vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
Kuiper Belt - NASA Science
It is home to Pluto and most of the known dwarf planets and some comets.Kuiper Belt OverviewThe Kuiper Belt is a doughnut-shaped region of icy bodies extending far beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is home to Pluto and Arrokoth. Both worlds were visited by NASA's New Horizons spacecraft. There may be millions of other icy worlds in the Kuiper Belt that were left over from the formation of our solar system. Scientists call these worlds Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), or trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). Trans-Neptunian objects are objects in our solar system that have an orbit beyond Neptune.Unable to render the provided sourceExplore our solar system with NASA's Eyes on the Solar System. NASA/JPL-Caltech/VTADSimilar to the asteroid belt, the Kuiper Belt is a region of leftovers from the solar system's early history. Like the asteroid belt, it has also been shaped by a giant planet, although it's more of a thick disk (like a donut) than a thin belt.The Kuiper Belt shouldn't be confused with the Oort Cloud, which is a much more distant region of icy, comet-like bodies that surrounds the solar system, including the Kuiper Belt. Both the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt are thought to be sources of comets.The Kuiper Belt is truly a frontier in space – it's a place we're still just beginning to explore and our understanding is still evolving.Featured Story10 Things to Know About the Kuiper BeltIt's vast and mysterious, cold and dark. It's a place we've only just begun to explore. Here are 10 things…Read the StorySmallest Kuiper Belt ObjectPlanet-Forming DiskHubble Finds Smallest Kuiper Belt ObjectNASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has discovered the smallest object ever seen in visible light in the Kuiper BeltHubble observations of nearby stars show that a number of them have Kuiper Belt-like disks of icy debris encircling them. These disks are the remnants of planetary formation.
Primer on Urban Operations

Published by Combat Studies Institute in 2006.
These case studies study high-intensity battles and conflicts ranging from limited interventions to major combat operations.
Download the PDF 

 

Back to Basics
A Study of the Second Lebanon War and Operation CAST LEAD
Lieutenant Colonel Scott C. Farquhar, general editor
157 Pages
Published by Combat Studies Institute in 2009.
This is a study of the operations of the Israeli Defense Force against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. It examines what the IDF did to prepare for that operation in light of its harsh experience and provides possible lessons for the U.S. Army.
Download the PDF 

 

The US Army in Kirkuk
Governance Operations on the Fault Lines of Iraqi Society, 2003-2009
By Peter W. Connors
129 Pages
Published by Combat Studies Institute in 2011.
This work chronicles the challenging task of bringing stability and representative government to the Iraqi city of Kirkuk after the fall of the Baathist regime.
Download the PDF 

 

Traditions, Changes, and Challenges
Military Operations and the Middle Eastern City
By Lieutenant Colonel Louis A. DiMarco, US Army
71 Pages
Published by Combat Studies Institute in 2004.
This study focuses on military aspects of urban areas in the Middle East and includes discussion on cultural awareness and understanding the intricacies of city design and function in this critical region.
Download the PDF 

Related CSI Sources
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On Point
The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom
By Col. Gregroy Fontenot, U.S. Army, Retired, Lt. Col. E.J. Degen, U.S. Army, and Lt. Col. David Tohn, U.S. Army
598 Pages
Published by Combat Studies Institute in 2004.
This book is a thorough review that examines the U.S. Army’s performance, assesses the role it played in the joint and coalition team, and captures the strategic, operational, and tactical lessons that should be disseminated and applied in future fights. Includes narrative of the operations inside Baghdad, Nasiriyah and other Iraqi cities.
Download the PDF 

 

On Point II
Transition to the New Campaign: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003-January 2005
Printed Product Downloads | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids
The bottom image is a composite of wavelengths that highlight the gas and dust in the galaxy. Herschel's discovery of infrared light and Ritter's discovery of ultraviolet light are both described as experiments to be done in the classroom.
 Full-dimension .pdf of front (25.5 x 22 inches).
 8-1/2x11 printable .pdf of front.

