vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Facilities | Glenn Research Center | NASA
Presently, EPRB is supporting research focused … Read the rest ⇢Electric Propulsion Research BuildingThe Electric Propulsion Research Building (EPRB) has eight vacuum chambers and five bell jars that provide the required simulated space to conduct ...SpaceX Dragon Crew Vehicle being prepared for thermal Vacuum TestingIn-Space Propulsion FacilityNASA’s In-Space Propulsion Facility (ISP) is the world’s only facility capable of testing full-scale upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions.In-Space Propulsion FacilityNASA’s In-Space Propulsion Facility (ISP) is the world’s only facility capable of testing full-scale upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket ...Ice Measurement Probes in Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL).Propulsion Systems LaboratoryThe Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL) is NASA’s only ground-based test facility that provides true flight simulation for experimental research on air-breathing propulsion systems. The PSL has recently added the capability to simulate clouds of ice crystals and liquid water droplets. The Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL) complex provides world-class test and evaluation capabilities in support of … Read the rest ⇢Propulsion Systems LaboratoryThe Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL) is NASA’s only ground-based test facility that provides true flight simulation for experimental research on ...Support FacilitiesProposed architecture of the Research Support Building.Research Support BuildingThe Research Support Building (RSB) is NASA Glenn Research Center’s second phase of the Facility Master Plan multiyear effort to revitalize the central campus and renovate or replace WWII era campus buildings. RSB will be a 64,000-square-foot multi use office building providing office space for approximately 160 permanent occupants. The building will also be home … Read the rest ⇢Research Support BuildingThe Research Support Building (RSB) is NASA Glenn Research Center’s second phase of the Facility Master Plan multiyear effort to revitalize the central ...Vacuum Chamber FacilitiesAltitude Combustion Stand (ACS) 100 lbf liquid oxygen/LCH4 Engine.Chemical Propulsion Research ComplexThe Chemical Propulsion Research Complex (CPRC) develops advanced chemical propulsion concepts and evaluates safer propellants for launch vehicles, spacecraft thrusters and advanced ignition systems for next generation launch vehicles. It has the capability to perform sea level and simulated altitude testing, as well as advanced plume diagnostics.
Letter Y: Ugab River, Namibia
Letter Y: Ugab River, Namibia

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Letter Y: Ugab River, Namibia

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December 25, 2000JPEG

Today’s Image of the Day is derived from our newest feature: Reading the ABCs from Space.
You there, Y…what begins with Y?
If you like to travel, you might take a trip to Yellowstone, America’s first national park. While there, look carefully to see if you can tell which parts of the park were affected by a massive forest fire in 1988. Nearly two decades later, you should still be able to find evidence of charred vegetation and altered ecosystems, especially on high-elevation plateaus.
If chilly weather is more to your liking, you might explore the Yukon Delta in Alaska. On this mostly treeless terrain, you will see vast communities of waterfowl and migratory birds nesting in the summer.
If it is the ocean that inspires you, the Yellow Sea offers a unique destination. This shallow sea is one of the most turbid and dynamic coastal regions in the world. It is also home to some of the busiest shipping lanes and thriving aquaculture centers.
Superior Fall Colors
Superior Fall Colors

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Superior Fall Colors

September 22, 2020JPEG

Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan are typically among the first parts of the contiguous United States to experience autumn color. Fall 2020 was no exception.
Aided by a period of chilly weather, fall foliage was peaking in the region’s forests in late September. On September 22, 2020, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on NOAA-20 acquired this image of the area around Lake Superior, which is rich with aspen, birch, maple, basswood, and other deciduous hardwood trees.
In autumn, the leaves on deciduous trees change colors as they lose chlorophyll, the molecule that plants use to synthesize food. Chlorophyll makes plants appear green because it absorbs red and blue sunlight as it strikes leaf surfaces. It is not a stable compound and plants have to continuously synthesize it to keep their leaves green—a process that requires ample sunlight and warm temperatures. When temperatures drop and days shorten, levels of chlorophyll drop as well.
As green chlorophyll fades, other leaf pigments—carotenoids and anthocyanins—show off their colors.
Propulsion Systems Laboratory | Glenn Research Center | NASA
The PSL has supported Turbine-Based Combined Cycle Systems (TBCC), and tested the engines used to power the following aircraft: SR–71, F–5E/–5F, F–5A/B, C–9, F–15, F–16, EF–111A, A–10A, B52, F/A–18, F–22, and ECLIPSE.
Unique concepts in altitude engine testing have been pioneered and perfected in the PSL, such as multi-axis thrust measurement, vectored and reverse exhaust gas collection, infrared imaging at altitude, transient pressure and/or temperature distortion simulation, and flight transient simulation.

