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A Message from the Project Scientist

Terra Orbital Drift
Kurt Thome shares information about Terra’s twenty years in orbit at the American Geophysical Union conference in 2019.
On February 27, 2020, the Terra flight operations team conducted Terra’s last inclination adjust maneuver.   The inclination adjust maneuver is one of three basic maneuvers requiring fuel that the Terra Flight Operations Team uses to maintain Terra’s orbit and the safety of the platform.  Inclination adjust maneuvers are used to control the platform’s mean local time (MLT) of its equator crossing.  The other two are drag makeup maneuvers (DMUs) to control the orbital altitude (apogee and perigee) and risk mitigation maneuvers (RMM), or debris avoidance maneuver (DAMs), that are used to protect the platform from collisions with known on-orbit debris or other spacecraft.
The importance of orbit maintenance is that changes in orbit can affect the quality of data from a sensor.  Earlier crossing times for a morning platform like Terra mean lower solar elevations (leading to more prevalent shadows), decreased cloud probabilities, lower surface temperatures, and lower reflected energy (leading to lower signals).  A decrease in orbit altitude alters the spatial coverage of the sensor including possible gaps in spatial sampling, decreased spatial coverage, but better spatial resolution. 
The flight operations team works to maintain both crossing time and platform altitude to provide the highest quality data.
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Physical Extent

System Mileage Within the United States (1-01, 1-01M)

Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory

Retail Sales of New Cars by Sector (1-18)
Number of U.S. Truck Registrations by Type (1-22b)

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Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built (1-32)
U.S. Flag Vessel by Type and Age (1-34)

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Average Length of Haul, Domestic Freight and Passenger Modes (1-38, 1-38M)
Passengers Boarded at the Top 50 U.S. Airports (1-44)
Air Passenger Travel Arrivals in the United States from Selected Foreign Countries (1-45)
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Section 1.A - Physical Extent

Table 1-1 - System Mileage Within the United States (statute miles)
Table 1-2 - Number of Air Carriers, Railroads, Interstate Motor Carriers, Marine Vessel Operators, and Pipeline Operators
Table 1-3 - Number of U.S. Airports
Table 1-4 - Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Type of Surface
Table 1-5 - Public Road and Street Mileage in the United States by Functional System
Table 1-6a - Estimated U.S. Roadway Lane-Miles by Functional System
Table 1-6b - Number of U.S. Public and Private Alternative Fueling Stations by Fuel Type
Table 1-7 - Number of Stations Served by Amtrak and Rail Transit, Fiscal Year
Table 1-8 - ADA Lift- or Ramp-Equipped Transit Buses
Table 1-9 - ADA-Accessible Rail Transit Stations by Agency
Table 1-10 - U.S. Oil and Gas Pipeline Mileage