Spitzer litho: Bubble-blowing stars at the center of the Milky Way

 Spitzer litho: RCW 86, a Supernova Footprint

Spitzer litho: Galaxy M81

 Spitzer litho: Galaxy NGC300

 Spitzer litho: Galaxy NGC7129

 Spitzer litho: Trifid Nebula

Herschel litho: Ring in the sky, TCW 120

 Herschel litho: Large Magellanic Cloud

Herschel litho: Orion's rainbow of infrared Light
 

 Herschel litho: Revisiting the Pillars of Creation

 Galaxy Evolution Explorer litho: Helix Nebula

 Galaxy Evolution Explorer litho: M81 Galaxy

 Galaxy Evolution Explorer litho: NGC0362 Globular Cluster

 Galaxy Evolution Explorer litho: M31 (Andromeda) Galaxy

Spitzer postcards: This .pdf file includes 21 postcards, each with a stunning image from the Spitzer Space Telescope (plus a few artist's renderings). 

 

 Galaxy Evolution Explorer postcards. This .pdf file includes fifteen postcards on galaxies as seen in ultraviolet light by the GALEX spacecraft. Each postcard has an extended caption on the back explaining the image and what it reveals that was not known before.
 

Spitzer bookmarks: Four "back-to-back" bookmarks with four Spitzer images of galaxies. Captions on bookmarks describe the images.
	

 

 
Discovery of Infrared Light, activity, 4-page description and activity. Explains and gives instructions for repeating the experiment William Herschel performed in discovering infrared light.

Space Technology

Space Technology 5 litho. Summarizes the ST5 mission to develop and fly three miniature spacecraft in Earth orbit. All spacecraft systems were miniaturized.
5 Things to Know About NASA’s Tiny Twin Polar Satellites - NASA
Just beyond the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum sits the infrared, a spectrum of longer-wavelength light that can be sensed as heat. Essentially all of Earth’s heat emissions happen at infrared wavelengths between 4 and 100 micrometers. At the planet’s cold polar regions, 60% of the heat emissions occur at far-infrared wavelengths (longer than 15 micrometers). Researchers have relatively little data on which parts of the Arctic and Antarctic are shedding this heat. PREFIRE will help address this lack of knowledge, giving scientists a better idea of how efficiently far-infrared heat is emitted by things like snow and sea ice, and how clouds influence the amount of far-infrared radiation that escapes to space.
3. Data from PREFIRE will help improve polar and global climate models.
By filling in gaps in our knowledge of Earth’s energy budget, PREFIRE will sharpen our understanding of what drives the loss of polar ice on land and sea, and related questions of sea level rise. This will help researchers better predict how the heat exchange between Earth and space will change in the future, and how those changes will affect things like ice sheet melting, atmospheric temperatures, and global weather. PREFIRE data will be available to the public through NASA’s Atmospheric Science Data Center.
4. The PREFIRE CubeSats are designed to answer critical questions using a platform that’s lower-cost than a full-size satellite.
The PREFIRE CubeSats use advances in spectrometry to measure processes associated with ice melt and formation, snow melt and accumulation, and changes in cloud cover. A single satellite that revisits the same region of Earth every several days can monitor seasonal changes that researchers can use to improve climate models. But following the interactions between Earth’s surface and atmosphere, such as the amount of cloud cover temporarily effecting the temperature of the area beneath it, requires more frequent measurements. Two satellites in asynchronous near-polar orbits — passing over a given spot on Earth at different times, looking at the same area within hours of each other — could catch some of these shorter-time-scale phenomena.
5. The PREFIRE mission is helping to train the next generation of satellite climate scientists.
Measuring Vegetation (NDVI & EVI)
Over the past five decades deforestation in South America has
left thousands of acres fallow and has destroyed many species including
possible valuable medications.
Satellite 
maps of vegetation show the density of plant growth over the entire globe. 
The most common measurement is called the Normalized Difference Vegetation 
Index (NDVI). Very low values of NDVI (0.1 and below) correspond to barren 
areas of rock, sand, or snow. Moderate values represent shrub and grassland 
(0.2 to 0.3), while high values indicate temperate and tropical rainforests (0.6 to 0.8).
In an effort to monitor major fluctuations in vegetation and
understand how they affect the environment, 20 years ago Earth
scientists began using satellite remote sensors to measure and map the
density of green vegetation over the Earth. Using NOAA’s Advanced
Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), scientists have been collecting
images of our planet’s surface. By carefully measuring the
wavelengths and intensity of visible and near-infrared light reflected
by the land surface back up into space, scientists use an algorithm
called a "Vegetation Index" to quantify the concentrations of
green leaf vegetation around the globe. Then by combining the daily
Vegetation Indices into 8-, 16-, or 30-day composites, scientists create
detailed maps of the Earth’s green vegetation density that identify
where plants are thriving and where they are under stress (i.e., due to
lack of water).next: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
 