Capabilities
The Propulsion Systems Laboratory is NASA’s only ground-based test facility that can provide true flight simulation for experimental research on air-breathing propulsion systems.
Characteristics and Performance

Altitude simulation to 90,000 ft
Two engine test cells: PSL-3 and PSL-4
Mach Number Range:

PSL-3: to 3.0
PSL-4: to 4.0
PSL-4: Freejet Mach No. with auxiliary heater – to 6.0

Tied to central compressed air and exhaust systems
Thrust measurement: 50,000 lbf horizontal axis, 15,000 lbf vertical and lateral axes
Simulate clouds of ice crystals and liquid water droplets at altitudes of up to 90,000 ft and speeds of up to mach 0.8

Combustion Air System

Main Supply

480 lbs/sec @ ambient temperature and 55 psia
380 lbs/sec @ ambient temperature and 165 psia
240 lbs/sec @ 1100°F and 165 psia
380 lbs/sec @ -40°F and 25 psia (PSL-3)
30 lbs/sec @ -90°F and 25 psia (PSL-4)

Cooling Air Supply

100 lbs/sec @ ambient temperature and 55 to 165 psia

Altitude Exhaust System

Altitude Range: sea level standard to 90,000 ft
Mass Flow: up to 750 lbs/sec

Support Systems

Jet Fuel System: Two 25,000 gallon tanks supporting various types of fuel (JET-A, JP-4, JP-5, JP-8)
Mackenzie River Delta, Canada
Mackenzie River Delta, Canada

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Mackenzie River Delta, Canada

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August 4, 2004JPEG
August 4, 2004TIFF

Canada’s Mackenzie River, the country’s longest, spills out of Great Slave Lake, just north of the border between Alberta and Northwest Territories. The river flows northwest, skirting the northern ranges of the Rocky Mountains before widening into a marshy, lake-dotted delta. The delta empties into the Arctic Ocean via the Beaufort Sea.
This image of the Mackenzie River Delta was captured by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite on August 4, 2005. It was the height of summer, and the far northern landscape had thawed. Hundreds of lakes puddled across the green vegetation of the tundra. The shades of blue indicate differences in water depth and clarity. The shallower or muddier the water, the lighter the blue.
The Mackenzie River itself appears to be full of sediment, cutting a wide lavender-colored ribbon across the left side of the image. Several white sandbars appear along the stretch of river shown here.
Sierra Vista
Sierra Vista

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Sierra Vista

April 13, 2022JPEG

An astronaut aboard the International Space Station took this photograph of Sierra Vista in southern Arizona, just north of the United States-Mexico border. Bounded on all sides by military land (Fort Huachuca), national forest, and conservation areas, Sierra Vista’s city area is structured in a triangular shape. Creeks and washes sprawl across the desert flats from the Huachuca Mountains to the San Pedro River. 

The Huachuca Mountains lie to the west of Sierra Vista and neighboring urban areas. These mountains are part of the Sky Islands, an isolated group of mountain ranges scattered throughout southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico. Cool peaks and uplands contrast with the hotter desert lowlands. Miller Peak rises to 9,466 feet (2,885 meters) above sea level, almost 5,000 feet (1,524 meters) above Sierra Vista. Portions of the Huachuca Mountains and the surrounding area fall within the Miller Peak Wilderness and the Coronado National Forest.
Toward the east, Sierra Vista stretches to the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area (NCA), which protects a rare riverbank ecosystem within the Chihuahuan and Sonoran Deserts.
Collection - Astronaut Photography
Collection - Astronaut Photography

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Aurora Australis
Reds and greens dominate this view of the northern lights as photographed from the Space Shuttle in May 1991.
Published Apr 15, 2001
 

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Mt. Kilimanjaro’s Receding Glaciers
Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), the highest point in all Africa, was photographed by the crew of Space Shuttle mission STS-97 on December 2, 2000. Kilimanjaro (Kilima Njaro or “shining mountain” in Swahili) is capped by glaciers on its southern and southwestern flanks.
Published Apr 8, 2001
 

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Ariake Sea, Kyushu, Japan
The Isahaya Bay Reclamation project separated approximately 3,000 hectares of tidal flats from the Ariake Sea in 1997. This photograph was taken from the Space Shuttle on April 27, 1998, a year after the sea wall separating Isahaya Bay from the rest of the Ariake Sea was closed.
Published Apr 1, 2001
 

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Kilimanjaro—The Shining Mountain
Glaciers covered most of the summit during the first half of the 20th century, but have shrunk dramatically since then.
Falling For Corn
Falling For Corn

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Falling For Corn

October 18, 2021JPEG

More than one-third of the world’s corn is grown in the United States, and the largest share of it comes from a swath of land across the Midwest. On October 18, 2021, NASA’s Terra satellite acquired this unusually cloud-free view of that region just as the corn harvest was nearing its end, the stalks from most crops had turned yellow and brown, and some bare soil was visible again.
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), corn is grown in most states, but the highest concentration of cropland devoted to this coarse grain is found across the “Midwest Corn Belt.” Together Iowa and Illinois grow and harvest about one-third of the entire U.S. crop, and each state alone produces more corn than many countries.
The natural-color image above was acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra. The map below shows lands that were planted with corn in 2020 (marked in yellow). The map was built from the Cropland Data Layer product provided by the National Agricultural Statistics Service, which includes data from the USGS National Land Cover Database and from satellites such as Landsat 8, ResourceSat-2, and Sentinel-2.

