vania-janet/multiturn-rag-retrieval-data huggingface dataset:
"As others have pointed out, leveraged investing is investing borrowed money. To do so, you need to convince a lender that you're good for the loan. This usually means you need to have collateral worth what you're trying to borrow, or you need to pay a higher rate to account for the fact that they're gambling that you will remain employed and pay off the loan. Leveraged investing is, in general, a risky move for exactly this reason. You can lose not just your original investment, but everything you borrowed as well. The only time it really makes sense, in my admittedly conservative opinion, is when you (a) can afford to suffer that loss, (b) are pretty confident of your investment, and (c) have assets which you have no intention to sell for the duration of the loan. An ""unneeded"" mortgage on a house is a classic example, thusly: When I purchased my house, I had enough savings that I could have bought it without taking a mortgage. Instead, I took out a mortgage for a large part of that, and left the remainder in my investment accounts -- essentially building the leveraging loan into the mortgage. I then got obscenely ""lucky"" when interest rates fell through the floor due to the Great Recession, and was able to refinance the mortgage to near record low rates. As a result, on that loan -- which, as I say, I'm in the position of being able to pay off at any time without killing my finances -- I'm currently paying about 3.5%, while the cash this has let me leave in my investments is earning several times that... a net win. But again, note that this required collateral. Essentially, all I'm doing is paying a bit to to borrow my own money (part of the value of the house). There really is no easy way to ""convert 25k to 250k"" -- if there was, everyone would be doing it. There's no magic in investment. Just time and compounding returns and trading off risk against potential gain. The more you try to push it and win big, the more you risk losing big.
To cut the cost of insurance in half, you will have to cut the number of ambulance chasing attorneys in half and stop half of the hail storms. I’m of the belief that lawsuits and defense cost will still be a part of the insurance cost as well as all the current comprehensive risks.   The reason Tesla is doing this is because it’s vehicles are SIGNIFICANTLY more expensive to repair. The mainstream insurance companies are figuring out how to insure them, and it will end up be much more expensive to insure a Tesla than a Toyota.
This is sad, not just for Nokia but for Finland as a whole. The shares used to be a synonym for a Finnish tech stock tracker fund as they not only employed lots of Finns, but also used a lot of subcontractors. They can't all make Angry Birds....  With Elop there like the proverbial dead albatross around the neck of the Ancient Mariner, they must remain with Microsoft, however they must stop Microsoft from killing their platform. Microsoft's behaviour is unacceptable.  Nokia's hardware reputation remains good. Their dumb phones retain a market share with those who are challenged for access to recharge facilities and don't want to spend $500. Perhaps they can leverage their far-eastern manufacturing capabilities for not quite so dumb phones (they must climb the value chain a bit), but retaining the excellent battery life.  Even in the west, there is a ready market for second phones that you really can use outdoors. I love my Galaxy Nexus, but it is hard to use in bright sunlight, water messes up touch sensitivity and so on. I still have my old E71 for use on the go. Far from weatherproof, but you get the general idea.
It's a question of values.  If we are concerned about high taxes some people are asked to pay in support of their government, a government that supports the community that provides the wealth gathered by the rich, should we also be concerned about the high payments asked of the community for basic living?
Mathematically speaking there would be a point where the  expected value  EV of purchasing every possible ticket would be favorable but only if you take in account both the jackpot payout and the lesser payouts of all the wining tickets  however practically speaking since the powerball has a liability payout limit which means they dont have to pay out more money than they took in you cant beat the house ( or the government)
Anti-trust would be where Walmart and Amazon are in collusion, since they run similar businesses. Walmart is not in the trucking business, so it is not colluding to make the trucking industry into an effective monopoly.      EDIT: Restrictive contracts that dictate what business another party can perform are commonplace. There are non-competes between employers and employees. Sponsors might dictate what products a personality can endorse or not. A lender might dictate to a brick and mortar store what products it must carry ...      EDIT2: Along related lines Amazon has a clause on ebook pricing which says, regardless of the price an author sets on their own ebook, Amazon can sell that ebook for less if the ebook is cheaper at any other vendor.
"That characterisation of arbitrage-free pricing sounds a bit like the ""relative vs. fundamental"" approaches to asset pricing that Cochrane outlines (in his text, *Asset Pricing*). Rebonato also makes this distinction with regard to term structure models in *Volatility and Correlation*.   On one extreme you have CAPM-style models in which asset prices are completely determined by investors' risk preferences; on the other extreme, you would have something like a SABR-Libor Market Model where you take everything up to and including the volatility surface as given.   What's interesting to me is the way in which these different classes of models get used in various parts of the financial industry. So, buy side firms tend to rely a lot more on equilibrium-style models, since they ultimately care about things like how the equity risk premium or the bond risk premium affect asset prices. In contrast, derivatives quants working at a big sell-side bank who are pricing exotics don't care about what the ""fundamental"" value of their underlying assets is; they just take that as given and price the exotic accordingly."
