scientist who has made a distinguished contribution to the application of space science in a field covered by COSPAR."

2020
Miguel San Martin
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics/National Academy of Engineering Yvonne C. Brill Lectureship in Aerospace EngineeringHonored for his role in the Mars Science Laboratory entry, descent, and landing, and is delivering the lecture "From Airbags to Wheels: The Evolution of GN&C for Entry, Descent, and Landing."

2020
Helene L. Seroussi
AGU Cryosphere Early Career AwardThe award is "presented annually and recognizes significant early career contributions to cryospheric sciences and technology from honorees within 10 years of receiving their Ph.D."

2020
Rashmi Shah
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society's Gold Early Career AwardAwarded to "promote, recognize and support young scientists and engineers within the Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society who have demonstrated outstanding ability and promise for significant contributions in the future."

2020
Ashitey Trebi-Ollenu
The 2023-24 California Spending Plan: Resources and Environmental Protection
and reactivation of historical stream gages.
DOC ($1.6 million in 2023‑24 and $150,000 in 2024‑25) to consult
with the other departments during the reactivation process, including
traveling to sites, analyzing data, and conducting research.

California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) ($1 million in
2023‑24 and $99,000 in 2024‑25) to consult with the other departments
and provide technical expertise during the reactivation
process.

Clean Vehicle Fees
Reauthorizes Clean Vehicle Fees.
Chapter 319 of 2023 (AB 126, Reyes) extends the sunset of certain
vehicle-related fees that support clean transportation activities and
also makes a number of statutory changes to the programs these funds
support. (These extensions were first proposed as part of the Governor’s
budget but the Legislature ultimately approved them through a policy
bill and not a budget trailer bill.) These fees generate about
$185 million per year for three programs:

Clean Transportation Program
($110 Million). This program is administered by CEC and
provides grants to accelerate the deployment of ZEV fueling
infrastructure and alternative fueling infrastructure including
hydrogen. Assembly Bill 126 reduces the set aside allocation for
hydrogen refueling stations from 20 percent to 15 percent of total
funding and prioritizes funds for the least carbon-intensive hydrogen
projects. The legislation also requires that CEC spend at least
50 percent of the funds on projects that directly benefit disadvantaged
and low-income communities.
Air Quality Improvement Program
($42 Million). This mobile source incentive program
focuses on reducing criteria pollutants and diesel particulate
emissions. In recent years, CARB has allocated these revenues to help
small-business fleet owners secure financing for cleaner truck upgrades.
Assembly Bill 126 requires vehicle replacements funded through this
program to be zero-emission.
Enhanced Fleet Modernization Program
($33 Million). This program is administered by
CARB and the Bureau of Automotive Repair and provides subsidies to
retire older, high-polluting vehicles and replace them with newer