Measuring Vegetation (NDVI & EVI)
Introduction
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
NDVI as an Indicator of Drought
Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)

Life
Remote Sensing

Life
Remote Sensing

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 The Earth Observatory is part of the EOS Project Science Office at NASA Goddard Space
 Flight Center
Health Services | VA New Mexico Health Care | Veterans Affairs
Kidney transplants
Heart transplants
Lung transplants
Referrals to other transplant centers

 Urology
 

Common conditions: prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction, urinary disorders
 
We offer understanding and advanced care and treatment to Veterans with conditions that affect the male urinary and reproductive systems and the female urinary system.
Care we provide at VA New Mexico health care
Male and female urinary tract and male reproductive system
Common conditions: prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction, urinary disorders
We offer understanding and advanced care and treatment to Veterans with conditions that affect the male urinary and reproductive systems and the female urinary system.
We evaluate, diagnose, and treat a wide range of urology diseases and conditions that include kidney stones, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, prostate cancer, and more. We provide you with medical care, surgery, and minimally invasive procedures for health issues that affect:

Kidneys
Bladder
Ureter and urethra
Male reproductive organs

 Vascular surgery
 

Common conditions: vascular conditions, varicose veins
 
Our expert team diagnoses and treats diseases and conditions that affect arteries, veins and blood circulation.
Care we provide at VA New Mexico health care
Arteries, veins and circulation
Common conditions: vascular conditions, varicose veins
Our expert team diagnoses and treats diseases and conditions that affect arteries, veins and blood circulation.
Our vascular surgeons treat illnesses of your arteries and veins. Our surgeons can treat these problems with medication and exercise. Vascular illness causes include atherosclerosis caused by the buildup of plaque in your arteries: blockage by a blood clot or fatty deposit: inflammation, (vasculitis): and trauma or injury

Arteriosclerosis (caused by the buildup of plaque in your arteries that restricts blood flow to your organs and tissues)
Aortic aneurysm and aortic valve disease
Deep vein thrombosis and other blood clots
Varicose veins
Vasculitis (inflammation of your blood vessels)

 Wheelchair and mobility
 

Common conditions: lightweight manual
National Transportation Statistics | Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Table 4-3 - Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector

Section 4.B - Transportation Energy Consumption By Mode

Table 4-4 - U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation Sector
Table 4-5 - Fuel Consumption by Mode of Transportation in Physical Units 
Table 4-6 - Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation 
Table 4-7 - Domestic Demand for Gasoline by Mode 
Table 4-8 - Certificated Air Carrier Fuel Consumption and Travel 
Table 4-9 - Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel
Table 4-10 - Estimated Consumption of Alternative and Replacement Fuels for Highway Vehicles
Table 4-11 - Light Duty Vehicle, Short Wheel Base and Motorcycle Fuel Consumption and Travel
Table 4-12 - Light Duty Vehicle, Long Wheel Base Fuel Consumption and Travel
Table 4-13 - Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Tire or More Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel 
Table 4-14 - Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and Travel 
Table 4-15 - Bus Fuel Consumption and Travel 
Table 4-16 - Transit Industry Electric Power and Primary Energy Consumption and Travel  
Table 4-17 - Class I Rail Freight Fuel Consumption and Travel 
Table 4-18 - Amtrak Fuel Consumption and Travel 
Table 4-19 - U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and Source