Section 1.B - Vehicle, Aircraft, and Vessel Inventory

Table 1-11 - Number of U.S. Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances
Table 1-12 - U.S. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances
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<p>Now that you’ve received your <a href="https://news.calpers.ca.gov/the-2024-cola-is-coming-heres-the-scoop/">2024 cost-of-living adjustment (COLA)</a> in your May retirement check, you’re probably curious about how your COLA amount was calculated. These facts should also provide insights into why CalPERS cannot simply raise your COLA amount due to the significant impact of inflation in today’s economy.</p>
<p>Here are the top COLA facts you need to know:</p>
<h2>1. Who Determines My Annual COLA Percentage Amount?</h2>
<p>You might be surprised to learn that the cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) percentage that you receive annually is a contracted benefit that your employer decided to provide as part of your retirement benefit package. Since more than 95% of all CalPERS retirees receive a 2% COLA, that means your employer selected that percentage as your annual COLA — <strong>not CalPERS</strong>.</p>
<p>Most state and all school agencies contract for a maximum of a 2% COLA that is compounded annually, while public agencies may contract for a maximum of a 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% COLA.</p>
<h2>2. Why Does It Take Two Years to Get My First COLA?</h2>
<p>The retirement law states that retirees receive their first COLA in the second calendar year of retirement. That means if you retired in 2022, you received your first COLA this month. If you retired in 2023, you’ll see your first COLA in your May 2025 retirement check.</p>
<h2>3. Why Don’t I Get My COLA in January, Which Aligns With Social Security’s COLA?</h2>
<p>The retirement law specifically determines the date of May 1 to receive your COLA adjustment. The law further states that your COLA is to be included with your regular retirement check.</p>
Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2008-12 | Internal Revenue Service
2) Whether the insurance excise taxes imposed by section 4371 apply to the extent that a foreign insurer or reinsurer that would otherwise be entitled under an income tax treaty to an exemption from the excise taxes imposed by paragraphs (1), (2) or (3) of section 4371 reinsures the risks covered by such contracts with a foreign reinsurer that is not entitled to an exemption from such excise taxes under an income tax treaty (a nonqualified foreign reinsurer). FACTS Situation 1 Foreign Insurer, a foreign corporation incorporated in Country X, issues policies of casualty insurance to U.S. Corporation, a domestic corporation, with respect to hazards, risks, losses, or liabilities wholly or partly within the United States. Foreign Insurer is not engaged in a trade or business in the United States. Country X does not have an income tax treaty with the United States. Foreign Insurer enters into a reinsurance agreement with Foreign Reinsurer, a foreign corporation incorporated in Country Y, whereby Foreign Reinsurer agrees to indemnify Foreign Insurer against all or part of the loss that Foreign Insurer may sustain under the policies it has issued to U.S. Corporation. Foreign Reinsurer is not engaged in a trade or business in the United States. Country Y has an income tax treaty with the United States that does not exempt insurance premiums from the excise taxes imposed by section 4371. Situation 2 Foreign Reinsurer A, a foreign corporation incorporated in Country W, issues policies of reinsurance to Domestic Insurer, a U.S. corporation, that cover casualty insurance contracts issued to or for, or in the name of, an insured as defined in section 4372(d). Foreign Reinsurer A enters into a reinsurance agreement with Foreign Reinsurer B, incorporated in Country Y, whereby Foreign Reinsurer B agrees to indemnify Foreign Reinsurer A against all or part of the loss that Foreign Reinsurer A may sustain under the policies it has issued to Domestic Insurer. Country W and Country Y have income tax treaties with the United States that do not exempt insurance premiums from the excise taxes imposed by section 4371.
Your COLA Is Here — Top 5 Facts to Know About Your COLA Calculation - CalPERS PERSpective
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Your COLA Is Here — Top 5 Facts to Know About Your COLA Calculation
3 weeks ago

Now that you’ve received your 2024 cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) in your May retirement check, you’re probably curious about how your COLA amount was calculated. These facts should also provide insights into why CalPERS cannot simply raise your COLA amount due to the significant impact of inflation in today’s economy.
Here are the top COLA facts you need to know:
1. Who Determines My Annual COLA Percentage Amount?
You might be surprised to learn that the cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) percentage that you receive annually is a contracted benefit that your employer decided to provide as part of your retirement benefit package. Since more than 95% of all CalPERS retirees receive a 2% COLA, that means your employer selected that percentage as your annual COLA — not CalPERS.
Most state and all school agencies contract for a maximum of a 2% COLA that is compounded annually, while public agencies may contract for a maximum of a 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% COLA.
2. Why Does It Take Two Years to Get My First COLA?
The retirement law states that retirees receive their first COLA in the second calendar year of retirement. That means if you retired in 2022, you received your first COLA this month. If you retired in 2023, you’ll see your first COLA in your May 2025 retirement check.
3. Why Don’t I Get My COLA in January, Which Aligns With Social Security’s COLA?
The retirement law specifically determines the date of May 1 to receive your COLA adjustment. The law further states that your COLA is to be included with your regular retirement check.
The Social Security Administration also uses a different method for calculating COLA benefits that it pays in January of each year. You can find more information about the SSA COLA on their website.