Registering it as an LLC turns it into a business, and will have to be maintained regardless of whether you do any actual business with it or not. Strictly speaking, it also doesn't necessarily grant you any specific protections against the use of the name. Small business names are notoriously hard to protect when they are active. If you aren't actually using it, a judge is more likely to not rule in your favor. A regular Trademark isn't what you're looking for either. That is more for business product line names and similar.  What you're looking for is a Registered Trademark (®), which is a federal legal designation disallowing other businesses from using your name or business branding. See [this article](http://smallbusiness.chron.com/differences-between-copyright-trademark-registration-780.html) for more information.
"The Investment Entertainment Pricing Theory (INEPT) has this bit to note: The returns of small growth stocks are ridiculously low—just 2.18   percent per year since 1927 (versus 17.47 percent for small value,   10.06 percent for large growth, and 13.99 percent for large value). Where the S & P 500 would be a blend of large-cap growth and value so does that meet your ""beat the market over the long term"" as 1927-1999 would be long for most people."
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Since you say 1099, I'll assume it's in the US. :) Think of your consulting operation as a small business. Businesses are only taxed on their profits, not their revenues. So you should only be paying tax on the $700 in the example you gave. Note, though, that you need to be sure the IRS thinks you're a small business. Having a separate bank account for the business, filing for a business license with your local city/state, etc are all things that help make the case that you're running a business. Of course, the costs of doing all those things are business expenses, and thus things you can deduct from that $1000 in revenue at tax time.
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&gt; What this translates to is that someone there has double booked the venue and as the smaller player, I get dumped.  You mean the other player negotiated for better contract terms?   This isn't a UK problem, it's a problem for any small business. It seems you are trying to do everything yourself instead of hiring a specialist to take care of the little details.
You are looking at this all wrong.  You got nothing to lose here and everything to gain.  You arent being paid and you arent good at selling.  This is a time for you to try and overcome your hangups.  You have no pressure now since you arent being paid.  Realize this and become more relaxed.  Explore different sales approaches and at the end if the day figure out what works best.    Most of all you are only a sophmore.  Use this as a learning experience for future jobs.  You can decide  how you want to use what you have learned there.  You might want to use what you have learned to help you stear clear of similar companies in the future.
"While derivative pricing models are better modeling reality as academia invests more into the subject, none sufficiently do. If, for example, one assumes that stock returns are lognormal for the purposes of pricing options like Black Scholes does, the only true dependent variable becomes log-standard deviation otherwise known as ""volatility"", producing the infamous ""volatility smile"" which disappears in the cases of models with more factors accounting for other mathematical moments such as mean, skew, and kurtosis, etc. Still, these more advanced models are flawed, and suffer the same extreme time mispricing as Black Scholes. In other words, one can model anything however one wants, but the worse the model, the stranger the results since volatility for a given expiration should be constant across all strikes and is with better models. In the case of pricing dividends, these can be adjusted for the many complexities of taxation, but the model becomes ever more complex and extremely computationally expensive for each eventuality. Furthermore, with more complexity in any model, the likelihood of discovering a closed form in the short run is less. For equities in a low interest rate, not high dividend yield, not low volatility, low dividend tax environment, the standard swap pricing models will not provide results much different from one where a single low tax rate on dividends is assumed. If one is pricing a swap on equity outside of the bounds above, the dividend tax rate could have more of an effect, but for computational efficiency, applying a single assumed dividend tax rate would be optimal with D*(1-x), instead of D in a formula, where D is the dividend paid and x is the tax rate. In short, a closed form model is only as good as its assumptions, so if anomalies appear between the actual prices of swaps in the market and a swap model then that model is less correct than the one with smaller anomalies of the same type. In other words, if pricing equity swaps without a dividend tax rate factored more closely matches the actual prices than pricing with dividend taxes factored then it could be assumed that pricing without a dividend tax factored is superior. This all depends upon the data, and there doesn't seem to be much in academia to assist with a conclusion.
Depends... The pricing models for exotics imo are decent because there is no alternative. So if you going to be trading exotics then you might as well go by these models. The desk VaR models aren't too bad either as long (a) Your portfolio is small (b) There aren't too many idiosyncratic factors.  I view quantitative risk management models like the models predicting the weather. You know that your model will work 80% of the time, especially on mundane stuff like temperature, cloudiness, etc. However, the 5% of the time, like predicting hurricanes, your model is going to be only a very rough guess. So you should not rely on models to save you from a crisis, which exactly the opposite of what the suits and the Feds think.