Section 4.C - Transportation Energy Intensity and Fuel Efficiency

Table 4-20 - Energy Intensity of Passenger Modes
Table 4-21 - Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All Services
Table 4-22 - Energy Intensity of Light Duty Vehicles and Motorcycles
Table 4-23 - Average Fuel Efficiency of U.S. Light Duty Vehicles
Table 4-24 - Energy Intensity of Transit Motor Buses
Table 4-25 - Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight Service
Table 4-26 - Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services
Table 4-27 - Energy Intensity of Amtrak Services (loss-adjusted conversion factors)
Table 4-28 - Annual Wasted Fuel Due to Congestion
Table 4-29 - Annual Wasted Fuel per Person

Section 4.D - Air Pollution

Table 4-30 - Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Vehicles 
Table 4-31 - Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light Duty Trucks (category LDT1)
Evaluation of a Tax Exemption for Zero-Emission Buses
Some transit agencies, on the other hand, are on pace to convert their bus fleets entirely to ZEBs far ahead of the ICT deadlines. For example, the Antelope Valley Transit Authority completed its transition to an all-ZEB fleet in 2022.
ZEBs Still Make Up Small Share of Statewide Bus Fleet. As described above, a substantial share of the buses entering service over the last few years have been ZEBs. Nevertheless, because buses typically remain in service for at least 12 years, the resulting changes in the composition of the statewide bus fleet have thus far been modest. As shown in Figure 3, the vast majority of buses in active duty at the end of 2022 ran on conventional fuels. Four percent were electric, and 1 percent ran on hydrogen.

Many Factors Affect ZEB Adoption
The ZEB exemption reduces the cost of buying ZEBs, giving transit agencies an incentive to make these purchases earlier than the ICT requires. At the same time, many other factors also influence the pace of ZEB adoption, including:

Transit Agencies’ Policy Goals. Many transit agencies share the state’s goal of reducing GHGs and other air pollution. This intrinsic motivation very likely influences their choices about which types of buses to purchase.
Cost of Other Capital Investments. As transit agencies adopt ZEBs, they incur some other significant up-front costs—for example, constructing and maintaining charging infrastructure.
Ongoing Costs. To operate buses, transit agencies incur ongoing costs for fuel, maintenance, and repairs. These costs generally vary across different types of buses. As transit agencies consider which type of bus to purchase, they must consider how these costs are likely to differ over the useful life of the bus.
State and Federal Funding. As described in the “Background” section, various state and federal programs subsidize transit agencies’ acquisition of ZEBs and installation of related infrastructure. Although most of this funding is not dedicated exclusively to ZEBs, the total amount is much larger than the amount provided by the ZEB exemption.

Exemption Not Targeted to Address Fiscal Problems
Two key aspects of the ZEB exemption make it ill-suited to provide fiscal relief to transit agencies:

All Transit Agencies Eligible for Exemption.
Viewing the Elephant Seals
Viewing the Elephant Seals

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Viewing the Elephant Seals

VIEWING THE SEALS APRIL-NOVEMBER
April - November: Elephant seal viewing is self-guided from April to November. No tours or reservations are needed to visit the elephant seals.
Starting April 1, guided tours are not required to see the seals. Instead, you walk out to the viewing areas on your own on the Año Point Trail. At each of the viewing areas, there is a docent to explain what you’re seeing and answer questions. A free permit is required to visit the seals. The free permit is available at the park from 8:30-3:30, daily. There is a day use/parking fee. Visitors will not be able to obtain a permit after 3:30 pm due to the length of time it takes to hike to the viewing areas. Your visit to see the seals is a self-guided walk.
Elephant seal viewing requires a 3-4 mile moderate hike over varied terrain, including sand dunes.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) | Placer County, CA
Does notifying the public that the aircraft will be available for display at the owner's home, by appointment only, qualify as "public display"? 