2020JPEG
Solar in the Sahara
Solar in the Sahara

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Solar in the Sahara

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December 24, 2013JPEG
December 24, 2013TIFF

 

December 14, 2015JPEG
December 14, 2015TIFF

 

December 24, 2013

December 14, 2015

December 24, 2013JPEGDecember 24, 2013TIFFDecember 14, 2015JPEG

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Morocco gets plenty of sun—about 3,000 hours per year, according to the Solar GCC Alliance. A new solar plant in that desert country is poised to take advantage of the ample Saharan sunlight.
The images above show the first phase of the solar complex, Noor 1, located at the “door of the desert” in the south-central Moroccan town of Ouarzazate. The top image, acquired with the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 in December 2013, shows the plant soon after the start of construction. OLI acquired the second image in December 2015 as the plant neared its inauguration. Turn on the image comparison tool to see 500,000 solar mirrors spread across the desert.
Noor 1 has a power-generating capacity of 160 megawatts.
2001 Budget Analysis:Employment Development Department
Since reaching a peak of $1.8 billion at the end of 1995-96, year-end DI fund balances have declined steadily, reaching $157 million in June
2000. The trend toward lower fund balances largely results from decisions by the current and past EDD directors to use their discretionary authority to reduce
the DI contribution rate by 0.1 percent below the "formula" rate. We note that the period from January through March of 2000, when the rate was below
statutorily required levels, further increased stress on the fund. In December 2000, the fund reached a low of about $5 million. Despite the low balance, EDD
projects that the fund will be able to pay anticipated benefit claims without the need for short-term borrowing from the General Fund because contributions into
the fund are now exceeding claims. The fund is projected to have a balance of $360 million at the end of June 2001, rising to nearly $900 million at the end of
June 2002.
Unemployment Insurance Benefits in California 
The Unemployment Insurance (UI) program provides weekly benefits to unemployed workers who become jobless through no fault of their own. Benefit
levels are set by state law and have not been increased since 1992. We review the UI program and estimate the cost of increasing the maximum benefit to a
level of wage replacement in 2002 that would be roughly equivalent to that of 1992. 
Background. The UI program provides weekly, unemployment insurance payments to workers who lose their jobs through no fault of their own. To be eligible
for benefits, a claimant must be able to work, be seeking work, and be willing to accept a suitable job.
The UI program is a federal-state program, authorized in federal law but with broad discretion for states to set benefit and employer contribution levels. The
program is financed by unemployment tax contributions paid by employers for each covered worker. We note that California law allows a part-time employee
to file a UI claim.
Statutory Benefit Level. State law establishes benefit levels. Currently, the maximum weekly benefit is capped by state law at $230 per week for 26 weeks. The
amount of benefits available is based on the claimant's earnings in the "base period."
Rising car prices means more auto loan debt | Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
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Rising car prices means more auto loan debt

By 
 Ryan Kelly, 
 
 Chris Kukla, 
 and 
 Ashwin Vasan
 
 –
 

FEB 24, 2022

 Share & print
 

Earlier this month, the Bureau of Labor Statistics released data regarding changes to the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is one measure of inflation. The increasing cost of automobiles continues to be a major component of inflation, as many manufacturers face difficulties procuring chips that are a key component in cars and are therefore producing fewer new cars. While the chip shortage has caused new cars to grow more expensive, the price increase of used cars has been sharper. Data show that the CPI for used cars and trucks increased 40 percent since January 2021 while the CPI for new cars increased 12 percent. As car prices continue to rise, loan amounts are rising, and loan lengths are growing to make those larger loans seem affordable.As a result, we expect that both the total amount of debt and the average loan size will continue to increase and that larger car loans will put increased pressure on some consumers’ budgets for much of the next decade.
A New Reservoir in Cambodia
A New Reservoir in Cambodia

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A New Reservoir in Cambodia

February 14, 2017JPEG

 

February 1, 2018JPEG

 

February 14, 2017

February 1, 2018

February 14, 2017JPEGFebruary 1, 2018JPEG

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As recently as 2010, only 3 percent of Cambodia’s domestically generated electricity came from hydropower. By 2016, hydropower was the source of 60 percent of it.
The completion of the Lower Sesan II dam in Stung Treng province will give hydropower yet another boost. At full capacity, the $800 million project is designed to generate 400 megawatts of electricity, making it the biggest hydropower station in the country. Water levels began to rise in September 2017, when the dam’s floodgates were closed. In November 2017, the first turbine began to generate power. By October 2018, all eight turbines are expected to be operating.
The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite captured these before and after natural-color images of the dam and reservoir. They were built near the confluence of the Sesan River (Tonlé San in Cambodian) and Srepok River, both tributaries of the Mekong River.