Any time you are optimizing a portfolio, the right horizon to use for computing the statistics you will use for optimization (expected return, covariance, etc.) will be the same as your rebalance/trading frequency.  If you expect your trading strategy to trade once a day, you should use daily data for optimization.  Ditto for monthly or quarterly.  If at all possible you should use statistics across the board that are computed at the same frequency as your trading. Regarding currency pricing, I see no reason you can't take the reported prices and convert them to whatever currency you want using that day's foriegn exchange rate.  Foreign exchange rates are available for free at the Fed and elsewhere.  Converting prices from one currency to another is not rocket science. Since you are contemplating putting actual money behind this, note that using data to compute statistics is less reliable for lower statistical moments.  The mean (expected return) is the first moment, so using historical returns is extremely unreliable at predicting future returns.  The variances and covariances are second moments, they are better.  Skewness and kurtosis, yet better.  The fact that the expected return can't reliably be estimated from past returns is the major downfall of the Markowitz method (resulting portfolios are often very crazy and will depend critically on the data period you use to set them up).   There are approaches to fixing this, such as Black-Litterman's (1992) method, but they get complicated fast.
You appear to be thinking of option writers as if they were individuals with small, nondiversified, holdings and a particular view on what the underlying is going to do.  This is not the best way to think about them. Option writers are typically large institutions with large portfolios and that provide services in all sorts of different areas. At the same time as they are writing calls on a particular stock, they are writing puts on it and options on other stocks.  They are buying and selling the underlying and all kinds of different derivatives.  They are not necessarily writing the option because they are expecting or hoping to benefit from a price move.  It's just small part of their business.  They write the option if the option price is good enough that they think they are selling it for very slightly more than it's worth.   Asking why an option writer creates a call is like asking why a grocery store keeps buying groceries from their distributors.  Don't they know the price of food may not always rise?  Sure, but their business is selling the food for slightly more than they pay for it, not speculating on what will happen to its price.  Most option writers are doing the same thing, except what they are buying and selling is sets of cash flows and risk.   As a general rule, the business model of option writers is to profit from the few cents of spread or mispricing, not from aggregate changes in the price of the underlying.  They should and often do maintain balanced portfolios so their option writing activities don't expose them to a lot of risk. Also note that there could be lots of reasons for writing options, even if you do have a particular view.  For example, perhaps the option writer thinks volatility of the underlying will decrease.  Writing a call could be part of an overall strategy that profits from this view.
You're still confused. The first guy in the thread said  &gt; All sounds nice for consumers, but you're not mentioning the biggest drawback- the tight stranglehold on supply the taxi industry keeps.  You then said  &gt; That stranglehold is because of the small margins in the business.  Then I said  &gt; So medallions are limited (in some cities) because margins are small? That doesn't make much sense.  Then you said  &gt; Other way around.  So, your claim is that the taxi industry keeps a tight strangehold on supply because there are small margins in the business. Then, you say that margins are small because medallions are limited. That is a circular argument.
&gt;How will making energy cheaper help?  Cheaper energy is equivalent to a pay raise, only it's also good for business interests.  That (theoretically) can allow more competitive pricing of other products, since businesses aren't trapped by high energy costs forming a price floor.  That part depends on how competitive each individual market is.
Yes absurd. But those fat cat business owners need to pay their share! I mean my 70 year old Korean dry cleaner and his wife have been screwing the state out of their fair share of the till for a long time.  But seriously, the tax is really horrible for the small business with small margins and large volume. Dry cleaners, restaurants and convenience stores are just a few examples.
"Look at a broader diversification. Something like: For physical gold, I'd look at a mix of gold coins and bullion. Study the pricing model for coins -- you'll probably find that the spreads on small coins make them too expensive. There are a few levels of risk with storing in a vault -- the practical risk is that your government will close banks in the event of a panic, and your money will be inaccessible. You need to balance that risk with the risk to your personal security that comes with having lots of gold or cash in your home. My recommendation is to avoid wasting time on the ""Mad Max"" scenarios. If the world economy collapses into utter ruin, we're all screwed. A few gold coins won't do much for you."
"For diversification against local currency's inflation, you have fundamentally 3 options: Depending on how sure you are on your prediction, and what amount of money you're willing to bet to ""short the country"", you might also consider a mix of approaches from the above. Good luck."
"If anyone on Reddit actually knew anything about what it takes to run a business let alone a construction business they would keel over their keyboard in a panic attack. It's gonna cost 500 just for the permit. Not to mention you need to pay the state every year to take a test to say you are even qualified to ask for a permit. Then they have the highest unemployment insurance out of any industry then they have the highest liability insurance rates aside from doctors. Then you have to pay someone to accept your dumpster full of old roof garage. Then you all of your office overhead and supervisor for the job. Then when you do all of that really well and make a profit now you can expect to pay 30% taxes on what's leftover.    Everyone on Reddit thinks small business operates like Apple and Google dodging billions in taxes by being global. The truth is small businesses are like the ""poor"" people they employ. On a macro level they pay the brunt of the taxes in proportion to earnings so the 1% of large companies can dodge theirs."
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True, but shitty products is how they get their fuck all pricing.  Say what you will for the virtue of quality, but at least it's an ethos for a sustainable business.   How long do you think Amazon can sustain these prices?
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As October comes and the The Fed Unwind approaches, the Zombies of the Financial crisis rise yet again searching for fresh meet.  And what timing for such a thing, with the OrangeNotTan seeking a new personal butt louse.  Interesting times with such a potential for disaster, its like watching a nuclear train wreck in slow motion.