No. Making the aircraft available by appointment only is not a clear invitation for viewing issued to the general public. Also, an owner's home site will lack reasonable accommodations for public viewing in most instances.

Is an aircraft stored on private property, but visible from a state highway, on "public display"? 

No. The
plane must be displayed in a place where deliberate public viewing can be
accommodated during reasonable viewing hours. 

Please explain the significance of the word "available". 

As used in the statute, "available" means that if an aircraft was formally scheduled for display at a qualifying site and the display was canceled (e.g., because of rain), the date would count as a day available for display.

Must a display be in California? 

No. There is no requirement that the aircraft display site be in California.

Must the applicant list at least twelve future dates to qualify for the exemption under prospective treatment? 

No. For anticipated display in the initial qualifying year, the applicant need only certify that the aircraft will be made available for display at least 12 days in order to qualify for the exemption. The assessor can request additional information at a later date to verify compliance. If, at a later date, it is determined that the owner did not meet the exemption qualifications, an escape assessment can be issued.

What constitutes "commercial purpose"? 

Conveyance of passengers or goods for any business reason or use of the aircraft for any revenue-producing activity would constitute commercial purpose.

If an aircraft is depreciated as business property, or expenses are written off as business expenses, is the aircraft being used for commercial purposes? 

Yes. Owner recognition of business-related aircraft use is factual documentation that the aircraft is used for commercial purposes.

What constitutes use as "general transportation"? 

"General transportation" means conveyance of or travel from one place to another. Use of an aircraft for general transportation means flight of the aircraft from one place to another, for the primary purpose of transporting passengers, self or goods from one location to another.
News Flash • Dublin • CivicEngage
Posted on: May 2, 2024
May is National Bike Month!
May is National Bike Month, and the City of Dublin has several events planned in celebration.  All bike programs this month are funded by Alameda County Transportation Commission's Measure B/BB funds.Urban Cycling 101 - Day One, Classroo...Read on... 
City of Dublin
Posted on: May 2, 2024
View the May 2024 Edition of the "Backyard Brief" Newsletter
The May 2024 edition of the City of Dublin's "Backyard Brief" newsletter is now available for viewing.  In this issue, you'll find information about Mayor Hernandez's "State of the City" Address; the 6th Annual Tri-Valley APAP...Read on... 
City of Dublin

News Flash

News Flash 

 

▼
Dublin Fire	

1 Story 
Posted on: March 19, 2024
American Red Cross Offers Free Smoke Alarms and Installation
In the event of a structure fire, a smoke alarm can make the difference between life and death.  The American Red Cross offers free smoke alarms and installation to all residences.  The Red Cross can also provide educational resources to...Read on... 
Dublin Fire

News Flash

News Flash

News Flash 

 

▼
Dublin Police Services	

1 Story 
Posted on: January 8, 2024
Dublin Police Services Issues its 2022-2023 Annual Report
The 2022-2023 Dublin Police Services Annual Report is now available for viewing.  The document provides an overview of each unit in the department, as well as budget information, crime statistics, criminal investigations, and much more. &nbsp...Read on... 
Dublin Police Services

News Flash

News Flash

News Flash 

 

▼
Parks & Community Services	

11 Stories 
Posted on: May 20, 2024
Dublin Summer Concert Series Returns to Emerald Glen Park Beginning June 6
The eight-week Dublin Summer Concert Series, held on Thursday evenings in the Emerald Glen Park Amphitheater (4201 Central Parkway) during the Dublin Farmers' Market, returns with a wide variety of musical acts beginning Thursday, June 6.